World Prison Population List (11th Ed), WPB ICPR, 2015
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World Prison Population List eleventh edition Roy Walmsley Introduction This eleventh edition of the World Prison Population List gives details of the number of prisoners held in 223 prison systems in independent countries and dependent territories. It shows the differences in the levels of imprisonment across the world and makes possible an estimate of the world prison population total. The figures include both pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners and those who have been convicted and sentenced. The information is the latest available at the end of October 2015. The data are presented in two parts. Part one, tables 1-5, sets out prison population totals, rates and trends for each individual country. Part two, tables 6-8, provides data on prison population totals, rates and trends by continent, and includes comparison of male and female prison population levels. The World Prison Population List*, like the World Female Imprisonment List (the third edition of which was published in September 2015) and the World Pre-trial/ Remand Imprisonment List (second edition published in 2014) complement the information held on the World Prison Brief. This is an online database available at www.prisonstudies.org, and is updated monthly. The World Prison Population List is compiled from a variety of sources. In almost all cases the original source is the national prison administration of the country concerned, or else the Ministry responsible for the prison administration. Most of the figures are recent and efforts are continually made to update them and to obtain information on the number of prisoners in the countries on which figures are not currently available (Eritrea, Somalia and the Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea) or are incomplete. We welcome the assistance of readers in notifying us of the latest figures. Care has been taken to ensure that the List is as accurate as possible but we cannot guarantee the reliability of every figure and readers are also invited to draw attention to any errors they notice and, if possible, to supply corrections. It is hoped that this edition of the World Prison Population List will be useful for policy makers, prison administrators, academic criminologists, non-governmental organisations, other criminal justice experts and everyone who is interested in the extent of imprisonment. The information may prompt fresh thought about the size of prison populations, given the high costs and disputed efficacy of imprisonment and the fact that prison overcrowding is widespread. More information on prison population rates and trends, alongside discussion of the ethical challenges and imperatives of prisons policy in the 21st century, will be presented in the forthcoming book Imprisonment Worldwide (Andrew Coyle, Helen Fair, Jessica Jacobson and Roy Walmsley), to be published by Policy Press in summer 2016. * The first five editions of the World Prison Population List were published by the Research and Statistics Directorate of the United Kingdom Home Office; the next five were published by the International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Following the merger in November 2014 of ICPS with the Institute for Criminal Policy Research (ICPR), this eleventh edition is the first to be published by ICPR. 1 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Key points CC This report shows that more than 10.35 million people are held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners or having been convicted and sentenced. Figures for Eritrea, Somalia and the Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea are not available and those for China and Guinea Bissau are incomplete (see footnote to Table 3 concerning China). Also missing are prisoners held in some jurisdictions that are not fully recognised internationally and those pre-trial prisoners who are held in police facilities and not included in published national prison population totals. The full total is therefore higher than 10.35 million and may well be in excess of 11 million. ••in Africa the median rate for western African countries is 52 whereas for southern African countries it is 188; CC There are more than 2.2 million prisoners in the United States of America, more than 1.65 million in China (plus an unknown number in pre-trial detention or ‘administrative detention’), 640,000 in the Russian Federation, 607,000 in Brazil, 418,000 in India, 311,000 in Thailand, 255,000 in Brazil and 225,000 in Iran. CC Since about the year 2000 the world prison population total has grown by almost 20%, which is slightly above the estimated 18% increase in the world’s general population over the same period. There are considerable differences between the continents, and variation within continents. The total prison population in Oceania has increased by almost 60% and that in the Americas by over 40%; in Europe, by contrast, the total prison population has decreased by 21%. The European figure reflects large falls in prison populations in Russia and in central and eastern Europe. In the Americas, the prison population has increased by 14% in the USA, by over 80% in central American countries and by 145% in south American countries. ••in the Americas the median rate for south American countries is 242 whereas for Caribbean countries it is 347; ••in Asia the median rate for south central Asian countries (mainly the Indian subcontinent) is 74 whereas for central Asian countries it is 166. ••in Europe the median rate for western European countries is 84 whereas for the countries spanning Europe and Asia (e.g. Russia and Turkey) it is 236. ••in Oceania the median rate is 155. CC The countries with the highest prison population rate – that is, the number of prisoners per 100,000 of the national population – are Seychelles (799 per 100,000), followed by the United States (698), St. Kitts & Nevis (607), Turkmenistan (583), U.S. Virgin Islands (542), Cuba (510), El Salvador (492), Guam – U.S.A. (469), Thailand (461), Belize (449), Russian Federation (445), Rwanda (434) and British Virgin Islands (425). CC The female prison population total has increased by 50% since about 2000, while the equivalent figure for the male prison population is 18%. CC However, more than half of all countries and territories (55%) have rates below 150 per 100,000. CC The female total has increased proportionately more than the male total in every continent. Consequently the proportion of women and girls in the total world prison population has risen from 5.4% in about 2000 to 6.8% in the latest figures available. (For more information on female prison populations, see the third edition of the World Female Imprisonment List.) CC The world prison population rate, based on United Nations estimates of national population levels, is 144 per 100,000. CC Prison population rates vary considerably between different regions of the world, and between different parts of the same continent. For example: 2 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Part 1: Prison population totals, rates and trends per country Table 1 AFRICA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Northern Africa Algeria 60,220 31.12.13 37.28m 162 2000 2005 2010 33,992 43,797 58,000 111 132 164 Egypt 62,000 .13 82.06m 76 2001 2006 2011 56,587 64,378 c. 66,000 84 87 c. 83 Libya 6,187 4.14 6.24m 99 2004 2010 9,763 13,242 178 220 Morocco 76,000 4.15 34.28m 222 2000 2005 2010 54,288 50,933 64,877 187 167 201 Sudan 19,101 .13 37.96m 50 2002 2009 12,809 19,144 44 55 Tunisia 23,686 10.14 11.15m 212 2004 2009 c. 26,000 26,319 c. 261 250 Benin 7,247 10.12 9.42m 77 2000 2006 2010 4,961 5,834 6,908 76 74 78 Burkina Faso 6,251 30.6.14 18.41m 34 2000 2005 2010 2,204 3,315 5,198 18 23 31 Cape Verde 1,434 .13 501,000 286 1999 2010 755 1,226 172 251 c. 10,850 30.11.14 21.01m c. 52 2002 2008 10,355 11,143 62 61 Gambia 1,121 11.14 1.93m 58 1999 2002 2009 478 450 780 40 34 47 Ghana 14,297 6.15 26.96m 53 2000 2005 2010 9,507 12,371 13,507 51 58 56 3,110 .14 12.12m 26 2002 2008 3,070 2,780 34 27 Western Africa Cote d’Ivoire Guinea (Rep. of) 92* 31.12.13 1.725m – Liberia 1,719 .14 4.40m 39 2007 2011 1,022 1,601 29 39 Mali 5,209 .14 15.77m 33 2002 2009 4,040 6,700 38 49 Mauritania 1,768 1.10.14 4.01m 44 2001 2005 2010 1,413 c. 815 1,700 50 c. 26 47 Niger 7,424 12.14 18.87m 39 2002 2006 2010 c. 6,000 7,381 5,337 c. 51 53 33 Nigeria 56,620 12.14 180.81m 31 2000 2005 2010 44,450 39,006 46,586 36 28 29 Senegal 8,630 11.14 13.86m 62 2000 2005 2010 4,894 6,417 7,300 51 59 59 Sierra Leone 3,488 27.10.15 6.36m 55 2004 2010 c. 1,400 2,237 c. 28 39 Togo 4,493 .14 6.99m 64 2003 2010 3,200 4,116 61 65 Angola 22,826 31.12.14 21.45m 106 2001 2005 2009 4,000 c. 8,300 16,183 28 c. 50 87 Cameroon 25,914 31.12.13 22.54m 115 2002 2005 2009 20,000 22,734 23,368 119 127 115 764 .15 4.80m 16 2005 2010 c. 1,000 1,320 c. 25 c. 29 Guinea Bissau not available Central Africa Central African Rep 3 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 1 (continued) AFRICA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate 2,385 3,416 4,775 29 34 41 4,831 31.12.11 12.26m 39 2000 2005 2010 c. 1,240 8.9.14 4.58m c. 27 2005 2009 1,550 2,410 44 60 21,722 31.8.13 67.82m 32 2004 2010 c. 30,000 c. 22,000 c. 58 c. 35 Equatorial Guinea c. 1,000 .14 778,000 c. 129 Gabon c. 3,500 .13 1.67m c. 210 2006 c. 2,750 c. 195 201 8.10.14 199,000 101 2002 2006 2010 130 160 305 90 101 171 c. 7,500 31.12.13 11.52m c. 65 2011 c. 8,000 c. 77 8,646 8.10.14 9.28m 93 2001 2005 2010 9,013 7,167 9,481 139 99 113 233 10.14 756,000 31 2009 c. 150 c. 22 Djibouti c. 600 .14 886,000 c. 68 2000 2010 c. 200 c. 600 c. 27 c. 72 Ethiopia c. 111,050 2011-12 86.47m c. 128 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 62,597 72,211 104,467 94 96 124 Kenya 54,154 4.15 45.80m 118 2000 2005 2010 40,010 50,000 49,757 129 141 122 Madagascar 18,719 .13 22.48m 83 1999 2005 2010 20,109 20,294 18,647 135 112 90 Malawi 12,156 25.7.14 16.73m 73 2000 2005 2010 7,728 9,656 11,672 69 75 78 2,072 21.9.15 1.34m 155 2000 2005 2010 1,635 2,547 2,449 136 203 188 Mozambique 15,430 .14 25.38m 61 1999 2004 2010 8,812 c. 10,000 15,249 49 c. 49 65 Rwanda 54,279 9.15 12.50m 434 2000 2005 2010 c. 115,000** c. 67,000** 55,000** c. 1,369** c. 702** 507** 735 9.14 92,000 799 2000 2005 2010 c. 166 162 432 c. 205 196 486 Tanzania 34,196 3.14 49.72m 69 2000 2005 2009 45,611 46,416 40,111 135 118 92 Uganda 45,092 8.15 39.19m 115 2000 2005 2010 c. 21,700 26,126 30,312 c. 92 93 91 Zambia 18,560 4.15 14.82m 125 2000 2005 2010 11,999 14,207 16,666 116 124 128 Zimbabwe 18,857 9.1.15 13.01m 145 2000 2005 2010 20,567 18,033 13,361 164 144 107 Mayotte (France) 173 1.7.15 234,000 74 2003 2010 163 155 100 109 Reunion (France) 1,022 1.7.15 895,000 114 2001 2006 2011 1,079 962 1,078 144 120 127 3,826 31.12.13 2.03m 188 2000 2005 2010 6,742 6,259 c. 5,063 381 333 c. 256 Chad Congo (Rep of) Dem. Rep. of Congo Sao Tome e Principe South Sudan not available Eastern Africa Burundi Comoros Mauritius Seychelles Southern Africa Botswana 4 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 1 (continued) AFRICA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate 2,908 2,712 2,498 147 130 115 Lesotho 2,073 30.8.14 2.26m 92 2000 2005 2010 Namibia 3,560 10.4.15 2.48m 144 2000 2004 2010 4,883 4,442 4,251 254 218 185 159,241 31.3.15 54.57m 292 2000 2005 2010 171,462 187,394 163,312 394 400 328 3,616 21.3.14 1.25m 289 2000 2005 2009 2,745 2,667 2,713 256 242 232 South Africa Swaziland * The figure for Guinea Bissau is for the two prisons only. Figures for the detention centres are not available. ** The prison population of Rwanda includes many thousands detained in connection with the genocide of 1994. Figures are not available for: Eastern Africa: Eritrea, Somalia. Table 2 AMERICAS Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Northern America 37,864 2013-14 35.68m 106 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 35,533 35,436 39,916 115 110 117 2,217,000 .13 317.76m 698 2000 2005 2010 1,937,482 2,195,471 2,270,142 683 739 731 Bermuda (UK) 230 31.7.14 65,000 354 2000 2004 2010 298 364 277 473 569 426 Greenland (Denm’k) 116 21.7.15 55,700 208 2000 2005 2010 88 114 171 157 200 302 1,545 9.1.15 344,000 449 2000 2005 2010 765 1,234 1,420 320 454 460 Costa Rica 17,440 30.9.14 4.95m 352 2000 2005 2010 7,575 9,053 12,110 193 210 259 El Salvador 31,686 26.10.15 6.44m 492 2000 2005 2010 7,754 12,525 24,662 130 206 395 Guatemala 19,810 30.10.15 16.39m 121 2000 2005 2010 6,974 8,247 11,148 62 65 78 Honduras 16,331 11.14 8.32m 196 1999 2005 2010 10,869 11,589 11,846 178 167 154 255,138 30.6.15 120.20m 212 2000 2005 2010 154,765 205,821 219,027 156 195 194 Nicaragua 10,569 10.14 6.19m 171 2000 2005 2010 6,539 6,382 c. 6,500 128 117 c. 112 Panama 15,508 9.1.15 3.96m 392 2000 2005 2010 8,652 11,571 12,293 280 340 333 Canada U.S.A. Central America Belize Mexico 5 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 2 (continued) AMERICAS Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Caribbean 343 6.15 92,000 373 2000 2005 2010 c. 170 194 295 c. 218 234 339 Bahamas 1,396 10.14 385,000 363 2000 2005 2010 c. 1,400 1,500 1,322 c. 470 453 367 Barbados 924 5.15 286,900 322 2000 2005 2010 1,411 997 910 527 365 324 57,337 5.12 11.25m 510 2003 2006 c. 55,000 c. 60,000 c. 487 c. 531 219 7.15 73,000 300 1999 2005 2010 298 282 295 426 397 415 24,832 29.5.15 10.64m 233 2000 2005 2010 14,995 12,495 20,743 173 133 206 424 1.15 106,500 398 2002 2006 2010 297 334 432 291 324 411 10,266 30.1.15 10.54m 97 2000 2005 2010 4,219 3,670 5,331 49 39 54 4,050 10.11.14 2.79m 145 2003 2007 2011 4,744 4,709 4,457 178 174 161 St Kitts & Nevis 334 .14 55,000 607 1999 2005 2010 135 209 256 300 422 488 St Lucia 646 1.15 185,000 349 1999 2005 2010 373 503 526 241 303 296 St Vincent & the Grenadines 412 28.7.14 109,000 378 1999 2005 2010 405 364 413 375 334 379 3,481 .14 1.35m 258 2000 2005 2010 4,633 3,683 3,766 365 283 283 Anguilla (UK) 46 30.10.15 15,000 307 2004 2007 2010 41 56 58 342 431 414 Aruba (Neth) 170 23.10.14 103,000 165 2005 2011 231 246 232 241 Cayman Is (UK) 205 1.15 54,600 375 2000 2005 2010 227 190 212 565 393 382 Curacao (Neth) 348 23.10.14 154,650 225 1999 2006 2010 434 578 541 306 412 365 Guadeloupe (Fr) 913 1.7.15 468,000 195 2001 2006 2011 628 718 784 144 158 171 Martinique (Fr) 949 1.7.15 396,000 240 2001 2006 2011 608 649 885 156 163 224 Puerto Rico (USA) 12,327 31.12.14 3.52m 350 2000 2005 2010 14,691 14,263 10,878 384 364 294 Sint Maarten (Neth) c. 161 23.10.14 46,400 c. 347 2002 2006 2011 129 141 138 396 362 319 Virgin Is. (UK) 119 4.14 28,000 425 1999 2005 2010 43 105 117 215 457 433 Virgin Is. (USA) 577 3.13 106,700 542 2000 2005 2010 518 596 577 475 554 544 Antigua & Barbuda Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago 6 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 2 (continued) AMERICAS South America Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Argentina 69,060 31.12.14 43.20m 160 1999 2005 2010 38,604 63,357 65,095 105 161 157 Bolivia 13,468 10.15 11.08m 122 2000 2005 2010 8,151 6,793 9,406 95 72 92 Brazil 607,731 6.14 202.03m 301 2000 2005 2010 232,755 361,402 496,251 133 193 253 Chile 44,238 30.9.15 17.90m 247 2000 2005 2010 33,050 37,033 53,410 215 228 313 Colombia 121,389 30.9.15 49.68m 244 2000 2005 2010 51,518 66,829 84,444 128 154 181 Ecuador 25,902 14.9.14 16.03m 162 2000 2005 2010 8,029 11,971 11,800 64 87 79 Guyana 1,967 31.12.14 758,500 259 2001 2005 2010 1,507 1,524 2,160 205 204 286 Paraguay 10,949 7.8.14 6.93m 158 2000 2005 2010 3,219 6,282 6,197 60 105 95 Peru 75,379 31.7.15 31.19m 242 2000 2005 2010 27,734 33,010 45,464 107 119 155 c. 1,000 11.14 547,000 c. 183 2000 2005 2009 786 820 915 168 164 175 9,996 31.10.15 3.43m 291 2000 2005 2010 4,469 6,211 8,700 135 187 257 55,007 .14 30.85m 178 2000 2005 2010 14,196 19,853 40,825 58 74 140 726 1.7.15 262,000 277 2001 2005 2010 423 600 715 256 296 310 Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Fr. Guiana/ Guyane (Fr) 7 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 3 ASIA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Western Asia 4,028 12.13 1.34m 301 2003 2010 437 1,100 57 88 Iraq 42,880 .14 34.77m 123 2004 2007 2010 c. 7,000 26,472 39,130 c. 26 91 125 Israel 20,245 4.15 7.90m 256 2000 2005 2010 9,421 16,059 20,164 158 240 270 Jordan 10,089 9.14 6.72m 150 2001 2005 2010 5,621 6,378 8,434 114 120 136 Kuwait c. 3,200 .14 3.48m c. 92 2000 2005 2010 c. 3,100 c. 3,500 4,179 c. 162 c. 152 140 Lebanon 6,012 11.11.14 5.02m 120 2000 2005 2010 4,917 6,921 5,189 154 173 120 Oman 1,300 .13 3.63m 36 2000 2002 2,020 1,403 92 61 Qatar c. 1,150 .13 2.17m c. 53 2000 2004 2008 570 465 551 96 60 38 Saudi Arabia 47,000 2.13 29.17m 161 2000 2002 2009 23,720 28,612 44,600 116 131 165 Syria 10,599 .04 17.68m 60 2003 11,829 68 United Arab Emirates 11,193 .06 4.88m 229 2001 2006 c. 11,000 11,193 c. 351 229 c. 14,000 7.13 26.23m c. 53 2003 2006 2010 16,252 10,415 12,409 84 49 52 Kazakhstan 41,333 1.10.15 17.68m 234 2000 2005 2010 78,029 52,608 63,643 520 342 393 Kyrgyzstan 9,729 25.7.14 5.85m 166 2000 2005 2010 20,000 16,662 9,923 402 327 183 Tajikistan 9,317 12.10 7.70m 121 2001 2006 c. 11,000 10,804 c. 175 157 30,568 .13 5.24m 583 2000 2005 2010 c. 22,000 13,462 c. 26,500 c. 488 283 c. 522 c. 43,900 .14 29.33m c. 150 2000 2003 2009 63,900 48,000 c. 42,000 257 188 c. 153 Afghanistan 26,519 .14 35.60m 74 2004 2007 2010 5,262 10,590 18,283 20 36 58 Bangladesh 69,719 8.15 160.65m 43 2000 2005 2010 62,669 74,766 69,650 47 52 46 1,119 12.14 772,000 145 2011 1,001 137 India 418,536 31.12.14 1,275.00m 33 2000 2005 2010 272,079 358,368 368,998 26 32 30 Iran 225,624 12.14 78.59m 287 2001 2005 2010 158,000 134,384 204,365 237 192 275 1,200 .14 352,000 341 2000 2005 2010 2,166 983 830 793 330 255 16,813 10.14 28.27m 59 2000 2005 2010 6,000 7,135 10,739 25 28 40 Bahrain Yemen Central Asia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan South Central Asia Bhutan Maldives Nepal 8 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 3 (continued) ASIA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate 78,938 89,370 75,586 56 57 43 Pakistan 80,169 4.15 187.52m 43 2000 2005 2010 Sri Lanka 19,774 mid-14 21.45m 92 2000 2005 2010 16,412 22,114 26,984 87 111 130 554 22.9.14 418,500 132 2000 2005 2010 333 492 379 101 136 96 Cambodia 16,497 15.7.15 15.69m 105 2000 2005 2010 5,502 8,160 14,043 45 61 97 Indonesia 161,692 8.14 253.18m 64 2000 2005 2010 53,399 97,671 117,863 26 44 49 4,020 mid-04 5.70m 71 Malaysia 51,946 10.15 30.45m 171 2000 2005 2010 27,358 35,644 38,387 116 138 137 Myanmar c. 60,000 .13 53.26m c. 113 2001 2004 2009 31,648 c. 60,000 60,053 64 c. 120 117 Philippines 120,076 .14 99.165m 121 2000 2005 2010 79,299 90,492 95,390 102 105 103 Singapore 12,596 31.12.14 5.56m 227 2000 2005 2010 13,791 13,644 12,852 352 299 250 311,036 15.10.15 67.45m 461 2000 2005 2010 223,406 162,293 210,855 357 247 317 581 8.15 1.17m 50 2003 2009 c. 320 223 c. 35 21 142,636 mid-14 92.55m 154 2005 2010 88,414 108,557 104 122 China 1,657,812* mid-14 1,393.78m 119* 2000 2005 2010 1,427,407* 1,565,771* 1,656,773* 111* 118* 121* Japan 60,486 31.12.14 127.02m 48 2000 2005 2010 61,242 79,052 72,975 48 62 57 Korea (Rep of) 50,800 31.7.14 50.09m 101 2000 2005 2010 62,959 52,403 47,471 136 110 97 7,773 10.9.14 2.92m 266 2001 2005 2010 6,656 6,998 7,044 275 277 260 63,734 31.8.15 23.47m 272 2000 2005 2010 56,676 60,122 65,311 254 264 282 Hong Kong (China) 8,284 30.6.15 7.29m 114 2000 2005 2010 12,017 11,311 9,988 180 165 142 Macau (China) 1,258 31.7.15 646,700 195 2000 2005 2010 847 897 929 196 185 172 South Eastern Asia Brunei Darussalam Laos Thailand Timor-Leste Vietnam not available Eastern Asia Mongolia Taiwan * The China figures are for sentenced prisoners only. Figures for pre-trial detention and other forms of detention are not available but more than 650,000 were so held in 2009 (Supreme People’s Procuratorate). Figures are not available for: Eastern Asia: Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea 9 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 4 EUROPE Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Northern Europe Denmark 3,481 1.5.15 5.67m 61 2000 2005 2010 3,382 4,041 3,965 63 75 71 Estonia 2,830 26.10.15 1.31m 216 2000 2005 2010 4,712 4,565 3,555 343 337 266 Finland 3,105 16.5.15 5.47m 57 2000 2005 2010 2,855 3,888 3,291 55 74 61 Iceland 147 1.1.14 325,700 45 2000 2005 2010 78 119 165 28 40 52 Ireland 3,733 30.10.15 4.64m 80 2000 2005 2010 2,948 3,151 4,290 77 76 94 Latvia 4,745 31.12.14 1.99m 239 2000 2005 2010 8,815 7,646 7,055 370 340 333 Lithuania 7,810 1.9.15 2.91m 268 2000 2005 2010 14,412 8,125 8,655 410 242 275 Norway 3,710 13.5.15 5.19m 71 2000 2005 2010 2,548 3,124 3,624 57 68 74 Sweden 5,400 1.1.15 9.75m 55 2000 2005 2010 5,326 7,008 6,902 60 78 74 UK: England & Wales 85,843 30.10.15 58.02m 148 2000 2005 2010 64,602 75,979 84,725 124 142 153 UK: Northern Ireland 1,607 23.10.15 1.85m 87 2000 2005 2010 1,068 1,301 1,465 64 76 81 UK: Scotland 7,692 30.10.15 5.37m 143 2000 2005 2010 5,869 6,792 7,806 116 133 150 Faeroes (Denmark) 11 avrge 14 48,480 23 2000 2005 2010 9 10 10 20 21 21 Guernsey (UK) 83 2.10.15 65,450 127 2000 2005 2010 59 105 75 94 164 114 Isle of Man (UK) 80 26.10.15 87,000 92 2000 2005 2010 54 60 97 70 75 115 154 21.10.15 101,500 152 2000 2005 2010 130 172 177 150 190 183 Albania 5,455 9.15 2.89m 189 2001 2005 2010 3,053 4,356 4,750 99 139 148 Andorra 55 8.14 76,250 72 2001 2006 2010 48 30 61 72 37 78 Bosnia & Herzegovina Federation 1,722 31.12.14 2.35m 73 2000 2005 2010 1,041 1,435 1,714 45 62 75 Bosnia & Herzegovina Republika Srpska 940 31.12.14 1.32m 71 2001 2005 2010 849 955 1,046 61 68 75 3,763 31.12.14 4.23m 89 2000 2005 2010 2,027 3,022 4,891 45 68 110 Jersey (UK) Southern Europe Croatia 10 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 4 (continued) EUROPE Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate 312 536 637 45 70 76 811 1.9.13 860,600 94 2000 2005 2010 Greece 11,798 1.1.15 10.81m 109 2000 2005 2010 7,625 8,722 11,364 70 79 102 Italy 52,434 31.10.15 60.81m 86 2000 2005 2010 53,165 59,523 67,961 93 101 112 Kosovo 1,816 1.10.14 1.81m 100 2000 2005 2010 227 1,199 1,333 11 58 61 Macedonia (FYROM) 3,034 10.14 2.07m 147 2000 2005 2010 1,178 1,844 2,516 59 90 122 582 31.1.15 429,740 135 2001 2005 2010 257 294 583 65 73 141 1,083 9.14 621,900 174 2000 2005 2010 664 812 1,457 108 130 235 14,238 15.10.15 10.33m 138 2000 2005 2010 12,944 12,889 11,613 126 123 110 2 1.9.13 33,700 – 1999 2005 2010 2 1 0 – – – 10,500 4.15 7.10m 148 2000 2005 2010 6,160 8,078 11,211 82 109 155 1,511 25.5.15 2.06m 73 2000 2005 2010 1,148 1,159 1,304 58 58 64 63,025 30.10.15 46.38m 136 2000 2005 2010 45,309 60,707 76,701 113 139 165 48 31.12.13 32,730 147 2000 2005 2010 18 27 53 67 94 180 Austria 8,188 1.1.15 8.58m 95 2000 2005 2010 6,862 8,869 8,597 86 108 102 Belgium 11,769 1.3.14 11.24m 105 2000 2005 2010 8,688 9,375 10,561 85 90 97 France* 60,896 1.9.15 64.39m 95 2000 2005 2010 48,049 55,302 61,430 82 91 98 Germany 63,628 31.3.15 81.29m 78 2000 2005 2010 70,252 78,664 69,385 85 95 85 8 1.1.15 37,370 21 1999 2005 2010 24 10 14 74 29 39 631 1.1.15 562,400 112 2000 2005 2010 394 693 690 90 149 136 28 1.1.15 37,800 74 2000 2005 2010 18 26 12 51 74 34 Netherlands 11,603 30.9.14 16.88m 69 2000 2005 2010 13,847 21,826 15,235 87 134 92 Switzerland 6,923 3.9.14 8.20m 84 2000 2005 2010 5,760 6,137 6,181 80 82 79 Cyprus* Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino* Serbia Slovenia Spain Gibraltar (UK) Western Europe Liechtenstein* Luxembourg Monaco* 11 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 4 (continued) EUROPE Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Central & Eastern Europe Belarus c. 29,000 10.14 9.47m c. 306 2000 2005 2009 56,590 41,538 41,525 566 426 438 Bulgaria 9,028 10.14 7.21m 125 2000 2005 2010 10,147 10,871 9,006 124 140 119 Czech Republic 20,628 30.10.15 10.56m 195 2000 2005 2010 21,538 18,937 21,900 210 185 209 Hungary 18,424 13.10.15 9.83m 187 2000 2005 2010 15,539 15,720 16,328 152 156 163 Moldova* 7,643 1.7.15 3.55m 215 2000 2005 2010 9,449 9,377 6,535 260 260 183 Poland 72,609 30.9.15 37.99m 191 2000 2005 2010 70,544 82,955 80,728 184 217 210 Romania 28,383 27.10.15 19.79m 143 2000 2005 2010 48,267 36,700 28,244 215 173 140 Slovakia 9,991 1.10.15 5.43m 184 2000 2005 2010 6,941 8,897 10,031 129 165 186 Ukraine* 71,046 1.10.15 c. 36.5m c. 195 2000 2005 2010 218,800 188,465 147,716 443 400 323 3,880 1.1.15 2.99m 130 2000 2005 2010 7,281 2,673 4,807 236 89 162 Azerbaijan 22,526 .14 9.54m 236 2000 2005 2010 23,504 18,656 21,971 291 221 241 Georgia* 10,236 30.9.15 3.73m 274 2000 2005 2010 8,349 9,688 23,684 190 220 530 Russian Federation 642,470 1.10.15 144.4m 445 2000 2005 2010 1,060,404 763,115 864,197 729 532 609 Turkey 172,562 5.10.15 78.47m 220 2000 2005 2010 49,512 55,870 120,814 73 77 164 Europe/Asia Armenia * The figures for Cyprus do not include prisoners in the internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). There were 249 prisoners in TRNC in August 2014. The figures for France are those for Metropolitan France. Those for French departments and territories in Africa, the Americas and Oceania are shown under those continents in tables 1, 2 and 5. The figures for Georgia do not include prisoners in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which have declared independence from Georgia. By agreement with Austria, some persons imprisoned by Liechtenstein may be held in Austrian prisons. The figures for Moldova do not include prisoners in the internationally unrecognised territory that has declared independence from Moldova and is known variously as Transdniestria, Transnistria or Pridnestrovie. The territory is reported to have contained 2,840 prisoners in 2014. By agreement with France, some persons imprisoned by Monaco may be held in French prisons. The figures for San Marino do not show prison population rates because, by agreement with Italy, most persons imprisoned by San Marino are held in Italian prisons and the number of such prisoners is not available. The 2015 figures for Ukraine do not include prisoners in Crimea and Sebastopol and those areas of Donetsk and Luhansk that are not under the control of the Ukrainian authorities. 12 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Table 5 OCEANIA Prison population total Date Estimated national population Prison population rate Trend information year total rate Oceania 35,949 4.15-6.15 23.75m 151 2000 2005 2010 21,714 25,353 29,700 114 126 135 1,555 9.15 894,000 174 2000 2005 2010 1,185 1,113 1,097 146 135 127 141 9.14 104,000 136 2000 2005 2010 57 74 90 69 82 92 35 9.14 53,000 66 2003 2006 2010 c. 20 47 43 c. 38 90 83 132 31.12.14 104,000 127 2000 2005 2010 91 72 100 85 68 97 14 11.14 10,000 140 2003 2005 2010 6 3 20 60 30 200 8,906 29.6.15 4.60m 194 2000 2005 2010 5,720 7,100 8,604 148 171 198 72 .14 21,000 343 2001 2005 2010 70 97 79 368 485 395 4,580 5.11.14 7.53m 61 2000 2005 2010 3,531 4,056 4,268 65 67 61 Samoa 481 10.14 192,500 250 2000 2005 2009 173 247 c. 300 99 137 c. 162 Solomon Is. 323 9.14 575,000 56 1999 2005 2010 134 295 268 33 63 51 Tonga 176 7.14 106,000 166 2000 2005 2010 106 128 159 108 127 152 Tuvalu 11 8.14 10,000 110 2000 2005 2010 6 7 8 67 70 80 c. 230 .15 265,000 c. 87 1999 2005 2010 46 138 187 25 66 80 214 9.13 56,000 382 2000 2005 2011 140 222 167 241 376 304 25 21.11.11 23,000 109 2000 2005 2010 23 27 40 128 142 200 Fr. Polynesia (Fr) 451 1.7.15 283,000 159 2001 2004 2007 275 327 404 114 129 155 Guam (USA) 797 30.3.15 170,000 469 2000 2005 2010 684 505 559 440 320 352 New Caledonia (Fr) 459 1.7.15 263,000 175 2001 2006 2011 329 316 438 154 136 175 Northern Mariana Is. (USA) 175 31.12.14 65,500 267 2000 2005 2011 97 149 162 141 223 263 Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Is. Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Vanuatu American Samoa (USA) Cook Is. (NZ) Sources The figures in the above tables originate almost always from the national prison administrations. Some were obtained indirectly, via the Ministry responsible for prisons, via national statistical offices, via United Nations surveys, via surveys for the annual meetings of the Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators, via the Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics (SPACE) and via U.S. State Department human rights reports. 13 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) Part 2: Prison population totals, rates and trends by continent and gender Table 6 World prison population levels – continental totals and rates Prison population totals (latest available at 31.10.2015) National populations (at dates of prison population totals) Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national populations) AFRICA 1,038,735 1,102m 94 AMERICAS 3,780,528 977m 387 ASIA 3,897,797 4,227m 92 EUROPE 1,585,348 827m 192 OCEANIA 54,726 39m 140 WORLD 10,357,134 7,172m 144 Table 7 World prison population levels – change since about the year 2000* AFRICA without Rwanda1 AMERICAS without U.S.A.2 ASIA without China & India3 EUROPE Estimated prison population total at about 2000** Latest available prison population total (at 31.10.2015) Change in prison population total since about 2000 Change in national populations mid-2000 to start of 2015 (United Nations) 902,500 1,038,735 +15.1% + 43.8% 787,500 984,456 + 25.0% 2,690,300 3,780,528 +40.5% 752,818 1,563,528 + 107.7% 3,023,500 3,897,797 +28.9% 1,324,014 1,821,449 + 37.6% + 17.3% + 17.5% 2,013,600 1,585,348 -21.3% without Russia4 953,196 942,878 - 1.1% OCEANIA5 34,400 54,726 +59.1% + 25.2% WORLD 8,664,300 10,357,134 +19.5% +18.2% + 3.3% * Does not include estimates in respect of the number of prisoners in Eritrea, Somalia and Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea and for China includes only the numbers of sentenced prisoners. ** Some of the figures on which the totals for about the year 2000 are based are estimates and so the continental totals have been rounded to the nearest 100. 1. The growth in the African prison population is considerably less than the increase in the population of the continent. However the size of this difference is heavily influenced by the figures for Rwanda. Rwanda’s prison population is still inflated by the many thousands detained in connection with the genocide in 1994, but the numbers have more than halved since 2000. Without the figures for Rwanda the prison population in Africa has increased by 25% since 2000. 2. The change in the prison population in the Americas since 2000 is greatly influenced by the prison population in the United States, which is by far the largest but which has grown much less than that of many other countries in the continent. Without the figures for the United States, the prison population in the Americas has increased by 108% since 2000, the increase being over 80% in central America and 145% in south America. 3. Prison population change since 2000 in Asia has varied greatly between the different parts of the continent: the totals in south eastern Asia and in western Asia (Middle East) both rose by 75% while the total in central Asia fell by 31%. China and India with their high national populations strongly influence the overall Asian prison population 14 World Prison Population List (eleventh edition) level, but in opposite directions – the Chinese prison population rose by 16% while the Indian prison population rose by 54%. Without the figures for these two countries the Asian prison population has risen by 38%. 4. Europe is the only continent that has seen a fall in prisoner numbers since 2000. The size of the decrease is heavily influenced by the figures for the Russian Federation: Russia’s prison population is by far the largest in Europe and has fallen by almost 40%. Without the figures for the Russian Federation, the prison population in Europe has fallen by 1% since 2000. Russia is not the only part of Europe that has seen a large fall in the prison population: the prison population in central and eastern Europe without Russia has fallen by almost 42% since 2000. By contrast there has been growth in the other regions of Europe: 6% in western Europe, 12% in northern Europe and 27% in southern Europe. 5. The growth in the prison population of Oceania is higher than in any other continent. It is of course dominated by the figures for Australia, whose prison population rose by 66% between 2000 and 2015, and New Zealand whose total rose by 56%. Table 8 World prison population levels – change in male and female levels since about the year 2000 Change in male prison population total since about 2000 Change in female prison population total since about 2000* Change in overall prison population total since about 2000 Women & girls as % of prison population – about 2000 Women & girls as % of prison population – latest figures AFRICA +14.5% +27.8% +14.9%** 2.7% 3.0% without Rwanda + 24.7% + 28.8% + 24.8% 2.7% 2.8% AMERICAS +39.8% +51.9% +40.7%** 7.4% 8.0% without U.S.A. + 110.6% + 146.9% + 112.5%** 5.3% 6.1% ASIA +27.5% +83.6% +30.2%** 4.9% 6.9% without China & India + 39.5% + 62.3% + 41.1%** 7.0% 8.0% EUROPE -22.6% +3.4% -21.3% 5.0% 6.5% - 1.7% + 12.4% - 1.1% 4.7% 5.3% OCEANIA +56.7% +99.5% +59.1% 5.5% 6.9% WORLD +18.1% +50.2% +19.8%** 5.4% 6.8% without Russia * The percentage changes in the female prison population totals for each continent differ slightly from those shown in table 7 of the third edition of the World Female Imprisonment List. This is because the accuracy of some of the estimates for the number of female prisoners in about 2000 has been improved. ** These percentage changes in the overall prison population totals for Africa, America and Asia and in the world total differ slightly from those shown in table 7 and mentioned in the accompanying commentary. This is because table 8 does not include the seven countries on which information on female prison population levels is not available (Africa: Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon and Somalia. Americas: Cuba. Asia: Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea, Uzbekistan). As with table 7, the continental figures in table 8 are heavily influenced by the figures for Rwanda, the U.S.A, China, India and Russia but this does not affect the fact that, throughout the world, the female prison population has increased proportionately more than the male prison population. Roy Walmsley is Director of the World Prison Brief, a comprehensive online database of information on the prison systems of the world, which can be accessed free of charge at www.prisonstudies.org. He also researches and compiles the World Female Imprisonment List and the World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List. Institute for Criminal Policy Research www.prisonstudies.org www.icpr.org.uk 15