2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
THREAT ASSESSMENT
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE
VIRGINIA FUSION CENTER
MARCH 2009

LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE

2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
THREAT ASSESSMENT
This is LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE information and is protected by Code of Virginia Title
52-48 and 52-49 unless otherwise noted. Further distribution of this document is restricted to law
enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, and Department of Defense organizations only.
Prior approval shall be obtained from VFC for dissemination to other agencies. Persons or
organizations violating distribution restrictions may be prosecuted and will be prohibited from
receiving future documents. NO REPORT OR SEGMENT THEREOF MAY BE RELEASED TO ANY
MEDIA SOURCES. Please contact the Virginia Fusion Center at (804) 674-2196 if you have any
questions or need additional information.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................4
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................5
VSP DIVISION MAP...................................................................................................................7
Division 1 ..................................................................................................................................................8
Division 2 ................................................................................................................................................10
Division 3 ................................................................................................................................................12
Division 4 ................................................................................................................................................14
Division 5 ................................................................................................................................................16
Division 6 ................................................................................................................................................18
Division 7 ................................................................................................................................................20

OVERVIEW OF TERRORIST AND EXTREMIST DATA IN VIRGINIA ....................................22
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM THREAT ..............................................................................26
Al-Qa’ida .................................................................................................................................................27
Al-Shabaab .............................................................................................................................................29
HAMAS ...................................................................................................................................................31
Hizballah .................................................................................................................................................33
Jama’at al-Tabligh ..................................................................................................................................35
Jama’at ul Fuqra .....................................................................................................................................37
Lashkar-e Tayyiba ..................................................................................................................................39
Muslim Brotherhood................................................................................................................................41

DOMESTIC TERRORISM THREAT.........................................................................................43
Anarchist Extremists ...............................................................................................................................44
Black Separatist Extremists ....................................................................................................................48
Homegrown Islamic Extremism ..............................................................................................................52
Lone Wolf Extremists ..............................................................................................................................58
Militia Extremists .....................................................................................................................................60
Special Interest Extremism .....................................................................................................................62
White Nationalist Extremism ...................................................................................................................73
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OVERVIEW OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM TRENDS ...................................................77
Bioterrorism ............................................................................................................................................78
Cyber-crime and Cyber-terrorism ...........................................................................................................80
Illicit Entry into U.S..................................................................................................................................85
Narco-terrorism .......................................................................................................................................92
Terrorism Financing ................................................................................................................................95
Terrorism Tradecraft .............................................................................................................................111
Terrorist Use of Technology..................................................................................................................118
Recruitment & Radicalization................................................................................................................125

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE/KEY RESOURCES .............................................................134
Agriculture and Food Sector .................................................................................................................137
Banking/Finance ...................................................................................................................................141
Chemical/HAZMAT ...............................................................................................................................146
Commercial Facilities............................................................................................................................149
Critical Manufacturing ...........................................................................................................................154
Emergency Services .............................................................................................................................154
Energy ..................................................................................................................................................158
Government Buildings/Defense Industrial Base ...................................................................................166
Information Technology and Communications......................................................................................170
Monuments and Icons ..........................................................................................................................174
Postal/Shipping .....................................................................................................................................178
Public Health and Healthcare ...............................................................................................................180
Transportation System Sectors.............................................................................................................182
Aviation .....................................................................................................................................182
Highways/Bridges .....................................................................................................................184
Ports..........................................................................................................................................188
Rail and Mass Transit ...............................................................................................................190
Water (Drinking and Waste Systems)...................................................................................................194

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................197
RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................................199

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of the 2009 Terrorism Threat Assessment is to convey potential terrorism threats
affecting the Commonwealth of Virginia. Terrorism, for the purpose of this report, is defined as
politically motivated violence or threat of violence designed to coerce action or to prevent others
from taking intended actions. While there is no intelligence that indicates terrorists are currently
planning attacks in Virginia, the presence of extremists, evidence of trends linked to terrorism, and
the abundance of potential targets, suggests that the potential for Virginia to be targeted remains
significant.
As with previous years, the threat from terrorist and extremist groups can be categorized as
international or domestic threats. Each of these groups holds particular values and political goals
and thus represents a different type of threat to Virginia and the U.S. The international terrorism
threat to Virginia and the nation as a whole stems from several radical Islamic militant groups. The
domestic terrorist threat is comprised of a wide variety of groups, to include special interest groups,
anarchists, race-based groups, including black separatists and white supremacists, militias and
sovereign citizens, and homegrown extremists
In Virginia, identified activities have been limited primarily to non-violent acts and crimes committed
to raise funds to finance group activities. Some activities also relate to criminal endeavors
generally used by extremists to further operational planning. The Virginia Fusion Center monitors
international, national, and regional trends relating to terrorism and criminal extremism for
indicators of emerging activity in the Commonwealth. Terrorism trends of greatest concern in 2009
include terrorism tradecraft, recruitment, and radicalization, terrorist use of technology, and
terrorism financing.
As terrorists adapt and evolve to offset existing counterterrorism measures, they have successfully
exploited available technology and modified their tactics to ensure successful operations. While
several of the trends noted are applicable to all terrorist and extremist groups, increasing linkages
are noted to specific critical infrastructure and key resources. As such, this product highlights,
where possible, connections noted between groups, their behaviors, and potentially targeted
infrastructure.
Based on the information gathered, the Commonwealth of Virginia could be potentially targeted for
terrorist attack due to its location and proximity to Washington, D.C., its concentration of critical
infrastructure, and the amount of extremist activity documented in Virginia. In order to detect and
deter terrorist attacks, it is essential that information regarding suspected terrorists and suspicious
activity in Virginia be closely monitored and reported in a timely manner. Additionally, it remains
important to determine the extent of existing trends and to collect, analyze, and disseminate this
information to law enforcement partners in Virginia.

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OVERVIEW
The 2009 Terrorism Threat Assessment, in keeping with the Virginia Fusion Center (VFC) mission
of integrating threat information from public and private sector agencies to prevent terrorist attacks,
is designed to afford law enforcement, homeland security, and policy making officials terrorism
threat intelligence of relevance to Virginia. Included in this assessment is an overview of identified
groups, individuals, or activities; known or suspected trends; and critical infrastructure or key
resources with significant U.S. or Virginia reporting within the past five years. While there is no
intelligence that indicates terrorists are planning attacks in Virginia, the abundance of potential
targets provides terrorists with many possibilities and opportunities throughout the Commonwealth.
Information contained in this Threat Assessment is current as of February 2009 and will be
reviewed and updated on an annual basis.
In addressing the terrorism threat to Virginia, it is important to define terrorism and the scope of
activities included. Terrorism can be defined as politically motivated violence or threat of violence
designed to coerce others into actions they would not otherwise undertake or to refrain from
actions they desired to take. Terrorism is generally directed against civilian targets and is intended
to produce effects beyond immediate physical damage, to produce long-term psychological
repercussions, especially fear, on a particular target audience. For the purposes of this Threat
Assessment, terrorism is divided into two categories: international and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism involves threats emanating primarily from the international jihad movement,
foreign terrorist organizations, and state sponsors of terrorism. Domestic terrorism includes threats
from special interest groups, white supremacists, black separatists, and anti-government groups.
Terrorism trends included in this assessment are activities, such as recruitment, financing, training,
and planning, conducted in furtherance of terrorism.
Terrorism remains a threat to Virginia, not only because of its proximity to the nation’s capitol, but
also due to the volume of significant infrastructure. Such infrastructure includes military
installations such as the Pentagon; two nuclear power plants; and a major East Coast seaport.
Virginia is also home to a wide range of transportation sector targets of interest, including interstate
highways with high-traffic bridges and tunnels; railways and subways; and aviation and port
facilities. While other infrastructure sectors, such as water, energy, and information technology
could be targeted, it is also possible that terrorist attention could be directed toward law
enforcement at the local, state, and federal levels.
Spanning 39,598 square miles, Virginia has a population of almost 7.5 million residents. Roughly
half of these residents are concentrated in the northern Virginia, central Virginia, and Hampton
Roads regions. All three of these regions feature ethnically diverse populations with cultural ties to
the Middle East, the horn of Africa, Southeast Asia, and other areas heavily impacted by terrorist
activities. While the vast majority of these individuals are law-abiding, this ethnic diversity also
affords terrorist operatives the opportunity to assimilate easily into society, without arousing
suspicion. Virginia’s network of colleges and universities also represent a potential avenue of entry
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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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for terrorist operatives and a possible forum for recruitment of sympathizers. Additionally,
Virginia’s correctional system remains an attractive venue for recruitment and radicalization
relating to terror organizations and hate groups.
The VFC has compiled information from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, as well
as open sources to create this Threat Assessment. In addition to reviewing information directly
reported to the VFC, surveys were sent to all Virginia local law enforcement agencies to determine
the extent of terrorism activities throughout the state. Information of interest included not only
event-specific data, but also suspicious traffic stops or activities consistent with pre-operational
attack planning. Assessments of the overall threat posed by specific terror and extremist groups or
movements were completed utilizing the Project Sleipnir: Revised Long Matrix for Criminal
Extremism utilized by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Although the primary objective of this report is to share valuable terrorism intelligence with public
safety agencies in Virginia, a secondary goal is to highlight the types of data needed from local,
state, and federal partners of the VFC. While every effort was made to ensure accurate, thorough
reporting of the terrorist threat, it is expected that not every incident of possible terrorist activity will
be reported or forwarded to the VFC.

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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VSP Division Map
7
2

3
6

1

4

5

Division 1
Ashland, Amelia, Caroline, Charles City, Chesterfield, Colonial Heights, Dinwiddie, Essex, Goochland, Hanover, Henrico,
Hopewell, King and Queen, King George, King William, Lancaster, Louisa, New Kent, Northumberland, Nottoway,
Petersburg, Powhatan, Prince George, Richmond City, Richmond County, and Westmoreland

Division 2
Clarke, Culpeper, Frederick, Fauquier, Fredericksburg, Harrisonburg, Madison, Orange, Page, Rappahannock, Rockingham,
Shenandoah, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Warren, and Winchester

Division 3
Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Augusta, Buckingham, Campbell, Charlotte, Charlottesville, Cumberland, Fluvanna,
Greene, Halifax, Lunenburg, Lynchburg, Mecklenburg, Nelson, Prince Edward, Staunton, and Waynesboro

Division 4
Bland, Bristol, Buchanan, Carroll, Dickenson, Giles, Grayson, Lee, Norton,
Washington, Wise, and Wythe

Pulaski, Russell, Scott, Smyth, Tazewell,

Division 5
Accomack, Brunswick, Chesapeake, Gloucester, Greensville, Hampton, Isle of Wight, James City, Mathews, Middlesex,
Newport News, Norfolk, Northampton, Portsmouth, Southampton, Suffolk, Surry, Sussex, Virginia Beach, and York

Division 6
Alleghany, Bath, Bedford, Botetourt, Craig, Floyd, Franklin, Henry, Highland, Montgomery, Patrick, Pittsylvania, Roanoke
City, Roanoke County, Rockbridge, and Salem

Division 7
Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax City, Fairfax County, Falls Church, Loudoun, Manassas, Manassas Park, and Prince William

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Division 1
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Caroline Fire-Rescue; Caroline Sheriff's Office; Chesterfield Emergency Management; Chesterfield Police;
Colonial Beach Police; Colonial Heights Police; Fort Lee; Fort Pickett; Goochland Fire-Rescue; Hanover
Fire/EMS; Hanover Sheriff’s Office; Henrico Police; Henrico Emergency Management; Henrico Fire; King
George Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Services; King William Emergency Services; Lancaster Emergency
Services; Louisa Emergency Services; New Kent Sheriff's Office; Petersburg Fire, Rescue & EM; Petersburg
Sheriff's Office; Powhatan Emergency Management; Powhatan Sheriff's Office; Prince George Fire, EMS, &
Emergency Management; Virginia Commonwealth University; Division of Capitol Police; Richmond City Office
of Emergency Management; Richmond Police; Virginia State Police–Bureau of Criminal Investigation

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Overview
Division 1 encompasses roughly 6,409 square miles divided into twenty-four major cities and
counties representing a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Major transportation corridors
include Interstates 95, 64, and 85 and associated connectors, in addition to Routes 60, 360, 5, and
33. The 2005 population estimate for this Division is 1,222,381; this figure does not include
seasonal or temporary residents such as college students, incarcerated individuals, or migrant
workers. In Division 1, the beginning of the college year creates a population surge of at least
44,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
A wide variety of terror or extremist groups have links to Division 1. Richmond’s history as the
capital city of the Confederacy, combined with the city’s current demographic concentration of
African-American residents, contributes to the continued presence of race-based extremist groups.
This area is also the site of several community colleges and urban universities that attract a
diverse range of domestic and international students and professors; two area universities are
designated as Historically Black Colleges and Universities. While the majority of individuals
associated with educational institutions do not engage in activities of interest to the VFC, it is
important to note that University-based students groups are recognized as a radicalization node for
almost every type of extremist group. A small number of Division 1 area college students also
align themselves with anarchist or animal and/or environmental groups.
Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 1 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities.
Recruitment activities have included Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts in colleges
and universities, religious institutions, and correctional facilities. Some of the area’s special
interest extremist groups have been investigated for property crimes against targeted businesses.
As with most of the other areas of the state, possible surveillance incidents consistent with
terrorism tradecraft tactics, techniques, and procedures have been reported.
Critical Infrastructure Summary
As the state capital, Richmond has a strong concentration of government and private sector
critical infrastructure. The City of Richmond has a significant number of Banking and Finance
assets, including a branch of the Federal Reserve Bank. Division 1 also has a strong
transportation sector, with major interstates and bridges, railways, a port, and an expanding
aviation presence. Energy sector assets of interest include coal and nuclear power generation
facilities, multiple chemical plants along the James River, and a significant presence of farms
and food processing facilities. Richmond is also home to several large commercial facilities,
including a major NASCAR track.
Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, 12 law enforcement encounters were reported in seven of Division 1
jurisdictions. The bulk of the encounters occurred within the city of Richmond (four), Petersburg
(two) and Dinwiddie (two).
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Division 2
2009
2009 Terrorism
Terrorism Survey
Survey Participation
Participation

Participating Agencies
Berryville Police; Bridgewater College Police; Clarke Sheriff's Office; Culpeper Emergency Services; Culpeper
Police; Dumfries-Triangle Rescue Squad; Fauquier Fire and Emergency Services; Fauquier Sheriff's Office;
Frederick Fire & Rescue; Frederick Sheriff's Office; Fredericksburg Police; Gordonsville Police; Harrisonburg
Fire Department; Orange Sheriff's Office; Page Fire–EMS; Page Office of Emergency Management; Page
Sheriff's Office; Luray Police; Rockingham Fire/Rescue/Emergency Management; Rockingham Sheriff's Office;
Shenandoah Fire and Rescue; Spotsylvania Fire, Rescue & Emergency Management; Spotsylvania Sheriff's
Office; Stafford County Fire and Rescue; Strasburg Police; Warren Sheriff's Office; Warrenton Police;
Winchester Fire & Rescue; Virginia State Police – All Area Offices plus Bureau of Criminal Investigation

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Overview
Division 2 encompasses roughly 5,674 square miles divided into fifteen major cities and counties.
This division is comprised of urban, suburban, and rural areas, with many of the area’s residents
commuting to the greater Washington, D.C. area for work. Major transportation corridors include
Interstates 66, 95 and 81, in addition to Routes 15, 17, 29, 33, and 50. The 2005 population
estimate for this division is 732,580; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary residents
such as college students, incarcerated individuals, illegal aliens, or migrant workers. In Division 2,
the beginning of the college year creates a population surge of at least 27,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
Division 2 has a diverse population largely comprised of D.C. commuters. While the white
nationalist extremist groups and anarchists in Division 2 generally tend towards public activities to
garner support for or raise awareness of their agendas, internationally-affiliaited individuals have
attempted to avoid detection Although additional international groups likely have a presence in this
region, reporting indicates that Jama’at al-Tabligh has conducted meetings and other activities in
this region within the past few years.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 2 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities.
Recruitment activities have included Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts in colleges
and universities, religious institutions, and correctional facilities. As with most of the other areas
of the state, possible surveillance incidents consistent with terrorism tradecraft tactics, techniques,
and procedures have been reported.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Division 2 has several commercial facilities of interest including power generation stations, a
DuPont chemical plant, and a major Merck pharmaceutical location. Also of note in Division 2
is the Virginia Inland Port, an intermodal container transfer facility between truck and rail for
the transport of ocean-going containers to and from the Port of Virginia. Division 2 is also the
home to one of the two major sites for the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication (SWIFT). Agriculture and Food assets also have a strong presence in
Division 2.
Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, 5 law enforcement encounters were reported in five of Division 2
jurisdictions. The bulk of the encounters occurred within Harrisonburg.

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Division 3
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Albemarle Fire/Rescue; Albemarle Police; Amherst Police; Amherst Public Safety; Amherst Sheriff's Office;
Augusta Fire-Rescue; Buckingham Sheriff's Office; Campbell Public Safety; Cumberland Emergency Services;
Liberty University Police; Lynchburg Police; Mecklenburg Sheriff's Office; Nelson Sheriff's Office; North
Garden Volunteer Fire (Albemarle); Piedmont Virginia Community College; Prince Edward Emergency
Management; Seminole Trail Volunteer Fire (Albemarle); Waynesboro Sheriff's Office; Western Albemarle
Rescue; Virginia State Police – All Area Offices

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Overview
Division 3 encompasses roughly 7,770 square miles divided into nineteen major cities and
counties representing a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Major transportation corridors
include Interstates 64, 81, and 85, in addition to Routes 15, 29, 58, 60, and 360. The 2005
population estimate for this Division is 617,198; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary
residents such as college students, incarcerated individuals, illegal aliens, or migrant workers. In
Division 3, the beginning of the college year creates a population surge of at least 45,700 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
The primary group of note in Division 3 is the Muslims of America (MOA), a known front group for
Jama’at ul Fuqra. MOA has two isolationist compounds that feature community and residential
trailers that help to insulate members from contact with the influences of Western society. In
addition to MOA, Division 3 has reported a presence of anarchists and group-affiliated activity. A
number of environmental extremist groups have developed in and around the Blue Ridge
Mountains, including Earth First affiliates and sympathizers.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 3 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities.
Recruitment activities have included Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts in colleges
and universities, religious institutions, and correctional facilities. As with most of the other areas
of the state, possible surveillance incidents consistent with terrorism tradecraft tactics, techniques,
and procedures have been reported.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Agriculture/Food sector assets represent a majority of critical infrastructure and key resources in
Division 3. Numerous Virginia Department of Corrections facilities and local or regional jails are
located in this area, as well as a number of Virginia National Guard assets. Also of significance is
the National Ground Intelligence Center, a military facility located in Charlottesville and Babcock &
Wilcox Nuclear Operations Group, which manufactures nuclear fuel for naval submarines in
Lynchburg. Division 3 is also home to several colleges and universities; the University of Virginia,
in Charlottesville, is home the 16,000-seat capacity John Paul Jones arena utilized for
entertainment and sporting events.

Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, one law enforcement encounter was reported in Charlotte County in
calendar year 2008

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Division 4
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Bluefield Police; Bristol Police; Galax Police; New River Community College Police; Marion Police; Pulaski
Emergency Management; Town of Pulaski Police; Richlands Police; Russell County Emergency Management;
Smyth Emergency Management; Smyth Sheriff's Office; Tazewell Emergency Coordinator; Virginia Highlands
Community College Police; Wise Emergency Operations; Wythe Emergency Management; Wythe Sheriff's
Office; Virginia State Police–Bureau of Criminal Investigation

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Overview
Division 4 encompasses roughly 6,700 square miles divided into seventeen major cities and
counties representing a mixture of rural, suburban, and urban areas. Major transportation corridors
include Interstates 77 and 81, in addition to Routes 21, 23, 58, and 460. The 2005 population
estimate for this Division is 452,561; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary residents
such as college students, incarcerated individuals, or migrant workers. In Division 4, the beginning
of the college year creates a population surge of approximately 4,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
Environmental extremist groups represent the largest and most active groups of concern in
Division 4. Groups such as Earth First not only conduct actions against energy sector assets, but
they also hold annual ‘training camps” for activists in or near this area of the state. Most other
reporting of terrorist or extremist group presence relates to isolated or poorly organized functions
scheduled by white nationalist extremists. These include racist skinhead groups, such as the
Vinlanders Social Club and white supremacist groups, including the Ku Klux Klan, Creativity
Movement, and the Aryan Nations.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 4 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities,
including the purchasing of pre-paid cell phones and operating front businesses. Recruitment
activities have included Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts in colleges and
universities, religious institutions, and correctional facilities. As with most of the other areas of the
state, possible surveillance incidents consistent with terrorism tradecraft tactics, techniques, and
procedures have been reported.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Division 4 is the location of numerous Energy sector resources, including the southwest and valley
coalfields, as well as all of Virginia’s natural gas and petroleum producing localities. Significant
railroad and natural gas pipeline infrastructure is in place to transport these resources. In addition
to the natural energy resources in Division 4, this area also contains a number of hydroelectric and
coal-fired power generation facilities. Agriculture and Food sector assets, including both crops and
livestock, are also strongly represented in various areas of this division, but vary widely based on
topographic and meteorological factors. Several counties in Division 4 are also a part of the
Virginia Technology Corridor that links Roanoke and Virginia Tech.

Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, two law enforcement encounters were reported in of Division 4
jurisdictions. These encounters were reported in Bristol and Wytheville.

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Division 5
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Accomack Fire; Brunswick Sheriff's Office; Camp Allen; City of Chesapeake Fire/OEMS; Chesapeake Fire;
Chesapeake Police; Emporia Emergency Services; City of Poquoson Emergency Management; College of
William and Mary Police; Franklin Police; Gloucester Sheriff's Office; Hampton Fire; Hampton Police; Isle of
Wight Emergency Services; James City County Fire; Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek; Joint
Transformation Command-Intelligence; Langley Air Force Base; Newport News Police; Newport News
Shipyard Security & Fire Prevention; Norfolk Fire-Rescue; Norfolk Police; Northampton Emergency Services;
Portsmouth Sheriff's Office; Southampton Sheriff's Office; Suffolk Emergency Management; Suffolk Police;
Sussex Fire; Virginia Beach Fire; Williamsburg Fire; York Fire and Life Safety; York Poquoson Sheriffs Office;
Virginia Beach Police; Virginia Port Authority; Police Virginia State Police–Area Offices 32, 33, 34, 37, 46, 47
and Bureau of Criminal Investigation

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Overview
Division 5 encompasses roughly 5,125 square miles divided into twenty-four major cities and
counties representing a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Major transportation corridors
include Interstates 64, 95, and 85, in addition to Routes 5, 58, 60, and 360. The 2005 population
estimate for this division is 1,789,929; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary residents
such as college students, incarcerated individuals, or migrant workers. In Division 5, the beginning
of the college year creates a population surge of at least 47,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
A wide variety of terror or extremist groups have links to Division 5. This area not only has a
diverse population due to the strong military presence, but it is also the site of several universities.
While most of these universities are considered urban, two are designated as a Historically Black
Colleges and Universities, while Regent University is a private, evangelical Christian institution.
While the majority of individuals associated with educational institutions do not engage in activities
of interest to the VFC, it is important to note that University-based students groups are recognized
as a radicalization node for almost every type of extremist group. In addition to recent activity by
race-based extremist groups, an identified anti-abortion extremist group has maintained an active
presence. Although activities by these groups have been non-violent, all are linked to individuals
or ideologies that have endorsed violence as a legitimate tactic.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 5 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities.
Recruitment activities have included Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts. Division 5
also has the highest reporting level of potential surveillance activity, mostly due to incidents
involving photography and videotaping of the area’s bridges and tunnels. In addition, incidents of
passport and visa fraud suggest concerns regarding illicit entry to the U.S.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Division 5 contains a high concentration of critical infrastructure relating to Navy, Coast Guard, and
Army installations. Due to the number of populous locations within Division 5 and the access to
multiple navigable waterways, the transportation sector is far more complex than average. In
addition to a number of unique bridge and tunnel systems, this area also has ports that serve both
cargo and cruise ships, with smaller waterfront areas served by local ferry service. Also of note is
the location of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant, one of two such facilities currently operating in
Virginia. It is also important to note, however, that despite the large amount of urban and industrial
areas, Division 5 also has sizeable areas in which farming is prevalent.

Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, 15 law enforcement encounters were reported in six of Division 5
jurisdictions. The bulk of the encounters occurred in Virginia Beach (seven), with two more
occurring in Williamsburg.

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Division 6
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Bath Sheriff's Office; Bedford Police; Buena Vista Police; Blacksburg Emergency Management; Botetourt
Emergency Services; Craig Sheriff's Office; Covington Fire; Danville Police; Henry Fire; Henry Sheriff's Office;
Highland; Lexington Police; Martinsville Fire & EMS; Martinsville Police; Montgomery Sheriff's Office; Patrick
sheriff's Office; Radford Army Ammunition Plant; Radford Fire & Rescue; Radford Police; Roanoke County Fire
and Rescue; Roanoke Police; Rockbridge Emergency Management; Salem Fire & EMS Department; Salem
Police; Vinton Police; Virginia Military Institute Police; Virginia Tech Police; Virginia Western Community
College Police; Virginia State Police–Bureau of Criminal Investigation

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Overview
Division 6 encompasses roughly 7,373 square miles divided into twenty-three major cities and
counties representing a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Major transportation corridors
include Interstates 64 and 81, in addition to Routes 29, 58, 60, 220, and 460. The 2005 population
estimate for this Division is 748,249; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary residents
such as college students, incarcerated individuals, illegal aliens, or migrant workers. In Division 6,
the beginning of the college year creates a population surge of at least 47,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
In Division 6, the primary threat groups resolve from domestic extremists. White nationalists,
environmental groups, and militias have a presence in the area. The Ku Klux Klan and the
American National Socialist Workers Party have been involved in numerous efforts to recruit
additional members through propaganda distribution and rallies. Environmental groups such as
Blue Ridge Earth First have established a foothold in the area and have engaged in
demonstrations and planned training events. Militia groups have been more active in prior years;
however, they have kept a low profile more recently. Renewed debate on immigration and fears of
terrorism may spark an increase in militia group activity.
The size, courses of study, and significant population of international students at Virginia Tech
represents a potential concern. While the majority of individuals associated with educational
institutions, do not engage in activities of interest to the VFC, it is important to note that Universitybased students groups are recognized as a radicalization node for almost every type of extremist
group.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups and movements in Division 6 have been linked to extremist recruitment and training
efforts. Much of the reported activity for Division 6 pertains to planned or actual training of militia
members. Other reported activities include the efforts of local white supremacists to recruit new
members or retain existing members.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Division 6 has a mixture of critical infrastructure and key resource assets ranging from agricultural
and food production to significant sports and entertainment facilities. This division not only
includes energy resources such as natural gas pipelines and petroleum product storage facilities,
but also includes dams and two significant pumped power storage facilities. Several counties in
Division 6 are also a part of the Virginia Technology Corridor that links Roanoke and Virginia Tech.
Also of note in Division 6 are two major sports and entertainment venues– the Martinsville
Speedway and Roanoke Convention Center.

Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, 8 law enforcement encounters were reported in three of Division 6
jurisdictions. The bulk of the encounters occurred within Blacksburg and Christiansburg.
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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Division 7
2009 Terrorism Survey Participation

Participating Agencies
Alexandria Office of Emergency Management; Alexandria Police; Arlington County Fire; Arlington County
Police; Fairfax City Fire Department; Fairfax City-Office of Emergency Management; Fairfax County Fire and
Rescue Department; Fairfax County Office of Emergency Management; Fairfax County Police; Falls Church
Emergency Management; Falls Church Police; Fort Belvoir; George Mason University Police; Loudoun County
Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Management; Manassas City Police; Manassas City Emergency Management;
Manassas Park Police; Manassas Volunteer Fire; Metro Washington Airport Authority Police; Northern Virginia
Community College Police; U.S. Marshals Service; Virginia State Police–Bureau of Criminal Investigation and
Field Operations

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Overview
Division 7 encompasses roughly 1,339 square miles divided into nine major cities and counties
representing a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Major transportation corridors include
Interstates 66, 95, 395, and 495, in addition to Routes 15 and 50. The 2005 population estimate for
this Division is 2,067,358; this figure does not include seasonal or temporary residents such as
college students, incarcerated individuals, illegal aliens, or migrant workers. In Division 7, the
beginning of the college year creates a population surge of at least 34,000 people.

Terrorist/Extremist Group Presence
Division 7 faces numerous threats from both international and domestic groups due to its
expansive critical infrastructure as well as its proximity to Washington, D.C. HAMAS and the
Muslim Brotherhood have an identified presence in the area and have been linked with suspicious
fundraising efforts to include front businesses and charities. On the other end of the spectrum is
the threat posed from White nationalist extremists. A majority of their activities have consisted of
demonstrations and conferences. The most active white nationalists in Division 7 include the
American Renaissance and the National Socialist Movement.

Terrorism/Extremism Trends Summary
Groups in Division 7 have been linked to recruitment efforts and possible fundraising activities.
Terrorism financing investigations following the September 2001 attacks have shown multiple links
to now defunct organizations in Division 7. It is highly likely, however, that front businesses and
charities in this area are supporting extremist groups. Recruitment activities have included
Internet, print-based, and personal outreach efforts at colleges and universities, religious
institutions, and correctional facilities. In addition, incidents of passport and visa fraud suggest
concerns regarding illicit entry to the U.S.

Critical Infrastructure Summary
Division 7 critical infrastructure includes a heavy concentration of government and military facilities
located in proximity to the national capital. This area also has significant transportation assets,
including highways and bridges, rail and light rail, and multiple international airports. Due to the
population density and the high-tech demands of the government and military sectors, segments of
Division 7 are also considered a technology corridor with significant information and
telecommunications technology assets.

Terrorism Screening Center Data
According to 2008 TSC data, 148 law enforcement encounters were reported in Division 7
jurisdictions. 77% of encounters in Division 7 occurred in Arlington, Alexandria, Fairfax City, and
Fairfax County. Division 7 encounters accounted for roughly 75% of all encounters in Virginia

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Overview of Terrorist and Extremist Data in Virginia
A wide range of international and domestic terror and extremist groups has been identified in
Virginia. While the focus of this product is on the groups, movements, and individuals known or
suspected to be involved in Virginia-based activities, it is important to note that Virginia has a
number of large, international airports that serve foreign and out-of-state extremists. The Virginia
Fusion Center receives periodic reporting from the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) highlighting
encounters of interest.a
2008 reporting from the TSC focused exclusively on Virginia data, and excluded all travel
encounters at Dulles or Reagan airports.1 The 2008 TSC data for Virginia shows 202 reported
ground encounters from a total of 139 individuals.2 Northern Virginia continues to be one of the
busiest areas in the U.S. for positive physical ground encounters of watchlisted individuals.3

Comparison of 2007 and 2008 TSC Encounters
250

202
200

150

133
121
2007
2008

99
100

36

50

12
0
Federal Administrative

Law Enforcement Support

Police Encounters

a

(OS) The TSC maintains a consolidated database of the names and other identifying information for all known or
suspected terrorists, known as the Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB). Pursuant to HSPD-6, a known or
suspected terrorist is an individual known or appropriately suspected to be or have been engaged in conduct
constituting, in preparation for, in aid of, or related to terrorism.

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Although TSC reporting provides valuable information, it does not represent the total picture of
potentially nefarious activity in Virginia. It is important to note that the number of encounters
tracked by the TSC includes only incidents involving individuals believed to be on the Terrorist
Screening Database (TSDB). As such, the TSC reporting includes incidents in which a person or a
vehicle could be identified and the official handling the incident checked the subject’s information
through the National Crime Information Center (NCIC). This also includes incidents involving
queries against any of the other systems for which the TSC exports information. As such, TSC
encounter data can only include known individuals whose activities and affiliations meet federal
thresholds.

Encounter Types
Law enforcement encounters monitored by the TSC in 2008 could be grouped into five main
categories, including4:
• Traffic Stops
• Plate Checks, in which a license plate is queried but the TSC cannot confirm that an
officer actually encountered a watchlisted subject
• Calls for Service, which includes law enforcement response not initiated by a traffic
stop
• Investigations, which include incident investigation not deemed traffic related
• Jail/Prison Related, in which a watchlisted individual is either processed for
incarceration or is attempting to visit an inmate
2008 TSC Ground Encounters
3

7

18
10
Traffic Violations
Plate Checks

19

Officer Encounter

112

Jail/Prison
Investigation
Deportation

33

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Encounters by City
According to 2008 data, the top 5 encounter locations, Alexandria, Arlington, Falls Church, Fairfax,
and Springfield accounted for 51.5% of all positive encounters in Virginia. The TSC received
locality information in all but 6 ground encounters in 2008.
2008 TSC Ground Encounter Locations

Law enforcement encounters were reported in the following jurisdictions in 2008:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Arlington
Alexandria
Ashburn
Barhamsville (New Kent)
Blacksburg
Bristol
Burke
Centreville
Chesterfield
Church Road (Dinwiddie)
Christiansburg
Claiborne
Dinwiddie
Dumfries
Emporia
Fairfax City
Fairfax County

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Falmouth
Fort Belvoir
Franconia
Front Royal
Glen Allen (Henrico)
Grafton
Great Falls
Harrisonburg
Herndon
Hampton
Leesburg
Linden
Lorton
Manassas
McLean
Norfolk

LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Petersburg
Prince William
Red House
Reston
Richmond
Salem
Sterling
Triangle
Tyson’s Corner
Warrenton
Woodstock
Wytheville
Vienna
Virginia Beach
Williamsburg
Woodbridge

2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Encounters by Agencies
Calling Agency

Number

Fairfax County Police
Arlington County Police
Virginia State Police / Virginia Fusion Center
Alexandria Police
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Virginia Beach Police
Falls Church Police
Loudoun County Police
Prince William Police
Alexandria Sheriff’s Office
Christiansburg Police
Division of Probation and Pretrial Services – Manassas
Norfolk Police
Harrisonburg Rockingham Emergency Communications Center
Henrico Police
James City County Police
Manassas City Police
Virginia Tech Police

58
23
21
13
7
6
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2

The following agencies each reported one ground encounter during 2008:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Arlington County Sheriff’s Office
Charlotte County Sheriff’s Office
DEA–Washington
FCI-Beckley
Hampton Roads Regional Jail Authority
Metropolitan Police
Richmond Police
TSA-Threat Assessments and Credentialing
U.S. Probation – Alexandria and Boston
Virginia Department of Corrections
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Virginia Department of Alcoholic Beverage
Control

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

ATF
Chesterfield Police
Dinwiddie Sheriff’s Office
Leesburg Police
Louisa Sheriff’s Office
Petersburg Police
Shenandoah Sheriff’s Office
Special Stops Group (IAFIS)
U.S. Marshals
Virginia State Police–Salem
Warren Sheriff’s Office
Wytheville Police

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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International Terrorism Threat
International terrorism, defined as foreign-based groups that engage in attacks and criminal acts
which transcend national boundaries, remains a concern within the Commonwealth. Although
international terrorist groups routinely espouse their intent to launch large-scale attacks within the
U.S., the majority of activities found in the U.S., and Virginia in particular, comes from criminal
activities that raise funds for attacks overseas. It is important to note, however, that the presence of
supporters of such groups could be leveraged to support operatives preparing for an attack within
the U.S.
Virginia’s population is increasingly diverse, with numerous cultures and ethnicities represented in
most of the metropolitan areas. Although the vast majority of refugees and immigrants who enter
Virginia do so legally and with the intention to create a new life, Virginia has received reporting of
potential instances of fraudulent entry that might be linked to international terror groups. Also of
concern is the potential for exploitation within some ethnic communities that may have strong
emotional or familial ties to areas of conflict; while the potential for radicalization and recruitment
for actual attacks is assessed as low, the possibility of money raised at rallies or other
demonstrations of solidarity could be diverted to benefit terrorist entities. Significant developments
in the Middle East, the horn of Africa, or Eastern Europe could inspire action on the part of
individuals sympathetic to internationally linked groups.
Based on collection requirements established in 2008, al-Qa’ida, Al-Shabaab, HAMAS, Hizballah,
Jama’at ul Fuqra, Lashkar-e Tayyiba, and the Muslim Brotherhood were assessed as potential
international terrorism threats to Virginia. While most of these groups are known to have
individuals that currently live, work, or frequently travel through Virginia, some groups were
included in this threat assessment based more on historic data or emerging significance based on
world events. These assessments were largely corroborated by recently released data from the
Terrorism Screening Center. According to 2008 ground encounter data, the most frequently
encountered groups were al-Qa’ida, HAMAS, and Hizballah. Occasionally encountered groups
and movements included Sunni Extremists, Jama’at Tabligh, Palestinian Islamic Jihadb , Islamic
Jihad Unionc, Muslim Brotherhood, and the Taliban.
b

(OS) The Palestinian Islamic Jihad was formed in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s by as a branch of the
Egyptian Islamic Jihad. In 2003, University of South Florida professor Dr. Sami Al-Arian was arrested after being
indicted on 50 terrorism related charges; Dr. Al-Arian was also accused of serving as the North American head of
the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Acquitted on 8 of the 17 charges with the jury deadlocked on the remaining
charges, he pled guilty to conspiracy charges to help members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad in nonviolent
activities in March 2006. Meg Laughlin, In his plea deal, what did Sami Al-Arian admit to?, St. Petersburg Times,
April 23, 2006.
c
(OS) The Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), also known as Islamic Jihad Group (IJG), is a splinter group from the Islamic
Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), and has conducted several attacks in Uzbekistan. In 2007 three individuals
directly affiliated with the Islamic Jihad Group were arrested in Germany for plotting to attack the Frankfurt
International airport and U.S. military installations such as Ramstein Air Base. Germany Indicts "Home Grown"
Islamists for Terrorist Bomb Plot, September 2, 2008.

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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Al-Qa’ida
Al-Qa’ida was founded in 1989 by Usama bin Laden to finance,
recruit, transport, and train Sunni Islamic extremists for global jihad.
The group seeks to establish a global Islamic empire by forcefully
expelling Westerners, specifically Americans, from historically
Muslim lands, such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and North Africa. Al
Qa’ida has long considered American influence and power to be one
of the largest impediments to the establishment of a pan-Islamic
nation, as they believe it is propping up “apostate,” or non-Islamic, governments in the region.
Al-Qa’ida cells are located worldwide, especially in South and Southeast Asia and the Middle East,
and are reinforced by its ties to Sunni extremist networks. Al-Qa'ida’s membership, estimated at
several thousand members worldwide, has attempted to extend its influence through formal
affiliations and informal ‘inspirational efforts.’ Al-Qa'ida also supports Muslim fighters in
Afghanistan, Bosnia, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Yemen, and Kosovo.

Domestic Activities
Possible activities by al-Qa’ida members or sympathizers within the U.S. include fundraising
through hawalas (moneylenders), front businesses, and narcotics sales, as well as recruitment and
radicalization.5 Group members or sympathizers may have established a relationship with the
Muslim Brotherhood in the U.S. and may be attempting to exploit minority communities that
perceive themselves as marginalized. 6,7 Past intelligence indicates group operatives may be
entering or attempting to enter the U.S. through Mexico and Latin America.8
According to 2008 Terrorism Screening Center ground encounter data, al-Qa’ida was one of the
three most frequently encountered groups in Virginia.9 In 2007, at least 414 encounters between
suspected al-Qa’ida members and law enforcement or government officials were documented in
the Commonwealth.d Although the vast majority of encounters involved automatic database
checks for air travel, a number of subjects were encountered by law enforcement officers.
While reports of encounters with known members or sympathizers are important to note, the
potential for encountering unidentified al-Qa’ida members or sympathizers within existing Salafie
populations in Virginia are also cause for concern. Enclaves of Salafist ideology adherents have
been identified in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads areas.10 Al-Qa’ida may also have a
d

(LES) Encounters include air travel, traffic stops, arrests, firearms purchases, employment checks, and visa
applications (Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007).
e
(OS) Salafism is a generic term referring to a Sunni Islamic school of thought that imitates the practices of the
Prophet Muhammad and his companions in the 7th century. It stresses a return to fundamentals in pursuit of pure
or authentic Islam; the commitment to the Salafi movement, and its aims to purify Islam, is the foundation on
which Usama bin Laden and other jihadist leaders have built their platforms. Salafism has been the common
factor that has bound together radicalized American Muslims, with various ethnic, national, and linguistic
backgrounds.

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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presence in Central Virginia due to the presence of the Muslim Brotherhood.11 College campuses12
and correctional centers within Virginia also represent potential recruitment and radicalization
venues.f According to 2009 public safety survey data, the counties of Fairfax and Spotsylvania
reported awareness of individuals potentially linked to al-Qa’ida living, working, or otherwise linked
to their jurisdictions.13

Intelligence Gaps
1. Does al-Qa’ida currently have the ability to launch a successful attack in Virginia?
2. What are the rank or status, capabilities, and intentions of al-Qa’ida affiliated
individuals currently in Virginia?
3.
4. Does al-Qa’ida have criminal capabilities in Virginia? If so, how sophisticated are
they?
5. Is al-Qa’ida in contact with any other international or domestic terrorist organizations
in Virginia?
6. Is al-Qa’ida actively recruiting from within gangs? Are gangs actively seeking out alQa’ida membership or affiliation? Have any gang members in Virginia been
identified as acting on behalf of al-Qa’ida (i.e. drug trafficking, identity theft,
fraudulent document mills, human smuggling)?

Projections
Although al-Qa’ida has not launched an attack in the U.S. since 2001, it is assessed to have high
intent to cause violence against U.S. persons and property. The following projections are specific
for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps concerning membership,
support activity, or pre-incident operations make it impossible to assess the group’s
capability to launch an attack in Virginia within the next three years with confidence.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase - Although military operations have
weakened al-Qa'ida's operational capabilities and financial measures have negatively
affected the flow of funds to the group, al-Qa’ida’s skills in attracting and influencing
their target audience through the Internet appears to be increasing. 14
Fundraising Activities: Likely to Increase- The group raises funds by operating front
businesses, illegal gold trading, currency smuggling, drug smuggling, donations, and
the siphoning of funds from donations to Muslim charitable organizations.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by al-Qa’ida-linked individuals in Virginia.
Given the prevalence of government, military, and other assets repeatedly suggested as targets of
interest to this group, continued intelligence collection and analysis efforts are required.
f

(LES) The VA Department of Corrections identified an inmate belonging to the Salafi sect of Islam espousing
radical values to other inmates in a possible attempt to recruit others (TIPS C070307).

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Al-Shabaab
Al-Shabaab is a violent extremist group with a number of individual
members linked to al-Qa’ida. Many of its senior leaders are believed to
have trained and fought with al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan. The group, linked
to individuals engaging in piracy, is also experiencing military victories in
various Somali cities.15 Al-Shabaab also appears to be growing in
popularity in the U.S. among some members of the U.S. Somali
community. According to a January 29, 2009 report, the Somaliland
government arrested 11 U.S. residents who were smuggling anti-aircraft
missiles. According to Somaliland government officialsg, these 11 people allegedly received
training from Al-Shabaab in the use of these weapons in the Galgudud region of Somalia.16

Domestic Activities
Law enforcement and open source reports suggest that some members of the Somali community
in the United States may be leaving to join the jihad in Somalia.17 The Al-Shabaab movement
appears to be using al-Qa’ida Internet tactics to target both Somali and English speaking members
of the Somali community. Al-Shabaab members or sympathizers may be engaging in radicalization
in areas that have large Somali populations like Minneapolis, Minnesota, Columbus, Ohio, and
Seattle, Washington.
Although limited, several previous cases of Americans travelling to Somalia to support extremist
efforts include18:
• Daniel Moldanado, an American Muslim convert travelled to Somalia in December
2006 and attended training camps. Moldanado was captured in January 2007 by
Kenyan forces and returned to the U.S., where he was convicted of receiving
training from a foreign terrorist organization.19
• Ruben Shumpert, an American Muslim convert from Seattle, fled the U.S. shortly
before a sentencing hearing and advised an FBI agent that he was in Somalia.
An al-Shabaab web posting indicates that Shumpert was killed in northeastern
Somalia.20
• Shirwa Ahmed, a Somali-American, is alleged to have been killed in Northern
Somalia as a suicide bomber in Northern Somalia in late October 2008.21
According to 2000 U.S. Census data, the National Capitol Region has the highest concentration of
Somali population in the Commonwealth, representing a potential pool of sympathizers or recruits
for Al-Shabaab. While Virginia does not have Somali communities as sizable as those in the MidWest or Pacific Northwest, Virginia does have religious institutions that work with the federal
g

(OS) Somaliland is an autonomous region in the Somali republic. Having declared its own local government in
Somalia in 1991, the Republic of Somaliland claims to be the successor state of the former British Somaliland
protectorate, however it remains unrecognized internationally.

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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government to settle recent Somali refugees in the Greater Richmond, Hampton Roads, and
Roanoke Valley22 areas of Virginia.23 In Virginia, the Office of Refugee & Immigration Services of
the Catholic Diocese of Richmond resettles 600 refugees, including Somali families annually and is
one of ten U.S. dioceses involved in the "Unaccompanied Minor" program.24

Intelligence Gaps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Does Al-Shabaab currently have the intent or ability to launch a successful attack in
Virginia?
Are there any Al-Shabaab cells identified in Virginia? If yes, where are they located?
What is the rank or status, capabilities, and intentions of Al-Shabaab affiliated
individuals currently in Virginia?
Are Al-Shabaab members or sympathizers utilizing unregistered hawalas to remit
funds to Somalia?
How many active investigations are there involving Al-Shabaab in Virginia?
Does Al-Shabaab have criminal capabilities in Virginia? If so, how sophisticated are
they?
Is Al-Shabaab in contact with any other international or domestic terrorist
organizations in Virginia?
Is Al-Shabaab actively recruiting in Virginia?

Projections
It is expected that as Al-Shabaab continues to gain military and political strength in Somalia, it will
become more popular with some in the U.S. Somali communities. The following projections are
specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps concerning membership,
support activity, or pre-incident operations make it impossible to assess the group’s
capability to launch an attack in Virginia within the next three years with confidence.
Membership/Influence: Likely to increase – Recent military successes, including the
takeover of the Somali Parliament building, improve the credibility and visibility of AlShabaab. Cursory internet searches show a growing number of videos, blogs, and
social network activity endorsing Al-Shabaab.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown – Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the current level of Virginia-based financial support for Al-Shabaab.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by Al-Shabaab-linked individuals in Virginia.
As Al-Shabaab continues to experience operational success and financial support, the most likely
impact for Virginia is the possible radicalization and foreign training of Somali-born subjects for
attacks in the horn of Africa. The primary attack threat to Virginia is the potential for Al-Shabaab to
inspire homegrown plots in Virginia. A secondary concern is illicit entry through visa fraud by
extremists posing as refugees fleeing persecution.
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HAMAS
HAMAS was created in 1987 by leaders of the Palestinian wing of the Muslim
Brotherhood. Widely recognized as a terrorist organization, HAMAS has
governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories since July 2007 and
utilizes political power and social programs as well as violent terrorist tactics to
pursue the goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel.25
HAMAS, also known as the Islamic Resistance Movement, has also been
involved in increasingly sophisticated methods of targeting children with their
propaganda efforts.26

Domestic Activities
HAMAS has the largest U.S. presence of any Palestinian group, and maintains a complex
fundraising, propaganda, and recruitment infrastructure.27 According to 2008 Terrorism Screening
Center ground encounter data, HAMAS was one of the three most frequently encountered groups
in Virginia.28 In 2007, the TSC reported 189 total Virginia encounters with subjects tied to HAMAS
in Virginia.29 Current estimates suggest that numerous members, supporters, and sympathizers
may reside in and near Virginia; these estimates appear to gain credibility from reports that several
thousand protestors from the National Capitol area demonstrated in Washington, D.C. as a result
of the most recent Gaza conflict.30
While no potential threats have been identified from HAMAS against targets in the U.S., members
residing in Virginia have participated in fundraising and political activities to support the group.
Subjects identified as defendants in the Holy Land Foundation trial have been tied to Arlington and
Fairfax Counties.31 Additional subjects with ties to HAMAS have been identified in Norfolk, Newport
News, Chesterfield County, and Falls Church.h

Intelligence Gaps
1. How many members or active supporters of HAMAS live, work, or frequently travel in
Virginia?
2. Does HAMAS recruit in Virginia?
3. To what extent are HAMAS sympathizers or operatives involved in criminal financial
activity in Virginia?
4. Does HAMAS have an organized or compartmentalized criminal enterprise in
Virginia? What is the current level of sophistication for any such enterprise?
5. Is there a specific entity that guides political, ideological, and spiritual support for
HAMAS in Virginia, or is it a loose affiliation of organizations that provides support?
6. Who are the current key leaders and what contact do they have with HAMAS?
h

(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 3303 07; Numerous family-owned markets within Newport News have been identified as
funneling money back to HAMAS and Hizballah (VFC 2008 and 2009 Threat Assessment Surveys); TIPS
C070594

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2009 VIRGINIA TERRORISM
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a. If it is a loose affiliation, which organizations are the key players?
b. What are the capabilities and intentions of HAMAS members and supporters in
Virginia?
c. How closely associated are HAMAS activities and Muslim Brotherhood activities
in Virginia?

Projections
While the general threat of attack by HAMAS will remain constant or be degraded due to the recent
conflict with Israel, the threat from HAMAS-inspired lone wolf actors may increase. Conventional
wisdom indicates HAMAS refrains from attacks within the U.S. to preserve its ability to raise funds
in the U.S. and avoid U.S. military action. As noted by FBI Director Robert Mueller:
It is the FBI's assessment, at this time, that there is a limited threat of a coordinated terrorist
attack in the U.S. from Palestinian terrorist organizations, such as HAMAS, the Palestine
Islamic Jihad, and the al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigade. These groups have maintained a
longstanding policy of focusing their attacks on Israeli targets in Israel and the Palestinian
territories. We believe that the primary interest of Palestinian terrorist groups in the U.S.
remains the raising of funds to support their regional goals. Although it would be a major
strategic shift for HAMAS, its U.S. network is theoretically capable of facilitating acts of
terrorism in the U.S.32

The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international
data.
Attack Capability: Low – Resources for operational activity are directed towards and
will likely remain in the Palestinian territories.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase – The stature of this group is likely to grow
in the short term as a result of the Israeli offensive in Gaza.
Fundraising Activities: Likely to Increase – The need for additional financial
resources will grow in the short term as a result of the Israeli offensive in Gaza; many
who may have been hesitant to give previously may feel obligated to contribute to
‘rebuilding’ efforts.
Other Criminal Activities: Possibly Increase - May become more widespread due to
an increased need for funds in Gaza by HAMAS.
The primary HAMAS threat to Virginia stems from their demonstrated willingness to commit
criminal acts in support of their cause; however, their intentions to execute large-scale attacks are
assessed as low.

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Hizballah
Hizballah is a Lebanese Shia Islamist organization, who until the attacks of
September 11, 2001, had killed more Americans in attacks overseas than any
other terrorist organization.33 Iran has been a major supporter of Hizballah, which
has caused increased concern of attacks against Western targets, specifically in
Iraq and Afghanistan, due to increased tensions between the U.S. and Iran.34
Intelligence indicates that the organization has approximately 200,000 members
worldwide, which include approximately 20,000 fighters and 5000 security
personnel.

Domestic Activities
Hizballah has been successful over the years in raising funds in the U.S. through charities, illegal
activity, as well as through legitimate businesses.35 According to DHS reporting, Hizballah may be
engaged in fundraising, possible intelligence gathering, criminal enterprise - smuggling, drug
trafficking, fraud, and extortion.
According to 2008 Terrorism Screening Center ground encounter data, Hizballah was one of the
three most frequently encountered groups in Virginia.36 In 2007, the TSC reported 189 total
Virginia encounters with subjects tied to Hizballah in Virginia.37 According to 2009 public safety
survey data, the counties of Fairfax and Chesterfield reported awareness of individuals and/or
activities potentially linked to Hizballah in their jurisdictions.38 The City of Falls Church noted that
internet references to the jurisdiction with potential links to Hizballah had been observed.39

Intelligence Gaps
1. How many members or active supporters of Hizballah live, work, or frequently travel in
Virginia? What are the ranks, capabilities, and intentions of Hizballah affiliated
individuals currently in Virginia?
2. Are there organizations or facilities that support and extol Hizballah ideology in
Virginia? Is there an area where a significant number of these are located?
3. To what extent are Hizballah sympathizers or operatives involved in criminal financial
activity in Virginia?
4. Does Hizballah have an organized criminal enterprise in Virginia or is it
compartmentalized? How sophisticated or unsophisticated is it/are they?
5. Has the Hizballah organization in Lebanon deployed operatives to the U.S. and
specifically Virginia?
6. Does Hizballah currently have the ability or intention to launch a successful attack in
Virginia?
7. Is Hizballah in contact with any other international or domestic terrorist organizations
in Virginia?
8. Is Hizballah actively recruiting from gangs, colleges, or other population groups?

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Projections
Hizballah’s overall threat capability is assessed as high; however, their intent to commit large-scale
attacks in Virginia is assessed as low. Increased U.S. conflict with Iran could lead to retaliatory
actions by Hizballah supporters in the U.S. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but
include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Moderate - Hizballah is more likely to attack U.S. interests outside
the U.S. and will only strike inside the U.S. if directed to do so by Iran and/or the group
perceives an existential threat from the U.S. Similarly Hizballah may attack the U.S. if
the United States military launches attacks against Iranian territory.
Membership/Influence: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of membership and influence, if any, by Hizballah-linked individuals in
Virginia.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of fundraising activity, if any, by Hizballah-linked individuals in Virginia.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown – Current information suggests that most criminal
activities are conducted for the purpose of financial gain rather than for destructive
purposes.
The primary Hizballah threat to Virginia stems from their demonstrated willingness to commit
criminal acts in support of their cause; however, their intentions to execute large-scale attacks are
assessed as low.

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Jama’at al-Tabligh
Jama’at al-Tabligh (JT), also known as Tablighi Jama’at, seeks to spread
Islam to Muslims by preaching a return to Islamic values. Although
members claim their movement is a quietist, apolitical movement of
spiritual guidance and renewal, the group is suspected to be providing
ideological support to terrorists.i The organization has been affiliated with
al-Qa’ida40 as well as a number of apprehended terrorists.41 In January
2008, 14 JT members were arrested in Spain for allegedly planning to carry out suicide bomb
attacks in Barcelona and other European cities.42

Domestic Activities
2005 data suggests that over 15,000 Tablighi missionaries are reportedly active in the U.S., and
approximately 50,000 members active in major mosques in at least 10 U.S. cities.43 The
“Lackawanna Six,” who pled guilty to providing support to al-Qa’ida, travelled to an Afghani training
camp in 2001 under the cover of JT. A U.S. convert arrested for plotting an attack inside the U.S.
and having ties to al-Qa’ida was an attendee of a JT-affiliated mosque in Florida.44
According to the 2008 TSC ground encounter report, Jama’at al-Tabligh linked individuals had
occasional documented law enforcement contacts in Virginia.45 In 2007, the TSC reported 22 total
Virginia encounters with subjects tied to JT in Virginia.46 2008 survey data showed that a JT
presence is still suspected in Spotsylvania.47 Possible Jama’at al-Tabligh affiliate presence has
been previously reported in the Richmond area, Spotsylvania, and northern Virginia.48
Prior
reported activity has consisted of possible recruitment efforts targeting military members in Prince
George County49, suspicious activities in Spotsylvania related to an Islamic center with possible
terrorism links50, and at a Richmond gun show.51

Intelligence Gaps
1. Is the JT masjid al-Falah in Corona, New York affiliated with any organizations in
Virginia?
2. Are JT members in Virginia traveling to other countries to visit with overseas terrorist
organizations?
3. Is JT involved in any fundraising activities or receive charity donations in Virginia?
4. What is the organizational structure of JT in Virginia? Who are the Amirs for JT in
Virginia?
5. What is the JT’s recruitment process?
6. Are JT members in Virginia involved in militancy?
i

(OS) John Walker Lindh, the American Taliban combatant, and Richard Reid, the British shoe bomber have
been associated with Jama’at al-Tabligh.

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7. Is the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam affiliated with or a cover for JT?

Projections
DHS reporting on JT highlights a lack of current, available information on the group’s financial
needs and funding sources. While some data appears to suggest that little fundraising occurs due
to modest expenses, other sources hint that the group has access to significant financial resources
and global real estate holdings.
Due to JT members’ criminal histories and an ideology that appears to foster extremism and the
possibility that JT adherents could be motivated to form homegrown cells or commit lone wolf
attacks, their threat to Virginia is assessed as medium. The following projections are specific for
Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by JT-linked individuals in Virginia.
Membership/Influence: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by JT-linked individuals in Virginia.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of fundraising if any, by JT-linked individuals in Virginia.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible
to assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by JT-linked individuals in Virginia.

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Jama’at ul Fuqra
Jama’at ul Fuqra, also known as Muslims of America (MOA), was
founded in 1980 in Brooklyn, New York by Pakistani cleric Sheikh
Gilani.j Previously listed as a terrorist organization by the U.S.
Department of State until 1999, MOA continues to be banned in
Pakistan. Current estimates of active membership range from
3,000-5,000 members, with some living in rural compounds.
Originally claimed as a way to create seclusion from so-called bad
influences, the isolationist nature of the compounds has also
generated concern from localities and law enforcement. MOA has
a long history of endorsing violence; however, it has released contradictory information to the
public media. In 2004, Sheikh Gilani is alleged to have issued a five-year timetable for a jihad
within the U.S.52

Domestic Activities
Activities by MOA members in Virginia include narcotics trafficking,
surveillance and counter-surveillance efforts, attempted government
infiltration, fraud, trafficking in counterfeit goods, and fundraising.53 In the
past, there have been paramilitary drills involving MOA members using
firearms. Member owned businesses and member-linked charities are
believed to be generating and/or laundering funds for Sheikh Gilani.
Current presence of MOA is found nationwide, including a large presence
in Virginia. Compounds are located in Charlotte and Prince Edward
Counties, and there is an MOA presence in urban areas including
Lynchburg, Richmond and Roanoke.54

CAN is currently
promoting its new
documentary film on
MOA, which was
released
on
February 11, 2009.
Email reviews of this
film
urging
law
enforcement
and
political action are
currently in wide
circulation.

Intelligence Gaps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is the active membership of MOA in Virginia and North America?
Are feasible plans for reinstating weapons or other tactical training in place?
Is there current travel of Virginia MOA members to Pakistan as cash couriers?
What are the rank or status, capabilities, and intentions of MOA members
individuals currently in Virginia?
Have MOA members been able to replace the disrupted income streams generated
from the sale of counterfeit goods with other low-level criminal activity?

j

(OS) The Christian Action Network, a Lynchburg-area citizens group, has conducted protests against MOA in
Virginia, hired a private aircraft to drop literature over an MOA compound, and produced a 31-page pamphlet
about the group entitled “Homegrown Islamic Terrorism: Enemy Camps Surround U.S.” Although some of the
content of these materials is based in fact, many inaccurate conclusions are drawn based on outdated information
and speculation, with the apparent attempt to recruit members for their “Paul Revere Brigade.” CAN encourages
citizens to contact federal, state, and local government officials to demand answers and law enforcement action.

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6.

Have MOA members re-established individual or organizational ties with members of
IM?

Projections
The threat from MOA to Virginia stems from the group’s prior expertise with weapons, the scope of
activities, and their links to other external terrorist groups. The following projections are specific for
Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Low - Current intelligence suggests that MOA attack capabilities
have declined and members lack the training resources to mount a serious attack.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Decrease – Current intelligence suggest that the
group is not recruiting members due to fear of infiltration
Fundraising Activities: Likely to Increase – The subjects currently incarcerated for
trafficking in counterfeit goods did not receive long sentences and at least one has
suggested that he would continue his efforts upon release. The ailing health of the
group’s spiritual leader could be used to urge members to enhance their financial
support, creating a need for new funding mechanisms.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by MOA-linked individuals in Virginia.

Despite claims by citizen groups such as the CAN, very little data from the past five years
suggest that this group possesses the material or human resources needed to commit an
attack in Virginia or the U.S. It is possible, however, that individuals affiliated with this group
could engage in homegrown plots.

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Lashkar-e Tayyiba
Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LT), the militant wing of a Pakistani-based Sunni
religious organization, has been involved in numerous conflicts with India
regarding the disputed Kashmir region. Although LT was once an ally of the
Pakistani government against India, it is currently banned and designated a
terrorist organization. LT adheres to a strict fundamentalist version of Islam
and is a partner in Usama bin Laden’s International Islamic Front for Jihad
against the U.S. and Israel.55 LT is believed is believed to have several
thousand members in cells located in Australia, the U.S., Canada, U.K.,
India, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, and Southeast Asia.56 According to Ajmal
Amir Kasab, the only terrorist who was captured alive following the 2008 Mumbai attacks,
disclosed that the attackers were members of LT.

Domestic Activities
Open source reporting on LT in the U.S. following the Mumbai attacks of 2009 suggests that U.S.
LT cells are comprised of U.S.-born Muslims as well as young Muslims from areas such as
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf states, Yemen, and Somalia.57 These jihadi agents enter
the U.S. and embed themselves in low-income communities where people keep to themselves and
do not ask questions.58
In 2003, the “Virginia Jihad Network,” an LT-affiliated cell, was broken up in
northern Virginia; the cell members participated in paintball training
activities in Fredericksburg and were planning to travel to Pakistan for
further training at LT camps.59 Group affiliates are also suspected to have
taken video footage of infrastructure in the Washington, D.C. and northern
Virginia areas.k Information on preparing for and committing a terrorist
attack, as well as the surveillance footage map of the Washington, D.C.
area were recovered from the cell.60 Although several high profile cases
involving LT members with ties to Virginia have been reported, little current
reporting has been received.

k

The pending review
of an individual
linked to this trial by
the new Obama
administration has
raised the profile of
the group in local
reporting and could
potentially generate
additional interest.

(OS) The possible LT connection was uncovered during a Canadian terrorism trial. LT affiliates reportedly took
video recordings of the nation's capitol, the headquarters building of the World Bank, the Masonic Temple in
Alexandria, and large fuel tanks in northern Virginia, in April 2005 (Associated Press: Terror Suspects Indicted in
Atlanta, July 19, 2006).

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Intelligence Gaps
1. How extensively and for what purposes are LT members utilizing the internet?
2. What is the nature of training of U.S. persons and their contact with LT-linked
extremists? Is there current travel of U.S. persons to or from Pakistan to support
LT?
3. Does LT currently have the ability or intent to launch a successful attack in Virginia?
4. Are there any LT cells identified in Virginia? If yes, where are they located?
5. What is the rank or status, capabilities, and intentions of LT affiliated individuals
currently in Virginia?
6. Does LT have criminal capabilities in Virginia? If so, how sophisticated are they?
7. Is LT in contact with any other international or domestic terrorist organizations in
Virginia?
8. Is LT actively recruiting from gangs, colleges, or other potentially susceptible
population groups?

Projections
Although the VFC does not have any recent intelligence regarding LT in Virginia, the past presence
of LT and the recent, dramatic attacks by this group in Mumbai warrant inclusion and continued
intelligence collection. According to comments made by Outgoing Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) Director Michael Hayden, Pakistan-based LT will be among 2009’s top ten security
challenges for the agency. While he noted that al Qa’ida still tops the list, "There was a migration
in Lashkar-e-Taiba thinking over the past six, 12, 18 months, in which they began to identify the
United States and Israel as much as being the main enemy as they have historically identified
India.” Hayden added “That is a troubling development … and now suggests that this migration of
Lashkar-e Tayyiba to a merge point (with Al Qaeda) is probably taking place.”61 The following
projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to assess
the level of operational resources, if any, by LT-linked individuals in Virginia
Membership/Influence: Possibly Increase – The success of the Mumbai attacks could
generate new or renewed interest in this group in Virginia.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of fundraising, if any, by LT -linked individuals in Virginia.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by LT -linked individuals in Virginia.
As there is no known intent by the group to commit any terrorist or criminal acts in Virginia, the
overall threat from Lashkar-e Tayyiba is assessed as low.

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Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) was created in response to the secularization of
Middle East governments. Although the MB was largely ideological and
stressed activism, over time it has influenced various groups such as al-Qa’ida
and HAMAS.62 Most MB activity in the U.S. has been to support HAMAS,
including their support of suspected HAMAS financiers in the Holy Land
Foundation (HLF) trial in Texas.l Muslim Brotherhood organizations often
cross populate into different Islamic organizations and MB members often
attempt to obtain leadership roles.63

Domestic Activities
Leadership of the national Muslim Brotherhood movement appears to be in the National Capital
Region, which is supported by a large general MB presence in northern Virginia.64 Several nonprofit organizations and student groups have been suspected of associations with the MB including
the Muslim American Society65 and the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR).m
According to the 2008 TSC ground encounter report, MB linked individuals had occasional
documented law enforcement contacts in Virginia.66 Recently reported MB activity includes
recruitment,n fundraising,o and subversive political pursuits.p 2008 public safety surveys indicated a
potential MB presence in the counties of Amherst, Chesterfield, Fairfax, and the city of Martinsville;
additionally, Liberty University, in Lynchburg, reported internet postings of interest to their
organization by MB.67 In 2007, Fairfax County, the National Capital Region, Richmond City,
Chesterfield County, Henrico County, Henry County, and the Virginia Department of Corrections
reported an MB presence.68

l

(OS) The U.S. Justice Department obtained an indictment against HLF in 2004 accusing the charity and its top
leaders of a conspiracy to provide aid to a terrorist organization, charging HLF provided more than $12 million to
individuals and organizations linked to HAMAS between 1995 and 2001 (NEFA Foundation: The 1993
Philadelphia Meeting: A Roadmap for Future Muslim Brotherhood Actions in the U.S., November 15, 2007).
m
(OS) The Council on American-Islamic Relations, a major non-profit, non-governmental organization is
headquartered in Washington, D.C., has a number of top officials who have been found guilty of giving aid to
terrorist groups like Hizballah and HAMAS (Anti-Defamation League: Backgrounder: The Holy Land Foundation
for Relief and Development, November 15, 2007).
n
(LES) There are indications the Virginia Commonwealth University chapter of the Muslim Student Association is
a front organization for the MB and is possibly involved with terrorism financing and recruitment (TIPS C070920).
o
(LES) Suspected terrorism fundraising activity by an Islamic cultural center in Richmond (TIPS C070930).
p
(OS) Subject with ties to MB and the Muslim Student Association, appointed to a state immigration committee,
subsequently resigned after public accusation of terrorism ties (TIPS C070773); The Muslim American Society, a
group linked to the MB, used Boy and Girl Scout troops in 2006 as part of a massive get-out-the-vote campaign
targeting Muslim voters in Virginia and elsewhere (Investigative Project on Terrorism).

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Are there specific goals-political, financial, or others-that MB members are attempting
to achieve in Virginia?
2. How many members of Muslim Brotherhood or active supporters reside in Virginia?
3. To what extent does the Egyptian-based MB leadership guide MB activity in Virginia?
4. Does the Muslim Brotherhood have an organized criminal enterprise in Virginia or is it
compartmentalized? If so, how sophisticated is it?
5. Has the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood deployed operatives to the U.S. and
specifically Virginia? Does the group have operatives in Virginia who can conduct
intelligence and counter surveillance operations consistently?
6. Which organizations in Virginia are considered Muslim Brotherhood controlled and/or
support and extol MB ideology in Virginia? Is there an area where a significant
number of these are located or are they dispersed?
7. Is there a specific entity that guides political, ideological and spiritual support for the
Muslim Brotherhood in Virginia, or is it a loose affiliation of organizations that provides
support?
8. Who are the current key leaders and what contact do they have with external MB
leadership and members?
9. What roles do Muslim Brotherhood linked political action committees (PACs) play in
MB activities? Is it strictly legal activity or could it be another illicit funding
mechanism?
10. How closely associated are Muslim Brotherhood activities and HAMAS activities in
Virginia?
11. To what extent are the Muslim Student Associations, Muslim American Society, and
CAIR chapters in Virginia (or other groups) involved in MB activities? What, if any
specific roles do they play?

Projections
While the direct threat from Muslim Brotherhood activity is assessed as low, the indirect threat from
their sponsorship and influence of other groups is assessed as medium. The following projections
are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Low - Current intelligence suggests that the threat for a direct attack
is minimal as this is not a violent organization. However, radical elements may originate
from MB entities and become homegrown terrorist cells.
Membership/Influence: Possible increase – May continue to grow if conflicts between
Israel and Palestinian-based organizations or Hizballah expand
Fundraising Activities: Increase - MB fundraising activities were negatively affected
with the guilty verdicts in the HLF trial, but alternative income streams have maintained
monetary flows
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence suggests that MB criminal
activity is conducted almost exclusively to support fundraising activities.
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Domestic Terrorism Threat
Domestic terrorism involves groups or individuals who are based and operate within the U.S. and
its territories, and who commit acts directed at elements of the U.S. government, critical
infrastructure, or population, without foreign influence.69 Although often overshadowed by the
threat of international extremism, domestic threat groups are viewed as a more significant threat to
the Commonwealth due to the increased number of threat groups and the elevated number of
incidents. The domestic terrorism threat in Virginia is exemplified in the Commonwealth’s myriad
of:
• Anarchists,
• Militias,
• Sovereign citizen movements,
• Special interest groups,
• Homegrown Islamic extremist groups,
• Lone wolf extremists,
• Black separatists, and
• White nationalist extremists
2008 TSC reporting noted that only 3 of 202, or 1.49% of ground encounters in Virginia involved
individuals linked to domestic terrorist and extremist groups. These encounters were limited to
white supremacist or militia members.70 This appears to be consistent with 2007 TSC reporting
noting 4, or 1.08% of ground encounters in Virginia linked to domestic terrorist and extremist
groups.71 As the bulk of TSC encounters involve air travel and administrative requests pertaining
to passports and travel visas, this finding should not be construed in a way that minimizes the
presence or activity levels of domestic groups in Virginia. In 2008, it is likely that the disparity
between TSC and VFC data is due not only to inherent differences in travel activities by extremists
linked to domestic groups, but also to the fact that the behavior of many domestic extremists has
not risen to the level of inclusion in the TSDB.
Unlike international terrorism threat analysis, the VFC has received significantly more local than
federal reporting of interest. VFC survey data collected in 2009 show significant locality-based
reporting for individuals, meetings or activities, law enforcement encounters, or internet activity of
interest by potential domestic terror and extremist groups in Virginia.72 2008 was an active year for
the environmental extremists protesting against energy companies in Virginia. The presidential
campaign also generated increased chatter among militia and right wing extremists and resulted in
a National Socialist Magazine cover mock-up suggesting the assassination of then Senator
Obama.

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Anarchist Extremists
Anarchist extremists adhere to the anti-government movement which rejects
governmental rule and police authority and advocates violent means to overthrow
social, political, and economic hierarchies.73 The most current reporting includes
known individuals, meetings and activities, internet reference, and law enforcement
encounters in Chesterfield, Henrico, Richmond, Fredericksburg, Strasburg,
Williamsburg, Arlington County, Nelson, Smyth, Wythe, and Montgomery counties,
as well as around Virginia Military Institute and William and Mary.74 Past anarchist activity or
presence has been reported in Chesterfield, Christiansburg, Harrisonburg, Henrico, Norfolk, Prince
Edward, and Prince William County, as well as by the Blue Ridge Regional Jail Authority.q
Reported activities have included public disturbances, conferences, and protests.r In the past,
Virginia’s primary anarchist figure of note was Peter Gelderloos, who is currently awaiting trial in
Spain.75
Many of the individuals who comprise this movement in Virginia are college age youth or college
students, mostly located in the Richmond and Harrisonburg areas.76 These extremists have
created their own training manuals and use list-serves and blogs to communicate, although the
Virginia Anarchist Federation (VAF) webpage shows that attempts to organize on a large scale
have been unsuccessful. Anarchists have been known to cooperate with environmental and
animal rights groups and have engaged in hostile confrontations with white supremacist groups.s
Although the anarchist threat to Virginia is assessed as low, these individuals view the government
as unnecessary, which could lead to threats or attacks against government figures or
establishments.

q

(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey: Virginia Anarchist Gathering: Rising Up Collective Hosted the
Virginia Anarchist Gathering from October 20-23, 2005 in Harrisonburg. Part of the conference was held on the
James Madison University campus; TIPS C070771, C070636, and C070188.
r
(LES) The Virginia Federation of Anarchists has held two conferences in Richmond in November 2007 and
January 2008 (TIPS C070732 and C080294; Richmond Indy Media: Virginia Anarchist Federation Second
Conference, December 30, 2007); Anarchist protesters at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C.
spilled over into Prince William County (TIPS C070188).
s
(LES) Members of an anarchist movement confronted suspected white supremacists creating a public
disturbance in Harrisonburg. Shortly thereafter, white supremacist Internet forums discussed possible retaliation
against the anarchists, although the likelihood of retaliatory acts was deemed low (TIPS C070984).

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Green Anarchism Movement
Anarchists sometimes cross paths with or also take part in environmental or
animal rights movements. The Green Anarchism movement blends the ecoanarchist lines. The Garbage Liberation Front (GLF) is an ecological direct
action group that demonstrates the joining of anarchism and environmental
movements. GLF activities include dumpster diving, squatting and train
hopping.77 GLF presence was reported in Chesterfield when several
suspicious subjects were discovered trespassing on a train.78 There is
evidence the group may be affiliated or have ties to CrimethInct as well as
environmental extremist groups. u,v

Anonymous
A "loose coalition of Internet denizens", Anonymous consists largely of users from multiple internet
sites such as 4chan, 711chan, 420chan, Something Awful, Fark, Encyclopedia Dramatica,
Slashdot, IRC channels, and YouTube. Other social networking sites are also utilized to mobilize
physical protests. Anonymous has no leader and is reliant on the collective power of individuals
acting in such a way that benefits the movement. Actions attributed to Anonymous include:
•

Habbo raids - Unwanted and prohibited behaviors in the Habbo
online community

•

Internet vigilantism reports – Self-identified Anonymous members
tracked down and helped authorities capture an online sexual
predator

•

Epilepsy Foundation forum invasion – Hackers changed the
coding of the website to random flashing patterns in an apparent
attempt to induce headaches and seizure. Anonymous denies
responsibility for this and has claimed that the Church of
Scientology actually staged the attack as Anonymous in an effort
to discredit the movement.

•

Project Chanology – an ongoing electronic and physical protest
campaign against the Church of Scientology

t

(OS) CrimethInc specializes in publishing anarchist propaganda and has promoted direct action, including
physical harm to informants. Affiliates have been tied to arsons, computer hacking activities, and planned
protests and disruption activities surrounding the Republican and Democratic National Conventions.

u

(OS) (CrimethInc; Wired: Hackers Take Aim at GOP, August 17, 2004; (LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1789 07; CrimethInc:
CrimethInc Groups Endorse RNC Strategy, December 15, 2007). Reported activity in Virginia has been limited to
Halifax County. In July 2005, two South Boston PD vehicles were vandalized with the group logo. In September
2005, a CrimethInc handprint was painted on a highway sign in Halifax County (South Boston PD).

v

(OS) The group publishes a number of Internet links to such groups on its website.

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In October 2008, an 18-year-old New Jersey man was arrested for his role in a January 2008
attack on a Church of Scientology website that rendered the website unavailable. Dmitriy Guzner
pled guilty to computer hacking for his role in the distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack
against the Scientology websites. Guzner allegedly participated in the attack because he
considered himself a member of Anonymous, an underground movement that has led protests
against the Church of Scientology at various locations across the U.S.79
Anonymous is of interest not only because of the sentiments expressed by affiliates and their
potential for physical protest, but because they have innovated the use of e-protests and
mobilization. Given the lack of a unifying creed, this movement has the potential to inspire lone
wolf behavior in the cyber realms.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Has there been an increase of nuisance crimes which would demonstrate potential
escalation of anarchist activities in any areas of the state?
2. What is the current status of Rise Up Collective and CrimethInc? Are they still active
groups, or have they morphed into the Virginia Anarchist Federation?
3. What was the content, training, and attendance in recent anarchist workshops?
4. Harrisonburg is mentioned as a key location for most of the past reporting - what is the
current status of this sub-culture there?
5. Is the Anonymous movement gaining strength in Virginia?
6. What are the ties between the Virginia Anarchist Movement and the ALF/ELF
movements? Do they seem to have individual linkages/cross over membership?

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Projections
The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international
data.
Attack Capability: Remain Constant - Anarchists have trained for direct actions in
Virginia, but anarchists generally target political and economic meetings of a scale not
normally hosted in Virginia.
Membership/Influence: Remain Constant - From the data available for review, it
appears that the membership levels of the movement have remained consistent,
despite several documented "organizing" meetings. If a true leader should emerge or
return, then this could change.
Fundraising Activities: Remain Constant - Group websites solicit donations, but illicit
activity to obtain money has not been recorded at this time.
Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant - There has been little reported criminal
activity linked to the movement at this time, but many prior incidents appear to be petty
vandalism and graffiti crime. It does not follow, however, that those who espouse
anarchist beliefs are likely to change current behaviors.
The Virginia anarchist community, either organized or individualized, typically displays a
higher degree of technical sophistication than other groups. While Virginia has not yet
experienced a significant physical event, the potential for movements like Anonymous to
launch a cyber attack exists. Recent hacking instances involving the manipulation of
electronic highway signs highlights the potential for disruption or physical danger that could
result from such groups.

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Black Separatist Extremists
Virginia has a documented presence of several established black separatist groups. The Black
Separatist ideology advocates a separate nation or state for the Black race as the only solution to
white oppression in mainstream America. The Southern Poverty Law Center defines Black
Separatists as typically opposing integration and racial intermarriage, and desirous of separate
institutions or even a separate nation for blacks. Most forms of Black Separatism are strongly antiWhite and anti-Semitic, and a number of religious versions assert blacks are the Biblical "chosen
people" of God. Often these groups adhere to a religious ideology to support their activities, which
can include terrorist and criminal behavior.
Due to their shared animosity towards Jews and perceived oppression by Western governments,
some groups within the Black Separatist movement have openly supported transnational Islamic
extremist organizations, including al-Qa’ida. Black Separatist groups also incorporate what they
claim to be Islamic religious ideologies, promoting a sense of higher purpose that functions as a
powerful recruitment and radicalization tool. These groups often have a considerable presence in
the prison system or are involved in prison outreach, thus making them a threat to correctional
institutions.80 The threat from black separatists is assessed as low to medium, although additional
information on the groups’ funding, active membership, technical expertise and their alleged
solidarity with other anti-Semitic groups is needed to determine their true capabilities.

Five Percent Nation
The Five Percent Nation (FPN), also known as the Nation of Gods and
Earths, is a splinter group of the Nation of Islam. The FPN embraces a
black supremacist ideology and adheres to a radical brand of Islam that
believes the black man as a whole is God. The FPN has a large following
among popular hip hop artists, black activists, and within the prison
system.
Past reporting indicates FPN presence in Virginia in Bland County,81
Chesapeake, Henrico, Newport News, Norfolk, and within the
Department of Corrections.82 2009 surveys indicated possible additional
presence in Albemarle, Falls Church, Williamsburg, and Gloucester.83 According to the group’s
website, FPN chapters hold regular meetings in Richmond and the Tidewater area.w Activities in
the Commonwealth include prison outreachx and conferences.y
w

(OS) Several locations in the Tidewater area have been deemed God Cities: Virginia Beach, Norfolk,
Portsmouth, Chesapeake, Suffolk, Hampton, and Newport News (5% Network: Gods and Earth in Your Area).
x
(LES) The VA Department of Corrections has indicated the FPN is attempting to recruit members of the Bloods
and Crips street gangs. Additional intelligence indicates some area Bloods and Five Percenters have formed an
alliance to protect themselves while incarcerated. This alliance appears to extend outside of prison (TIPS
C080544).

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Nation of Islam
The Nation of Islam (NOI) calls for blacks to separate from
mainstream U.S. culture. While the group purports adherence to
a radical interpretation of Islam, members do not follow basic
tenets of the religion. NOI has promoted racism and antiSemitism under the guise of African-American empowerment.
The group operates mosques and several businesses in dozens
of cities.84
NOI has influenced several Black Separatist
movements, including the New Black Panther Party and the Five
Percent Nation.
In Virginia, NOI activities have included literature distribution, recruiting from prison and gang
populations,z and alignment with the militant New Black Panther Party. The most current survey
data shows NOI affiliated individuals and activities in Albemarle, Wythe (internet), and Virginia
Commonwealth University.85 Prior reporting on Nation of Islam included a presence in
Chesapeake, Norfolk, and the Virginia Department of Corrections.86

New Black Panther Party
The New Black Panther Party (NBPP) is the largest organized anti-Semitic
black militant group in the U.S.
The group currently organizes
demonstrations across the nation that calls for black empowerment and
civil rights but include inflammatory, racist commentary. The Nation of
Islam and NBPP have reached out to each other and other black activist
organizations with similar ideologies,87 as well as members of the prison
and street gang populations.aa
The NBPP is actively attempting to recruit college students,88 has been
conducting military style drills,89 and is increasingly involved in surveillance and countersurveillance efforts against law enforcement.90 The New Black Panther Party has a significant
presence in Virginia, particularly in the Tidewater area and within the Virginia Department of
Corrections.91 2009 survey responses included reports from Brunswick, Buckingham, Fairfax,
Richmond, Rockingham, Smyth, Southampton, and York-Poquoson. Additionally, the state
coordinator of the NBPP is incarcerated in southwest Virginia. The NBPP has held meetings92 and

y

(OS) FPN held its Fifth Annual Region #4 Conference on April 20-22, 2007, in Richmond, VA (Nation of Gods
and Earth Conference Flyer).
z
(LES) Suspicious documents synonymous with Black Separatist groups such as Nation of Islam, the New Black
Panther Party and Five Percent Nation were confiscated from an inmate at the South Hampton Correctional
Center (TIPS C070697).
aa
(LES) NBPP met with members of the Bloods and Crips in New York in December 2006 (FBI IIR 4 201 2342
07).

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activities, including a large protest at the Jamestown 2007 celebration. bb Individuals affiliated with
NBPP have been encountered by law enforcement in various parts of the Commonwealth.93

New African Black Panther Party
The New African Black Panther Party-Prison Chapter (NABPP-PC), started in a Virginia prison in
2004, desires to continue the mission of the original Black Panthers. The NABPP-PC
acknowledges the presence of the New Black Panther Party, but claims ideological differences
with the group.94
The NABPP-PC has a reported presence within Virginia Department of Corrections with a prison
chapter run by a Wise County inmate.95 This inmate, a charismatic leader whose influence
extends outside the prison walls, is a prolific creator and distributor of propaganda. This inmate is
the co-founder of a newsletter titled “Fed-Up,” which attempts to perpetrate “the brotherhood of the
oppressed” philosophy endemic to prison radical actors.cc Disseminated inside and outside the
prison system in Virginia, it catalogues a broad spectrum of alleged prisoner abuses and
allegations of prison system corruption and features inflammatory rhetoric to rally prisoners and
their associates on the outside to unite against law enforcement and the correctional system.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Are there any known links between Black Separatist organizations and radical Islamic
organizations in Virginia?
2. Are there any known links between Black Separatist organizations and criminal street
gangs in Virginia?
3. Are there any individuals who are associated or affiliated with Black Separatist
organizations who have been involved in any known illegal activity in the
Commonwealth?
4. How are these groups generating financial support? How much financial support is
needed to achieve their short-term goals?
5. Has the activity level of Black Separatists in the Commonwealth been less, equal, or
surpassed other states in the US?

bb

(LES) Virginia State Trooper stopped five individuals believed to be NBPP members on their way to Louisiana
to assist with some race related issues, presumably related to the Jena Six case (TIPS C070721).
cc
(OS) Information contained within the newsletter indicates additional NABPP-PC presence may extend to
Buchanan County, Roanoke, and Virginia Beach (Thomas Merton Center: Newsletter of the Fed Up!, July 12,
2005).

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Projections
The threat of a large-scale attack by Black Separatist Groups in Virginia is assessed as low. The
following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Low – Recent events, including the Jamestown 2007 festivities,
suggest that members of these groups appear to be more likely to antagonize than
attack.
Membership/Influence: Possible Increase – The election of an African-American
President, the potential reemergence of right wing groups in the U.S., and/or the
emboldened nature of Black Separatist groups may lead to an increase in membership.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of fundraising activities, if any, by Black Separatist groups in Virginia.
Other Criminal Activities: Possible Increase - Any increase in membership or
publicity may lead to an actual increase in criminal activities or increased recognition of
crimes by members of such groups.

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Homegrown Islamic Extremism
Autonomous, homegrown cells that derive their motivation primarily from radical interpretations of
Islam have emerged in the U.S. and have demonstrated that a few committed individuals can inflict
large numbers of casualties with no structured training and minimal resources. Prison
radicalization, as well as the presence of potentially extremist mosques that may be promoting
nefarious activities, underscores the potential danger of homegrown extremism.96 These clusters
of radicalized local Muslims present a significant threat for future terror attacks in the U.S.97 DHS
projects that the pool of radicalized Islamists inside the United States likely will evolve during the
next five years as extremists increasingly exploit the Internet to inspire a wave of young, selfidentified Muslim “terrorist wannabes” who aspire to carry out violent acts.98
While conventional wisdom suggests that this threat may be more prevalent in areas such as
northern Virginia, it is important to note that Internet access can bring this threat to any part of the
Commonwealth. The Islamic Saudi Academy in Fairfax County, run by the Saudi royal family, has
been scrutinized as a possible venue for radicalization. In 2008, its teachings were called into
question over violent language in its textbooks. The Islamic Saudi Academy’s 1999 valedictorian
joined al-Qa'ida and was subsequently convicted in 2005 of plotting to kill President Bush.
Other unresolved suspicious incidentsdd and those involving radicalized individuals with the
potential for such extremism have been reported in the Commonwealth.ee Homegrown extremist
presence has been reported in Chesapeake, Christiansburg, Farmville, Norfolk, Smithfield, Smyth,
and Wise.99 In addition, at least two homegrown-type groups rooted in Islamic fundamentalism
have been linked to Virginia. The homegrown extremist threat to the Commonwealth can be
difficult to assess as these individuals or groups do not typically have ties to international terrorist
groups and may not attract law enforcement attention.

dd

(LES) There have been reported instances of suspicious activity that would appear to suggest possible terrorist
pre-operational planning in Virginia (i.e. subjects seen surveying, photographing, or videotaping critical
infrastructure to include bridges and tunnels, military and government facilities, and airports); however, none have
currently been linked to terrorist activity.
ee
(LES) In 2003, a Lashkar e-Tayyiba (LT) affiliated terrorist cell, referred to as the “Virginia Jihad Network,” was
broken up in Northern Virginia. Those arrested belonged to a paintball group near Fredericksburg, which was
allegedly used for paramilitary training purposes (OS) CRA Terrorism Assessment Center: Lashkar-e-Toiba - alQaeda Affiliate, February 2, 2006). (LES) TIPS C070212, C060779.

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As-Sabiqun
The As-Sabiqun (AS) Islamic Movement is a Washington, D.C. based
organization that has several branches in California and one in
Pennsylvania. Comprised of African-American converts, AS stresses unity
between various Islamic organizations with the ultimate goal of establishing
a modern Islamic state. Although the AS is a Sunni movement, members
have publicly voiced support for Shia movements and organizations,
including Hizballah and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Recent As-Sabiqun
activities have included anti-war rallies, prison outreach, and fundraising.
Recent survey data shows the potential presence of individual members in Mecklenburg and
possible internet interest in Nelson County.100 AS presence was reported in Smithfield and
Alexandria in 2007.101 Although the group has shied away from criminal activities, AS has
promoted radical movements, expressed anti-Semitic views, and may be a conduit for Islamic
extremists to pass through on their way to more militant groups.ff There are also unconfirmed
reports that some AS members were previously affiliated with the Black Separatist group Nation of
Islam.
Although many threat attributes are unknown, the AS threat is assessed as low. Additional
information on the group such as the severity of violence advocated by group leaders and their
funding sources is needed to determine their true threat level.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Where are recruitment and radicalization activities being conducted in Virginia?
2. How many charismatic leaders currently have influence in Virginia?
3. Are new groups and cells emerging, or are newly radicalized individuals joining
established groups?
4. Is recruiting in Virginia being led by subjects overseas or from local radicalized
groups?
5. Does AS have a robust prison Dawah programgg in Virginia?

ff

(OS) A California AS leader praised radical Muslim protestors who committed acts of violence and destruction
while protesting the printing of cartoons featuring the Prophet Muhammad (Oakland Tribune: Oakland Muslim
Leader Applauds Demonstrations, February 11, 2006).
gg
(OS) Dawah is the concept of outreach or prostelyzation of Islam in various settings, including prisons.

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Projections
The following projections concerning homegrown Islamic extremism are specific for Virginia, but
include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Likely to Increase - The threat of attack is legitimate but
unpredictable; many homegrown Islamists act as lone wolves and may not be a part of
an organized group.
Homegrown extremists generally limit their violence to less
complex attacks on property or individuals and have used IEDs in the past to further
their objectives; they desire cyber attacks but lack the capability102
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase – Increasing availability and sophistication
of internet propaganda will make it easier for individuals intrigued by jihadi concepts to
participate in radicalization activities.
Fundraising Activities: Likely to Increase - Recent events in Gaza, and other
emerging events of interest in the Muslim world are likely to provide incentive for
increased Zakat (contributions).
Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant – Criminal activity is projected to remain
at a constant level by individual members rather than as a planned group strategy.

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Iqaamatiddeen Movement
The Iqaamatiddeen Movement (IM) is a splinter group of the
U.S. branch of the Dar ul-Islam Movement (DM), a radical
Islamic group originating in Indonesia.hh
The group
identifies itself as an Islamic revival movement; however,
the philosophy appears to be a mix of African-American nationalism and Islamic
fundamentalism.103 IM was founded as a result of a 2002 meeting between Al-Amin Abdul Latif
and a Saudi Islamic scholar who inspired and instructed him to establish IM.104 By early 2005, IM
was discussing its goal to establish an autonomous Muslim state in the US and was coordinating
with like-minded U.S. groups to form a coalition focused on this Islamic state creation.
The IM is linked to several individuals in the U.S. and abroad who have been identified as having
possible ties with terrorism, including two Saudis who are allegedly supporters of Usama bin
Laden.ii
These subjects are alleged to have provided religious justification for al-Qa’ida,
legitimized suicide bombings, and terrorist attacks, and have expressed anti-American sentiments.
Intelligence has indicated the movement is also linked to National Ummah,105 a Black Separatist
group with links to Virginiajj and possibly the Muslims of America (MOA). IM has had an active
presence in a number of U.S. cities on the east and west coast, as well as Canada. Fundraising
and recruitment on the west coast, Europe, and in the Caribbean suggest the movement is
attempting to expand its operations.106
Major Iqaamatiddeen Movement activity in Virginia has been limited to the IM Annual Family
Retreat in Prince William Forest Park in August 2005, 2006, and 2007.107 Several IM associates
have links to the Richmond area, and the group has possible links to two Richmond mosques.108
2009 survey data also includes possible IM meetings and activities in Falls Church.109 The IM
threat is assessed as low, although many attributes are unknown that may contribute to a possible
higher threat level.

hh

(LES) The US branch of DM was started approximately 30 years ago in New York While MOA and IM are both
offshoots of the DM movement in New York, IM leadership does not appear to collaborate with MOA and in
general does not have a high regard for MOA.
ii
(LES) The IM leader has been associated with at least two Saudi Arabia Islamic scholars who are allegedly
supporters of Usama bin Laden, have provided religious justification for al-Qa’ida, legitimized suicide bombings
and terrorist attacks, and have expressed anti-American sentiments (FBI IIR 4 201 3171 06).
jj
(OS) The National Ummah may have ties to charities linked to terrorism financing. One of National Ummah’s 36
U.S. mosques is located in Emporia and appears to attract both Middle Eastern and African American members,
as well as members within the prison systems. Activity has been limited to several suspicious incidents noted at
the Emporia mosque (Investigative Project on Terrorism: Paper of CAIR: Glossing Over HAMAS Ties, February 8,
2008; LES) TIPS C070501 and C070450).

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Intelligence Gaps
1.

What are the goals for the group in the U.S. and in Virginia?

2.

What types of individuals are being targeted for recruitment by IM, and what are their
qualifications?

a. What percentage of members espouses extremist ideology (i.e. ideological
support for violence against persons and/or property)?
b. Which mosques/jamaats in Virginia are affiliated with the group?
3. How successful has the group been at attempts to promote activities or recruit others
on websites associated with Islamic extremism?
4. What extent of fundraising activities or charitable donations is associated with the
group globally, nationwide and in Virginia?
5. Are group affiliates in contact with known members of terrorist groups abroad?
a. Are group members traveling overseas to meet with terrorist affiliates?
b. Are group affiliates in contact with state sponsors of terrorism?
6. What is the extent of travel abroad by group members who have expressed Islamic
extremist views? What were their destinations, frequency, and nature of the travel (i.e.
family connections, academic training, and humanitarian work)?
7. What is the organizational structure of the group? What positions do affiliates in
Virginia hold?
8. What is the extent and nature of active investigations of the group and group members
nationwide and in Virginia?
9. What types of criminal acts have group members previously committed nationwide
and in Virginia, including conspiracies, attempts, and incidents for which no charges
have been filed?
10. Do members who have been associated with Islamic extremism have access or
have expressed an interest in procuring materials that could be used in targeting the
U.S. or U.S. interests?

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Projections
Although the threat of attack from IM is currently assessed as low; however, significant intelligence
gaps regarding the active evolution of the group and possible foreign and domestic linkages
remain. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and
international data.
Attack Capability: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps concerning current intentions
and capability in Virginia make it impossible to assess the group’s capability to launch
an attack within the next three years with confidence.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase – IM reorganized in February 2007 and has
coordinated efforts to recruit more members, especially those under 45, internationally
and domestically.
Fundraising Activities: Likely to Increase – IM appears to have formulated detailed
financial plans, including potential foreign support and obtaining non-profit charitable
status in the U.S. Retreats appear to be successful fundraisers.
Other Criminal Activities: Likely to Increase – IM members are often convicted felons
and related movements (i.e. Dar ul-Islam, MOA) have been active in US prisons for
several decades. IM leadership has provided radical anti-U.S. teachings to members
that may inspire additional criminal activity.

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Lone Wolf Extremists
Lone wolf actors are motivated for a variety of reasons including for social,
political, and religious causes. Although several different movements have
seen the deployment of lone wolf actors in successful attacks, including
environmental and animal rights, the movements that appear to encourage
lone wolf activity the most are white supremacist and anti-abortion extremists
ideologies.110
Lone wolf extremists may belong to a known group or may have prior
affiliations; however, they often conduct their operations independently.kk
Extremist groups that encourage adherents to take matters into their own
hands, including anti-abortionists and white nationalists; and those that appear
to be especially violent or advocate violent views, may be the most susceptible to lone wolf
activities.111 Extremists not formally affiliated with a radical group may be inspired through the
Internet, which has become a medium for radical groups to disseminate information.ll
Incidents involving potential lone wolf activities reported in the Commonwealth have bomb making
in Lynchburgmm, stockpiling weapons or hazardous materials in Farmvillenn, and a traffic stop of an
individual with suspected prior links found to have potential precursor explosives.112 Other
reported incidents that suggest potential lone wolf activity included suspicious subjects with
weapons or attempts to possess weapons, threatening behavior, and paramilitary training
activities.113
2009 survey data included potential lone wolf presence in Colonial Heights, Hanover, Louisa,
Richmond, Clarke, Amherst, Albemarle, Lexington, Lynchburg, Augusta, Smyth, Williamsburg,
Blacksburg, and Fairfax County.114 Past lone wolf extremist presence has been reported in
Chesapeake, Christiansburg, Farmville, Norfolk, Smithfield, Smyth, and Wise.115

kk

(OS) In some cases, lone wolf extremists have been expelled from extremist groups for their views or behavior.
In other cases, lone wolf extremists have left such groups voluntarily because the organization was not sufficiently
extreme or active to meet the goals of the lone wolf extremist.
ll
(OS) Lone wolves with no prior group affiliation may be even more dangerous and unpredictable due to their
isolated nature and anti-social behavior (STRATFOR: The Lone Wolf Disconnect, January 30, 2008).
mm
(LES) Lynchburg man was arrested for having homemade bombs. The bombs were constructed in an effort to
stop protestors from disrupting a funeral (TIPS C070502); Alexandria man claimed to be a bomb maker (TIPS
C070333).
nn
(LES) Augusta County woman is under investigation for storing several fertilizer bags in an apartment building.
Investigation revealed subject worked for a government contractor, had applied to work with the FBI, and had ties
to Pakistan (TIPS C070311).

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been any reports of suspicious activity related to paramilitary training?
2. Have there been any reports of subjects stockpiling weapons or tactical gear?
3. Have there been any reports of suspicious purchases of chemicals, explosive
components, or electrical devices that could be used to make IEDs?
4. Have any subjects previously identified with an extremist group distanced themselves
from said group because the group is not radical enough?

Projections
The threat from lone wolf extremists is difficult to assess, as these individuals may not be involved
in activity that would garner law enforcement attention. Often lone wolves’ threat capabilities and
intentions are not discovered until after an attack. One of the more vulnerable areas for a lone wolf
and a possible venue for law enforcement detection is in the acquiring of training and skills
necessary for successful attacks. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include
regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Possible Increase – Attacks by lone wolves, small cells, and
leaderless resistance pose a significant threat because they are difficult to detect,
identify, and disrupt. The election of an African-American president may serve as a
catalyst for white supremacists or for Islamic radicals who perceive him to be an
apostate.
Membership/Influence: N/A for this topic
Fundraising Activities: N/A for this topic
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps concerning the lone
wolf threat make this difficult to assess, but it is possible that lone wolf actors may
engage in lesser criminal activities to harass or annoy or may commit criminal violations
in order to obtain and experiment with weapons.
In 2004, the FBI identified the lone actor or lone wolf terrorist as the most significant domestic
terrorism threat over the next five years. "They typically draw ideological inspiration from formal
terrorist organizations, but operate on the fringes of those movements. Despite their ad hoc nature
and generally limited resources, they can mount high-profile, extremely destructive attacks, and
their operational planning is often difficult to detect."116

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Militia Extremists
With the increase in controversy surrounding illegal
immigration and terrorism concerns, militia groups which
seek to defend their members independent of government
control could constitute a threat to authority in the
Commonwealth. Generally, members of such groups have
viewed the federal authorities as their primary enemy;
however, state and local governments may also be
perceived threats. The paramilitary nature of these groups
and their heavily armed condition create an environment of
potential conflict. Militia groups have been known to train
for armed struggle against authorities, resist government authorities, and amass arms.117
Identified militia groups in the Commonwealth include the Virginia Citizens Militia, Virginia Freeborn
Militia, and Live Free of Northern Virginia. 2009 survey data included law enforcement encounters
in Rockingham and Fairfax counties and potential individual members in Chesterfield, Hampton,
Newport News, Strasburg, and Mecklenburg.118 Wythe County and Western Virginia Community
College noted internet postings of potential concern.119 Previously reported Militia presence in
Virginia has included Bedford and Lexington.120 Recent activities have included the online
promotion of a rifle and pistol marksmanship training on December 20, 2008121 and a Winter
Survival exercise on January 16-17, 2009 at the Thompson Wildlife Management Area by a
Virginia Citizen Militia affiliate.122 In mid-February, a citizen posted a call to action on Richmond’s
Craigslist advertising the formation of a new group, the Vara Assault Force, with a website of
www.vamilitia.ning.com.oo This group appears to have been started as a direct result of the
founder’s frustration with the Obama administration.

Intelligence Gaps
1. How many new members have joined or begun to monitor militia groups or websites
as a result of the November 2008 elections?
2. What is the likelihood that militias will engage in violence if significant changes in
gun laws or immigration are enacted by the new administration?
3. How many adherents of militia ideology are active in Virginia?

oo

This group only had two members as of February 25, 2009, including the founder, who is the lead singer of a
musical group by the same name. Advertised as “Information Age Pagan Para-Military” the musical group’s
MySpace page included digitally altered photos of the group members at Nazi functions. The second militia group
page member has posted photos of a vehicle bearing armed forces license plates.

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Projections
The threat posed by militia groups to Virginia is assessed as low; however, the catalysts of
immigration and terrorism could increase this threat. The following projections are specific for
Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Low – All available intelligence suggests that Virginia-based militia
groups have focused on defensive, rather than offensive strategies.
Membership/Influence: Potential Increase – Membership and support for militias
could increase if the Obama administration proposes or enacts legislation to curtail
private ownership of firearms and related equipment.
Fundraising Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of fundraising activity, if any, by militia-linked individuals in Virginia. It
is currently assumed that group expenses are low and members bear most of the
expenses, but personal and online solicitations are possible.
Other Criminal Activities: Unknown - Current intelligence gaps make it impossible to
assess the level of criminal activity, if any, by militia-linked individuals in Virginia.

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Special Interest Extremism
Special interest extremism in Virginia encompasses anti-abortion extremists as well as animal and
environmental rights extremists. While special interest groups often incorporate a religious or
political message, it is generally a method used to support the overarching group goal. Antiabortionist extremists pose a significant threat due to their willingness to take human life in the
advancement of their cause. Environmental rights extremists pose a legitimate threat to critical
infrastructure as they routinely target the energy sector. Animal rights extremists, while posing a
significant threat elsewhere in the country, are considered a less viable threat due to their lack of
significant presence and activities in Virginia.

Anti-Abortion Extremists
The anti-abortion extremist movement is comprised of radical individuals dedicated to changing the
laws protecting abortion using violence, if necessary.123 In recent years, law enforcement has
received increased reported incidents nationwide at Planned Parenthood centers, possibly by antiabortion activists. Incidents have included harassing phone calls, suspicious inquiries, possible
surveillance, recovered incendiary devices, and direct threats to employees.
There are at least two active anti-abortionist groups of interest to law enforcement headquartered
in the Commonwealth, the Army of God and Life (Chesapeake) and Life & Liberty Ministries
(Powhatan). There is no information that the latter group espouses violence; however, the group
causes disturbances and can be confrontational during their demonstrations.pp In Virginia, only a
few incidents involving anti-abortion groups have been reported. In May 2007, an incendiary device
was found outside of an abortion clinic in Virginia Beach; however, it is unknown if members of an
anti-abortion group were involved.124 The most recent reports of anti-abortion extremist presence
were noted in the Virginia Commonwealth University and the College of William & Mary, as well as
Albemarle, Manassas, Nelson, and Hanover.125 Prior anti-abortion extremist presence has been
reported in Chesapeake, Farmville, Henrico, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond, and Virginia
Beach.126 Additionally, several Virginia residents have been reported by other states as engaging
in anti-abortionist activity.127

pp

(LES) Life & Liberty Ministries conducts tours throughout Virginia, whereby members engage in street ministry,
leafleting, and the display of graphic materials. A protest at Longwood University in Farmville had a group of
anarchists along with the anti-abortionist demonstrators (LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-86: Life & Liberty
Ministries 2007 Virginia Campus Tour; (LES) TIPS C070832; Life and Liberty Ministries; 2008 Threat Assessment
Surveys

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Army of God
The Army of God (AOG) has provided biblical justification for the use of
violence against abortion providers and has engaged in threats, intimidation,
kidnappings, and murder in their pursuit to end abortion in the U.S. The group
distributes information via the Internet on resistance against the government
and abortionistsqq and has published a manual outlining how to disrupt and put
an end to abortion clinics.rr In August, the AOG was believed to be behind
several email bomb threats sent to colleges and universities nationwide,
including to the College of William and Mary and James Madison University.128
Operation Rescue, an anti-abortionist group with ties to the AOG, has
been reported in Norfolk.129 Operation Rescue was founded by a violent
anti-abortionist who promotes the killing of abortion clinic workers.130
Although the group currently advocates nonviolent actions, the group’s
website is full of inflammatory articles, such as Barack Obama’s “Jihad”
Against the Unborn!, that could serve as a catalyst for lone wolf actors.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Are anti-abortion extremists in Virginia planning acts of domestic terrorism or
engaging in paramilitary training?
2. Which, if any, extremists are assessed as potentially violent anti-abortion offenders
or are known to be interested in acquiring weapons and explosives?
3. What ties exist between anti-abortion extremists and other right-wing extremists in
Virginia?
4. How many anti-abortion protests/demonstrations in Virginia have ended in arrests,
resulted in injury, or property destruction?
5. Have anti-abortion extremists expressed an interest in targeting pharmacies,
pharmacists, or pharmaceutical companies providing ‘morning after pills’ in Virginia?
6. What changes are there in the methods that anti-abortion extremists are using to
spread and sustain their message in Virginia?

qq

rr

(OS) The Army of God Manual contains anti-government sentiments and details illegal activities, including
methods for blockading entrances, attacking with butyric, arson and bomb making.
(LES) A college in Iowa was the only one to report receiving an email claiming to be from the AOG. Other
colleges and universities received emails that were similar in content, sent around the same time, and used
anonymous re-mailers. All the bomb threats were determined to be hoaxes (TIPS C070643).

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Projections
The Army of God’s presence, ideology of promoting violence, and their demonstrated willingness
to take human life constitutes a significant threat to Virginia. Their threat level is assessed as
medium; however, AOG encourages individuals to engage in violent attacks, so the possibility of a
lone wolf carrying out an anti-abortionist agenda increases the threat level. The following
projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Likely to Increase – The election of a pro-choice president may
encourage more violence by extremists or incite violence by previously non-violent
activists.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase - Membership levels in radical anti-abortion
groups will likely increase due to perceived changes in reproductive health policies that
are expected to come from the new president.
Fundraising Activities: Increasing – Fundraising activities in radical anti-abortion
groups appear to be increasing due to anticipated policy changes expected from the
Obama administration.
Other Criminal Activities: Likely to Increase - Clinic violence and targeting of abortion
providers will likely rise if significant policy changes are enacted.

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Animal Rights Extremists
Animal rights extremists use illegal and non-traditional means to stop perceived animal cruelty and
exploitation. These extremists target animal research labs, livestock farms, fur suppliers and
retailers, restaurants, and anyone they deem benefits from the abuse or killing of animals. Animal
rights extremist activity in the Commonwealth has been minimal; Virginia does not appear to have
a significant leadership cadre. It is important to note, however, that Virginia residents linked to
extremist groups have been implicated in domestic terrorism activities in other states.ss
Groups of current prominence in the U.S. currently include the Animal Defense League (ADL),
Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty (SHAC). Although SHAC is
based out of the U.K., members of this group have conducted numerous actions in the U.S., with
six convicted for animal enterprise terrorism, interstate stalking, and harassment by a New Jersey
jury in 2006. A planned SHAC cyber attack against Bayer Group assets on January 26, 2009 was
foiled by U.K. law enforcement.131
2009 survey data show a recent Virginia presence of animal rights extremists in Albemarle,
Arlington, Chesterfield, Danville, Fairfax County, Fredericksburg (visiting lecturer), Hampton
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Salem, and Wythe (internet), with periodic activity at the state capitol
reported by the Virginia Department of Capitol Police.132 Animal rights extremist presence has
been reported in Henrico, Norfolk, Richmond, and Smithfield.133 The majority of animal rights
groups’ activities have consisted of nonviolent protest demonstrations134 and public speaking
events.tt Other activities have included small-scale vandalism of fur-industry assets and selfproclaimed ‘liberations’ of animals in commercial industries.135 No reports of violence against
persons or significant property destruction have been received.

ss

(LES) Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) affiliates, including two Virginia residents were arrested in
Illinois. (TIPS C070438; Pennsylvania C070617). In an effort to end animal testing by the research laboratory firm
Huntingdon Life Science, SHAC activists have engaged in sabotage, vandalism, and threats. SHAC actions have
focused primarily on the west coast (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty; FBI: Resurgence in Targeting of University
Research Personnel by Animal Rights Extremists, January 14, 2008).
tt
(OS) Convicted animal rights extremist, Peter Young, went on a nationwide speaking tour stopping at several
colleges and universities, including a few in Virginia (Upcoming Events: Peter Young Speaking Event at George
Mason University, November 6, 2007).

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Animal Liberation Front
The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) promotes direct action against
organizations or individuals perceived to be exploiting animals or engaging
in animal cruelty. ALF is self-described as a global organization without
an organization in which small groups of radicalized adherents form
autonomous cells and conduct operations independently of one other.
Activities advocated by ALF include animal theft, arson, hoax bomb
devices, cyber attacks, harassment, property theft, threats, and
vandalism.136
Although there has been limited activity in Virginia,
individuals or groups sympathetic to ALF have been involved in vandalism
and animal theft.137 Animal Liberation Front presence has also been
reported in Fairfax County and suspected ALF members have been
identified in Blacksburg.138

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been recent incidents, however small, in Virginia possibly linked to
animal rights extremists?
2. Is Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty active (criminally) within the Commonwealth?
3. What ties, if any, do the Virginia residents who have been investigated in other
states maintain with out-of-state networks? How much influence, if any, do they still
have in Virginia?
4. How many commercial laboratories and educational facilities in Virginia are
conducting animal testing that might attract the attention of animal rights extremists?
5. Have private security providers for Virginia’s commercial laboratories experienced
any criminal activity or encounters of interest regarding animal rights activists?

Projections
Due to their limited presence and lack of violent activities, animal rights groups pose a low threat to
Virginia. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and
international data.
Attack Capability: Likely to Increase - ALF attacks on the West Coast have become
increasingly violent in recent years, incorporating bombs as well as arson to intimidate
researchers. While there is no direct evidence that this trend will come to the
Commonwealth, the presence of many available, known targets here coupled with the
possibility of relocation of activists from the West Coast does increase the threat level
Membership/Influence: Remain Constant - ALF members cross the spectrum of
traditional left leaning constituencies, but continue to appear within a young
demographic, usually with ties to a institution of higher learning. It appears unlikely that
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any upsurge in membership levels will occur in the short term, as local leadership
cadres within the animal liberation movement (PETA) have steered a more legitimate
course.
Fundraising Activities: Remain Constant - Fundraising activities for actual radical
activities is often obscured; however no evidence suggest that persons linked to the
radical Animal rights movement in Virginia have conducted traditional criminal activities
to raise funds.
Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant – Little criminal activity has been noted in
the Commonwealth related to these individuals and no intelligence exists to suggest
impending changes
The threat could increase if extremists in the area become motivated by the attacks against animal
researchers occurring on the west coast, and the perceived success of these attacks in forcing
researchers to abandon animal testing. Additionally, a recent proposal in tactic change from group
action to individual tactics by animal rights extremists is cause for concern.139

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Environmental Rights Extremists
Environmental rights extremists employ a variety of radical, violent, and illegal means to defend the
environment. Unlike environmental activists, who typically operate within legal parameters,
extremists’ ideology permits and even encourages violent acts designed to prevent exploitation
and further degradation of the earth.140
Prior Virginia environmental rights extremist presence has been reported in Glen Lyn, Henrico,
Richmond, Scott, and Wise.141 Updated reporting includes Albemarle, Amherst, Arlington,
Chesterfield, Danville, Montgomery, Powhatan, and Wythe (internet).142 The majority of reported
activity revolves around Earth First-affiliated groups.
Activities claimed or attributed to
environmental rights extremists include vandalism, sabotage, and surveillance.143 Due to their
propensity to engage in acts of violence to further their cause and the presence of numerous
potential targets located throughout the state, eco-terrorists remain a considerable threat to
Virginia.

Earth First!
Earth First! (EF) is a movement that supports environmental
protection through grassroots organizing, civil disobedience,
vandalism, and property destruction. Similar to other eco-terror or
animal extremist groups, EF has no single leadership, but rather
small autonomous cells or individuals. EF has routinely employed
direct action resistance tactics, notably equipment sabotage and
arson. Although EF appears to pose a minimal threat to the
Commonwealth, past action camps and protest activity suggests
the group will continue to lobby in Virginia. Available information
indicates a strong EF presence in southwest Virginia with activities
linked to coal fields, mountaintop removal, and logging.144 Katuah
Earth First and Blue Ridge Earth First are loosely affiliated with the Earth First movement. The
environmental activist group, Mountain Justice Summer, appears to be a Virginia nexus for the EF
groups.145

Katuah Earth First (KEF), based in Asheville, North Carolina, sends
activists throughout the region to train and engage in criminal activity.
KEF has trained local environmentalists in non-violent tactics, including
blocking roads and leading demonstrations, at action camps in Virginia.
While KEF has been primarily involved in protests146 and university
outreach, members have also engaged in vandalism.147 Their primary
areas of concern appear to be southwest Virginia, especially Wise County,
and possibly northwest Virginia, as well as a heavy Internet presence. 148

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Blue Ridge Earth First (BREF) emerged in September 2007
in an attempt to form a Virginia specific organization
separate from the KEF operation. The group has become
very active, and has conducted public protest actions in
Blacksburg149 and Charlottesville in 2007.150 2008 actions
included protests against Dominion Power and Massey
Energy in Richmond, with at least one protest resulting in
multiple arrests. BREF has also indicated it has and will
continue to conduct action camps.151 Available information
suggests ties between BREF and anarchist groups,
including joint participation in a November 2007 anarchist
meeting in Richmond.152

Earth Liberation Front
Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is an off-shoot of Earth First. ELF members operate in autonomous
cells and engage in economic sabotage to stop the perceived exploitation and destruction of the
environment. The last known activity by ELF in Virginia was a 2004 arson in which equipment was
damaged at a construction site in Charlottesville.153 Several subjects associated with ELF reside in
or have ties to Virginia;154 however, there is limited information on their continued activity with the
environmental movement. Persons associated with ELF may have merged with Earth Firstaffiliated groups, which may account for the lack of current reporting.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Has BREF taken over the training camps and satellite offices in southwest Virginia?
How much overlap, if any, exists between prior leadership and staffers?
2. How long do members remain involved in direction action versus supporting roles?
3. How much leadership overlap, if any, exists between BREF, Greenpeace/Rainforest
Action Network, and other groups?
4. How many identified individuals from Blacksburg Mountain Justice Summer (MJS)
have been specifically identified with participation or been arrested in Virginia?
5. What national and state forests in Virginia are located in close show proximity to high
value targets such as mining or lumber operations?

Projections
Due to their propensity to engage in acts of violence to further their cause and the presence of
numerous potential targets located throughout the state, eco-terrorists remain a considerable
threat to Virginia. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national,
and international data.

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Attack Capability: Likely to Increase - Threat of attacks against energy concerns and
facilities is likely to increase given the perceptions of successful media attention
garnered from previous arrests. This threat level may be affected by changes in climate
strategy enacted by the Obama administration; it is unclear, however, if any potential
changes would satisfy the extremists or encourage further actions.
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase - The increased attention focused on
Dominion Power, especially the Wise County plant, combined with national political and
entertainment figures calling for more action in "defense" of the environment has
created a more positive environment for recruiting in the Commonwealth. This was
demonstrated at the Southeast Climate Convergence this in the summer of 2008.
Fundraising Activities: Remain Constant - There is no traditional fundraising for a
group of this type, rather, monetary flow is likely to be personal in nature to the involved
individuals, and parasitic in siphoning from established, "legitimate" groups which act as
cover for the secret cells.
Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant - As the operation of the coal plant in
Wise moves forward, combined with the developing situation as outlined above, it is
expected that the incidence and severity of "direct action" by ELF cells will increase.
This will take the form of more sabotage and vandalism related criminal activity, as well
as expanded opportunities for increasing protest activity.

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Sovereign Citizen Extremists
The sovereign citizen movement involves individuals and groups who
uniformly reject federal and state authority.155 Activities by these groups have
included redemption schemes, use of fraudulent driver’s licenses and vehicle
plates, and use of documents that falsely claim diplomatic and law
enforcement privileges. Recent intelligence suggests elements of the group
are dissolving nationally. Sovereign citizen activity is found nationwide;
however, participation in these groups by Virginia residents is scant and
primarily relates to fraudulent documents.156
Previous reporting on sovereign citizen presence in Virginia has been reported in Colonial Heights,
Henrico, Newport News, and Shenandoah.157 2009 survey data shows possible public safety
encounters with sovereign citizens in Augusta, Fairfax County, and Montgomery. The Little Shell
Pembina Nation, a sovereign citizens group primarily located in North Dakota and Washington, has
been identified as having previous activity in Virginia.158

Moorish Science Temple of America
The Moorish Science Temple of America
(MSTA), also known as the Moorish Nation, is a
collection of independent organizations that
evolved in the early 1990’s.159 MSTA promotes
an ideology that African Americans constitute
an elite class with special rights and privileges
that convey sovereign immunity to U.S.
governments.160 MSTA proclaims its members
are the descendants of the original inhabitants of North America and are outside the jurisdiction of
the U.S. government and legal system.161 DHS estimates that fewer than 1,000 active members
are currently in the U.S., but noted that self-identified MSTA members have been arrested in all
parts of the U.S.162 Local groups are generally small and feature charismatic leaders.
Activity by members is typically limited to sovereign citizen-type violations of property and tax
lawsuu and attempts by individuals to impersonate diplomats;163 however, one MSTA affiliated
individual was associated with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing plot.vv New DHS reporting
suggests that some MSTA groups have attended events with numerous black separatist groups as

uu

(LES) Moorish Nation members utilize “paper terrorism” to harass government officials through the misuse of
financial mechanisms, such as filing false liens or submitting fraudulent tax documentation. These tactics have
been employed against law enforcement officers, court officials, and other civil authorities.
vv
(OS) In 2006, seven men claiming to be members of a branch of the MSTA called the Seas of David were
arrested in Florida for planning to blow up the Sears Tower and other U.S. government buildings (Associated
Press: Retrial Starts in Liberty City Seven Case, February 1, 2008).

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well as street gangs such as the Bloods and Latin Kings.164 This same reporting also notes that
MSTA members have also attended workshops by militias and militant tax protestors.
In Virginia, the Moorish Science Temple of America has previously been reported in Chesterfield,
Henrico, the Virginia Department of Corrections, and parts of northern Virginia.165 New reporting
indicated at least one law enforcement encounter with MSTA in Hanover County.166 Virginia
incidents involving MSTA members or activity have included fake license plates,ww claims of
sovereignty,xx and traffic stop encounters with law enforcement.167

Intelligence Gaps
1. Only a few jurisdictions have reported recent activity by sovereign citizens in the
state – is this due to a lack of activity or a lack of detection and recognition?
2. Are there any indications that individuals within this movement are more willing to
engage in violent incidents involving sovereign citizens in Virginia in the past?
3. Are Virginia-based individuals still producing their own license plates and driver’s
licenses, or have these activities been replaced with fraudulent activity linked to
property titles and deeds?
4. What are the current membership levels of MSTA in Virginia?
5. What impact, if any, has the 2008 election had within the MSTA movement in
Virginia? Have any of the claims regarding potential birth certificate fraud involving
President Obama emboldened MSTA members?

Projections
The threat posed from sovereign citizen groups is assessed as low; however, they are of concern
as they have attempted to gain entry to sensitive areas including airports and government facilities
using their false documents.168 The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include
regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Low – No current intelligence suggests the intent or capacity for
attack.
Membership/Influence: Remain Constant – No current intelligence supports efforts to
recruit by these types of groups in Virginia.
Fundraising Activities: Remain Constant – Adherents to this philosophy manufacture
identification documents, however this does not currently appear to be a large-scale
industry for this movement.
ww

(LES) Richmond resident observed with several vehicles at his house bearing Moorish National Republic of the
USA license plates (TIPS C051043).
xx
(LES) Mechanicsville resident claimed she was an ambassador of the Moorish Nation and demanded the
release of an incarcerated relative due to her belief the state did not have the right to incarcerate members of the
Moorish Nation (TIPS C060019).

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Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant – Virginia’s sovereign citizens primary
criminal activity appears to be a failure to obey identification, licensing, and vehicle
safety inspection requirements rather than violence or criminal enterprise.

White Nationalist Extremism
The white nationalist extremist movement encompasses several types of groups including neoNazis, skinheads, and white supremacists. Often the distinction between these types of groups is
minimal; however, there exist differences between their ideological beliefs and their propensity for
violence and criminal acts. Several white nationalist groups in Virginia have become defunct; nonactivity by these groups may be due to fragmentation, infighting, or members being absorbed by
other groups. Despite the presence of neo-Nazis, skinheads and other white supremacist factions,
violence in Virginia related to these groups has been minimal. Many white nationalist groups are
internally fractured, which presumably diminishes the unified power of the movement and the
possibility that they could successfully organize an ideologically-based terrorist attack. Although
the threat of an organized terrorist attack by these groups remains low, lone activity by individuals
loosely affiliated with white nationalist groups cannot be discounted.

Neo-Nazis
Neo-Nazi affiliated groups adhere to the National Socialism
political view espoused by Adolf Hitler and the German Third
Reich. These groups rarely refer to themselves as neo-Nazi,
instead preferring terms associated with National Socialism.
Neo-Nazis espouse anti-Semitism and promote white nationalism
through political rallies and conferences.
Groups with a
presence in Virginia include the:
•
•
•
•

American National Socialist Workers’ Party (ANSWP)169
American Renaissance170
National Socialist Movement171
Volksfrontyy

These groups are primarily involved in non-criminal civil
disobedience, propaganda distribution, and recruitment efforts;
however, ANSWP has engaged in harassment and intimidation
of political officials and public figures including inciting violence
against those individuals.zz In previous years, ANSWP leader William White had been one of
Virginia’s most visible white nationalist figures. In September 2008, ANSWP posted the “mock-up”
yy

(LES) Volksfront email correspondence dated October 29, 2007, indicated a group event would be held in
Virginia Beach. In addition, a member residing in the Norfolk area may be attempting to purchase property,
somewhere southwest of Richmond City or in the general Petersburg area (VSP Field Intelligence Report,
February 12, 2008).

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cover insinuating an Obama assassination for its next publication online in an effort to draw
donations. Days later, White posted information on a juror from the Nathan Hale trial. White was
arrested on federal charges of obstructing justice in October 2008, leading to speculation of the
impending collapse of the ANSWP.172

Racist Skinhead Movement
Racist skinhead groups are among the most violent and tenuous subsets of the white nationalist
movement. Skinhead groups typically attract young males with criminal records and a propensity
for violence. Although some of the groups have developed partnerships with other white
nationalist groups, many neo-Nazi groups consider the Skinheads to be thugs. While most
Skinhead groups form and dissolve regularly, several groups have developed a more lasting
presence in the Commonwealth:
•
•
•
•
•

American Thule Society173
Confederate Hammerskins174
Northside Wrecking Crew175
United Virginia Skinhead Front176
Vinlanders Social Clubaaa

Although the Skinheads tend to be the most violent of the white nationalists and the movement
remains popular in correctional institutions, reported activities have been limited to meetings and
social events. Although their activity has been minimal, due to the presence of several skinheads
groups, the movement remains a threat to Virginia due to their propensity for violence towards nonwhites and law enforcement.

White Supremacists
White supremacist groups have beliefs similar to neo-Nazis and Skinheads; however, white
supremacists adhere to more of a cult-like mentality and often times tie their racism to a religious
ideology. Three primary white supremacist groups are active in Virginia:
•
•
•

Ku Klux Klanbbb
Creativity Movement (TCM)177
Aryan Nations (AN)178

zz

(OS) ANSWP leader, Bill White, made a harassing phone call that included veiled threats to a Delaware college
president. White has also posted the names and home addresses on his websites of local newspaper employees,
political figures and individuals involved in national news stories, such as the Jena Six Case in Louisiana (TIPS
C070888).
aaa
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys; Additional skinhead presence has been identified; however, it
has not been linked to a specific group (Bland County, TIPS C070079; Buchanan County, TIPS C070007)
bbb
(LES) KKK presence reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System; 2008 VFC Threat
Assessment Surveys

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The most active group of all the white nationalists in the Commonwealth is the Ku Klux Klan who
holds various rallies throughout the year. The Creativity Movement and the Aryan Nations both
have a considerable prison presence in Virginia, and AN members have hinted at possible
cooperation with Islamic extremists.ccc Not all white supremacist groups are affiliated with a
religious movement, however; groups such as the National Alliance179 and the now defunct
National Vanguardddd are similar to the neo-Nazi groups in maintaining a political alignment.

Intelligence Gaps
1. What impact has the arrest of William ‘Bill’ White had thus far on the ANSWP?
2. How many new members have joined or begun to monitor white supremacist groups
or websites as a result of the November 2008 elections?
3. What is the likelihood that white nationalist groups will engage in violence if significant
changes in gun laws or immigration are enacted by the new administration?
4. How many adherents of white nationalist ideology are active in Virginia?
5. How many of the members or sympathizers of white nationalist ideology who have
left organized groups are potential lone wolf threats?

Projections
Although the threat of an organized terrorist attack by these groups remains low, lone activity by
individuals loosely affiliated with white nationalist groups cannot be discounted. The following
projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Attack Capability: Likely to Increase - This could increase as the level of heated
rhetoric does, but will likely be a single actor attack or lone wolf, influenced by white
nationalist ideology but not specifically ordered or mandated by any existing group.
There has been evidence of this sort of disturbing trend already180
Membership/Influence: Likely to Increase - Based on the recent election of an
African-American president and the corresponding increase in web traffic related to this
event, it is reasonable to assume that some increase in membership will result in a
state which has had a fairly consistent membership strata in white supremacist
organizations.

ccc

(LES) In 2005 and 2006, a splinter faction of the AN began posting pro-Islamic rhetoric, suggesting the concept
of an Aryan Jihad within the Christian Identity Movement. White supremacist organizations espouse anti-Semitic
beliefs and have criticized the U.S. government for its support of Israel (Federal Bureau of Investigation:
Collaboration between Islamic and White Extremists in the U.S., July 20, 2007).
ddd
(LES) Some members of the National Vanguard (NV) may be forming two separate groups, the European
Americans United and the Nationalist Coalition. Due to NV presence being reported in several jurisdictions, these
new groups may be of concern as well (2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys).

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Fundraising Activities: Remain Constant - No evidence of criminal activity for
fundraising by Virginia’s white supremacists groups has been discovered; most
operating expenses appear to derive from member contributions.
Other Criminal Activities: Remain Constant - To date, little in the way of group
criminal activity has been noted from white supremacist organizations; activities consist
primarily of leafleting, rallies, and other types of peaceful activity.

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Overview of Terrorism and Extremism Trends
While terror and extremist groups across the globe may
develop tactics and short-term strategies based on regional
circumstances, most activities can be categorized according
to identified or emerging trends. Trends tracked by the VFC
generally correspond to the major needs and objectives of
such groups including logistical concerns, such as procuring
people and financing, as well as operational concerns
involving the preparation for and execution of attacks.
Several of the trends monitored by the VFC represent
specialized efforts to raise funds or conduct attacks, while
other trends represent general, but evolving efforts to support
terrorist objectives.

Trends Tracked by VFC
Bioterrorism
Cyber-crime/Cyber-terrorism
Illicit Entry into the U.S.
•
•
•

Fraudulent Documents
Marriage Fraud
Student Visa Fraud

Narco-terrorism
Suspicious incidents reported to the VFC by law
enforcement, public safety, and private sector partners are
analyzed for potential linkages to these international or
national trends. Reviews of data since 2006 show that most
of the Virginia-linked terror and extremist groups of interest
engage in three trends:
•
•
•

terrorism financing,
terrorism tradecraft, and
recruitment/radicalization

Terrorism Financing
•
•
•
•
•
•

Front Businesses
Fraudulent Charities
Counterfeit Goods
Identity Theft
Bank Fraud
Organized Retail Theft

Terrorism Tradecraft

Despite these commonalities, the VFC has noted differences
in the prevalence of major trends in various parts of the
Commonwealth. These regional differences are based
primarily on the preferences and capabilities of the main
terrorist and extremist groups active in each area. Other
differences, especially in terrorism tradecraft reporting, are
potential due to variations in population density and critical
infrastructure concentrations.

Terrorist Use of Technology
Recruitment/Radicalization

While the VFC has intelligence to suggest that several of these trends are occurring in Virginia, it is
important to note that information of criminal and suspicious incidents is reported infrequently and
sometimes inconsistently. It is likely that potential incidents of interest are occurring, but that such
incidents are either not recognized by initial responders or simply not reported. The lack of detailed
information for Virginia instances of monitored trends should not be construed to represent a lack
of occurrence.

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Bioterrorism
A bioterrorism attack is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or
other germs (agents) in order to create illness or death in people, animals,
or crops. Although the effectiveness of various dispersal methods for
biological agents varies widely, agents can generally be spread through
the air, through water, or in food. Biological agents are an attractive option
for terrorist organizations because they can be extremely difficult to detect
and treat, as the effects of many agents may be delayed for several hours
to several days.

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
Although the majority of the current bioterrorism literature focuses on the recognition and response
roles of the Public Health sector or the preventive measures available to the Agriculture and Food
sector, law enforcement personnel is involved in potential bioterrorism incidents during ‘white
powder’ responses. While the VFC receives direct reporting of suspicious substance events from
both local agencies and Virginia State Police specialty response teams, uneven reporting from
local jurisdictions makes complete analysis impossible. Data available to the VFC does not indicate
any currently identified terrorist threats, nor any significant date, target, or geographic patterns. As
with previous years, most recent white powder incidents in Virginia appear to be related to hoaxes
often targeting schools, correctional or other government facilities.

Domestic Incidents
While incidents reported to the VFC do not appear to be linked to organized terror groups,
extremist movements, or lone wolves, the 2001 anthrax attacks against U.S. political and media
figures underscores the need for continued vigilance.eee Anthrax tainted letters and parcels in
New York, Washington, and Florida killed five Americans and infected 17.181 While the
perpetrator(s) of this attack was identified last year, captured al-Qa’ida documents clearly show an
interest among Islamic extremists and terrorists in acquiring biological weapons. The increasing
availability of Internet sites advertising literature on the manufacture of biological agents in a
variety of languages is cause for concern.
In January 2008, a loosely organized but sophisticated group known as Anonymous mailed at least
19 letters to Scientology facilities in Southern California containing white powder and bomb
threats.182 Also of note in early 2008 was the widely reported discovery of ricin inside a Las Vegas
hotel room in February 2008; subsequent investigation of the room uncovered a gun, a silencer, a
copy of The Anarchist’s Cookbook, and a backpack containing ricin and castor beans. Although the

eee

(OS) The ensuing investigation by the FBI and its partners—code-named “Amerithrax”, concluded in August
2008, when officials announced a breakthrough in the case and released information showing that charges were
about to be brought against Dr. Bruce Ivins. Dr. Ivins committed suicide before these charges could be filed.

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occupant was not linked to any identified domestic or international terrorist group, charges were
filed for weapons offenses and possession of biological toxins.183

Virginia
White powder incidents remain the largest volume of potential bioterrorism attacks in Virginia.
Although the vast majority of incidents involve hoaxes directed at institutions, at least one Virginiabased extremist group, the Army of God, has been linked to promoting white powder attacks. In
October and November 2001, hundreds of abortion clinics and abortion-rights organizations
received packages containing white powder and threatening letters alleging that the substance was
anthrax.184 The notes were signed by the “Virginia Dare Cell” of the Army of God, an anti-abortion
group headquartered in Chesapeake. The Army of God, described in the special interest
extremism section of domestic terror groups, has published a “how to” manual for abortion clinic
violence providing biblical justification for the use of violence against abortion providers.185 In 2006,
law enforcement in Chesterfield uncovered an alleged plot by an identified suspect to use
manufactured ricin in an attempt to poison his wife.186 Although the incident was not deemed
terrorism-related, and the suspected ricin was in a semi-solid mash form which did not pose a
threat to the public, the incident heightened local concern about the threat posed by bioterrorism
agents.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Which commercial and academic institutions in Virginia currently conduct research
involving methods and substances which could be used to conduct an attack?
2. Have any suspicious incidents involving employees or other potential insiders
occurred at Virginia food-processing plants, pharmaceutical labs and production
facilities, or other potential sources of agents?
3. Has any internet chatter by known groups or individuals with an interest in Virginia
suggested feasible, innovative methods to conduct an attack against Virginia assets?

Projections
The Virginia Fusion Center lacks sufficient intelligence to forecast any changes in the frequency,
volume, sophistication, or geographic extent of future bioterrorism incidents affecting the
Commonwealth. Recent FBI reporting suggests that information alleging terrorist possession or
use of tetanus toxin, saxitoxin (STX), or strychnine was received between August 2006 and March
2007, but do not appear to have a U.S. nexus or represent a concerted effort to expand the scope
of potential materials to be used in an attack. According to this report, extremists in the U.S. will
likely continue to restrict their toxin acquisition efforts to ricin and botulinum in the near future. It is
possible, however, that the “widespread dissemination of the acquisition methods or production
recipes allegedly used in these reports could occur, and these toxin and poison efforts represent
potential paths that terrorists could follow in the future.”187

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Cyber-crime and Cyber-terrorism
Cyber-terrorism is defined by the FBI as the use of information technology
systems resulting in violence, destruction, and/or disruption of services, where
the intended purpose is to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty
within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population
to conform to a particular political, social, or ideological agenda.188 Cyber-crime
and cyber-terrorism are developing trends that utilize computers and/or
telecommunications capabilities to further the aims of extremists. Components
of cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism include the use of information technology to
organize and execute attacks against networks, computer systems and
telecommunications infrastructures, or for exchanging information or making threats electronically.
Examples are hacking into computer systems, introducing viruses to vulnerable networks, website
defacing, denial-of-service attacks, or terroristic threats made via electronic communication.189
Cyber-crime techniques are sometimes employed to conduct denial-of-services attacks, but they are
also linked to economic offenses that generate funds to benefit terror and extremist groups. Cybercrime is usually conducted through a connection to the Internet, but can also include security
breaches involving the unauthorized removal of data on small, portable flash drive storage
devices.190 The amount of cyber-crime directly or indirectly attributable to terrorists is difficult to
determine; however, linkages between terrorist groups and criminals that allow terror networks to
operate leveraging the computer resources, money laundering activities, or transit routes operated
by criminals have been identified.191
Several important sub trends within cyber-terrorism have been observed. The greatest threat
discovered thus far is insider sabotage by individuals who were, or previously had been, authorized
to use the information systems they eventually employed to perpetrate harm. Insiders pose a
substantial threat by virtue of their knowledge of, and access to, employer systems and/or
databases.192 In cases involving cyber attackers without inside access, the technique of cyber
extortion is used, in which hackers threaten to inflict cyber damage to critical infrastructure, such as
cutting off city lighting and power supplies, unless they are paid huge sums of ransom money.193
In some sectors, including the Banking and Finance sector, cyber extortion efforts usually involve
the penetration of account protection data and the threat to reveal these breaches to the public,
resulting in a loss of confidence. Such attacks have been noted, but are frequently not reported so
as to minimize the potential for media leaks; as such, the true scope of the threat and potential
damages of this type of attack is not fully understood.

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Also of note is the phenomenon of hacktivism, defined as
"the nonviolent use of illegal or legally ambiguous digital
tools in pursuit of political ends. These tools include web
site defacements, redirects, denial-of-service attacks,
information theft, web site parodies, virtual sit-ins, virtual
sabotage, and software development."194 On March 28,
2008, Wired News reported that "Internet griefers"—a
makeshift term for people who cause grief—posted code
and flashing computer animations with the intention of
triggering migraine headaches and seizures.195 Hacktivism
and griefing incidents have ranged from minor
inconveniences involving modified website content and denial-of-services to potentially dangerous
scenarios, such as the modification of electronic traffic safety signs.196

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
Cyber attacks are of significance to law enforcement because of the potential consequences for
large-scale, cascading disruption of critical infrastructure and the possibility of criminal activity in
support of terrorism financing. Terrorists are most likely to use cyber weaponry in a blended
fashion, combining the offensive cyber elements to aggravate the damage and hamper recovery
from a physical attack (See Table 3). The most probable targets for such attacks are critical
infrastructure or assets, response and recovery assets, and security systems. If terrorists were to
choose a cyber only attack, the most likely target would be critical infrastructure such as power or
telecommunications, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems, and companies
supporting U.S. government interests.
Computer worms, destructive software programs containing malicious code capable of accessing
and modifying or deleting computer network data, are of great concern, and could impact a wide
range of sectors. Transportation systems have been identified as an especially attractive target for
malicious or reckless attack with potentially serious casualty and economic consequences.197 Civil
aviation, in particular, is a tempting target and is “extraordinarily dependent on computertelecommunications information systems.”198 Other sectors that have experienced recent activity
include the Banking/Finance, Energy, Government/Military, and Information Technology.

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Table 3: Potential Types of Blended Cyber-Physical Attacks199
Most likely
Requires the
least amount of
resources and
knowledge

Cyber to Exacerbate Physical
Terrorists would use the cyber component of the attack to increase chaos caused by the
main, physical attack.
Scenario: A cyber attack is launched on 911 services after a physical attack on
response and recovery personnel.
Cyber to Facilitate Physical

Requires more
organization and
technological
sophistication

This attack would be intended to defeat security systems, gain access to certain areas,
or delay security force.
Scenario: A cyber attack on a chemical plant’s telecommunications system degrades
security coordination efforts allowing terrorists to plant and detonate explosives.

Physical to Exacerbate Cyber
Could be
executed by any
group capable of
cyber operations

Requires
extremely high
degree of
coordination and
resources

This type of attack aims at disabling infrastructure assets needed to recover effectively
from a cyber attack.
Scenario: A bomb threat is called in to an electric power company to evacuate
personnel, decreasing the likelihood of interference with a cyber attack on the
company’s network.

Physical to Facilitate Cyber
The physical component gains access to assets required for the cyber attack.
Scenario: A physical attack on a brokerage firm allows access to financial networks.

Least likely

Potential Threat Group(s)
Cyber-crime and cyber-terror incidents could be launched by a variety of international and
domestic groups with varying levels of expertise. While the most common perception is of an
intrusion incident by a hacker, it is also important to note the possibility of insider threat due to
infiltration or recruitment.200 The most publicized research regarding non-state cyber terrorism and
cyber crime pertains to al-Qa’ida, whose increasingly sophisticated use of the Internet continues to
generate concern. An example of al-Qa’ida developing cyber expertise is seen in the case of

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Younes Tsouli (AKA Irhabi 007), a U.K. hacker who served as an al-Qa’ida conduit for two years.fff
He not only accessed U.S. university computers and propagandized for the al-Zarqawi-led
insurgents in Iraq, but he also taught other online jihadists how to “wield their computers for the
cause.”201
The most likely domestic threat is Anonymous, a loosely affiliated network of cells that
communicates via Internet message boards and networking websites.202 The group also uses
forums in which they target individuals by engaging in cyber attacks and has also been affiliated
with white powder incidents. The ability of a group of Internet-based hackers to organize and
succeed in launching real world protests may be a developing trend. The group appears to be
using forums, information sites, and video sharing sites to spread their messages. This tactic may
be used by domestic extremist groups to organize protests, disturbances, or attacks. The
successes of Anonymous are unprecedented and may be the beginning of a new type of Internet
activism that has real world implications.

Domestic Incidents
A wide variety of cyber incidents and attempted intrusions have been reported throughout the U.S.
in recent years. While reported activity ranged from ‘hacktivism’ to attempted botnet attacks, most
experts agree that not all cyber incidents are reported and analyzed. One issue in this field that is
particularly difficult to measure and analyze is cyber-related extortion. In these cases, a
perpetrator compromises a corporate network and then threatens to divulge the breach or sell
proprietary information unless their demands are met.203
While the VFC does not have the specialized resources required to monitor the technical aspects
of cyber terrorism attacks, the unit does receive reporting from citizens and Virginia-based
organizations. Although most of the suspicious activity reported by citizens appears to be spamrelated text messages or Nigerian-style email scams, a few reports of interest have been received.
On June 9 2008, a Richmond-based financial institution reported an attempt to infect the
institution’s computers via a “software as a service” style attack.204 In another reported incident,
the compromise of an identified Virginia government agency's computers by a Botnet was
discovered in May 2008 205 One local jurisdiction reported that they received notification that their
local government network had been hacked, but did not report any additional information.
Two incidents were reported by Virginia colleges and universities; one attack featured an actual
network intrusion, while the second featured email-based bomb threats to multiple institutions in
and outside of Virginia. While linkages cannot be conclusively demonstrated, initial investigation
suggests that the Army of God may have sponsored the email-based bomb threats.206
fff

(OS) Tsouli, largely credited with maintaining al-Qa’ida’s presence on the Internet, is arguably the most
important al-Qa’ida operative who operated on the Internet. Tsouli was responsible for stealing web resources
and using the proceeds of web-based theft to spread al-Qa’ida’s message to potential recruits all over the world
(Gulf Times, Three Admit to Online Terrorism Charges, July 5, 2007).

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Which domestic and international groups have expressed an interest in using cyber
weaponry to achieve their goals?
2. Which groups of interest in Virginia have shown the technical capability to employ
cyber weaponry?
3. Have there been suspicious or criminal incidents in Virginia involving cyber security
that appear to have a terrorism nexus?
4. What new cyber attack capabilities are emerging that could potentially be used by
terrorists to attack Virginia assets?

Projections
The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international
data.
Frequency – Likely to Increase – The potential financial gain, the difficulty in
investigation and prosecution, and the rate of technological change that drives new
threats suggest that this trend will continue.
Volume – Likely to Increase – The use of increasingly sophisticated botnets makes it
easier for hackers to increase the number of attacks on a given target in a short amount
of time.
Geographic extent - Likely to Increase – Critical infrastructure, particularly the energy
and financial sectors, will likely be the target of increasingly sophisticated attacks.
Sophistication – Likely to Increase – The rapid advancement of cyber attacks and an
increase in complexity, technical aspects, and difficulty in tracing the cyber attacks back
to the aggressor is expected.
The sophistication of network attacks and intrusions from a variety of sources including terrorists,
hostile countries, and insiders will continue to escalate. Domestic terrorists groups, who already
use the Internet for recruitment and propaganda distribution, also have the potential to delve into
cyber attacks, although they will likely be targeted towards a specific group or infrastructure.

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Illicit Entry into U.S.
Illicit entry to the U.S. is a primary security concern in the current threat
environment of global terror. Entering the U.S. without government
authorization or failing to honor the terms of authorized forms of entry,
such as tourist or student visas, represent the most common means of
violation of law. According to the National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks Upon the United States, the government inadequately tracks
individuals with expired tourist or student visas.ggg Given the proximity of
the Commonwealth to the nation’s Capitol, the extensive network of
critical federal assets and potentially vulnerable higher education system
across the Commonwealth, understanding and controlling the illegal
entry of foreign nationals is a vital element of concern for Virginia.

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
One of the primary concerns for law enforcement officers regarding the trend of illicit entry into the
U.S. remains officer safety. While most individuals attempting to gain illegal entry try to remain low
key, and thereby undetected when confronted, the potential for an encounter to escalate into
violence persists. The most likely infrastructure sectors to be impacted by illicit entry include
Government/Military and Transportation – including Aviation and Ports. Government facilities that
issue identification or process immigration requests are susceptible to infiltration or compromise by
disgruntled insiders. In 2007, 76% (929) of all Terrorism Screening Center hits in Virginia were
related to airport-based travel inquiries.207 Due to changes in reporting mechanisms which
separate Dulles International Airport and Reagan National Airport from Virginia, comparable data
for 2008 is unavailable. Law enforcement personnel working at or near port facilities have also
reported concerns regarding human cargo or unauthorized entry by the crews of seagoing vessels
as a possible terrorism threat.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Due to the nature of this trend, the primary threat derives from members of international terror
groups. Limited reporting suggests that certain domestic movements, most notably sovereign
citizen groups such as Little Shell Pembina Nation, have sold illicit documentation to individuals
entering the U.S. in the past.208 This is of particular concern to law enforcement and those in
charge of securing critical infrastructure, as some of these individuals have attempted to gain entry
to sensitive areas including airports and government facilities using false documents.209

ggg

(OS) Mohamed Atta and two of his co-conspirators had expired visas when they executed the September 11,
2001 attacks. All of the attackers had U.S. government issued documents and two of them were erroneously
granted visa extensions after their deaths (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: The
9/11 Commission Report, July 22, 2004).

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Fraudulent Documents
Illicit entry into the U.S. via document fraud includes activities such as the
forgery of official documents and making false statements to obtain entry.
These documents include driver’s licenses, birth certificates, Social Security
cards, and immigration arrival records.210 In addition to using these techniques
to obtain government-issued documents, many document mills have been
created to manufacture convincing, but counterfeit documents. According to
Immigration and Terrorism, a 2005 study of the immigration histories of 94
terrorists who operated in the U.S. between 1990 and 2004, there were:
•
•
•

11 identified instances of passport fraud and 10 instances of visa fraud, with a total of
34 individuals charged with making false statements to an immigration official;
At least 13 instances where terrorists violated the terms of entry by overstaying
temporary visas;
At least 17 instances in which terrorists applied for asylum while claiming to lack proper
travel documents.

Most of the subjects included in this study, not including six of the studied September 11th
hijackers, were arrested on criminal charges prior to inclusion in the report.

Virginia
Numerous Virginia jurisdictions have reported instances of encountering false documentation
related to illicit entry into the U.S. in the past three years.211 Several recent task force
investigations have uncovered document mills, which are now considered prevalent in both the
northern Virginia and Richmond areas.212 New reporting included:
•

•

•

Northern Virginia - In January 2008, several U.S. businesses and a ring leader were
identified in a mortgage fraud/illegal document ring. One business offered visa
sponsorship in exchange for employment. The leader, believed to have ties to
terrorism, attempted to obtain fake US Birth Certificates in order to smuggle people
into the US.213
Northern Virginia - In July 2008, fifteen individuals were charged in nine separate
complaints in overlapping contraband cigarette trafficking, money laundering, and
identification fraud and identity theft schemes. One subject was charged with
identification document fraud and two others were charged with conspiracy to
commit passport fraud.214
Richmond - As of December 2007, a USPER in Richmond claimed to have access to
fraudulent green cards and Mexican driver’s licenses. Fraudulent documents cost
$140-$250.215

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•

Reston- A sign at a supermarket in Reston in August 2008 advertized "Citas para el MVA
ID/Licensias" which translates to "Citations for MVA ID/licensing" and gave a phone number
for contact. 216
The vast majority of reported instances appeared to be related to illegal immigration issues
regarding undocumented workers. Internal research on fraudulent documentation in Virginia
revealed one reported instance of fraudulent license plates on a parked vehicle linked to a member
of the Moorish Nation.217

Employer Fraud
In employer-based visa fraud schemes, recipients may never report to a job for which they were
issued a visa. In some cases, businesses profit from selling these visas outright, but they can also
serve as fronts for human smuggling operations. Reporting of potential employer-based fraudulent
entry from localities is still rare in Virginia, but this is likely due to a lack of investigative resources,
rather than a lack of actual activity.218 A review of recent requests for information from federal
agencies revealed that the majority pertained to investigations of passport and employer based
visa fraud. A Northern Virginia attorney was indicted in November 2008 in connection with an
ongoing investigation of a large-scale immigration fraud scheme. The attorney used an identified
business in Alexandria to sponsor foreign nationals and aliens for either no-show jobs or jobs for
which they were not qualified. The attorney created documents making false claims about the
aliens' work experience and offers of employment.219

Marriage Fraud
Marriage fraud is a common method of facilitating the extended stays of foreign
terrorists in the U.S.hhh While such marriages afford many privileges to aliens
remaining in the U.S., federal statutes also prohibit marriage fraud, defined as a
marriage that is entered into solely “for the purpose of evading any provision of
the immigration laws.”220 The number of foreign nationals obtaining green cards
through marriage to Americans has more than doubled since 1985 and has
quintupled since 1970. More than 25 percent of all green cards issued in 2007
were to the spouses of American citizens; in 2006 and 2007 nearly twice as
many green cards were issued to the spouses of American citizens than were
issued for all employment-based immigration categories combined.221
Marriage to an American is the clearest pathway to citizenship for an illegal alien; waivers granted
to individuals marrying U.S. citizens can eliminate ineligibilities for green cards, including the 3/10year bar on entry for those with long periods of illegal presence.222 In fact, a significant percentage
of petitions to bring foreign spouses or fiancés to the U.S. illegally or to help them adjust visa
status if they are already in the U.S. on non-immigrant visas are approved. Many petitions are
successful, even in cases where the couple may only have met over the Internet and may not even
hhh

(OS) As federal law allows an alien who is a spouse of a U.S. citizen to be considered the citizen’s immediate
relative, the alien is permitted to gain lawful permanent residency in the U.S. (U.S. Code Section 1151: Worldwide
Level of Immigration, January 3, 2005).

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share a common language. According to the Center for Immigration Studies, marriage to an
American citizen remains the most common path to U.S. residence and/or citizenship for foreign
nationals, with over 2.4 million gaining a legal status in the U.S. between 1998 and 2007.223
Known cases of sham marriages exist involving al-Qa'ida, Hizballah, and individuals with radical
ties. Fraudulent marriages have enabled individuals affiliated with al-Qa’ida, Hizballah, and the
Palestinian Islamic Jihad to remain in the U.S. One regional example is the Charlotte Hizballah
cell, where a key figure “helped secure three fraudulent visas and three sham marriages for the
purpose of ‘legally’ bringing in the United States his brother, his brother-in-law, and sister so that
they might become legal permanent residents.”224

Virginia
Only a few Virginia jurisdictions have reported potential marriage fraud incidents within the past
three years, with a small number showing indications of potential terrorist-related criminal
activity.225 Recent media attention on potential sham marriages in northern Virginia has highlighted
a lack of a “waiting period” for marriage licenses, which could make marriage fraud easier.
Research indicated that previously reported marriage fraud in southwest Virginia involved subjects
who had left the area a few years ago.iii In addition, one Virginia-linked case occurred in which a
Norfolk police officer testified against an Ohio-based Jordanian man who had tried to recruit him
online for a terrorist cause. Subsequent federal investigation showed this subject likely entered the
U.S. through a fraudulent marriage to a Kansas City woman in 2001; the marriage was annulled
five months later.226

Student Visas
Temporary visas represent another common means of entering the U.S.227
Many individuals enter the U.S. on student visas and never enroll in school.
Instances such as this example show that individuals may enroll and seem
to be legitimate students but may still be working as operatives.228 The three
categories of nonimmigrant student visas monitored and tracked by DHS
are F visas for academic study, M visas for vocational study, and J visas for
229
cultural exchange.
Such visas can be exploited by terrorists not only as a method to legally
penetrate the borders, but also present a legitimate opportunity to study technical fields which may
be of use in future attacks.
One of the FBI’s most wanted subjects, Aafia Siddiqui, who has ties to al-Qa'ida, entered the U.S.
on a student visa and lived in the country for over a decade while studying and teaching at
Brandeis and MIT. Her whereabouts had been unknown until July 2008 when she was found with
handwritten notes referring to a 'mass casualty attack' at various prominent locations in the U.S.,
iii

(LES) The somewhat sophisticated marriage fraud scheme operated from Augusta County and involved
individuals of Middle Eastern descent; ties to specific terrorist organizations had not been determined (TIPS
C050043).

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such as the Empire State Building, Statue of Liberty, Wall Street, and the Brooklyn Bridge.230
Separate FBI reporting advised that an individual in the U.S. had sponsored several individuals
from Egypt to enter to the U.S. on F-1 student visas.231 This individual had an identified contact at
Strayer University who prepared and filed the visa paperwork through the University for a fee. The
sponsor and the university contact allegedly hold radical Muslim beliefs. Despite the issuance of
the visas through Strayer, the Egyptians have not attended that University.

Virginia
Virginia has 39 public and 65 private institutions of higher learning located across the state, with a
significant number of Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)jjj approved
schools.232 State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV) enrollment figures for the 20072008 academic year show 278,876 students enrolled in four-year programs and 168,414 in two
year programs.233 According to a 2007 SCHEV report, foreign/international undergraduate
enrollment in Virginia remained relatively constant in the 1990’s; it decreased by 6% between 2001
and 2006. 2007-2008 academic year statistics show an estimated 8,830 foreign students enrolled
in Virginia institutions of higher education.234 The most recent SEVIS quarterly report ranks the
Northern Virginia Community College fourth in enrollment (1,817) among F-1 and M-1 approved
schools in the U.S.235
Seven Virginia jurisdictions reported evidence of student visa fraud, but insufficient information was
available to link these instances conclusively to terrorism-related activities.236 Although the
previously noted FBI report regarding Strayer University did not specify which University campus or
staff were involved in the potential fraud ring, it is noteworthy that this institution shows twelve
locations throughout Virginia. It is also important to note that a lack of reporting on this trend by
Virginia college and university law enforcement agencies does not necessarily indicate a lack of
fraudulent activity, but may rather represent an area of potential criminal behavior outside the
normal scope of investigations for many departments.

jjj

(OS) The Student and Exchange Visitor Program acts as the bridge for varied government organizations which
have an interest in information on foreign students. SEVIS is a web-based application used to track and monitor
schools and programs, students, exchange visitors and their dependents throughout the duration of approved
participation within the U.S. education system (U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Department of
State).

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Intelligence Gaps
1. What is the prevalence, customer base, and concentration of document mills in
Virginia?
a. Are Virginia-based mills run by or have connections with terrorists, gang-affiliated
groups, or human smuggling rings? Do the mills have connections at DMV, ICE,
Department of State, or other government agencies?
b. What documents do the mills produce and what are the current prices?
2. What is the prevalence of human smuggling taking place in Virginia?
a. What volume of business is handled, and from which countries are the individuals
smuggled?
b. Is there a business front associated with the operation?
c. Are they run by or have connections with terrorist, gang-affiliated groups, or
document mills? Do these rings have connections at DMV, ICE, Department of
State, or other government agencies?
3. What is the extent of marriage fraud cases in Virginia?
a. Are these individual instances or organized crime operations?
b. From which countries are the fraudulent spouses coming?
c. Are they run by or have connections with terrorist or gang-affiliated groups?
4. What is the extent of the exploitation of the following visas as they relate to Virginia?
a. Religious
b. Student
c. B-2 visas including those issued for medical purposes
d. J-1 visas including those issued to summer workers in tourist areas
e. All other visas

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Projections
It appears that the incidence of passport and visa fraud is most prominent in the northern Virginia and
Tidewater regions, largely due to the numerous ports of entry in those areas. Some reported fake
document use is also being reported in central and southwest Virginia. The following projections are
specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and international data.
Frequency – Likely to Increase - As businesses in tourist areas such as Virginia Beach
and Williamsburg increase their sponsorship of summer workers on J-1 visas, the
opportunity for visa, immigration, or document fraud will increase; in Virginia, document
fraud was the most reported problem associated with illicit entry.
Volume – Likely to Increase – Current federal intelligence suggests that instability in
areas such as Mexico, Somalia, and Sudan, and other areas of corruption or unrest
may drive individuals to seek entry into the U.S. at a time that quotas for such areas are
being lowered. It is likely that the lack of official options for entry may inspire motivated
individuals, with or without nefarious intentions, to seek illicit entry.
Geographic extent – Likely to Increase - Cases of immigration fraud, marriage fraud,
and document fraud have been in northern and central Virginia, as well as Hampton
Roads; immigration could rise in rural areas also due to the need for migrant workers
while student visa fraud will likely be concentrated in college towns.
Sophistication – Likely to Increase - Technological improvements are increasing the
quality of false documents and busy document mills can recoup the cost of new
equipment in less than one day. Although human smuggling operations are often
extremely unsophisticated, they are organized and reliant on the quality of documents
they can provide.
It is increasingly important that local, state, and federal authorities concentrate efforts on locating and
interdicting individuals that use fake documentation to enter the U.S. Discrepancies in illegal
immigration enforcement contain potential for exploitation by terrorists.

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Narco-terrorism
Although the term narco-terrorism attempts to characterize the
trafficking of drugs as a means of financing terrorist
organizations, disagreements on the exact definition exist.237
According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), a
narco-terrorist organization is “an organized group that is
complicit in the activities of drug trafficking in order to further, or
fund, premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated
against non-combatant targets with the intention to influence [that
is, influence a government or a group of people].”238
Currently, more evidence of narco-terrorism can be found at an international level than
domestically, the most notable example of which was the use of drug trade proceeds to purchase
the explosives used by the 2004 Madrid train bombing cell.239 Domestic instances of potential narcoterrorism have generally indicated that funds from U.S. sales were being funneled out of the country to
support foreign activities. While a variety of international and domestic groups have alleged interest in
this method of fundraising, the most notable groups involved in this activity domestically include
Hizballah, HAMAS, and al-Qa’ida.240 Recently, a member of Afghan Taliban was convicted in
U.S. court on narco-terrorism and drug charges. This conviction represents the first time a
defendant has been convicted in U.S. federal court of narco-terrorism since the statute was
enacted in March 2006.

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
As with any potential interaction with a drug trafficker, the primary law enforcement concern is
officer safety. In dealing with a group or individual potentially linked to terrorism-related drug
trafficking, several critical infrastructure sectors could be impacted. While the sector impacted
would vary widely based on the type of drug being created or transported, the most likely impacts
would be on the Chemical/HAZMAT or Transportation– Highways sectors.

Potential Threat Group(s)
The illegal drug trade has provided significant profits for extremists, sometimes replacing funding
from Cold War era state sponsors. According to DEA statistics, “nearly half of the 41 groups on
the government’s list of terrorist organizations are tied to narcotics trafficking.”241 Of particular note
to the U.S. are the past activities of Hizballahkkk and Usama bin Laden’s support of the drug trade
though it is against the teaching of Islam, because it is used to kill Westerners.242 Although there
are not many reported instances of U.S. drug trade profits financing al-Qa’ida, the group is poised

kkk

(OS) Three separate investigations have shown U.S. drug proceeds benefiting Hizballah. The group has also
been tied to extensive illicit cigarette trafficking in the U.S. (Steven Emerson: Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to
Militant Islam in the U.S., 2006; Washington Post: Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism, June 8, 2004).

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to benefit from the international drug trade. Due to its presence in the Pakistan-Afghanistan border
region, al-Qa’ida earns millions of dollars from the international drug trade.243

Domestic Incidents
Although the VFC does not have any current intelligence linking international groups to narcoterrorism in Virginia, the presence of potential members is cause for continued awareness. Virginia
law enforcement officers confronted with evidence of narcotics trafficking, especially on major
thoroughfares, are encouraged to maintain vigilance for evidence of linkages to terror or extremists
groups. While the VFC provides assistance to agencies and task forces investigating drug-trafficking
activities linked to terrorism, specific reporting is restricted to involved agencies to ensure operational
security.
Intelligence suggests that khat is being trafficked to the Somali,
Ethiopian, and Yemeni immigrant communities in the U.S.,
including Virginia.244 Khat, a green and leafy plant containing
cathinone, a Schedule I drug, is typically chewed.245 There is
evidence to suggest that some non-immigrants in these areas
have begun abusing the drug as well.246 As such, abuse levels
are highest in cities with sizable populations of immigrants,
including the National Capital Region. In Virginia, much of the
East African population is in Arlington County, Alexandria City,
Fairfax County, Loudon County, Prince William County, and
Falls Church.247
Khat is not typically sold as a street drug, but instead is sold in Middle Eastern restaurants, food
stores, and tobacco stores. Khat trafficking is significant to Virginia due to the established Somali
communities and past seizure of khat within the Commonwealth. Additionally, intelligence has
indicated that khat distribution may possibly be linked to funding for Islamic extremist groups such
as al-Itihadd al-Islamiya (AIAI) and Al-Shabaab (AS).lll As a result, the potential for khat trafficking
investigations to uncover linkages to terrorism financing activities in Virginia.

lll

(OS) al-Itihadd al-Islamiya may have ties with the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and Al-Shabaab, a group affiliated
with al-Qa’ida. According to recent open source reporting, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and Al-Shabaab may be
cooperating in the fight against mutual enemies.

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Khat shipments have been seized in numerous states, including in Virginia .

Intelligence Gaps
1. Does the growing prevalence of khat usage in Virginia by east Africans represent a
potential funding stream for organizations such as Al Shabaab?
2. What impact, if any, will current economic conditions in the U.S. encourage terror and
extremist groups to switch from previously utilized fundraising methods to drug sales as a
means of generating financial support?
3. Are any individuals with suspected terrorism linkages currently involved in drug diversion
operations in Virginia?
4. Are any of the potential front businesses believed to be supporting terrorist activities in
Virginia also selling drugs as an additional income stream?

Projections
International operatives, especially those in organizations with increasingly decentralized leadership,
may resort to theft, fraud, or drug trafficking to obtain funds locally. This may indicate that narcoterrorism could increase in the very near future because of the increasing necessity for homegrown
cells to fund their own operations. While conventional wisdom suggests that narco-terrorism will thrive
in times of economic hardship, insufficient intelligence specific to Virginia is available, to offer
projections regarding the frequency, volume, geographic extent, and sophistication of possible narcoterrorism activity in the Commonwealth

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Terrorism Financing
International terrorist organizations employ a variety of financing
mechanisms to earn, move, and store assets. Terrorists and
criminals attempt to conduct these activities without attracting law
enforcement attention by utilizing closed networks and systems
with limited regulation. Funds are often earned through the
trafficking of profitable commodities such as contraband
cigarettes, counterfeit goods, and illicit drugs.
Terrorists also generate funds through charitable organizations
that collect large sums in donations from both witting and
unwitting donors. Assets are then moved through nontransparent
trade or financial mechanisms that conceal or launder, including charities, informal banking
systems, bulk cash, or commodities, such as precious stones and metals. Assets may be stored in
commodities not only because they are likely to maintain value over time, but also because they
are easy to negotiate outside of formal banking systems.

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
While many smaller scale white collar or economic offenses are
committed for personal gain or in support of a drug habit, it is Proactive and investigatory
important to note that crimes involving identity theft, organized FinCEN
checks
are
retail theft, counterfeit goods, or cigarette smuggling could also available to all Virginia law
be supporting terrorist activity in the U.S. or abroad. While all enforcement
agencies
three phases of terrorism financing are important, the earning through the Virginia Fusion
and moving phases represent the greatest opportunity for law Center.
enforcement detection and disruption (See Table 5). Law
enforcement officers are most likely to detect terrorism-linked
financial earning schemes through routine reporting avenues. Terrorism-linked financial movement
efforts may be detected through routine traffic stops, burglaries at linked businesses, or proactive
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) checks.
Depending on the nature of the fundraising or moving tactics, a number of critical infrastructure
sectors may be impacted.
While linkages to the Banking/Finance and Information
Technology/Telecommunications sectors are intuitive, the organized retail theft and trafficking of
counterfeit infant formulas and pharmaceuticals can present major issues for the Public Health
sector.

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Terrorism Financing Phases248
Earning
Internal

External

Moving

Storing

• Front businesses
• Fraudulent charities
• Donations at religious
institutions
• Drug trade
• Counterfeit goods
• Fraud (includes ID theft)

• Bulk cash smuggling
• Unregistered informal
transfer systems
(hawala)
• Over/under invoicing
between front
businesses

• Conflict gems and
precious metals
• Sympathetic banking
institutions

• Individual donations
• Donations from charities

• Wire transfers
• Business transactions

• Fake bank accounts

Potential Threat Group(s)
Despite differences in ideology and intended actions, all terrorist and extremists groups must raise
money in order to conduct actions. Some groups active in Virginia, such as the white nationalist
extremists, black separatists, and single-issue extremists groups appear to be focused mostly on
internal fundraising or donations from sympathetic groups and individuals. Internationally linked
groups, such as Muslims of America and Hizballah, appear to be raising funds through front
businesses in Virginia.

Domestic Incidents - Earning
Front Businesses
Businesses owned by known or suspected terror group members can offer not only a source of
income, but can also offer an avenue for laundering funds raised through more lucrative by illicit
means. While some terror-linked businesses have intuitive ties with their member base (ethnocentric restaurants, salons, and markets), others focus on potentially high cash flow industries
(convenience stores and gas stations). Although the primary concern with front businesses is
revenue generation, the Fort Dix plot also highlights the potential scenario of employees in certain
industries to leverage normal work tasks as an opportunity to collect information and conduct
surveillance.mmm A number of potential front businesses have been investigated throughout
Virginia since September 2001. Businesses of interest have included restaurants, convenience
stores, and a security firm linked to individuals affiliated with terror or extremist groups.

mmm

(OS) The suspects, all foreign-born and described as radical Islamists, have been charged with conspiring to
attack Fort Dix and kill soldiers. One of the suspects had delivered pizzas to the base from his family's nearby
restaurant and claimed he knew the area like the palm of his hand. The suspects also used cell phones to take
photos of the base. (Washington Post: Six Charged in Plot to Attack Fort Dix, May 9, 2007).

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Fraudulent Charities
Many groups based on shared religious or ethnic identities emphasize charitable giving in the form
of tithing, zakatnnn, or a general sense of contributing to the greater good. While the majority of
charities in the U.S. are legitimate organizations that operate in compliance with IRS codes
granting tax-exempt status, terror groups have been known to either trick existing organizations or
establish new ones. Fraudulent charities are similar to front businesses, but are subject to much
less scrutiny by state and federal regulators. Current literature reviews of successful prosecutions
focus on three charities accused of either raising or laundering funds to further the goals of terror
groups. These groups included:
•

•

•

Benevolence International Foundation (BIF), an Illinois-based Islamic charity, used its
tax-exempt status to finance overseas combatants, including the mujahideen in the
Afghan-Soviet war and al-Qa’ida. BIF hid these activities from authorities by combining
its donations to military operations into legitimate charitable donations. 249
Holy Land Foundation (HLF),a Texas-based tax-exempt Islamic charity, was
established with the guise of providing support to the needy in the West Bank and
Gaza. An indictment against the group noted HLF transmitted or caused to be
transmitted approximately $12,400,000 to various HAMAS controlled zakat committees
and organizations.250
Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, which was established in Saudi Arabia, obtained a
tax-exempt charitable status and established a U.S. headquarters in Oregon. In
January 2005, Al Haramain’s U.S. branch and two directors were indicted for illegally
moving money out of the U.S., with the intent that the funds be delivered to the
Chechen mujahideen.251

KindHearts, a Toledo-based Islamic charity, has been identified as the successor to the HLF, and
the al-Qa’ida-linked Global Relief Foundation. While charges have not been filed, KindHeart’s
assets were frozen by the Treasury Department in February 2006. As a result of such
investigations, linkages to several prominent Islamic organizations have been uncovered,
including:
•
•
•

Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), which describes itself as an association of Muslim
organizations and individuals in the U.S. and Canada252
Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), which promotes itself as the largest Muslim
“civil rights” group in the U.S.
North American Islamic Trust (NAIT), which describes itself as a Shari’ah complaint trust
that serves the ISNA, MSA, and other Islamic institutions that holds the deeds for more than
300 U.S. mosques253

nnn

(OS) Zakat, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, is the payment of 2.5% of wealth for public alms required by
Muslims when their annual wealth exceeds a minimum level.

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In a major policy shift, the FBI suspended its relationship with CAIR in October 2008. 254 CAIR and
its former chairman, Omar Ahmad, were named as unindicted co-conspirators in the Holy Land
Foundation trial; during testimony, CAIR was described as a front group for HAMAS and the
Muslim Brotherhood. Evidence emerged showing that the groups’ early leaders were involved in
HAMAS-related organizational meetings in the U.S. and in funding activities.
CAIR was also the subject of a November 2008 civil suit filed by former Muslim clients who claim to
have paid CAIR thousands of dollars for a promise of U.S. citizenship.255 The complaint identifies
CAIR as a racketeering enterprise under the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act (RICO), which is a criminal racketeering statute that allows victims to sue the
defendants in civil court. Plaintiffs are seeking damages and injunctive relief to shut down CAIR
and to prevent the individual defendants from engaging in future public interest legal work.

Virginia
The HLF is known to have had numerous links to individuals and Islamic organizations in northern
Virginia.ooo The leader of the Iqaamatiddeen Movement, an Islamic group with ties to Virginia, has
suggested the group obtain charity status to improve its fundraising efforts.256 The charity status,
the leader asserted, would help overcome the reluctance of the Muslim immigrant community to
donate to the IM because of potential donor fears of U.S. government scrutiny, and would also
encourage donations from foreigners. It is unknown if this status has been granted. Other
charitable, fraternal, and student-based organizations have been identified as possible sources of
fundraising for terror and extremist groups.

Counterfeit Goods
Intellectual property crime, defined as “counterfeited and pirated goods, manufactured and sold for
profit without the consent of the patent or trademark holder” is a growing trend in terrorism
financing.257 According to DHS, over 14,700 seizures of counterfeit goods valued at over $267
million were conducted in the last year.258 Although much of the current reporting focuses on
counterfeit clothing or fashion accessories, the counterfeiting of goods such as brake pads,
pharmaceuticals, and medical products can pose serious safety risks to unwitting end users.
Currently, there is “mounting evidence of terrorists’ involvement in the lucrative underworld of
counterfeiting.”259 The production and sale of counterfeit goods is a growing trend with a high profit
margin, low risk of detection, and low probability of prosecution. In fact, trafficking in counterfeit
goods is much lower risk than trafficking in drugs.260
Counterfeit goods have become a significant source of financing for some international terrorist
groups, and are believed to have funded past terrorists incidents.261 Although the extent to which
ooo

(OS) A phonebook seized in 2004 from the Virginia home of unindicted co-conspirator and Palestine
Committee member Ismail Elbarrasse listed the names of the U.S. Muslim Brotherhood's leadership (NEFA
Foundation: U.S. vs. Holy Land Foundation- 1992 Phone Directory).
ooo
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2358 06

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the sale of fake goods by terrorist associates in the U.S. are supporting the central organizations,
funding has been provided to Middle Eastern criminal enterprises,262 as well as overseas terrorist
entities, including Hizballahppp and Jama’at al Fuqra (Muslims of America).263 The link between
terrorism and the sale of counterfeit merchandise in the U.S. came in 1996 when the FBI
confiscated 100,000 counterfeit Nike T-shirts bearing a fake “swoosh” and Olympic logo.264 This
counterfeiting ring was tentatively linked to supporters of Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman who is now
serving life in prison for his involvement in a 1995 plot to bomb New York City landmarks.

Virginia
Counterfeit goods continue to be an issue in Virginia; U.S. Customs and Border Protection
announced the seizure of over 19,000 articles of counterfeit clothing from a container received at
Norfolk International Terminals on January 29, 2009. The 40-foot container, which arrived on a
ship from Egypt, contained fake NBA and NCAA clothing and 8,100 pairs of fake L.E.I jeans with a
manufacturer’s suggested retail price of $331,105.265
In the past few years, a number of special task forces have been developed to confront the
problem of counterfeit goods in Virginia. While many investigations of this crime are ongoing, a
significant, multi-state counterfeit goods ring tied to Muslims of America was successfully
prosecuted in 2007.266 Eight individuals were arrested for selling counterfeit clothes, music, and
shoes in Virginia and New York. Several of the Virginia subjects resided in or had close ties to the
Muslims of America compounds.

Fraud
According to a 2004 FBI report, Detroit area criminal enterprises that raise money for Hizballah are
engaged in a wide range of offenses, including credit card fraud, bank fraud, mail fraud, mortgage
fraud, wire fraud, and bankruptcy fraud.267 In addition to fraudulent activities targeting institutions
and financial processes, terrorists and extremists can reap financial benefit from the theft of data
concerning individuals.268 The utilization of fraud by terrorist entities is demonstrated by al-Qa’ida
in its training manual which provides instruction on forged documents.269 The manual instructs
trainees to adopt false personas and to conceal their identities using false identity cards and
passports.

Identity Theft
Identity theft provides a number of important benefits to terror and extremist groups. Not only is it a
profitable crime with low risk of arrest, but it also affords the perpetrator a false persona with which
to conduct suspicious activity, whereby utilizing the stolen identities to avoid watch lists and to gain
unauthorized access to U.S. entry ports or other sensitive facilities. According to the FBI’s
ppp

(OS) Hizballah-linked ring in Dearborn, Michigan was involved in cigarette smuggling and the sale of
counterfeit goods, including Zig Zag rolling papers and Viagra—a high demand and easily transportable item.
The profits were allegedly sent to Hizballah in Lebanon (U.S. Department of Justice: Nineteen Charged with
Racketeering to Support Terrorist Organization, March 29, 2006).

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Terrorism Financial Review Group, identities are often stolen to facilitate crimes such as bank
fraud, credit card fraud, wire fraud, bankruptcy fraud, and cyber-crimes.270
Identity fraud constitutes a violation of federal code, which lists eight kinds of prohibited activity,
including: producing identity documents without legal authority, transferring stolen or forged identity
documents, possessing such documents, or trafficking in false authentication features or false
identity documents. While these crimes can generate income, they also afford terrorists an
opportunity to evade identification while traveling, conducting business, or accessing potential
target facilities. There is also a federal statute for aggravated identity theft that covers acts of
identity fraud that occur in relation to acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries.271

Virginia
In Virginia, past reporting indicates that members of Muslims of America have engaged in identity
fraud to raise money. Available information suggests that female members have committed
insurance and benefits fraud through the use of fictitious names for themselves and their
children.272
Medicare Fraud
January 2009 reporting from the FBI highlights a number of incidents involving Medicare Part D
fraud.273 Medicare Part D, a federal program to subsidize the cost of prescription medications, is
an increasingly attractive target for health care fraud perpetrators due to its size and complexity,
which makes fraud detection difficult. A July 2008 report by the Government Accountability Office
indicated that oversight of Part D providers has been limited, and the extent to which providers
have implemented fraud and abuse prevention programs is largely unknown.274 In 2007 Medicare
Part D enrolled more than 25 million beneficiaries and processed over one billion drug claims with
$50 billion in expenditures.275 According the FBI, an individual in Newport News, Virginia, had
completed 52 falsified enrollment forms on 35 Medicare beneficiaries for a Medicare Advantage
Prescription Drug Plan as of July 2008.276 While it is important to note that this bulletin did not
highlight any current linkages to terrorism financing, the history of benefits fraud by terrorism-linked
individuals in Virginia employed in the healthcare field enhances the likelihood that this activity
could emerge in Virginia.

Bank Fraud
While a number of crimes are considered bank fraud under federal law, each of these offenses are
undertaken to defraud financial institutions.277 Financial institutions are required by the Bank Secrecy
Act to develop a compliance program for identifying and reporting of suspicious transactions.278 A
Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) is required for certain types of activities or transactional thresholds; if
an activity does not meet these automatic criteria then the bank must conduct additional examinations
to determine if the dealings reflect illicit activities or legitimate business. Examples of suspicious
conduct or transactions that warrant a SAR filing include:

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•
•
•
•
•
•

Activity inconsistent with the customer’s business: patterns of bank transactions are
dramatically different from those of similar businesses in the same general area
Avoiding the reporting or record keeping requirement
Unexplained or excessive fund or wire transfers
Insufficient or suspicious information provided by the customer
Bank employee activities: lavish lifestyle inconsistent with the employee’s salary; failure to
conform with recognized systems and controls
Bank-to-bank transactions

Currently credit card fraud is the one of the most lucrative and potentially the most widespread
types of fraud employed. Indian authorities have recovered $1,200 and several credit cards from a
backpack carried by one of the Mumbai terrorists. The presence of the cards, issued by Citibank,
HSBC, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, and State Bank of Mauritius, might signal that credit
card fraud helped fund the terror attacks.279 The Millennium Plot terrorists also allegedly committed
credit card fraud and planned to buy a gas station in order to steal customer account numbers.280
Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, linked to an alleged September 11 financier, was arrested with a laptop
computer that had 1,000 stolen [credit card numbers] on it, along with a host of Internet bookmarks
pointing to fraud and fake ID-related sites.281

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has not received credible Virginia-based reporting on this trend,
although a few reports have been received from concerned citizens.

Mortgage Fraud
Mortgage fraud is one of the fastest growing financial crimes; the continued decline in the housing
market has contributed to the rise of mortgage fraud. Just as organized crime groups have historically
utilized economic crimes to generate operational funds, terrorist groups have also employed these
techniques. According to the San Diego Regional Terrorism Threat Assessment Center, past incidents
of housing fraud have had suspected ties to terrorism.282
There are two types of mortgage fraud, fraud for property and fraud for profit. While fraud for property is
usually committed by individuals purchasing homes for themselves, fraud for profit is typically
committed by a group of knowledgeable insiders, such as mortgage brokers, real estate agents,
property appraisers, or settlement agents.283 Activities related to fraud for profit include appraisal fraud,
fraudulent flippingqqq, straw buyersrrr, and identity theft.

Foreclosure rates have steadily increased in the past few years. In the first quarter of 2008, there
was a 112% increase in foreclosure rates in the U.S. compared to the first quarter of 2007.
qqq

(OS) Property flipping is the buying and selling of the same property within a short period of time in order to
make a quick profit. This activity is illegal when the property is falsely appraised at a much higher value.
rrr
(OS) A straw buyer is an individual who buys a property for another person, with the purpose of concealing the
identity of that true buyer.

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Virginia's foreclosure rate in November was 121% higher than the same period in 2007, with one in
every 567 Virginia households receiving a foreclosure filing.284 According to December 2008
RealtyTrac data, Virginia ranked 11th in the U.S. for foreclosures.285 Foreclosure rates will likely
continue at least at their current pace, and mortgage fraud is expected to continue and increase in
frequency.
Several cases of mortgage fraud have involved potential individuals suspected of funding terror
activities. The following are examples of suspected terrorists and their supporters being charged with
non-terror related charges in order to have them prosecuted:

•

•

•

•

Tarik Hamdi, a naturalized U.S. citizen living in northern Virginia, emigrated from
Iraq. In 2005, he was charged with immigration and mortgage loan fraud for
omissions on his naturalization papers and mortgage loan applications. Hamdi is
believed to have delivered a satellite phone battery to Usama bin Ladin while in
Afghanistan in May 1998, which was used in connection with the U.S. Embassy
bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.286
Nemr Ali Rahal and his wife, Rania Fawaz Rahal, pleaded guilty in 2006 to bank
fraud and credit fraud. The couple had obtained over $500,000 from banks through
mortgage fraud and credit fraud schemes in Michigan; suspicions of funding
terrorism arose when investigators discovered footage of Nemr Rahal at a Hizballah
rally and $600 in change in buckets that were collected for children of suicide
bombers.287
Same Hammond, indicted for conspiracy, racketeering, and providing material aid to
the Palestinian Islamic Jihad in 2005, was later acquitted of the terror-related
charges.288 He and his wife, Nadia Ibrahim Hammond, were found guilty in a
separate trial of federal tax, immigration, and mortgage fraud charges.289
In 2006, the FBI arrested a group of California-based individuals involved in a
mortgage fraud scheme.290 The investigation expanded in an attempt to determine if
the group’s criminal activities funded terrorism through a conspirator’s brother, who
was being investigated for suspected ties to al-Qa’ida.291

As of January 2008, several U.S. businesses and key figures were identified in a mortgage fraud
conspiracy in Northern Virginia. One company allegedly had ties to the Korean mafia, while
another promised U.S. visa sponsorship in exchange for employment. The ringleader, who
appeared to be running a human smuggling operation as well as a mortgage fraud ring, was
allegedly related to members of the Pakistani government and military with strong links to
terrorism.292

Organized Retail Theft
Organized retail theft (ORT), linked to money laundering and financing of terrorism, targets
everyday household commodities and consumer items.293 ORT affects a variety of retail industries
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including supermarkets, chain drug stores, independent pharmacies, mass merchandisers,
convenience stores, and discount businesses. Products targeted include infant formula, cigarettes
and smokeless tobacco, health and beauty aids, diabetes test strips, over-the-counter medications,
and colognes and perfumes.294 Retail theft is attractive as a high-profit, low-risk method to
generate funds for criminal organizations and international terrorist groups in the Middle East.295
ORT rings operate in almost every region of the U.S.; several of these rings are led by foreign
nationals that employ boosters and fences.296 The professional shoplifters, or boosters, steal
merchandise through organized shoplifting, armed robbery, cargo theft, and hijackings.297 Fences
purchase the stolen merchandise and sell it back to retail outlets. Fences, who are generally
immigrants from various Middle Eastern and East Asian countries such as Egypt, Jordan,
Lebanon, and Pakistan, own businesses such as convenience and grocery stores, gas stations,
travel agencies, used car dealerships, shipping companies, book keeping firms, and nightclubs.298
While the main activity of this group focuses on the theft and resale of stolen merchandise,
members also engage in a number of side activities that include narcotics trafficking, prostitution,
extortion, alien smuggling, organized auto theft, currency smuggling, credit fraud, bank fraud, and
welfare fraud. Proceeds from the aforementioned illegal businesses are frequently used in
financing terror-related activities.299

Virginia
Only a few jurisdictions in Virginia have reported instances of organized retail theft.300 Additional
research is underway to determine if these instances are linked to possible terrorist activity. It is
still unclear if this trend may not be fully reported or understood as a potential indicator of terrorism
financing.

Cigarette Smuggling
Cigarette smuggling has been used to raise funds for terrorist groups from within the U.S. In these
schemes, smugglers purchase large volumes of cigarettes in states that have low tax rates, such
as Virginia and North Carolina, and resell them below market prices in states with high cigarette
taxes. As these sales occur outside of the legal markets and avoid taxes, the cigarettes are sold at
profit despite the lower final cost to the buyer. In addition to concerns regarding the smuggling of
authentic U.S. cigarettes from southern to northern states is the emergence of counterfeit
cigarettes from China. Two recently prosecuted cases include:
• New York, 2008 – a smuggling operation led by a Jordanian national involving counterfeit
tax stamps and Chinese-made counterfeit cigarettes301
• New Jersey, 2007 – a diversion operation operated by individuals of Chinese descent
reselling large quantities of tax-free cigarettes purchased from Native American
reservations.302

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In 2004, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) had more than 300 open
cases of illegal cigarette trafficking, with several linked to terrorist fundraising. Michael Bouchard of
the ATF advised, “The deeper we dig into these cases, the more ties to terrorism we’re
discovering.”303

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received notification of several traffic stops involving subjects with
large numbers of cigarette cartons suspected of smuggling, but has not received confirmation that
these subjects were linked to terrorism fundraising activities. Little Virginia-based information has
been obtained regarding suspected thefts or suspicious purchases. It is unclear if this lack of
reporting indicates a lack of notification or a lack of actual incidents.

Domestic Incidents – Moving
Bulk Cash Smuggling
In the U.S., bulk cash smuggling serves as a money laundering and terrorism financing technique
to bypass financial transparency reporting requirements.sss Bulk cash smuggling is an attractive
financing mechanism because U.S. dollars are accepted as an international currency and
smuggling affords the terrorist control of the money throughout the whole process of movement.
Bulk cash smuggling also avoids the creation of a paper trail and the potential reporting of
suspicious activity reports. This technique also poses a number of well-documented risks, including
the costs of using couriers and the risk of theft, as well as the risk of informants or losses due to
border searches that could compromise the group or mission.
Smuggled currency is often concealed in personal effects, secreted in shipping containers, or
transported in bulk via vehicle, vessel, or aircraft. According to the FBI, some of the 19 September
11 hijackers allegedly used bulk cash as another method to transfer funds. According to
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), a special investigation of outbound-currency
operation between October 1, 2001 and August 8, 2003, seized more than $28 million in bulk
cash.304 ICE officials noted, however, that they were unable to determine the number and the
extent to which these cases involved terrorist financing. The Intelligence Community has assessed
that a number of international terrorist groups are involved in bulk cash smuggling, including alQa’ida, Hizballah, and HAMAS.305

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received limited reporting on bulk cash smuggling, but continues to
receive reporting regarding female members of Muslims of America acting as cash couriers during
visits to Pakistan.306 These members generally carry less than $10,000 to avoid reporting
requirements. It is likely that international terrorist groups with ties to Virginia may already be using
sss

(OS) Financial transparency reporting requires Currency and Monetary Instrument Reports, which obligates the
filer to declare if he or she is transporting across the border $10,000 or more in cash or monetary instruments.

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cash couriers due to legislation overseas aimed at curbing terrorist financing through the banking
system and money laundering schemes.

Stored Value Cards
Prepaid cards, also known as stored value cards, have grown into a $63.4 billion business.307
Currently, two types of stored value cards exist, closed-system and open-system cards. While
closed-system cards can only be used by the issuing retailer, open-system cards can be used
almost anywhere, including at ATMs around the world. Since open-system cards enjoy ATM
privileges but are not linked to personal bank accounts, they represent an avenue to launder
money easily.308 Due to their portability and the fact they can change hands a dozen times in one
day without leaving a trace, stored value cards eliminate intermediaries such as financial
institutions, allowing for virtually undetected global movement of funds.309
Although law enforcement officials have not yet prosecuted many cases involving stored value
cards, officials have noted new trends in illicit money transfers. One instance involving stored value
cards involved a Mexican criminal caught at the border transferring funds from stolen credit cards
onto prepaid cards. Stored value cards also appear to be reducing the number of suspicious wire
transfers sending money from the U.S. that can be monitored.310 Stored value cards also allow
criminals to avoid detection by law enforcement through ‘smurfing’, or breaking down large
amounts of cash into smaller sums by loading them onto many different cards rather than making
suspicious bank deposits. It is also important to note that stored value cards are easier to smuggle
across the border than bulk cash, as they are easier to hide and few screeners have the capacity
to determine the actual value stored on each card.

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received very limited reporting from law enforcement officers who
have found large numbers of stored value cards during traffic stops and other encounters. None of
the cases reported have been linked to terrorism financing activities at this time.

Trade-based money laundering
The federal government defines trade-based money laundering as the “use of trade to legitimize,
conceal, transfer, and convert large quantities of illicit cash into less conspicuous assets such as
gold or diamonds.”311 These assets are then transferred worldwide without being subject to bank
secrecy laws. False invoicingttt, another type of trade-based money laundering, is a simple way of
moving money across borders sometimes used by hawala operators to balance books or move
assets. The discovery of a second set of books at businesses with potential terror or extremist
linkages may be indicative of this trend. Despite research on the possibility that terrorists may be

ttt

(OS) An example of false invoicing is the shipment of goods valued at $100,000, but invoiced for $150,000. The
subsequent payment of $150,000 will allow the movement of $50,000 to cross borders illicitly and without
scrutiny.

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using trade-based money laundering to move assets, few estimates of the scope and value of such
techniques have been released.

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received very limited reporting from law enforcement agencies
regarding trade-based money laundering. Most reporting is derived from large-scale investigations
that have occurred out of state. It is unclear if this lack of reported incidents in Virginia is due to the
absence of this phenomenon or the difficulty of detection.

Hawalas
Terrorist organizations are known to have used a type of informal banking system, known as
hawala, to move assets (See Table 6). Informal banking systems are mechanisms in which money
is received for making it, or an equivalent value, payable to a third party in another location. Such
transfers generally take place outside the conventional banking system through nonbank money
services businesses or other business entities, often unregulated and undocumented, who conduct
such transactions as a secondary business activity. These systems are based on trust and the
extensive family or regional networks, and are traditionally used by expatriates such as traders or
immigrant laborers to send money to or from countries lacking secure banking systems.uuu
While the majority of informal banking systems’ activity may be legitimate in purpose, according to
FinCEN, hawalas have facilitated the financing of terrorism.312 According to the FBI, some of the
September 11 hijackers allegedly transferred thousands of dollars via hawalas in and out of the
U.S. prior to their attacks. One example of this activity was the utilization of the Al Barakaat
informal banking system, founded with a significant investment from Usama bin Laden, to move
several million dollars a year for al Qa’ida.313 Somalis working in the U.S. also used the Al
Barakaat informal banking network to send money to their families in Somalia.vvv

uuu

(OS) U.S. and international law enforcement officials, as well as academic researchers, have identified a
variety of ethnically-based informal banking systems that originated in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and
Somalia. Officials and researchers note that these informal banking systems generally predate formal banks, and
that some groups may consider them more familiar and trustworthy than formal banks (U.S. General Accounting
Office: Terrorist Financing- U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess Terrorists’ Use of Alternative Financing
Mechanisms, November 2003).
vvv

(OS) According to DOJ, Al Barakaat operated a hybrid hawala in which its informal system interconnected with
the formal banking system. Because Al Barakaat also used financial institutions, law enforcement was able to
discover the transactions to Somalia by analyzing Suspicious Activity Reports generated by the banks.

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Table 6: Diagram of Hawala Operations

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Virginia
Although the Virginia Fusion Center has not received recent information regarding hawalas or
other informal banking systems in Virginia, several individuals have been arrested for such
activities. At least two individuals operated hawalas in Herndon that sent money from Virginia
residents to subjects in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.314 In September 2005, one individual was
sentenced for operating a money services business without a Virginia license after receiving at
least $4.9 million dollars for overseas transfers. Another individual, also from Herndon, continued
to operate a money transmission business in Virginia after the Virginia Bureau of Financial
Institutions denied his company’s application. Subsequent prosecution showed that he sent at
least $6 million to Pakistan and other areas.

Mobile Phones
Prepaid cellular phones may be exploited by
criminal or terrorist entities for money transfers or
mobile payments (m-payments).315 M-payment
transfers are replacing the use of traditional banks
and money service businesses in some population
segments. These transfers allow criminals and
terrorists to avoid the risk of physical cash
movement,
bypass
financial
transparency
reporting requirements, and efficiently send digital
value in the form of stored value cards (SVC) or
mobile payment credits nationwide and globally.316 As SVCs do not qualify as “monetary
instruments,” criminal entities are able to launder money internationally.317 Criminals with moderate
technological sophistication have laundered money through conversion to gift cards and then sold
the cards over the Internet for slightly less than the card value. Some reporting has also indicated
the utilization of SVCs to make bulk purchases of prepaid cellular telephones.
The following highlights how m-payments work and how money can be moved via cellular
phones:318
• A stored value card or prepaid debit card and prepaid cell phone is purchased
• The individual, using a free anonymous email account, then registers the prepaid cell
phone number and the amount on the stored value or prepaid debit card with the mpayment provider.
• The individual can now log on via cell phone and give the number of the mobile
phones to which the funds are to be transferred.
• The m-payment service provider then sends a text message to the receiver’s phone
for information on the destination of the money.
• The recipient now has the option to transfer the money to another stored value card
or a prepaid debit card and withdraw the funds from an ATM.

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•

Both parties can now throw away the cell phones and the stored value cards and
begin another transaction without detection.

Although m-payment service providers in the U.S. are considered money service businesses and
are required to register with the government, a majority fail to comply with the registration
requirements. A lack of safeguards against the abuse of m-payments, coupled with existing
security features and a lack of physical evidence for m-payments, suggests law enforcement will
encounter difficulties when attempting to detect or investigate suspect transactions. Further
complicating investigative efforts is the potential for anonymity through the use of false
identification information.
PayPal, an Internet payment service, is also being used by extremist and criminal entities to
facilitate money-laundering activities.319 Although PayPal is often overlooked as a money
laundering instrument, due to the perception that it is only used for making Internet purchases, it
not only allows individuals to make payments, but also to transfer funds. The introduction of
“PayPal Mobile” allows a user to link their cell phone to their PayPal account, thus allowing them to
transfer funds via PayPal Mobile.320

Intelligence Gaps
1. Which groups currently active in Virginia are experiencing the most success in
generating funds within the Commonwealth? Is this due to loyalty to the group or is it
reflective of innovation?
2. What impact, if any, is the current economic situation having on the overall success of
raising, concealing, or transferring funds from Virginia?
3. To what extent are low-tech measures, such as bulk cash smuggling, cash couriers,
and hawalas being used by international groups?
4. To what extent are technologically sophisticated measures, including internet and
mobile phone technology being used in Virginia at this time?
5. What is the prevalence of terrorism-linked mortgage fraud in Virginia?
6. Are any Virginia-based charities currently providing financial support to terrorist
entities, either intentionally or unintentionally? (Possible examples of unintentional
support include partnerships with local chapters of the American Red Cross,
community-based foundations, or interfaith organizations.)
7. Did any Virginia-linked individuals or groups donate to InterPal via the Facebook link
that was established in response to the January 2009 conflict in Gaza? Were
donations collected at anti-Israel rallies in Virginia diverted to operational funding for
HAMAS?
8. How much, if any, Medicaid Part D or other benefits fraud schemes in Virginia are
benefitting terrorist or extremist groups?

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Projections
The need for financial resources is a common denominator for almost every organized extremist
group. While smaller movements without aspirations for a physical attack may have modest needs
supported through member contributions, larger, more complicated groups can require significant
funding. The following projections are specific for Virginia, but include regional, national, and
international data.
Frequency – Likely to Increase – Groups with aspirations of conducting attacks may
need to conduct fundraising activities more frequently in order to achieve their goals
due to current economic conditions. The increased media attention of global conflicts in
areas of interest to international groups may also provide additional venues for
collection (as in recent rallies protesting Israel’s actions in Gaza).
Volume – Likely to Increase – Just as the frequency of fundraising activity will likely
increase in order to fulfill fundraising goals, criminal extremists may engage in larger
efforts to achieve the same ends.
Geographic extent – Remain Constant – It is likely that most groups will engage in
activities in familiar areas to reduce the risk of discovery; however, many of the groups
in Virginia would consider taking additional risks if the potential financial margins could
be attained
Sophistication – Likely to Increase – Technological advances that offer anonymity may
offer terrorist groups low risk methods of earning and moving monetary instruments at a
lower risk than ever before. Processes such as m-payments can help skirt SAR
reporting, while schemes involving benefit and mortgage fraud will continue to evolve
new methods for evading detection.
Also somewhat likely to increase is the creation and trafficking of counterfeit goods, as current
economic conditions may tempt more consumers to purchase known knockoffs. It is also important
to note that the past trend of cigarette smuggling from the Commonwealth may be impacted by
legislative efforts to raise taxes.

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Terrorism Tradecraft
Terrorism tradecraft identifies the latest tactics, techniques, and procedures used by terrorist and
extremists to plan, prepare, and carry out attacks. The table below shows a simplified model of the
terrorist attack cycle and the observable indicators that can be used by law enforcement to detect
and disrupt plots.

Table 7: Terrorist Attack Cycle and Interdiction Opportunities
Initial Planning
& Target
Acquisition

Pre-Operational
Surveillance

Supply
Acquisition

Operational
Rehearsal

Decide to conduct
an attack and
develop list of ideal
targets. This list is
refined through
preliminary
surveillance and
electronic scouting.

Collect security and
vulnerability data on
target through direct
observation, Internet
research, and
elicitation attempts.

Purchase, steal, or
obtain necessary
tools and weapons
needed to exploit
vulnerabilities found
during detailed
surveillance efforts.

Prepare for final
attack by conducting
practice runs with
required materials or
mapping routes to
detect possible
problems in attack.

Conduct the actual
physical, cyber, or
blended attack
against selected
target.

Purchase
Buying weapons,
components, or
supplies needed for
attack

Security Probes
Testing security
responses

Physical
Attacking people
and facilities

Route Mapping
Measuring,
mapping, or timing
entry or exit routes

Cyber
Attacking computer
assets

Surveillance
Collecting and recording information by
drawing diagrams, taking notes,
photographing or videotaping targets
Elicitation
Gathering assessment information
through casual or professional
conversation
Social Engineering
Conning legitimate system users into
providing information that helps a hacker
access to a computer system

Easiest to detect and disrupt attack
plans

Theft
Stealing uniforms,
vehicles, or
credentials
Forge
Cloning target IDs,
vehicles, or
documents used to
gain entry

Dry Runs
Practicing
approach and
attack techniques

Possible to detect and disrupt attack
plans

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Terrorist Attack

Blended
Attacking both
computer and
physical assets to
amplify damage

Response mode
only

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While the duration and complexity of the attack planning cycle is often linked to the sophistication
of the group, most plots involve the key elements of each phase. While analysis of ideological
motivations and historical analysis of attacks is useful, the key to detecting and disrupting attack
planning efforts is the recognition of observable behaviors. The techniques, tactics, and
procedures that represent terrorism tradecraft generally fall into one of the following categories:
•
•
•
•

clandestine communications procedures,
comprehensive information collection techniques,
surreptitious supply acquisition methods, and
effective deployment of personnel and weaponry

Although the focus of effort shifts as the terrorist attack cycle progresses, communications,
information collection, supply acquisition, and effective deployment concerns influence decision
making in each of the phases described below.

Initial Planning & Target Acquisition
Once the decision to conduct an attack is made, key individuals begin to define the scope of the
attack by identifying and collecting data on a number of desirable targets. The depth and detail of
the research varies with the group and the type of target selected. Targets meeting the objectives
of the group and which appear to have sufficient vulnerabilities are further scrutinized by the key
planning personnel. Planners can also engage in "electronic scouting" which makes use of search
engines to obtain pictures, maps, histories and sometimes even satellite or street-level images of
their targets. In most cases, open source research is supplemented by preliminary surveillance
efforts in order to determine the most appropriate target.321

Pre-Operational Surveillance
In the Pre-Operational Surveillance phase, details involving personnel, attack tactics, and incident
timing are determined. Plotters must conduct additional surveillance, initiate logistic support, and
assemble the attack team in order to make these decisions. These activities involve observable
behaviors that increase the likelihood of detection.322 In addition to detailed surveillance efforts,
information collection efforts may include elicitation of information by cell members posing as
tourists or customers, as well as potential infiltration or even intrusion attempts. 323

Supply Acquisition
During the Supply Acquisition phase, communication in the form of phone calls or Internet traffic
increases, as does the movement of group funds and members. The acquisition of supplies can
include weapons or weapons components, ranging from firearms and explosives to precursor
chemicals, biological agents, or radiological materials. In addition to weapons, however, supplies
such as credentials, uniforms, or vehicles that enable access to secure facilities can be acquired
through theft or forgery.

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Operational Rehearsal
Rehearsals of the attack may be conducted in order to improve the odds of success and to develop
contingencies. Dry runs may involve both cell members, as well as unwitting bystanders, to test
target reactions as well as test security measures. Typical rehearsal actions include deployment to
target area, preliminary equipment, or weapons performance, and escape routes. Tests in the
target area may be conducted to confirm information from earlier surveillance efforts in order to
detect any physical or procedural changes. One of the primary benefits of conducting a dry run is
the opportunity to expose the strengths and weaknesses in an attack plan, allowing for adaptation
of initial planning efforts.324

Terrorist Attack
In the deployment stage, the attackers will leave their safe houses to collect and assemble any
weapons and improvised explosive devices and form assault teams. If counterterrorism and law
enforcement personnel have not stopped them by this point, the terrorists will conduct the attack
with little chance of disruption by law enforcement.325 Members of an attack cell will likely still carry
out their plan at this point, even if part of the attack cell has been interdicted. In the December
2004 attack on the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Saudi intelligence and anti-terrorism
forces disrupted one of two attack cells. Not only did the second group still attack the target, but it
also appeared they might have been unaware that their colleagues had been apprehended.326

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
Terrorist groups, especially international groups and movements, continue to research new
methods for attacking targets of interest, and have shown innovation in response to
countermeasures. Among the predominant tactics, techniques, and procedures employed in
attacks are:
•

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and vehicle borne improvised explosive devices
(VBIEDs) can create mass confusion and fear as well as generate highly destructive
forces.327

•

Radio-controlled model aircraft (RCMA) equipped with explosives continue to
generate interest. The toy and hobby industries provide an array of relatively
inexpensive RCMA that terrorists could adapt, but DHS and the FBI have no current,
credible intelligence indicating terrorist intent to use this delivery tactic in the U.S.328

•

Impersonation or cloned vehicles, including vehicles camouflaged with corporate or
charitable logos or emergency response markings and equipment that provide the
appearance of having legitimate access to restricted areas, provide an opportunity to
conduct surveillance or launch an attack.329

•

Multipronged attacks utilizing low tech, small arms weaponry represent the most
likely means of attack by homegrown extremists, as they may not have the expertise
to create or stockpile the materials for an IED or VBIED.330
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•

Suicide bombing is used often overseas; while possible in the U.S., it is important to
note that traditional suicide bombings by terrorist groups are not a solitary endeavor,
but require extensive support systems. If this tactic were to be employed in the U.S.,
it would most likely be used by a lone wolf perpetrator.331

•

Key figures in the terrorist group involved in the coordinated shooting attacks in
Mumbai, India in November 2008 were equipped with BlackBerry devices enabling
them to monitor news even after the authorities turned off power. 332 The availability
of news updates from live TV streams and micro-blogging Internet sites like Twitter
is thought to have given the hostage takers an advantage. Some of these updates
were coming from individuals located where the events were taking place.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Despite differences in ideology and intended actions, all terrorist and extremist groups consider
conducting attacks in furtherance of their goals. In Virginia, domestic movements such as
anarchists and environmental or animal rights extremist groups show the greatest innovation.
Recent activity involving the group Anonymous has been the subject of several VFC reports.
Characterized as loosely affiliated cells of activists, Anonymous communicates via Internet
message boards and networking websites. The group also uses forums in which they target
individuals by engaging in cyber attacks and has been affiliated with white powder incidents.

Domestic Incidents
Potential surveillance activity around critical infrastructure facilities and assets are reported across
the U.S. on a daily basis. While many reports tend to focus on suspicious activity around ports,
bridges, and refineries, most incidents involve photography and videotaping incidents from vehicles
in publicly accessible areas. Although many of these instances are ultimately determined to be
innocuous, it is important to note that a significant number cannot be investigated due to a lack of
identifying information. Actual surveillance efforts can be disguised as tourist-related photography
or efforts to test settings on equipment.www

www

(OS) Al-Qa’ida affiliate Dhiren Barot planned to attack a number of financial industry targets in the U.S. while
also planning to use limousines packed with explosives in the underground parking lots of London hotels and train
stations. Barot and his associates had also discussed using a radioactive dirty bomb in planned attacks
(Associated Press: British Terror Plotter Gets Life in Prison, November 7, 2006).

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Virginia
No credible, current intelligence exists that indicates individuals are utilizing websites on the
Internet for pre-operational surveillance on Virginia targets. However, the Internet has allowed
operatives to search seemingly benign websites for crucial information that when presented alone
is of no risk, but when coupled with other information can provide abundant information on possible
targets. Numerous sites exist that could provide information for use in future attacks on critical
infrastructure or that could pose significant vulnerabilities for law enforcement and homeland
security personnel and/or operations.xxx
Incidents regarding possible surveillance activities remain the primary terrorism tradecraft related
reports received by the Virginia Fusion Center.333 Although the bulk of reporting is received from
Hampton Roads area bridges and tunnels, incidents involving military facilities or assets and
airports are also noted. Incidents of potential note include:
•

Suspicious photography of military aircraft/airfield in Norfolk334

•

Possible incident of impersonation in which an individual attempted to purchase
military vehicle decal to allow entry onto a military base without being stopped and
inquired about retired military bumper stickers in Hampton.335

•

Possible Surveillance incidence in which Ishmael Elbarasse was arrested in
Maryland after being reported for videotaping the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel in
August 2004. 336 Elbarasse, a resident of Annandale, Virginia, has been listed as an
unindicted co-conspirator in the Holy Land Foundation trial as well as a coconspirator in an indictment of Muhammad Sala, Abdelhaleem Ashqar and Mousa
Abu Marzook.337

•

Possible Security Probe in which an unidentified male approached a lobby
receptionist of a Fairfax corporation with numerous government and public safety
contracts claiming to be a Verizon technician. The subject stated he required access
to communication closets, then proceeded to ask questions about the company’s
network and communications infrastructure. The company’s Network Operations
Group was contacted to determine if there were scheduled visits. The subject failed
to produce a Verizon company badge and work order when requested and departed
the facility. 338

xxx

(LES) Some examples include: Virginia Places: This is an extensive website that features links to critical
infrastructure throughout Virginia; Flikr: A photo-sharing website that has images of critical infrastructure
throughout Virginia, including images of the naval bases and bridges. This site could also be used to exchange
high quality photos with other individuals; and The Google Earth Community Forum: This forum allows individuals
to discuss images from Google Earth. The forums include military installations, transportation infrastructure, and
other important infrastructure in Virginia. (VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-55: Potential Use of Websites Containing
Virginia Information as a Tool for Pre-Operational Surveillance, July 17, 2007)

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•

Suspicious Activity reporting received via the Terrorism Hotline regarding suspicious
activity by 15 occupants of an Alexandria apartment complex. According to the
complainant, one of the occupants receives regular suspicious UPS shipments of a
heavy box and that the occupants have been observed with many laptop computers
and long sheets of paper, which might be blueprints.339

•

Possible Security Probe reported by an employee of the Marine Container Terminal
Facility in Portsmouth; the employee noted that two males approached him and
asked to come inside and look around. The subjects were told they could not come
inside the facility at which point they left the area.340

Other reported incidents that match possible terrorism tactics, techniques, and procedures include
the loss or theft of public safety or private security credentials, uniforms, or vehicles. The loss or
theft of other goods such as explosives used in excavation operations, tanker trucks carrying fuels,
and shipments of missing chemicals which can be used to create large impact weapons have also
occurred in Virginia in 2007.341 Although no linkages have been found to any of these instances to
date, the potential acquisition of such materials could be a component of a cell’s attack plan.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Are there subjects in Virginia with the knowledge, skills or ability to carry out terrorist
attacks in the Commonwealth?
2. What new technologies could be used to enhance terrorist operational capabilities?
3. Should another international terrorist attack occur in the U.S., what are the most likely
methods of attack?
4. What are the recent terrorism tradecraft trends in domestic terrorist operations? How
are they causing damage and what are they targeting?
5. What are the most likely mechanisms international, domestic, or homegrown terrorist
groups or cells might use to train for a terrorist attack?
6. Are there individuals in Virginia that have participated in the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq,
Chechnya, Kosovo and other areas that may have received terrorist training?
7. Do individuals in Virginia who have been associated with Islamic extremism have
access or have expressed an interest in procuring materials that could be used in
targeting the U.S. or U.S. interests? What measures are in place with private entities
to report this information to law enforcement in Virginia?
8. Have individuals identified with ties to terrorism attempted to conduct surveillance on
any key facilities in Virginia, including tourist attractions, financial centers, large public
attractions, mass transportation or airport facilities?

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Projections
Virginia law enforcement will continue to encounter individuals that are possibly conducting initial
target planning and secondary pre-operational surveillance. Barring increased media attention or
specific intelligence community warnings, it is unlikely that Virginia will see a significant change in
reporting regarding the frequency, volume, geographic extent, or sophistication of potential
terrorism tactics, techniques, and procedures. Unless the individuals conducting the surveillance
are identified by field personnel, it will not be possible to assess possible connections to terrorist
activities. Even then, surveillance-like activities can often be veiled as curious tourists taking
pictures of unusual critical infrastructure or unique sights, such as U.S. Naval warships docked in
Newport News. Virginia law enforcement must also be ready to respond quickly to calls regarding
suspicious surveillance due to the potential deterrence effect created by the subject’s risk of
identification or confrontation. Such efforts can help identify and interdict groups attempting to
move beyond the pre-operational phase.

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Terrorist Use of Technology
The extremist use of technology trend includes the development or
exploitation of systems, applications, or devices to further the
objectives of the cell or group. Exploited technology is being used to
connect and influence people (prospects, members, and enemies) and
to acquire and manage logistics (funding, supplies, and equipment).
Increased connectivity and interactive applications allow international
and domestic groups to communicate with each other anonymously
with little risk of detection. Technological assets, namely the Internet,
allow a medium for connectivity for extremist organizations to recruit
supporters from a range of geographic locations. These assets have
also been an effective means by which to disseminate propaganda, radical inspiration, training
materials, and to facilitate terrorist operations.yyy These networks have also exploited devices such
as cellular phones to generate or move funds or assets on behalf of the group.
Intelligence has shown that terrorist and criminal groups will weigh potential gains against costs in
operational capabilities when choosing to adopt, develop, or exchange new technologies. In an
effort to advance their technological resources, terrorist organizations are increasingly focusing on
recruiting individuals with technological skills.zzz These groups have also demonstrated an interest
and proficiency in methods used to communicate among supporters and will likely continue to
focus on leveraging existing technology to continue to achieve their objectives.
The terrorist use of technology trend includes the development or exploitation of systems,
applications, or devices so as to further the objectives of the cell or group. The two primary
categories of utilization covered in this section are to connect and influence people (prospects,
members, and enemies) and acquire and manage logistics (funding, supplies, and equipment).
The use of technology in the actual planning or commission of an attack (cyber, physical, or
blended) is considered as a part of terrorism tradecraft.
The primary uses for technology, outside of the terrorist attack cycle, include connecting and
influencing people and acquiring and managing logistics. Increased connectivity and interactive
applications not only increase the ability for group members to share ideas and information, but
yyy

(OS) Terrorist groups actively use web forums and social networking sites to disseminate messages to target
audiences, including recipes and instructions for the manufacture and detonation of explosives, which have been
constructed by leveraging existing technology. They have also exploited technology, including digital media
devices and cellular phones, to gather, conceal, and further circulate materials which espouse extremist ideology
or information regarding pre-operational surveillance or related activity. (RAND: Sharing the Dragon’s Teeth:
Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of New Technologies, 2007)
zzz

(OS) This technological knowledge focuses on chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
technologies as well as technical expertise in remote detonation technology and improvised explosives devices
(RAND: Sharing the Dragon’s Teeth: Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of New Technologies, 2007).

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they also afford groups the opportunity to reach large numbers of prospective supporters from a
range of geographic locations. In addition to connecting networks of like-minded people, terror and
extremist groups have also used technological assets to disseminate messages against ‘target’
audiences. These networks can then be leveraged, either through commonly used applications
such as Ebay or PayPal, or devices such as mobile phones to generate or move funds or supplies
on behalf of the group.

Potential Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
The primary law enforcement concern regarding the use of technology by terror and extremist
groups is officer safety. Simple and affordable options for conducting surveillance and counter
surveillance efforts are becoming more commonplace; the ability to use Global Positioning System
(GPS) tracking, cell phones, and other devices to monitor law enforcement or security measures,
especially when combined with Internet searches, creates a significant vulnerability for law
enforcement personnel. Given the definition for this trend, anticipated impact on infrastructure
assets is not significant, as the intention of terrorists and extremists is to avoid detection and
disruption. The most important impact would likely be the economic impact to the Banking/Finance
sector due to losses caused by fraudulent activity or alternative money transfer methods.

Potential Threat Group(s)
By their very nature, individuals belonging to terror or extremist groups have a need or desire to
communicate which is often facilitated through electronic means. Typically, larger, more
established groups display higher levels of sophistication due to greater financial resources and
the likelihood of members with specialized knowledge. Advanced technological knowledge and
skills are also common within groups that have a strong presence of college-aged members,
regardless of their core ideology.

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Internet
Internet technology has emerged as the preferred medium for extremist
communication and is increasingly being exploited to assist terrorists in achieving
their goals. The Internet is used to recruit and radicalize supporters to play a more
active role in support of terrorist activities or causes.aaaa Both international and
domestic groups have provided online membership applications and pledge forms
which may be filled out and submitted by would-be members. Some groups also
solicit funds on their websites through donations as well as the sale of various
items, including publications and audio and visual media.bbbb Extremist groups also
actively use web forums, blogs, and social networking sites such as YouTube,
MySpace, IslamTube, Google Video, and Twitter to post hate videos and games,
motivational speeches, and other propaganda via blogs and emails, which espouse extremist
ideology and perspectives. These networking venues have also been used to deliver near real-time
information online and to cellular phones,cccc suggesting evolving tactics that represent significant
vulnerabilities for law enforcement personnel as well as have national security implications.

aaaa

(OS) Some experts maintain that the Internet is a key tool for the training and recruitment of terrorists and
may be replacing traditional terrorist training with cyber training (FOX News: U.S. Lawmakers Take Aim at
Homegrown Terrorist Threat, August 7, 2008).
bbbb

(OS) Al-Qa’ida raises funds by the siphoning of funds from donations intended for Muslim charitable
organizations. Many charitable websites have PayPal accounts where monies may be donated with ease. These
funds are then used by terrorist organizations to carry out operations. Other groups, namely white nationalist
groups, raise funds through the sale of periodic publications and DVDs/CDs.

cccc

(OS) Twitter was used as a counter-surveillance, command and control, and movement tool by activists at the
Republican National Convention. The activists would tweet (send messages to) each other and their Twitter
pages to add information on what was happening with law enforcement near real-time (304th MI Bn OSINT Team:
Sample Overview: Al-Qa’ida-Like Mobile Discussions and Potential Creative Uses, October 16, 2008).

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Table 8: How Websites Support Objectives of Terrorist/Extremist Groups342
Terrorist/Extremist
Objectives

Tasks Supported by Websites

Web Features

Enhance
Communications

Composing, sending, & receiving
messages
Searching for messages, information, &
people
One-to-one, one-to-many
communications
Maintaining anonymity

Synchronous (chat, video conferencing, etc) &
asynchronous (email, bulletin board, forum,
newsgroups)
GUI (Graphic User Interface)
Help function
Feedback form
Log-in
Email address for web master, organization
contact

Increase
Fundraising

Publicizing need for funds
Providing options for collecting funds

Payment instruction and facilitation
E-commerce application
Hyperlinks to other resources

Diffuse Propaganda

Posting resources in multiple languages
Providing links to forums, videos, & other
groups’ websites
Using websites as an online
clearinghouses for statements from
leaders

Content management
Hyperlinks
Directory for documents
Navigation support
Search features and browsable links
Free website hosting
Accessibility

Increase Publicity

Advertising groups’ events, martyrs,
history, ideologies
Providing group’s interpretation of the
news

Downloadable files
Animated & flashy banner, logo, slogan
Clickable maps
Information resources (e.g., international news)

Overcome
Obstacles from Law
Enforcement &
Military

Send encrypted messages via email,
forums, or post on websites
Move websites to different servers so
that they are protected

Anonymous email accounts
Password protected or encrypted services
Downloadable encryption software
Email security
Stenography

Provide
Recruitment &
Training

Hosting martyr stories, speeches, and
multimedia that are used for recruitment
Using flashy graphics to appeal to
sympathizers
Build massive & dynamic online libraries
of training resources

Interactive services (e.g. games, cartoons,
maps)
Online registration process
Directory
Multimedia (e.g. videos, audios, images)
FAQ, alerts
Virtual community

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Mobile Phones
According to a U.S.-based wireless service provider, 90% of prepaid
cellular phones purchased in quantities of three or more at once in
2005 were not activated, totaling nearly 60,000 phones.343 Although
many prepaid cellular phone providers have asked retailers to limit
customer purchases of the phones and they are pursuing legal actions
regarding the altering and reselling of phones as legitimate handsets,
there exist numerous instances of bulk cell phone purchases and the
theft of these items nationwide.dddd A great deal of conjecture has
arisen regarding the noted activities, as advances in mobile phone
technology have been used surreptitiously in the planning, financing,
and commission of terrorist attacks.eeee Cellular phones are also
becoming a significant means of dispersing terrorist propaganda. Multimedia clips in the form of
audio, video, text, and photos may be downloaded onto mobile phones and some terrorist
organizations are branding phones with a specific cell phone interface, making the phone a piece
of propaganda.344
While some reports indicate that the phones are being used in the construction of improvised
explosive devices (IEDs) or illicit money transfers, other intelligence information maintains that the
purchases are being made solely for profit.345 Although the purchases may not be directly linked to
any terrorist operational planning activities, profits from their resale may provide financial support
for some criminal or terrorist networks, including those overseas, thus demonstrating causes for
concern. Additional concern relates to suspicious bulk prepaid cellular phone purchases that have
not been resolved.ffff

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center continues to receive reports of bulk prepaid cell phone purchases occurring
dddd

(OS) Trac Fone Wireless, Inc. is currently suing the U.S. Copyright Office for exemption from a recent ruling
that allows handsets to be unlocked, whereby all of the electronic information is removed from the handset. (Trac
Fone Wireless Petition for Exemption; Associated Press: Cell Phone Makers Fight Resales, September 11, 2006);
CNET Reviews: A Quick Guide to Unlocked Phones, October 10, 2007)
eeee

(OS) Prepaid cellular phones allow the user to pay-as-you-go, replenish the account in the form of cash or a
calling card, and can be cancelled at anytime without penalties, rendering them very difficult to trace. These
factors provide the user with relative anonymity, thereby making these types of phones attractive to those
individuals engaged in illegal activities.

ffff

(OS) In August 2006, two men from Dearborn, MI were arrested in Ohio. The men admitted to purchasing over
600 phones in the Mid-Ohio Valley over a few weeks time and claimed to sell the chips in the phones for a five
dollar (per phone) profit. Law enforcement officials recovered twelve prepaid cell phones, $11,000, and addresses
for Wal-Mart stores in NC and SC. They also possessed instructions on how to obtain airline passenger lists,
details about security checkpoints, and airline manifests in their vehicle. The two were charged with violations of
State Terrorism Laws. The charges were later dropped; however, they still faced charges for obstruction of justice
for lying to police. (Associated Press: FBI: No Terror Ties to Men in Cell Phone Case, August 14, 2006)

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at retail locations throughout the Commonwealth, to include Wytheville, Marion, South Boston,
Danville, Galax, and Pulaski County.346 Individuals of Middle Eastern and Russian descent are
primarily making the bulk purchases of cell phones; however, Caucasian and African-American
individuals in southwest Virginia have reportedly been solicited to make the purchases in an effort to
circumvent suspicion and store policies limiting such purchases. In some instances, individuals have
visited multiple retail locations and may have attempted to conceal their identities by making purchases
with cash or gift cards. Additionally, after being told of a maximum store limit, individuals have also
purchased the allowed amount and returned on several occasions to purchase more phones; others
have solicited passersby to purchase phones on their behalf. Additionally, employees of hotel chains
in Northern Virginia have reported large amounts of prepaid cell phone packaging and phone
chargers being left in rooms by occupants.347 This is not only an indication that individuals are
traveling to Virginia to purchase phones, but it is an indication that the phones are probably being
shipped overseas as the chargers are not usable outside of the U.S.

Portable Digital Music Players
The VFC has received information regarding the potential use of
portable Digital Music Players (DMP) as a medium for the covert
transportation of criminal-related material with limited detection.
This was evident recently when the Internal Revenue Service
retrieved extensive financial records from the iPod of a moneylaundering target. Investigators uncovered massive amounts of
business records stored on the suspect’s iPod, which he carried
on his person from Florida to the Caribbean.gggg Criminals have
also stored information on stolen identities and contact information of criminal associates on
iPods.348 There are also reports of these devices being used to transport terrorist propaganda and
to store audio, video, graphics, or text files.
Podcasting is the distribution of audio or video files over the
Internet for listening on personal computers and other portable
digital media players.hhhh The media files for podcasting are
typically associated with music, but can be any audio, including
spoken-word books and educational content. Podcasting provides
similar challenges for regulators, as the information is widely
accessible on the Internet and could be exploited as a
communication tool by terrorist groups349 Since the Australian
gggg

(LES) MP3 players, cellular phones, and digital cameras can all be easily utilized to carry data beyond their
initial design, including criminal data (Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Financial Operations;
Connecticut Intelligence Center Weekly Intelligence Briefing: Another Use for IPods, March 30, 2007).
hhhh

(OS) While the term podcast comes from the iPod, it applies to other portable digital media players (Tom
Worthington Communications: Podcasting Policy and Terrorism, March 26, 2006).

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government recently banned Podcasting, this trend could be cause for concern.

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received little reporting on this trend; however, it remains a viable
concern. According to the Virginia Department of Corrections (DOC) and Virginia Department of
Juvenile Justice, digital media devices are banned items for detainees.iiii In addition, access to
computers and other equipment where CDs or other data storage devices are used by DOC
inmates is done so in a controlled environment, suggesting the use of DMPs by a susceptible
population to radicalization is limited.

Intelligence Gaps
1. How are terrorists exploiting technology to achieve their goals in Virginia?
2. How technologically advanced are foreign or domestic terrorist organization that may
be located in Virginia?
3. Are these organizations using technology for recruitment or fundraising efforts?
4. Are any foreign or domestic terrorist organizations planning to use technology in an
attack in Virginia?
5. Are the funds from prepaid cell phone purchases and resales being used to finance
terrorism?
6. Are there any extremist Islamic websites/blogs hosted by individuals located in
Virginia?
7. Are any Virginia residents using the Internet for recruitment on behalf or terrorist
entities?
8. Are there reported instances of individuals attempting to transport radical material via
portable storage devices into Virginia correctional facilities? If yes, are they identified?

Projections
The use of technology by terrorists and extremists is forecasted to increase in each of the areas
evaluated – frequency of use, volume of utilization, geographic distribution, and sophistication. Not
only is technology itself advancing rapidly, but individuals and groups with nefarious intentions are
also displaying innovation in applying programs, devices, and capabilities to meet the
communications needs of the group.

iiii

(LES) The DOC indicated that inmates are allowed to purchase or receive CDs or other storage media provided
it is shipped directly from the manufacturer and is in original packaging. Music and other CDs must be derived
from a list of approved materials. Nothing inciting violence or containing obscenities or radical materials are
accessible to inmates; anything that might be questionable is reviewed by a special panel.

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Recruitment & Radicalization
Terror and extremist groups generally seek to increase support for their cause through the
recruitment of potential new members. Recruitment can occur through a variety of avenues
involving personal contact, Internet correspondence, or institutional affiliation. Although recruitment
is a typical part of many extremists’ radicalization journey, it is not necessarily a prerequisite for
radicalization.jjjj A number of products have been released since 2006 highlighting current
hypotheses regarding recruitment and radicalization, but all agree that the two key areas of
consideration include the recognition of radicalization nodes and the radicalization process.
According to a DHS assessment, radicalization in the U.S. is a complex and dynamic process with
no single “pathway to radicalization.”350 While the study showed the radicalization process varies
based on ideological, ethnic, and religious constructs, as well as differences based on geographic
and socio-economic conditions, similarities have emerged in the key nodes that drive the
radicalization process. One of the national-level preliminary key findings of this study noted that
prison radicalization is a growing problem in various regions, not only for radical Islamic groups,
but also for traditional domestic extremists. Other findings of significance include the potential
increase of ‘lone wolf’ radicalization across all types of groups, and the emergence of ‘rites of
passage’kkkk as a general precursor node to operational activity. The table below highlights the
major nodes utilized by different movements within the U.S.

jjjj

DHS Office of Intelligence & Analysis (I&A) working definition hypothesizes radicalization as the process of
adopting an extremist belief system, including the willingness to use, support, or facilitate violence, as a method to
effect societal change.

kkkk

(FOUO) DHS I&A defines rites of passage as anything an individual does to move from passive to active
support of an extremist ideology (e.g., participating in paramilitary training in preparation for violent actions in the
name of an ideology, religious training/immersion overseas, participating in a violent domestic extremist protest,
etc.). Rites of passage often are undertaken to solidify an individual’s membership in a group. This has been
documented across all types of actor groups (see chart).

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Key Radicalization Nodes in Radical U.S. Movements351
Islamic Extremism

White
Supremacists

Right/Left Wing
Extremists

Single Issue
Extremists

Charismatic Leader

X

X

X

X

Internet

X

X

X

X

Prisons

X

X

Propaganda

X

X

X

X

Religious
Institutions

X

Rite of
Passage

X

X

X

X

University Student
Organizations

X

X

X

X

NODE

DHS definitions for these radicalization nodes are:
•

•

•

Charismatic Leader - Radicalization is facilitated by charismatic leaders, often an
R-1 religious visa holder who is linked to the larger extremist community through
affiliations with radical Islamic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), extremist
groups, or state sponsors.352
Internet - The virtual arena allows vulnerable individuals from around the world to
discuss Islamic doctrine. Radicalization is encouraged both directly through chat
rooms and bulletin boards and indirectly through inflammatory speeches, videos,
and other extremist propaganda. Online forums allow individuals to self-recruit and
enable Islamic extremists to identify and cultivate potential recruits.353
Prisons - Most cases of prison radicalization and recruitment appear to be
originated by domestic radical Islamic groups with few or no foreign connections.
Identified groups include Jamiyyat Ul Islam Is Saheeh, Dar-Ul, and Muslims of
America. Attempted prison radicalization and recruitment occurs in isolated cases or
small, regional clusters by contractors, volunteers, compromised tenured staff
imams, as well as by radicalized inmates.354

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•

•

•

•

Propaganda - Islamic extremists use propaganda including radical literature and
extremist translations and interpretations of the Qur'an, DVD's, and videos in the
media, at rallies, and in mosques to advance their agenda against the West.
Religious Institutions - Charismatic imams may use hate-filled literature and
sermons in mosques, religious schools, universities, and prisons to indoctrinate their
congregation.355
Rites of Passage – Rites of passage can include shared experiences with other
believers or individual expressions, such as becoming alienated from one’s former
life; joining or forming a group of like-minded individuals in a quest to strengthen
one’s dedication to Salafi Islam, giving up cigarettes, drinking, gambling, and urban
hip-hop gangster clothes; wearing traditional Islamic clothing; growing a beard; and
becoming involved in social activism and community issues.356
University Organizations - Student-led Muslim associations in the U.S. that include
militant members may serve as recruitment channels.357

The path to radicalization appears to be largely, though not solely, a group phenomenon, with
friends deciding to join the jihad together rather than as isolated individuals. It also appears that
homegrown jihadi transition from an individual devotion to Islamic beliefs into a network of friends
who bond through a shared radicalization experience which gradually transforms the group into a
cell.358
Once individuals become interested in the radical cause, they may begin, either intentionally or
unintentionally, the radicalization process. As noted in a NYPD radicalization report, each of the
phases has unique attributes. It is also important to note that many of the individuals who begin
this process do not complete each phase; many individuals who begin will stop or abandon the
process long before reaching the violence threshold.359 It is also important to note that despite the
logical and sequential basis for the model shown in the table below, not all individuals who undergo
this process complete each phase in a linear fashion.

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Key Radicalization Nodes in Radical U.S. Movements360

Impact for Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure
Officer safety is the primary law enforcement concern regarding recruitment and radicalization by
terror and extremist groups. While many radicalized individuals attempt to avoid confrontations
during interaction with law enforcement, the potential for violence is possible, especially with a
newer convert anxious to demonstrate their willingness to fight for the cause. Although most terror
and extremist groups by their very nature dislike interaction with authority figures, separatist type
groups may be more likely to provoke law enforcement officers.
The primary threats to critical infrastructure regarding terror and extremist group recruiting and
radicalization is to Government facilities/Military installations. In addition to the ongoing threat of
recruitment and radicalization by gangs and terror groups in correctional facilities, the VFC is
aware of nationwide activities suggesting that groups and movements may be attempting to recruit
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military members. Other reports suggest these groups may be attempting to infiltrate military and
law enforcement organizations in hopes of collecting intelligence on government activities.
Although this technique is emphasized in online jihad encyclopedias and training manuals, little
evidence of success within the U.S. has been noted.361

Islamic Extremism
Islamic radicalization activity is occurring within small subsets of Sunni and Shia communities.362
DHS has identified a wide range of groups that serve as radicalizing agents, including the Muslim
Brotherhood, HAMAS, Jama’at Tabligh, black separatist groups, blended or unorthodox Islamic
extremist groups, various domestic extremist groups, and Saudi-influenced or Iranian proxy nongovernmental organizations. Islamic radicalization occurs in all venues and nodes, including
‘storefront’ and ‘basement’ mosques, prisons, tangible and virtual propaganda, and through the
Internet and university student organizations.
A NYPD radicalization report also details a number of less formal, but also likely venues, to include
cafes, cab driver hangouts, flophouses, prisons, student associations, nongovernmental
organizations, hookah (water pipe) bars, butcher shops, and bookstores.363 Rite of passage
experiences can range from actual attendance at a training camp, madrassa attendance, or
Dawahllll missionary work. Current DHS research suggests that a small number of radicalizing
mosques have a disproportionate influence upon an area’s Muslim population when compared to
the potentially moderating influence of mainstream mosques. While Islamic radicalization is
commonly seen as an urban issue in major cities, such groups also exist in smaller cities as well as
suburban and rural localities.

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has received limited reporting regarding potential recruitment and
radicalization activities by Islamic extremist groups or individuals. A few reports were received in
2007 regarding subjects who were stopped for traffic violations in the Hampton Roads or Northern
Virginia regions and subsequently found to have radical Islamic texts or recruiting materials, but no
information on consolidated recruitment efforts could be gained.364 In addition to these reports,
internal research suggests that potential radicalization in Virginia may be occurring in Islamic
halaqas, or study circles similar to those offered by Muslim Student Associations (MSA).365

llll

(OS) In Islam, Dawah means a call or invitation, and has been used to refer to a person being called to follow
Islam. However, it has developed into the idea of a mission or propaganda, either in a political or religious sense.

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Islamic Prison Radicalization
Islamic radicalization within prisons occurs predominantly among the minority inmate population
and those affiliated with gangs. The two primary radicalization nodes currently seen in prisons
include charismatic leaders and propaganda. Charismatic leaders can include religiously radical
inmates or clerics, contractors, and volunteers who serve prison populations as Muslim chaplains,
and who may advocate extremist Islamic ideologies to inmates throughout the prison. The
charismatic leader may also create or import radical propaganda into the prison while blocking
more moderate Islamic texts.
The FBI and DHS have noted that two types of
prison radicalization, basic and complex, can
occur.366
Inmates subjected to basic
radicalization receive general messaging,
rather than specific tasking, creating the
potential for lone wolf actors. Those subjected
to complex radicalization receive individual
follow-up,
creating
the
potential
for
recommendation to a specific cell upon
release. Reportedly, the Nation of Islam (NOI)
and affiliated black separatist groups generally
operate and recruit in prisons and share
radicalization methodologies that reinforce beliefs of “brotherhood of the oppressed” typical of
more conventional Islamic groups.367

Virginia
In 2007, a number of potential matches for watch listed subjects attempted to gain paid or
volunteer positions within correctional facilities.368 Recruitment and radicalization efforts were
conducted by an inmate at a Petersburg area federal correctional institute who clashed with and
subsequently issued his own fatwa against the institution’s imam.369 Personal correspondence
highlighting radical Islamic authors and concepts, notes about the author’s assault of two police
officers, and names of other ‘brothers’ in the system were found at a correctional facility in
Buckingham County.370 One report was also received regarding an individual with possible
terrorism ties visiting an inmate at a correctional facility in Greensville County.371

White Nationalist Radicalization
Individuals active within white nationalist organizations and groups may have overlapping
memberships, as the groups themselves often have similar ideologies. White nationalist beliefs
may center on concepts of racial identity, anti-Semitism, and/or nativism, with specific groups
sometimes forming around prison relationships. White nationalist groups sustain themselves on
criminal activity and membership contributions, and rely on nodes such as charismatic leaders,
prisons, propaganda regarding Christian identity or Nordic mysticism, and the Internet for
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bolstering membership. White nationalist groups are recruiting individuals who may be more apt
than their predecessors to commit acts of violence, including military veterans skilled in weapons
and tactics.372 FBI investigations suggest the white nationalist extremist movement is attracting
recruits who view illegal immigration and multiculturalism as attacks against the white race.373
As many white nationalists view themselves as patriots defending their own view of the U.S., this
form of extremism tends to have more members with military experience.374

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Virginia
White nationalist radicalization in Virginia takes place via Internet chat rooms, such as
Stromfront.org, as well as through propaganda distribution, rallies, and informal social gatherings.
Perhaps the most troublesome venue for white nationalist recruitment is the radicalization
occurring in correctional institutions, where members may initially turn to the movement for
protection.

Right/Left Wing Extremists Radicalization
Left wing extremist organizations are often identified as anarchist-type movements and generally
have few violent actors. Right wing extremist organizations, such as militia and sovereign citizen
movements, sometimes have a degree of overlap with white supremacist groups. Despite core
differences in ideologies, both movements manifest radicalization avenues or gateways, including
charismatic leaders, the Internet, university student organizations, propaganda, and rite of passage
experiences such as protests or rallies.

Virginia
Left and right wing extremist organizations in the Commonwealth exploit basic alienation from
mainstream society through closed social affinity groups, shared group experiences, and
propaganda distribution on the Internet. In correctional facilities, these individuals may seek
extremist group membership for protection. All of these methods involve a common strand,
divorcing the subject, as much as possible, from moderating influences and reinforcing the
extremist message built over the basic alienation.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been any recent attempts by suspected extremists to gain access to
Virginia correctional facilities and regional jail as employees, contractors or
volunteers?
2. Are chaplains at Virginia correctional institutions espousing messages of hate or
distributing extremist literature?
3. Which Virginia correctional institutions have inmates who are currently involved in
recruitment and radicalization?
4. Are terrorist group members visiting inmates at correctional facilities in Virginia in an
effort to recruit? If so, which facilities?
5. Which college universities in Virginia have existing organizations that espouse and
promote extremist ideology?
6. Are terrorist groups in Virginia engaging in paramilitary training? If so, which groups
and where?
7. What is the preferred recruitment method and process for extremist groups in Virginia?

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8. Are extremist groups in Virginia receiving paramilitary training overseas? If so, from
which countries?
9. To what extent is there crossover between domestic and international terrorist
organizations and/or between extremist groups and gangs? Is there any evidence to
suggest that these groups may forge an alliance based on political, ideological, or
religious affiliations?

Projections
Virginia is home to a wide range of individuals with ties to foreign nations embroiled in turmoil, U.S.
born citizens drawn to the concept of self-defense found in militias, extremists on both ends of the
political spectrum, and radicals with strong racial prejudices. Current events, such as the recent
election of an African-American president, military action in Gaza, the potential for change in gun
legislation, and economic difficulties will likely increase the potential for radicalization across all
measures – frequency, volume, geographic distribution, and sophistication.

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Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources
According to DHS’ 2007/2008 National Infrastructure Protection Plan, critical infrastructure is
defined as "assets, systems and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States
that the incapacity or destruction of such assets, systems or networks would have a debilitating
impact on security, national economic security, public health or safety, or any combination of those
matters".375 Current estimates suggest that roughly 85% of critical infrastructure/key resources
(CIKR) assets in the U.S. are privately owned, necessitating public and private partnerships for
effective CIKR protection.
The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) provides the coordinated approach to establish
national priorities, goals, and requirements for CIKR protection. It establishes a comprehensive
risk management framework and defines roles and responsibilities for the Department of
Homeland Security; Federal Sector-Specific Agencies; and other Federal, State, local, tribal, and
private sector security partners. The NIPP establishes the overarching concepts relevant to all
CIKR sectors, and addresses the physical, cyber, and human considerations required for effective
implementation of comprehensive programs.
The federal government asked each critical infrastructure sector to establish sector specific
information sharing organizations to share information, within each sector, about sector specific
threats and vulnerabilities. In response, many sectors established Information Sharing and
Analysis Centers to meet this need. Each ISAC is a trusted, sector specific entity which performs
the following functions:376
•
•
•
•
•

Provides a 24/7 secure operating capability that establishes the sector’s specific
information sharing/intelligence requirements for incidents, threats and
vulnerabilities;
collects, analyzes, and disseminates alerts and incident reports to it membership
based on its sector focused subject matter analytical expertise;
Helps the government understand impacts for its sector;
Provides an electronic, trusted capability for its membership to exchange and share
information on cyber, physical and all threats in order to defend the critical
infrastructure; and
Share and provide analytical support to government and other ISACs regarding
technical sector details and in mutual information sharing and assistance during
actual or potential sector disruptions whether caused by intentional, accidental or
natural events.

These partnerships between all levels of government and private sector owners help to ensure that
essential governmental missions, public services, and economic functions are maintained in the
event of a terrorist attack, natural disaster, or other type of incident. CIKR protection plans also

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endeavor to prevent the exploitation of CIKR elements for use as weapons of mass destruction
against people or institutions.

Resources for Law Enforcement
As CIKR assets represent likely targets for most terror or extremist groups, it is important for law
enforcement agencies to develop strong relationships and institutional knowledge of facilities in
their jurisdiction. While the bulk of CIKR related suspicious activity reports have no criminal or
terrorism nexus, informed responses to such calls for service represent a strong operational
opportunity for the detection and disruption of terrorist activity by law enforcement personnel.
The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program (NCIPP) identifies domestic infrastructure
that could critically affect the Nation's public health, economic, and/or national security; and the
Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI), which identifies similarly critical infrastructure
located outside the United States. The NCIPP is moving to a “List of Lists” approach to ensure the
infrastructure protection community has the right list on hand to execute its mission at any
geographic level, whether for risk or incident management purposes. This will be accomplished
through the creation of four groups of lists:
•
•
•
•

Tier 1 List;
Tier 2 List;
18 distinct Sector Lists; and
Individual State and Territory Lists

These lists will provide a tremendous resource to Federal, State, local, tribal and territorial partners
engaged in risk management decision making. The move to consistent, consequence-based
criteria for both Tier 1 and Tier 2 will help ensure that the results capture the true criticality of
infrastructure assets based on consequences of the infrastructure’s disruption. Sector List criteria
have been developed by national Sector Specific Agencies to reflect the unique qualities of assets
in each sector, while criteria for each State and Territory List will be developed by each state to
reflect the distinctive legal, economic, and geographic factors important to each jurisdiction.
Tier 1 Criteria
Those CIKR that, if disrupted, could result in at
least two of the following consequences:
• Greater than 5,000 prompt fatalities;
• Greater than $75 billion in first-year economic
consequences;
• Mass evacuations with a prolonged absence of
greater than 3 months;
• Severe degradation of the country’s national
security capabilities to include intelligence and
defense functions, but excluding military facilities.

Tier 2 Criteria
Those CIKR that, if disrupted, could result in at
least two of the following consequences:
•
•
•
•

Greater than 2,500 prompt fatalities;
Greater than $25 billion in first-year economic
consequences;
Mass evacuations with a prolonged absence of
greater than 1 month;
Severe degradation of the country’s national
security capabilities to include intelligence and
defense functions, but excluding military facilities.

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Current Sector List criteria are included in this product for each of the examined sectors to
facilitate discussions of criticality at the state and local level of government within the
Commonwealth.

Virginia
In Virginia, the Governor's Office of Commonwealth Preparedness (OCP) is responsible for
developing a list of Virginia’s critical infrastructure and key resources. As such OCP is working with
the Virginia Department of Emergency Management (VDEM), the Virginia Department of
Transportation (VDOT), the Virginia State Police (VSP) and other local, state federal and private
partners to identify, prioritize, assess, and protect Virginia's critical infrastructure and key
resources. OCP facilitated the Virginia Critical Infrastructure Protection and Resiliency Strategy
Plan (the Virginia Plan) in keeping with DHS's National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and
other pertinent documents and practices.
OCP has also established Regional Preparedness Advisory Committees (RPAC) throughout the
Commonwealth. The advisory groups focus on regional initiatives in training, equipment,
communication, and strategy to ensure ready access to response teams in times of emergency;
and to facilitate testing and training exercises for emergencies and mass casualty preparedness.
Membership for each RPAC includes representatives from emergency management, fire, law
enforcement, local government, the private sector, and institutions of higher learning.

Regional Preparedness Advisory Committees

Regional Preparedness Advisory Committees correspond to Virginia State Police Divisions

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Agriculture and Food Sector
Securing the national and state agriculture and food sector presents
unique challenges because agriculture and food systems are extensive,
open, interconnected, diverse, and complex structures providing
attractive potential targets for terrorist attacks. Due to the rapidity by
which food products move in commerce to consumers and the time
required for detection and identification of a causative agent, attacks
upon the Agriculture and Food sector– such as animal or plant disease
introduction or food contamination– could result in severe animal, plant,
or public health and economic consequences.
Protection efforts for agriculture and consumer infrastructure and resources focus on planning and
preparedness, as well as early awareness of an attack. Science-based surveillance measures are
essential to recognizing a possible attack on the sector so that rapid response and recovery efforts
can be implemented to mitigate the impact of an attack.

Sector List Criteria
Each State and Territory will use the Food and Agriculture Criticality Assessment Tool
(FASCAT), to identify the top five critical systems/subsystems within their State or Territory
based upon their weighted FAS-CAT scores. States may download FAS-CAT and
accompanying guidance documents and tutorials through FoodSHIELD

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Agroterrorism, defined as the deliberate introduction of a disease agent, into livestock, crops, or in to
the food chain, is a subset of bioterrorism. An agroterrorist attack would create not only health-related
damages, but could create significant cascading economic effects due to the potential impact on
interdependent sectors.
A wide range of terrorism tradecraft tactics, techniques, and practices are of interest within this sector.
While speculation regarding the potential use of crop dusters has focused on possible dissemination of
chemical or biological agents against people or the food chain, some attention has been given to the
potential use of such aircraft for surveillance activities. Another significant concern is the potential for
the acquisition of agricultural chemicals which can be acquired to construct explosive weapons like
those used in the Oklahoma City bombing or 1993 World Trade Center attacks. As the reporting of
suspicious agricultural supply purchases or theft is voluntary, effective relationships between retailers
and local law enforcement agencies remains one of the strongest avenues for recognizing unusual and
potentially dangerous activities.

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Potential Threat Group(s)
While international groups have attacked Food and Agricultural assets abroad, documents found at
al-Qa’ida training camps have listed the U.S. food supply as a top priority target.377 Deliberate
contamination to the Agriculture and Food sector by international terrorists would meet terrorist
objectives, including harming people, creating panic, and inflicting widespread economic damage.
Domestically, animal and environmental rights groups protesting the treatment of animals, the
planting of genetically engineered crops, or the harvesting of timber in contentious areas all
represent potential threats.

Domestic Incidents
In recent years, environmental and animal rights extremist groups have been primarily responsible
for the domestic threat facing the agriculture and food sector, as they have targeted farms,
research labs, and restaurants causing millions of dollars in damages. Recently, the greatest
focus of attention for these extremists has been experimental crop facilities and companies with
ties to biotechnical research facilities. Examples of such ecoterrorism include an act of arson by
ELF against the Michigan State University’s agricultural department on New Year’s Eve 2000 due
to its experimentation with biotechnology and crops, which resulted in nearly $1 million in
damages. Farmers throughout the U.S. have also been targeted, with ecoterrorists destroying
crops, stealing or freeing animals, and vandalizing farm equipment, which has also resulted in
thousands of dollars of damages. While most attacks orchestrated by ecoterrorists have been
limited to vandalism or theft and release of animals, it is important to note that such attacks have
resulted in millions of dollars in damages and have harmed the agricultural industry’s efforts to
grow and improve.378

Virginia
The Agriculture and Food sector in the Commonwealth provides food and clothing for people far
beyond state lines. This sector is almost entirely under private ownership and is composed of roughly
47,100 farms (as of 2007) covering over 8.62 million acres.379 Virginia’s Agriculture and Food sector
is the largest industry in Virginia, contributing billions of dollars to the Commonwealth’s economy
and providing 21.5% of overall employment in Virginia.380 Virginia is also host to a number of
agriculture colleges and universities.381 Although there have been no known incidents or suspicious
activity reported to the VFC relating to the Agriculture sector in Virginia, the Commonwealth has been
impacted by a number of significant nationwide food distribution recalls. While recalls for contaminated
products such as peanut butter, spinach, and Banquet frozen meals have affected individual
consumers, the February 2008 national beef recall affected several Virginia school systems.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Do any international or domestic terrorist organizations have plans to disrupt or attack
the agricultural sector in Virginia?
2. What additional information does local law enforcement or other local government
entities have regarding extremist efforts to target agricultural infrastructure within their
respective jurisdictions?
3. Have individuals or groups infiltrated or researched Virginia’s food system (i.e. farm to
fork continuum) and facilities with the intent to conduct a potential attack?
4. Have employees reported incidents of individuals asking questions about security
measures, farm equipment, animals, or crops?
5. Have facilities experienced any threats, thefts, animal releases or other types of
vandalism? If yes, what level of financial losses have resulted?
6. Have there been any reports of damage to Virginia farms, facilities, or adjacent
infrastructures? If so, have the perpetrators been identified or suspected of affiliation
with any terror or extremist groups?
7. Have employees reported any suspicious photography incidents of farms or facilities
and/or in the proximity of identified CIKR?
8. Have individuals attempted to gain unauthorized access to secure areas within the
agricultural infrastructure in Virginia?
9. Have any agricultural sector related facilities experienced the following:
1. Loss or theft of cultures, toxins, vaccines, and medications
2. Suspicious inquiries about obtaining agricultural pathogen samples
3. Suspicious activities at or near livestock feed lots, processing plants, or poultry
plants
4. Unusual increase in the numbers of sick or dying animals
5. Reporting of large crop or livestock losses and deaths unrelated to seasonal
climatic conditions
6. Unusual interest in the acquisition of vaccines and medications for a crop or
livestock disease
7. Individuals appearing at hospitals with unusual symptoms

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Projections
The threat of an attack targeting the agriculture industry in Virginia could be considered low as
there is no intelligence indicating any groups are planning to attack the agriculture industry in
Virginia. However, the economic impact an attack against Virginia’s agriculture industry would be
devastating and demonstrates a need for continued analysis.
Interest as target; Likely to Increase - From both an international terrorist and
domestic extremist perspective, an attack on Virginia's agriculture system would
likely cause economic devastation but not result in mass deaths. Recent attention
highlighting the salmonella outbreak could generate renewed interest.
Number of Virginia-based assets: Likely to Decrease -Virginia has reported growth
in many of the subsectors within the agriculture industry in recent years; the impact
of the current economic recession may cause a decrease in total assets in the short
to midterm.
Interdependencies: Forestry, Water Sector, Restaurant industry, Supermarkets,
Overseas Trade
This threat is highlighted as recent incidents throughout the U.S. signify groups’ willingness and
capabilities to conduct attacks against this infrastructure. In addition to international and domestic
terrorists, disgruntled employees could attack the food supply. The Virginia Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services is occasionally notified of regulatory violations by disgruntled
employees hoping to create difficulties for their employer. As observed with the current salmonella
outbreak associated with a single processing plant, even non-terrorist events can greatly impact
consumer confidence and produce measurable economic losses.

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Banking/Finance
Prior direct attacks and repeated public statements by terrorist
organizations demonstrate that the Banking/Finance sector continues to
represent a symbolic target of potentially high impact. This sector is
comprised of a wide variety of financial services firms, including banking
firms and credit unions, securities firms, insurance companies, credit card
companies, mortgage banking companies, financial services sector
utilities, financial services service bureaus, and a wide variety of industry-specific associations. In
addition to past physical and cyber threats from terrorists and extremists, large-scale power
outages and recent natural disasters have demonstrated the wide range of potential threats
confronting the Banking/Finance sector.

Sector List Criteria
1. Aggregate processors of wholesale funds transfer or securities and futures clearing,
transfer and settlement services;
OR
2. Primary dealers in the government securities market (Headquarters and/or Information
Technology Service Centers).

This sector does have an organized Information Sharing and Analysis
Council (ISAC). Originally organized to plan for Y2K continuity issues, the
FS-ISAC has over 4,200 direct members and 30 member associations.
Current data suggests that the FS-ISAC has the ability to reach 99% of U.S.
banks and credit unions, 85% of the securities industry, and almost 50% of
the insurance industry.382

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Traditional law enforcement interaction with this sector has primarily focused on response or
physical security efforts to reduce the incidence and success of robberies; financial services sector
leaders advise, however, that the cyber dimension poses an equal or greater vulnerability. Three
major trends of significant concern to this sector are terrorism tradecraft, including pre-incidence
indicators; terrorism financing, especially fraud and money laundering; and cyber-crime and cyberterrorism. In fact, some of the best existing evidence of pre-incident surveillance efforts are the
archived videos and sketches of Wall Street captured by al-Qa’ida operatives in April 2001.383

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Recent media reporting has warned that massive layoffs in the financial services sector over the
last few months have created a “ticking time bomb” in the financial services industry, putting
confidential consumer or corporate information at risk. Major security risks include:
•

Financial services firms have laid off nearly 170,000 employees since mid-2007, with
job losses expected to total 350,000 in mid-2009. In November, Citigroup announced
50,000 job cuts; the company is confronted with the need to close up to a million total
accounts for these terminated employees. mmmm

•

Employees can accumulate an average of 15 to 20 user accounts over the course of
employment, each of which can take three to five minutes to close manually upon
termination. Usernames and passwords pertaining to zombie accounts could be
shared or even sold to the highest bidder, giving cyber-criminals access to sensitive
information without the need for sophisticated hacking techniques.

•

A recent Cisco-sponsored survey of 2,000 employees and IT professionals reported
that one in 10 end-users had either stolen technology, accessed someone else’s
computer, stolen information and sold it, or knew of co-workers who did.
o In the case of Citigroup, this creates a pool of thousands of former employees
who could be inclined to steal information through zombie accounts.384
o Lending Tree reported that former employees who had access to zombie
accounts were illegally accessing mortgage applications and even selling user
names and passwords to mortgage lenders. The data breach harmed the credit
scores of numerous consumers and prompted several class-action lawsuits.

Potential Threat Group(s)
The primary groups and movements that have publicly declared threats against this sector are
predominantly international groups, such as “Electronic Jihad,” attacking the capitalist systems of
the West.385 Some domestic groups, particularly single-issue type organizations, have targeted the
financial institutions handling the accounts of their primary targets. The best-known example of
this behavior is the targeting of Bank of America by environmental groups.386 Domestically and
internationally, anarchists have also targeted Banking/Finance assets during high profile meetings
in which international monetary and development policies are developed to protest social,
economic, and political inequity.

Domestic Incidents
Domestic incidents involving attacks against financial services institutions within the past few years
have largely been the product of single actor events, although an identified southern California
bank was targeted in November 2007 by animal rights extremists using an improvised incendiary
mmmm

(OS) For Citigroup to close one million accounts manually, assuming an average of three minutes per
account, would require 50,000 man-hours, leaving Citigroup exposed to data theft for an extended period.

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device.387 In addition to physical targeting efforts by single issue and lone wolf extremists,
allegations of cyber threats, such as the 2006 Electronic Guantanamo Raid, have emerged from
groups such as Electronic Jihad.
The 2006 Electronic Guantanamo Raid was a series of planned attacks against American financial
websites. The plan was to target U.S. Internet-based stock market and banking sites in retaliation
for the holding of Islamists at the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. According to one Islamist
website, the attacks were cancelled because the banks had been warned by American media and
government agencies. The attacks were to be conducted in December until the “infidel new year,”
and attackers were to use viruses that could penetrate Internet sites and destroy data stored
there.388
An individual known as The Bishop sent a number of threatening letters and bomb-like devices to
financial firms in the Midwest from 2005 through 2007. The first threatening letters signed by the
Bishop were sent to financial institutions in 2005 and contained demands that specified stock
prices were to be raised to $6.66. The letters, which bore return addresses from a number of
Midwest cities, contained specific deadlines and threats of escalation. Despite the fact that these
deadlines were not met, no action was taken until two pipe bombs were mailed in January 2007.
The pipe bombs, mailed to a business in Kansas City and one in Denver that was accidentally
forwarded to Chicago, were missing critical components but were accompanied by typed letters
with additional demands and threats.389 On April 25, 2007, U.S. law enforcement agencies in
Dubuque, Iowa arrested The Bishop, who had been identified as a former postal worker.390
Current economic pressures also seem to be affecting threats against financial institutions. An
arrest was announced in early February 2009 regarding a series of threatening letters containing
white powder sent in October 2008. A man upset over losing more than $60,000 when the
government took over a failed bank has been arrested on charges alleging he mailed 65
threatening letters to financial institutions and federal regulatory offices in 12 states. Sixty-four of
the letters contained a white powder later identified as calcium carbonate, a major component of
blackboard; the 65th letter contained no powder but included a threat of the "McVeighing of your
corporate headquarters within six months.”391

Virginia
Although there have been limited incidents or suspicious activity reported to the VFC relating to the
Banking/Finance sector in Virginia, the high level of regulatory restraints and the regional nature of
branches in this sector complicate reporting. On June 9, 2008, a Richmond-based financial institution
reported an attempt to infect the institution’s computers via a “software as a service” style attack.392
The primary physical incident noted in 2007 involved a report from the Virginia Tech Police
Department that an on-campus Bank of America ATM machine was vandalized in an apparent
eco-terror attack. It is suspected that the perpetrators of the activity are members of the Mountain
Justice Summer activist group or an affiliate, but no conclusive evidence was found. "Funding
Coal, Killing Communities" stickers were posted and coal was dumped on the machine, but it was
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not rendered inoperable or inaccessible.393 It is important to note that the absence of other reports
concerning pre-incident indicators cannot be interpreted as a lack of incidents. As can be seen in the
linked al-Qa’ida surveillance tapes of Wall Street, individuals engaging in such behaviors may be
viewed as innocuous or be dismissed after providing a well-rehearsed cover story.
The Fifth District, which is headquartered in Richmond, VA, serves the District of Columbia,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and most of West Virginia.334 The Federal
Reserve Building is located in Richmond in the midst of other Virginia government buildings and
significant historical sites. The Virginia Fusion Center has received several reports of interest
concerning the Federal Reserve Building, including:
•

An individual was observed photographing the Richmond Federal Reserve Building as
well as Riverfront Plaza. When questioned, the individual claimed to be in Richmond
attending a conference in the area.335

•

An individual was observed taking pictures of the Federal Reserve Building and the
parking deck near the Federal Reserve Building.336

•

An individual walked onto Federal Reserve Property carrying two knapsacks and a cell
phone. The individual approached an officer and inquired if the location was the Federal
Reserve. The individual then claimed to be an employee of the bank and wanted to
approach the bank.337

•

Suspicious documents recovered from a VA DOC inmate contained newspaper articles
referencing the Federal Reserve.338

•

On April 1, 2008 and April 15, 2008, the Richmond Federal Reserve Building was a target
location for protests regarding a movement to abolish the Federal Reserve and the IRS,
and a revolution against American politics.339

As the Federal Reserve System is perceived to be a symbol of the American economy and its
location is near several points of interest, the Federal Reserve Building will continue to be the
focus of such activities.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been any suspicious attempts to elicit information concerning facility
operations?
2. Have there been any suspicious individuals taking extensive notes, photographing,
videotaping, or sketching the exterior or interior of facility or mobile surveillance by
cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats, or small aircraft?
3. Have there been any persons showing uncommon interest in security measures or
personnel, entry points or access controls, or perimeter barriers such as fences or
walls?
4. Has there been any suspicious activity by current or former employees that could pose
a threat to physical or cyber security?
5. Have there been attempts by foreign nationals to gain access or elicit information from
facility personnel?
6. Which environmentalist group poses the largest threat to Banking and Finance
facilities?

Projections
As the Banking/Finance sector often epitomizes the capitalist nature of Western society, it will likely
remain an attractive target. The threat of a physical attack targeting this sector in Virginia is low
given that the vast majority of financial services institutions are local branch or regional
administrative centers. The highest potential for impact in Virginia would be from a cyber attack
disabling systems or defrauding institutions. Financial institutions are seen as an increasingly
attractive target for cyber-terrorists due to the economic ripple effect such an attack would
create.394 Given the recent bank closures and layoffs within the financial services sector, the
potential for disgruntled employees to tamper with systems or sell confidential data is also a
significant risk that will likely increase.
Another potential scenario is the illicit accessing of Banking/Finance sector computer systems for
the purpose of extortion. In such instances, financial institutions suffer a security breach and then
receive threats from the intruders that the attack and subsequent loss of data security will be
publicly announced unless specific payment demands are met. While a number of anecdotal
reports of such events have been received, it is noted that companies are unlikely to report such
events to avoid potential publicity and the resulting lack of public confidence.
Current calls for vandalism, boycotts, and other ‘direct action’ by environmental extremists such as
Blue Ridge Earth First against financial institutions in Virginia deemed to be supporting
environmental degradation are likely to continue. Similar activities have been suggested by the
animal rights extremists, as demonstrated by past SHAC efforts to target financiers, suppliers, and
customers of Huntington Life Sciences, but have not yet had a major impact in Virginia.
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Chemical/HAZMAT
The Chemical sector is comprised of three main functional areas:
manufacturing plants, transport systems, and distribution systems.
This sector produces a diverse range of products which are
incorporated into everyday essentials such as pharmaceuticals,
pesticides, and water management chemicals. The Chemical sector
deals with a vast array of chemicals that present unique security
challenges. These challenges are based on the potential
consequences of weaponization, diversion, or unavailability of the
chemical. The expansive nature of the Chemical Sector
complicates communications amongst public safety response and
planning personnel and the large number of chemical facilities
throughout the Commonwealth make this sector a cause for concern.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
As with many other sectors, current or potential trends of interest to law enforcement pertain to
physical, cyber, or human vulnerabilities. While various aspects of Terrorism Tradecraft can be
used to probe physical and human vulnerabilities, cyber attacks on SCADA systems could result in
major damage. Physical efforts to weaponize or divert chemicals could be used in the planning or
execution of a bioterrorism incident.

Sector List Criteria
The Sector List for the Chemical Manufacturing Sector will be determined, in part, based
on data submitted by facility owners and operators through the Chemical Facility AntiTerrorism Standards (CFATS). DHS will work directly with the sector and relevant federal
government agencies to address those CIKR not subject to CFATS. The result will be a
Sector List that combines high-consequence CFATS and non-CFATS chemical facilities.

Potential Threat Group(s)
The Chemical/Hazmat sectors could potentially be targeted by a number of international and
domestic groups. International groups like al-Qa’ida could view an attack on a chemical
manufacturing plant as a viable means to create significant human casualties as well as economic
damage. Targeting from domestic groups could come from environmental or animal rights
extremist groups. Environmental groups may view chemical plants as harmful to nature. Animal
groups may target this sector due to some chemical suppliers providing materials to animal
research labs.395

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Domestic Incidents
Sporadic nationwide reporting of potential surveillance of chemical and HAZMAT facilities and
transport systems continues. Most of the reported incidents involve suspicious videotaping or
photography of facilities with no apparent scenic or tourist value. Some incidents involve potential
probes of security by individuals claiming to be lost or confused. Of particular interest was a recent
report regarding a potential threat to the petrochemical infrastructure advising that an “inauthentic
safety survey request” had been received by several American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE) members.396 A number of association members reported receiving calls from a group
claiming to represent AIChE or Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) asking them to
participate in a survey about process safety. Neither organization was conducting such a survey.
The Virginia Fusion Center does not have a full picture of how many members may have been
contacted or how their information was obtained. The individuals who reported this survey
expressed concern that this may have been a social engineering attempt to determine security
vulnerabilities regarding chemical processes.

Virginia
While white powder incidents are the predominant form of HAZMAT type situations for Virginia law
enforcement, a number of suspicious incidents involving chemical sector infrastructure have
occurred within the past three years. Incidents of concern have included:
•
•
•
•

suspicious facility photography
chemical theft
suspicious chemical possession,
possible tampering of transportation lines397

Although none of these incidents have been conclusively linked to terrorist activities, additional
information is needed to identify the individuals involved and their motivations for engaging in these
activities.

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Intelligence Gaps
1.

What groups represent the largest threat to Virginia’s Chemical sector?

2.

Have any Virginia facilities received suspicious inquiries about employment?

3.

Have any Virginia facilities experienced potential surveillance activities?

4.

Have any Virginia facilities experienced solicitation regarding facility access or tests
of security measures?

5.

Have any facilities experienced incidents of unauthorized access or break-ins to
facilities, either physical or cyber related?

6.

Have any institutions received threats against facilities or members?

7.

Have any Virginia facilities experienced a loss of official uniforms, identifications,
vehicles, or property?

8.

Have any companies experienced potential issues of insider threat from current or
recently separated employees, contractors, or vendors?

Projections
While physical breaches or attacks of a Chemical/HAZMAT sector facility will always be a primary
concern, cyber attacks will likely play an increasing role in potential threats to this critical
infrastructure. Although most facilities and plants are difficult to access remotely, the sector could
be compromised by an insider either for individual malicious reasons or as part of an international
terrorist group attack.
Interest as Target: Remain Constant – No intelligence suggests any change in
interest; however, an attack on Virginia's Chemical / HAZMAT sector could result in
significant physical and financial losses, as well as have a major psychological toll.
Number of Virginia-based assets: Possible Decrease - Virginia has reported
steady production in many of the subsectors within the Chemical / HAZMAT industry
in recent years; the impact of the current economic recession may cause a decrease
in total assets in the short to midterm.
Interdependencies: The Chemical/Hazmat sector has interdependencies with most
of the surface transportation subsectors, energy, IT, and wastewater facilities.

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Commercial Facilities
The Commercial Facilities sector is notable due
to its large size and diversity of subsectors
which share common features such as open
public access, proximity to other sectors of
interest to extremists, the capacity to serve
large numbers of people, and the inherent
difficulty in securing such venues. DHS groups
appropriate facilities into one of eight
subsectors, which includes:398
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Entertainment and media
Lodging
Outdoor events
Sports leagues
Public assemblies
Resorts
Real estate
Retail

Attacks on significant venues within these subsectors could potentially fulfill three of al-Qa’ida’s
strategic objectives for attacks against U.S. interests: inflicting economic damage, causing mass
casualties, and damaging targets symbolic of U.S. culture.399

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The open and accessible nature of most commercial facilities frequently compounds the difficulties
in recognizing truly suspicious behavior by individuals engaging in pre-operational behavior and
enthusiastic spectators trying to gain a better vantage point or souvenir. Although no current,
significant information has been developed to indicate credible plots against commercial facilities
CIKR, 2000-2001 casing reports recovered from convicted al-Qa’ida operative Dhiren Barot
highlight the sophisticated use of surveillance and information collection used to reconnoiter
businesses in New York and New Jersey. The techniques for data collection and review, as well
as recommendations for selecting attack methodology based on potential targets, are widely
available on the internet and could educate or inspire less sophisticated extremists to attempt
attacks using improvised explosive devices, suicide bombings, or even aircraft as a weapon.400

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Sector List Criteria
1. Retail Facilities with an area greater than 2,200,000 square feet, and a capacity greater than
10,000 individuals; OR
2. Mixed-use districts that comprise a geographic area defined by the local government and that
typically include a high concentration of prestigious commercial and residential facilities, and that
are nationally recognized as a tourist destination and a unified economic entity. Due to the
interdependent nature of facilities within such mixed-use districts, the loss of any one facility within
the district could create a cascading effect across all other facilities within the district; OR
3. Commercial Office Buildings with a height greater than 850 feet; or a capacity greater than 10,000
individuals; OR
4. Residential Buildings designated by the Sector as nationally significant due to their size and
expected consequences if destroyed; OR
5. Stadiums and racetracks with a capacity greater than 100,000 individuals; OR
6. Arenas and amphitheaters with a capacity greater than 20,000 individuals and an annual
attendance greater than three million individuals; OR
7. Convention Centers with a trade show/exhibit/performance space that exceeds 700,000 square
feet; OR
8. Cultural properties (museums, performing arts centers, zoos, etc.) with an annual attendance
greater than two million individuals; OR
9. Amusement/theme parks with an annual of attendance greater than four million individuals; OR
10. Lodging facilities (hotels/motels) with at least 2,000 guest rooms; or a height greater than six
hundred feet; or that host sensitive guests (e.g., foreign delegations, military, heads of state,
diplomats, law enforcement) on a regular and ongoing basis; OR
11. Resort facilities (casinos) with at least 2,000 guest rooms and an average daily attendance of
greater than 40,000 individuals; OR
12. Commercial facilities that are recognized internationally as representing the Nation’s heritage,
traditions, and/or values; or are otherwise nationally significant for commercial, cultural, historical,
or civic reasons.

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Potential Threat Group(s)
Intelligence continues to suggest that al-Qa’ida remains the most likely terror group to attempt an
attack on commercial facilities within the U.S.401 While the projected threat from international
groups such as HAMAS and Hizballah are assessed as low, the potential for less sophisticated
plots by homegrown cells or domestic extremists groups such as ALF, ELF, militias, and white
nationalists persists.

Domestic Incidents
A February 2006 posting on a jihadi message board entitled “How You Can Kill Thousands of
Americans with a Few Hundred Dollars and Three Men” suggested targeting facilities during public
events, such as sporting events, to maximize casualties. According to DHS reporting, the six
individuals arrested for plotting to attack Fort Dix were also alleged to have considered targeting
the Army-Navy football game.402 Reporting consistent with the potential lone wolf threat to sporting
events and other commercial facilities includes403:
•

October 2005 incident in which a University of Oklahoma student was killed in an
apparent self-initiated explosion adjacent to the school’s football stadium during a
game.

•

A potential incident in which an individual angered by a local government decision
regarding his business drove to the site of the 2008 Super Bowl with the intentions
and weaponry to go on a shooting spree, but changed his mind and turned himself in
to police.

Virginia
The VFC received the following reports of suspicious incidents at commercial facilities during the
2009 survey process404:
•
•
•
•
•

Pulaski Police, Wythe Emergency Management reported security probes
Richlands Police reported surveillance
Chesapeake Police, Manassas City Police, and Northampton County reported
suspicious persons
Virginia State Police Chesapeake BCI reported surveillance and suspicious persons
Manassas Park reported elicitation and surveillance

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Specific reporting was also received on the following events:
• Martinsville Speedway - A temporary employee called in a bomb threat during a
Sprint Cup race in March 2008 because he was tired of picking up trash and wanted
to go home.405
•

A Charlottesville subject threatened Charlottesville malls by posting online threats to
schools and malls in Charlottesville; the poster claimed he had nothing to lose and
that when he finally snaps, he will take out as many people as he can.406

•

A threatening email regarding a theater and Wal-Mart in the Waynesboro and
Staunton areas was received on April 28, 2008. The email indicated the subject was
from Americas Most Wanted and that he was going to AMC and Wal-Mart at
Waynesboro or Staunton to find someone and kill them.407

Intelligence Gaps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What groups represents the largest threat to Virginia’s commercial facilities sector?
Have any Virginia facilities received suspicious inquiries about employment?
Have any Virginia facilities experienced potential surveillance activities?
Have any Virginia facilities experienced solicitation regarding facility access or tests of
security measures?
Have any facilities experienced incidents of unauthorized access or break-ins to
facilities, either physical or cyber related?
Have any facilities received threats against property or members?
Have any Virginia facilities experienced a loss of official uniforms, identifications,
vehicles, or property?
Have any companies experienced potential issues of insider threat from current or
recently separated employees, contractors, or vendors?

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Projections
Virginia has a variety of commercial facilities that meet the size or operational capacities to qualify
as CIKR. While much of the Commonwealth’s applicable CIKR is in northern Virginia, venues such
as the Richmond International Raceway are also included.
Interest as Target - Likely to Increase - Worldwide statistics have shown that the
commercial sector is most vulnerable to attack because of its easy access, limited
security, and potential for large casualty numbers.408 The success of the 2008
Mumbai attacks against hotels may embolden cells wishing to conduct an attack. It
is also plausible that al-Qa'ida may attempt additional attacks on commercial key
assets in an attempt to collapse the already volatile US economy
Number of Virginia-based assets: Remain Constant - While the current economic
recession will likely preclude the construction of new commercial facilities that meet
the standards to qualify as CIKR, it is anticipated that most of the facilities of
sufficient size will continue operations.
Interdependencies: Likely to Increase - An attack on one soft target may have a
trickle-down effect on the rest of the U.S., as a terrorist attack to one retail facility
may slow down shopping across the country or an attack on one hotel may slow
tourism.409

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Critical Manufacturing
As the newest of the 18 CIKR sectors, the Virginia Fusion Center does not currently have sufficient
data for analysis specific to Virginia. According to the DHS Prevention & Protection webpage, the
following companies are members of the Critical Manufacturing Sector Committee:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

ArcelorMittal USA
Caterpillar Inc
Chrysler LLC
Deere & Company
Ford Motor Company
General Motors
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
Kohler Company
Navistar International Corporation
United States Steel Corporation

Sector List Criteria
The Sector List for the Critical Manufacturing sector will be comprised of those facilities
meeting the criteria below that could create the greatest consequences if their
production and/or supply chains are significantly disrupted. Critical Manufacturing
Facilities on the Sector List are those that meet the following criteria:
1. Fit into one or more of the following functional areas that are defined in the
Critical Manufacturing Sector-Specific Plan:
a. Primary Metals Manufacturing
b. Machinery Manufacturing
c. Electrical Equipment Manufacturing
d. Transportation and Heavy Equipment Manufacturing; OR
2. Provide systems, subsystems, components, or parts as a sole source supplier;
OR
3. Produce goods and services requiring a long lead-time (as defined by the
sector).

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Emergency Services
The Emergency Services sector is a system of preparedness,
response, and recovery components that prevent and mitigate
the risk from terrorist attacks and manmade and natural
disasters. Although the Emergency Services sector is
comprised of nine distinct functions or disciplines, many
personnel are cross-trained and thus provide services to
multiple disciplines. Functions and disciplines include law
enforcement, bomb explosive ordnance demolition, special
weapons and tactics and tactical operations, firefighting,
emergency medical services, search and rescue and urban
search and rescue, emergency management, and hazardous
materials response.
Sector List Criteria
The Emergency Services Sector (ESS) List will be determined by a number of factors, including the
following:
1. Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP), and Emergency Broadcast Services (EBS) of
particular note, will be nominated by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC),
Protective Security Advisor (PSA), and Emergency Support Function 2 (ESF2) Regional
Response Coordination Center (RRCC) representatives in coordination and collaboration with
the Emergency Services and other Communications Sector representatives. Criteria include:
a. Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) that are FCC registered, including single
jurisdiction, multiple jurisdiction, and consolidated PSAPs as described in the National
Emergency Number Association (NENA) Minimum Standards for Emergency
Telephone Notification Systems Document 56-003, June 12, 2004. OR
b. PSAPs that are located in areas of persistent critical impact. OR
c. Service of unique capabilities (e.g., non-English broadcast of Emergency Alert System,
information in areas with high concentrations of non-English speaking individuals).
2. Telecommunications Emergency Response Taskforces (TERTs), Type I and Type II as
described in the National Joint TERT Initiative (NJTI) document, June 4, 2008.
3. Bomb Squads / Explosive Teams, Type I as described in Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) 508-6 Typed Resource Definitions - Law Enforcement and Security
Resources, July 30, 2007.
4. Hazardous Materials Entry Teams, Type I, Performance Class One & Two as described in
FEMA 508-4 Typed Resource Definitions – Fire and Hazardous Materials Resources, July 30,
2005 and FEMA Target Capabilities List (TCL).

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The Emergency Services sector, which is comprised largely of local and state
level public safety agencies is served by the Emergency Management and
Response—Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EMR-ISAC). The EMRISAC offers routine Infograms and periodic CIP Bulletins and Notices to vetted public
safety officials throughout the U.S.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Emergency services personnel may observe indicators of terrorism tradecraft related to
surveillance or elicitation, while public safety agencies face the risk of attempted infiltration. While
infiltration attempts may be thwarted by thorough pre-employment screenings, agencies must also
remain vigilant for signs that existing personnel may have become involved in extremist groups.
An additional, pervasive problem affecting this sector is that of lost, stolen, and/or forged
credentials which could afford a potential terrorist or criminal access to sensitive events and sites.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Large-scale attack plans envisioned by terror or extremist groups frequently involve a mechanism,
such as a secondary device, to target emergency responders and hamper rescue efforts. Specific
targeting of emergency services sector personnel has also been observed in attacks conducted by
lone wolf or homegrown extremists. Also of interest to the Emergency Services sector is the
recurring posts suggesting arson as a form of jihad; while the inspiration for the February 2009
Australian brush fires is currently unknown, the media coverage could inspire future attacks.

Domestic Incidents
California law enforcement officials have warned fire stations throughout the state about incidents
of "covert photography and surveillance of fire response stations" reported between July and
September 2007. These instances were reportedly being conducted by men described as Middle
Eastern in appearance, taking photographs of fire stations located primarily north of the greater
Los Angeles area.410
With the advent of cyber-terrorism, computer systems, including those used by emergency
services agencies, are now the targets of an increasing number of threats. Threat groups are
determined to create a major malfunctioning in computer-controlled infrastructures, particularly
during an emergency or disasters. Interruption or destruction of computer related services such as
computer-aided dispatch would jeopardize response operations.411 A cyber attack on emergency
services would most likely take the form of a blended cyber-physical attack. A cyber method may
be used to facilitate or exacerbate a physical attack, such as disabling 911 services during a
physical attack on emergency response personnel. In the most likely scenario, terrorists would use
the cyber component of the attack to increase chaos caused by the primary physical attack.
An additional threat faced by emergency services agencies is that of infiltration. In the past three
years, media reports of infiltration into local, state, and federal emergency services have focused
on foreign individuals who committed fraud to gain sensitive positions. While some cases may
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have intuitive linkages to international groups,nnnn other instances have involved undocumented
aliens who came to the U.S. as young children, then falsified documents to create the appearance
of citizenship.412 In some cases, agencies outside of Virginia have noted instances in which
current emergency services personnel had affiliated themselves with extremist elements, such as
white nationalist groups. Available reporting did not specify if such personnel had been recruited
by such organizations or if they had sought out such affiliations.
According to the 2009 Terrorism Threat Assessment survey of Fire and EMS agencies, the City of
Fairfax Fire Department noted a potential surveillance of facilities within the past year. Louisa,
Powhatan, Spotsylvania, and Norfolk also noted suspicious activities. None of the responding
jurisdictions reported suspicious individuals seeking membership; a few noted that prospective
members had to undergo background checks and suggested that these checks would be sufficient
to screen out potential infiltrators.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have any agencies encountered suspicious inquiries about employment or
volunteering with organizations?
2. Have any agencies experienced possible surveillance or elicitation of security
measures of facilities?
3. Have any official uniforms, identifications, vehicles, or property been reported missing,
lost or stolen recently?
4. Do any agencies have current or recently separated members involved in suspicious
activity?
5. What groups represents the largest threat to each subsector?

Projections
The Emergency Services sector will remain an important and vulnerable sector of interest to
groups with nefarious intentions. The three Emergency Services sector departments in California
that reported surveillance incidents in late 2007 may be indicative of an increasing trend.413
Surveillance of this sector is often incorporated into pre-operational planning for terror and
extremist groups. The infiltration of the Emergency Services sector by terror or extremist groups
will remain tempting due to increased access to sensitive information and locations. National
intelligence sources warn that terrorists may attempt to target related infrastructure as it could bring
widespread media attention while also creating new dangers to responders. These attacks could
include the use of tactics involving vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices.414 Deliberate primary
or secondary attacks could be directed at emergency services personnel and/or infrastructure by terror
or extremist groups as seen in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
nnnn

(OS) Nada Nadim Prouty, a Lebanese national who fraudulently gained U.S. citizenship through a sham
marriage, managed to obtain sensitive jobs at both the FBI and CIA, and at one point used her security clearance
to access restricted files about the terrorist group Hizballah (CI Centre: Nada Prouty Counterintelligence Case).

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Energy
The Virginia Energy sector consists of electric, oil, nuclear, and
natural gas assets that are dispersed geographically but connected
by an array of physical and electronic networks to provide essential
services to residential, commercial, and industrial users. While the
interconnected nature of this sector helps to meet its key objective of
efficient delivery of services, it also represents a vulnerability that can
be exploited by terrorists or extremists. Damage or destruction to a
critical energy sector facility could threaten public health and the
environment.415 While the energy sector contains many sub-sectors,
each of these features generation facilities and distribution networks which feature unique
vulnerabilities which may attract extremists.
Sector List Criteria - Energy
Electricity Sub-Sector:
1. Power generation plants having total generating capacity across all units that
exceed 2,000 MW; OR
2. Bulk electric power system headquarters and operational control and coordination
centers (Control Centers for North American Electric Reliability Corporation
(NERC) Regional Coordinators and designated Regional Transmission
Organizations, Independent Transmission Organizations, and Independent System
Operators); OR
3. All transmission substations along lines rated at 345 Kilovolt (kV) or higher that
serve standard metropolitan statistical areas of two million persons or more; OR
4. Alternate Current-Direct Current (AC-DC) converter stations for Direct Current (DC)
transmission lines; OR
5. Transmission substations (likely more than one) that are needed to provide electric
service to a Tier 1 asset.

The Electricity Sector ISAC (ES-ISAC), as a part of the North American Electric
Reliability Corporation (NERC), provides virtually 100% coverage in the continental
United States and Canada for direct to bulk power system entities or via the eighteen
Reliability Coordinators. The ES-ISAC is also working on developing the necessary
communication and participation with non-bulk power system entities (i.e. smaller
electric distribution organizations) to include relationships with their critical
suppliers.416

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Electricity in the U.S. is commonly generated using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, or
hydropower. Alternative energy generation methods include harnessing geothermal energy, wind
power, biomass, solar energy, and fuel cells.417
•

Coal-fired stations provide 26% of electric energy generation capacity in Virginia.

•

Hydroelectric plants in Virginia include both conventional hydroelectric generators
and pumped-storage generators.418 Virginia’s Bath County Pumped Storage Station
in Warm Spring is the world’s second largest pumped-storage power plant.
Electricity is generated by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper
reservoir during off peak hours; during high electrical demands, water is released
back into the lower reservoir using six 350-megawatt turbine generators.419
o The Bath County Pumped Storage Station has a Class I high hazard dam; a
sudden failure of the dam would result in the probable loss of life and excessive
economic loss downstream.
o An attack on a high hazard dam could also cause hundreds or thousands of
deaths and the economical and psychological impact of breaching one of these
dams could be significant.420

•

Nuclear power generates almost one-third of the electricity in Virginia via Dominion’s
two commercial nuclear facilities, North Anna in Louisa County and Surry in Surry
County421,422
Sector List Criteria - Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste Sector
The Nuclear Sector List will be determined based on the following criteria:
1. All operating nuclear power plants; OR
2. All operating nuclear fuel fabrication facilities and other uranium processing
facilities employing highly enriched uranium; OR
3. All operating nuclear fuel fabrication facilities, uranium hexafluoride production
facilities, and uranium enrichment facilities employing low enriched uranium; OR
4. Research and test reactors employing highly enriched uranium; OR
5. Research and test reactors employing low enriched uranium; OR
6. Major active manufacturers and distributors of sealed sources and devices
containing
a. Category 1 or Category 2 radiation sources as defined by the International
Atomic
b. Energy Agency’s “Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive
Sources” OR
7. Active commercial irradiators (underwater irradiators and wet-source-storage
panoramic irradiators); OR
8. All Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSI).

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The most serious vulnerabilities within the electric sector are those created by regional
transmission systems. These systems include the power grids that carry the high-voltage power to
consumers, high-voltage transmission lines, substations, and high-voltage transformers that “step
up” current for transmission and “step down" current onto the low-voltage lines necessary for
distribution to consumers. This particular aspect of the electric sector is extremely vulnerable to
terrorist attack because there are very few high-voltage transformers held in excess inventory.
High-voltage transformers also take months to replace, and are very difficult to transport because
they can weigh in excess of 400,000 lbs.423
The Energy ISAC is a non-profit group that educates and helps
protect members of the energy industry from threats to their facilities
and operations through Department of Energy grants. Key
partnerships include the American Petroleum Institute, the American
Gas Association, the Association of Oil Pipelines, the Interstate
Natural Gas Association of America, the Independent Petroleum
Association of America, the National Petrochemical and Refiners
Association, and the American Public Gas Association.

Sector List Criteria - Energy
Oil Sub-Sector:
1.Petroleum terminals with total storage capacity of 1.5 million barrels or more; OR
2.All operable petroleum refineries, except those that primarily produce asphalt; OR
3.Ethanol plants that produce 10,000 barrels a day or more of ethanol.

Natural Gas Sub-Sector:
1.Natural gas plants with a capacity of 500 million cubic feet per day or more; OR
2.All active import liquefied natural gas terminals.

Virginia has a number of oil and natural gas infrastructure components, including wells, pipelines,
refineries, petroleum terminals, storage plants, pumping stations, water and motor carriers, and
railroads.
In Virginia, oil and gas are produced or have the potential of being produced in
commercial quantities from three general geologic regions:
•
•

Appalachian basin in the western part of the state,
Mesozoic basins that are exposed in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, or lie
buried beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and

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•

Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (AOCS), which extends eastward from Virginia’s
coastal waters some 50 miles to the edge of the continental shelf.424
The petroleum refining industry in Virginia uses energy to supply heat and power for plant
operations and as a raw material for the production of petrochemicals and other non-fuel
products.425 Due to the chemical structure of petroleum, it may be transported to refineries for
distillation in order to be used for a variety of purposes. Oil can be transported to power plants by
ship, pipelines, truck, or train. Petroleum-based fuels account for less than five percent of
Virginia's electrical energy production but supports more than a third of Virginia's energy
consumption of transportation fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation fuel. 426 Petroleumbased fuels are used as a fuel for eight electricity generation plants along the eastern region of
Virginia.
Yorktown Refinery, Virginia’s major oil refinery, processes around 70,000 barrels of crude oil per
day. Located on the York River, the refinery receives crude oil shipments from around the world
directly to the dock by barge through private deep-water port access.427 Refineries separate the
various components of crude oil into specific petroleum products and are the critical link between
oil and usable oil products such as gasoline and transportation fuels.428
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a colorless and odorless hazardous fuel that is frequently shipped
in tankers from overseas to U.S. ports and is commonly used by electric generating stations. LNG
infrastructure consists primarily of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants. LNG assets
in Virginia include plants in Lynchburg and Chesapeake, a propane air plant in Staunton, and
several compressor stations throughout the state.429 Major gas operating areas are located in the
Central, Northwest, and Hampton Roads regions, including in Chester, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg,
Gainesville, Staunton, Lexington, and Suffolk areas.
The pipeline system is an essential component of the Energy Sector. In the U.S., the oil pipeline
system comprises some 200,500 miles of steel or plastic pipe, transporting around two-thirds of the
nation’s petroleum. Natural gas is carried though the U.S. by an additional 180,000 miles of
carbon steel pipeline. In Virginia, gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oils, and aviation fuel are received
from two petroleum-product pipelines originating in the Gulf of Mexico region.430 Due to the
demand for natural gas throughout the U.S., several new pipelines have been proposed for
construction in Virginia. Proposed pipeline routes include:
• the extension of a pipeline currently terminating in Radford to Roanoke and Franklin
County;
• Greenbrier pipeline project that would extend from North Carolina to West Virginia,
passing through Virginia along a path extending from Henry to Giles and Bland
Counties; and
• Patriot Extension pipeline that would extend from Henry to Wythe County.431

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Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Terrorism tradecraft is the most significant trend affecting the Energy sector. Given the diversity of
sites, structures, and geographic locations in this industry, the tactics, techniques, and procedures
used by environmental groups can vary widely. In some cases, the remote location of towers and
substations makes them vulnerable to vandalism and sabotage, while open access to wildlife areas
or other public use of surrounding land may afford opportunities for surveillance.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Refineries, natural gas, and oil infrastructures are attractive economic targets for a variety of
international and single-issue domestic groups.432 While international groups such as al-Qa’ida
have specifically listed energy sector assets as targets433, environmental extremists have
conducted physical protests, vandalisms, and potential acts of sabotage against energy facilities.
Animal rights groups could also represent an additional threat to coal stations as some are
opposed to mountaintop removal mining, which is used to resupply stations, but could affect the
surrounding wildlife habitat.
Energy infrastructure targeted for action is usually linked either to a controversial form of
generation (i.e. coal or nuclear) or for potential environmental impact on a specific site. In a written
document produced by environmentalist group South East Climate Convergence (SECC) entitled
“Action Atlas 2008,” the Chesterfield Power Station was listed as a target that activists should
consider targeting during their convergence conference in August 2008.434 Groups that have been
affiliated with direct actions against Energy sector assets include Mountain Justice Summer,
Katuah Earth First, Rising Tide North America, Southern Appalachian Stewards, and Animal
Liberation Front.435 Another specific threat frequently cited in Energy sector publications is that of
the insider threat posed by disgruntled employees.

Domestic Incidents
Reports of suspicious photography, videotaping, and vandalism to Energy sector assets have
occurred throughout the U.S. Incidents have involved not only power generation facilities and
substations, but also refineries, natural gas and oil infrastructures. Most of these incidents cannot
be resolved through investigation due to a lack of identifying information on the vehicles or
individuals involved.
A review of 2007 and 2008 suspicious pipeline events reported in the TSA-OI suspicious incident
database suggests a marked decrease in suspicious incident reporting; likely causes for this
decrease include increased security measures, training, information sharing, and timely
investigation.436 Most suspicious incidents involve possible surveillance by individuals who are not
intercepted and interviewed. Recent surveillance events include437:

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•
•
•

March 2008: A mobile security team observed an individual photographing an
unspecified oil refinery in Roxana, Missouri. The person abruptly left the scene
before he could be questioned.
April 2008: An identified foreign national male was observed photographing a
chemical plant in Port Arthur, Texas. Later the same day, an unidentified male
subject was observed photographing a refinery in the same area.
December 2008: A security officer observed a female with a camera going through a
security fence to take pictures of a refinery located in Houston, Texas.

Other suspicious events reported during this period include actual or attempted sabotage,
vandalism, tampering or related threats, explosive-related items, and other activities.438
•
•
•
•

April 2008: A pipe bomb was detonated at a U.S. energy company’s well site.
December 2008: A failed improvised explosive device was found attached to a pipe
connected to a natural gas well near Bloomfield, New Mexico. The device was
comprised of a compressor coil, an automobile spark plug, and wires.
September 2007: Gunshot holes were found on a six-inch oil products junction line
for an identified U.S. railroad company in Valencia, Florida, which necessitated
shutting the product line down.
December 2007: At a liquid natural gas facility in Lake Charles, Louisiana, unknown
perpetrators tried to remove the outer security gate using a cable and a vehicle.

Virginia
Suspicious activity reports concerning Virginia’s Energy Sector include:
•
•
•

•
•

•

Vandalism of mining equipment at the A&G Surface Mining operation in Wise
County439
Anonymous note threatening to blow up refinery facilities found in a portable
bathroom at the Yorktown Refinery Giant Industries in York County440
On February 19, 2008, a security breach occurred at the Yorktown refinery where a
gate located at the back of the property had been forced open and the chain was
broken441
Suspicious photography incident involving an identified individual claiming to
represent an unknown group at a power station in Pittsylvania442
Suspicious subject in attendance at a Dominion Power meeting in Louisa was
subsequently discovered to be a possible match for a subject on the Terrorist Watch
List443
Suspicious individual engaged in persistent questioning of employees regarding
refinery operations at the Motiva Enterprise Newington Terminal in Lorton444

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•

•

•

•

•
•

On August 1, 2008, two suspicious individuals attempted to elicit information from a
Dominion employee at the North Anna Power Station; subsequent investigation
identified one of the subjects as a known environmental extremist.445
On August 7, 2008, an environmental protest held at North Anna Power Station was
conducted, resulting in seven arrests, including the arrest of a known radical
organizer of the South East Climate Convergence (SECC).446
On April 30, 2008, seven passengers aboard a white pontoon boat dressed in
traditional Middle Eastern garments immediately sped away after being sighted in
the recreational area, which is in close proximity to the plant. The boat registrant
has been identified; however, additional follow-up information is not available.447
On May 29, 2005, a Middle Eastern male and female were observed on the
recreation island near the plant and were observed outside of the buoys scouting the
complex. The individuals admitted that they had entered the no boat zone and
appeared amused by security efforts.448
On September 8, 2008, a suspicious individual was observed photographing an
identified oil terminal in Virginia.449
In February 2009, two camp propane tanks at the base of two high voltage Dominion Power
tower legs were set on fire in Spotsylvania. The tanks had duct tape over the propane
cylinders, and a separate container had been placed at the base of one of the tower legs
and ignited. Numerous wooden matches, a cigarette butt, gasoline, and a light oil
substance were also found. According to officials at the scene, if the propane tanks had
been approximately 12” higher and fully engulfed and ignited, the resulting fire could have
caused a tower collapse.450

February 2009 Spotsylvania Fire – High Voltage Tower Legs

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been any suspicious attempts to elicit information concerning facility
operations?
2. Have there been any attempts to test or conduct reconnaissance of security
operations?
3. Have there been any suspicious individuals taking extensive notes, photographing,
videotaping, or sketching the exterior or interior of energy facilities and mobile
surveillance by cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats, or small aircraft?
4. Have there been any persons showing uncommon interest in security measures or
personnel, entry points or access controls, or perimeter barriers such as fences or
walls?
5. Has there been any suspicious activity by employees that could pose a threat to
plant operations?
6. Have there been attempts by foreign nationals to gain access or elicit information
from facility personnel?
7. Which environmentalist group poses the largest threat to Virginia’s energy facilities?

Projections
Energy critical infrastructure will remain vulnerable to acts of terrorism by domestic and
international terrorist groups as the sector remains essential to the economy, national defense and
the quality of life. In Virginia, power stations, including nuclear, hydro and coal facilities, will
continue to be videotaped and photographed by saboteurs in order to assess the capabilities of
existing security and discerning weaknesses in the facility. Dry runs and the probing of information
from employees may also be conducted. Additionally, environmental extremists will continue to
conduct protests against power stations due to issues such as climate change, pollution,
conservation, and the environmental impact of dams. Transmission and distribution systems are
also not seen as a likely target at this time; however, the potential for damage against these
structures cannot be dismissed.
Interest as Target: Remain High - Energy sector assets have been listed as a high
priority for al-Qaida and for many of the special interest extremists.
Number of Virginia-based assets: Likely to Increase – Increasing demands for power
generation and emerging technologies, including proposed pipelines, represent the
potential for growth in this sector. The potential for federal stimulus funding related to
‘green technology’ may also increase the number of energy assets in Virginia.
Interdependencies: Remain High – The energy sector is one of the core critical
components that enables or facilitates the operation of almost every other sector.

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Government Buildings/Defense Industrial Base
State government facilities include those owned or leased
by all levels of government and can be located
domestically and overseas. Many of these facilities such
as courthouses, education facilities, libraries, and archives
are open to the public and provide important government
services. Other facilities contain highly sensitive
information, materials, processes, and equipment such as
military installations, embassies, and research facilities
and are not open to the public. These facilities, varied in
function, size, and location, are differentiated from other
CIKR sectors because they are uniquely governmental. The abundance of government facilities
and military related infrastructure in Virginia coupled with their symbolic nature and past attacks on
such infrastructure in the U.S. suggests this sector remains especially vulnerable to exploitation by
terrorist and extremist groups.

Sector List Criteria
1. Government facilities that regularly house national leadership personnel (elected or
appointed). This includes personnel with the responsibility or authority to:
a. Mobilize military or civil support resources
b. Conduct negotiations with foreign governments
c. Make decisions regarding national monetary or fiscal policy
d. Pass national legislation
e. Provide final arbitration or interpretation of legal issues; OR
2. Government facilities that house material or equipment that could cause a
significant loss of life. OR
3. Government facilities that house material or equipment that are critical to execution of
national essential government functions. OR
4. Government facilities that house personnel with specialized knowledge or skills
necessary to conduct national essential government functions.

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Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Due to the desire of most international and many domestic groups to target the U.S. government,
trends of significance include terrorism tradecraft techniques of surveillance, elicitation, and
security probes. The trend of illicit entry into the U.S. also affects this sector, as many individuals
will enter government facilities to obtain necessary documentation.
Local, state, and federal government facilities are highly interconnected, both physically and
through cyber networks. Efforts to identify, understand, and analyze interdependencies and
dependencies are challenging because of the diversity and complexity of these facilities or
components. Interdependencies vary widely and each has its own characteristics, whether
physical, cyber, or geographic in nature.
Sector List Criteria – Defense Industrial Base
The identification of DIB Sector List assets is based upon the Department of Defense’s (DoD)
analysis of the impact on current warfighting capabilities, recovery and reconstitution, threat,
vulnerability and consequences of possible facility disruption and destruction, and other
considerations. This analysis is a two-tiered process which first identifies a subset of the DIB
based on the following factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sole source for a weapon system, subsystem, component, or part
Uses obsolete/enabling/emerging technology
Requires long lead time
Lacks surge production
Has a significant unit cost escalation; AND

This subset is then further analyzed to produce the critical elements of the DIB that comprise
the Sector List. The factors for this analysis include:
1. They are a prime or subcontractor single source with unique technology or industrial
capability that could significantly impact war fighter operations due to non-availability of
material;
2. They are a prime contractor with capabilities that support numerous programs or industries;
3. They are a single source subcontractor with a long re-qualification time that supports
numerous programs across the services; and
4. They are an essential advanced technology source.

Virginia facilities may be impacted by the closure of Guantanamo Bay; a recent report by the
House Armed Services Committee has recommended government sites in Quantico and Norfolk
as possible transfer locations for current Guantanamo detainees. According to early February
2009 reporting, a task force has 30 days to recommend where to put the 245 remaining
detainees.451
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Potential Threat Group(s)
Local, state, and federal government facilities represent attractive targets for a wide variety of
groups. While international groups are most likely to target the military and federal sector assets
as symbols of the West, domestic movements including anarchists, black separatists, white
nationalists, and homegrown extremists have conducted activities targeting facilities at various
levels of government.

Domestic Incidents
On a national level, numerous reports of surveillance and security probes against military
installations continue. These reports include incidents of elicitation as well as security breaches
involving the use of fraudulent military and law enforcement credentials. Although the vast majority
of these incidents have not been definitely linked to terrorism, the continued reporting of preoperational-type surveillance merits increased vigilance.452

Virginia
The Virginia Fusion Center has not received a significant number of unresolved reports pertaining
to general government facilities. Much more reporting has been received regarding suspicious
activity around military bases. It is unclear at this time if this disparity reflects actual rates of
occurrence or if this is due to the increased security awareness inherent in military force protection.
Examples of suspicious activity pertaining to Virginia include:
•
•
•

Suspicious attempts to purchase military uniforms near Yorktown453
Persistent attempts to bypass security controls by a group of subjects at Fort
Story454
Suspicious photography of the entrance gate to the Naval Weapons Laboratory at
Dahlgren455

The Virginia Fusion Center does not currently possess active threat information against any of
these facilities, nor is there any evidence of patterns in the timing, location, or individuals involved
in these incidents.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have suspicious employment inquiries been received at Virginia’s government or
DIB facilities?
2. Have any possible surveillance activities of any building or assets associated with
government or DIB assets occurred?
3. Have suspicious inquiries about security measures been received?
4. How frequently are unauthorized attempts to access government or DIB facilities in
Virginia discovered?
5. Have there been any threats against government or DIB staff or officials?
6. Have any concerns regarding potential misconduct by current or recently separated
employees been received?

Projections
The Government Buildings and Military Installations sector is expected to remain an important and
potentially vulnerable sector at risk for surveillance, infiltration, or attacks by groups with nefarious
intentions. It is anticipated the VFC will continue to receive reporting of potential surveillance or
probing of government and military facilities.
Interest as a Target: Remain High - Due to the symbolic nature and the potential
operational disruption, facilities within this sector may be desirable, if not necessarily
feasible targets for many international and domestic groups.
Number of Virginia-based assets:
Remain Constant – Current economic
conditions make expansion unlikely, but industries that support government and
military functions will not likely face the same contraction of other sectors.
Interdependencies: Significant - These sectors are heavily reliant on energy, IT,
and telecommunications, as well as each major transportation mode.
The
interruption of government or CIKR could quickly cascade and have significant
impact on other sectors, especially those that are highly regulated.
As shown in the Terrorism Screening Center’s 2007 Virginia Terrorist Screening Database
Encounters Report, a number of potentially “watch-listed” subjects either applied for government
and military positions or were involved in suspicious incidents near such facilities. Although these
instances have not been linked to specific plots, these instances underscore the potential for
infiltration or pre-incident activity.

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Information Technology and Communications
The Information Technology (IT) and Telecommunications Sectors
face numerous multifaceted global threats. On a daily basis, more
than $3 trillion worth of U.S. economic activity passes through secure
federal financial networks enabled in part by Virginia Information
Technology and Telecommunications assets. CIKR sectors rely on
Information Technology and Telecommunications for products and
services, including the reliable operation of networks and systems and
the movement and storage of critical data. These sectors proactively
manage risk to their own operations and those of their customers
through monitoring and mitigation activities that prevent routine
incidents from creating significant disruptions. Although the Information Technology and
Telecommunications Sectors are designed to maximize inherent resilience, its interdependent and
interconnected structure presents challenges and opportunities for coordinating preparedness and
protection activities.

Sector List Criteria
The IT Sector designates functions which are critical to the operations and processes that support the
Nation’s CIKR. These functions are:
1. Provide IT Products and Services, such as: networking elements; security and policy
compliance elements; operating system services software; business operations, database,
and business intelligence software and services; managed network/data center elements;
semiconductors; storage hardware, software, and services; lifecycle product and service
integrity, certification, and other assurance functions and mechanisms; Domain Name
System (DNS) software; secure appliances that support DNS; and control systems
products, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and other automation
systems.
2. Provide Incident Management Capabilities, such as: Preventative Guidance, Best Practices,
Simulation, and Testing; Indications, Alerting and Warning Capabilities; and Operation
Centers and Teams.
3. Provide Internet-based Content, Information, and Communications Services.
4. Provide Domain Name Resolution Services.
5. Provide Identity Management and Associated Trust Support Services.
6. Provide Internet Routing, Access, and Connection Services,.

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The Information Technology ISAC (IT-ISAC) is a trusted community of
security specialists from companies across the Information Technology
industry dedicated to protecting the Information Technology infrastructure
by identifying threats and vulnerabilities to the infrastructure, and sharing
best practices on how to address them quickly and properly. IT-ISAC has
the ability to reach 90% of all desktop operating systems, 85% of all
databases, 76% of the global microprocessor market, 85% of all routers,
and 65% of software security via membership.456

Sector List Criteria - Communications
Nominations submitted through the National Coordinating Center (NCC) for will be submitted from all
facets of the National Communications System (NCS):
1. Industry nominations – The private sector will designate those facilities critical to their networks, to
include:
a. Communication-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC)
b. Resident/overall (includes wireline and wireless)
c. Other private sub-sectors such as satellite and broadcast
d. Government technologies akin to Global Positioning System (GPS); OR
2. Nominations by the manager/director of the NCS – The manager/director of the NCS will work with
HITRAC to identify any additional assets of interest; OR
3. Nominations by the Committee of Principals (COP)/Committee of Representatives (COR) will
designate operations of mission critical, essential, and enhancing communications support and
provide a comparison with identified communications support Telecommunication Service Priority
(TSP) Circuits ID; OR
4. Emergency Services – Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP), and Emergency Broadcast
Services (EBS) of particular note, will be nominated by the Federal Communication Commission
(FCC), Protective Security Advisor (PSA), and Emergency Support Function 2 (ESF2) Regional
Response Coordination Center (RRCC) representatives in coordination and collaboration with the
Emergency Services and other
5. High Capacity Assets:
a. Major switching centers that support end users in excess of 843,500 people, and support a
capacity in excess of 2,745,000 phone numbers; OR
b. Major underwater cable landings in a localized area with an aggregate Lit capacity of at least
240 Gigabits per second (Gbps), or those critical to the country’s national security capabilities
to include intelligence and defense functions; OR
c. Telecommunications hotels containing assets that directly connect the top six service providers
with each other. Other service providers may also be considered within this criterion if they are
deemed to provide critical mission support on a regional or national scale.

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The National Communication Center is a designated Information Sharing
and Analysis Center (ISAC) to facilitate the exchange among government
and industry participants regarding vulnerability, threat, intrusion, and
anomaly information affecting the telecommunications infrastructure.
Members include communications equipment and software vendors, 95%
of wire line communications providers, 90% of wireless communications
providers, including satellite providers, and 90% of Internet Service
Provider backbone networks.457

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Cyber-crime and cyber-terror represent the overall trends of most impact to this sector. The high
degree of interdependency of the Information Technology and Telecommunications sectors, its
interconnectedness, and non-traceable and unidentifiable actors makes identifying threats,
assessing vulnerabilities, and estimating consequence difficult.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Anonymous, which is characterized as loosely affiliated cells of activists, communicates via
Internet message boards and networking websites. Group affiliates also use forums to target
individuals by engaging in cyber attacks and have been associated with white powder incidents.
The group appears to be using forums, information sites, and video sharing sites to spread their
messages. If successful, this tactic may be used by domestic extremist groups to organize
protests, disturbances, or attacks. The ability of a group of Internet-based hackers to organize and
succeed in launching real world protests may be a developing trend. The successes of Anonymous
are unprecedented and may be the beginning of a new type of Internet activism that has real world
implications.

Domestic Incidents
As noted in the cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism trend section, a variety of incidents and attempted
intrusions have been reported throughout the U.S. in recent years. While reported activity ranged
from ‘hacktivism’ to attempted botnet attacks and cyber-security related extortion, most experts
agree that not all cyber incidents are reported and analyzed. While the United States Computer
Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT), a partnership between the Department of Homeland
Security and the public and private sectors has ceased publishing comprehensive reports on attack
statistics, information on specific, widespread threats or trends is available through their website.
In Virginia, only one local jurisdiction reported to the VFC that their local government network had
been hacked. The VFC was not notified of any private industry incidents, but this is likely due to a
lack of reporting rather than a lack of intrusions.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have suspicious employment inquiries been received at Virginia’s IT or
http://www.us-cert.gov/ facilities?
2. Have any possible surveillance activities of any building or assets associated with IT
or http://www.us-cert.gov/ assets occurred?
3. Have suspicious inquiries about Virginia IT or http://www.us-cert.gov/ security
measures been received?
4. How frequently are unauthorized attempts to access to IT or http://www.us-cert.gov/
facilities in Virginia discovered?
5. Have there been any threats against IT or http://www.us-cert.gov/ staff or officials?
6. Have any concerns regarding potential misconduct by current or recently separated
IT or http://www.us-cert.gov/ employees been received?

Projections
Due to extensive dependence on IT infrastructure by Virginia state agencies, public works, and the
private sector, the risk of an attack of this nature remains viable. This threat is highlighted as
international and domestic terrorist organizations have expressed the capability and desire to
exploit Information Technology for operational and logistical support. While the VFC does not
possess information that such groups are planning attacks against Virginia IT infrastructure,
extremist and criminal organizations could exploit cyber vulnerabilities targeting electric power,
communications and rail systems, causing major service disruptions and a cascading effect to
related industries.

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Monuments and Icons
National monuments and icons (NMI) could be
attractive targets to terrorists considering their national
significance,
generally
open
security,
and
concentration of people. Attacks on such symbolic
infrastructure would have serious economic and social
consequences.458 Not only could there be a number of
casualties, especially for co-located icons or nearby
infrastructures but the tourism and recreation industry,
as well as the national psyche, could be damaged if a
significant monument or icon were destroyed.2

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The sector is especially vulnerable because it is open to the public and accommodates a large
number of people within specific, known times, making it difficult to detect operational planning and
surveillance. Given the wide variety of qualifying structures and location, the vulnerability and
attractiveness of each site varies with the site’s engineering, size, age, purpose, and number of
visitors. 459 The most likely form of attack, due to the ease of access and the lack of security at
national monuments and icons, as well as similar tourist attractions, is from vehicle borne or
traditional improvised explosive devices (VBIED/IED).460The potential for a small arms attack in a
lone wolf ‘active shooter’ scenario is also possible, especially within the homegrown or domestic
extremist categories.

Sector List Criteria
The National Monuments and Icons List will include Monuments and Icons that meet all of
the following:
1. A monument, physical structure, or object; AND
2. Recognized both nationally and internationally as representing the Nation’s heritage,
traditions, and/or values or is recognized for its national, cultural, religious, historical, or
political significance; AND
3. Primary purpose is to memorialize or represent significant aspects of our Nation’s
heritage, traditions, or values and to serve as a point of interest for visitors and
educational activities. It generally does not have a purpose or function that fits under
the responsibility of another sector.

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Potential Threat Group(s)
Al-Qa‘ida has repeatedly emphasized the importance of selecting targets of symbolic value, such
as those within the NMI sector, which symbolize American history and values. As demonstrated in
previous attacks, including those against the World Trade Center in 1993 and 2001, the USS The
Sullivans and USS Cole in 2000, the Pentagon in 2001, and embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in
1998 all targeted symbols of American capitalism, military power, and global policies and
presence.461 Domestic extremists, such as white nationalists or black separatists, may target sites
that feature historic interpretation that is not aligned with the group’s ideology. Whereas white
nationalists may target newer historic interpretations that include the roles of African-Americans,
black separatists may target those sites that have not expanded their interpretive views.
It is also important to note the potential for insider threat, as many of the national monument and
icon sites have private security with full site access. The potential for paid security staff or for
volunteers to leverage their access to such sites for the purpose of surveillance and information
collection is significant.462

Domestic Incidents
Terrorist operational planning and surveillance against tourist-related facilities and infrastructure is
often difficult to detect due to the presence of crowds, the intentional open nature of public access
and the availability of open source information. Although authorities have reported numerous
suspicious activities, write-ins, and call-ins for this sector, such reports have generally been poor
indicators of future operations.463 According to a DHS report, the following domestic incidents or
plots concerned national monuments or icons464:
•

September 2003 interviews revealed a now-detained senior al-Qa’ida operative’s
desire to obtain pilots for al-Qa‘ida in order to attack targets that included the
Washington Monument.

•

Convicted Taliban supporter John Philip Walker Lindh told FBI interviewers that
the most recognizable landmarks to al-Qa‘ida and Taliban soldiers, trainers, and
students while he was in Afghanistan were the Statue of Liberty, the World Trade
Center, and the Golden Gate Bridge.

•

A senior al-Qa‘ida operative stated in a December 2004 custodial interview that
any symbol of the United States would be a good target and singled out the
Statue of Liberty as an example of a potential symbolic target.

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Virginia
DHS and the Department of Interior have identified the Jamestown Settlement, Monticello, and
Mount Vernon as nationally significant; regionally critical assets include Colonial Williamsburg,
George Washington’s birthplace, and the National D-Day Memorial.465 Richmond, Albemarle
County, and the Division of Capitol Police reported surveillance and suspicious persons at
monument and icon assets; Albemarle County Fire and Rescue also reported suspicious
persons.466 Prior reporting of note included:
•

During the Jamestown 400th Anniversary on May 12, 2007 approximately 70
individuals from the New Black Panther Party, Black Lawyers for Justice, and the
American Indian Movement held a demonstration at Historic Jamestowne
(formerly known as Jamestown Island); the demonstration was billed as an antislavery rally (Jamestown was where the first Africans came to an English colony)
but ended up being an anti-Caucasian hate speech.467

•

The National Socialist Movement held a rally on Yorktown Battlefield on June 25,
2005; Communist Party counter protestors were very vocal and anti-police; Anti
Racist Action also counter protested and swarmed individuals suspected of being
racist.468

Intelligence Gaps
1. How many monuments, icons, or other tourist facilities in Virginia border or otherwise
provide potential surveillance access points for CIKR?
2. Have employees or visitors reported any suspicious photography incidents?
3. Have employees reported incidents of individuals asking questions about security
measures?
4. Have Virginia monuments or icons experienced any bomb threats or suspicious
package incidents?
5. How many monuments, icons, or other recreational areas have had suspicious fires?
Was it determined who set them?
6. Have any special use permits been requested by white nationalist, black separatist,
or other potentially disruptive protest group? Did such groups adhere to the
regulations in the permit?
7. Have Virginia monuments, icons, or other recreational areas experienced any
damage to trees or facilities caused by eco-terror groups such as Earth Liberation
Front or Earth First?
8. Have any employees been harassed by animal rights activists or environmental
extremists?

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Projections
National monuments and icons offer potentially large casualty numbers, would damage the
American psyche, and would have an adverse affect on the tourism industry - the 6th largest
employer in Virginia.469 The Commonwealth is in close proximity to a number of major national
targets, and is rich in regional and state monument and icons sector assets. Given this
information, the following projections are offered:
Interest as a Target: Possible Increase - While the most visible and most frequently
referenced targets are not within the Commonwealth, Virginia does have several
upcoming 2009 events that might garner attention. These include:
• Monticello will have a grand opening ceremony for a new Visitor
Center on April 15, 2009 which may attract regional and possibly
national attention470
• D-Day Memorial in Bedford will hold various events from June 4-7,
2009 for the 65th Anniversary of the invasion and expect 6000 in
attendance and state VIPs471
• Colonial Williamsburg holds the Grand Illumination annually on the first
Sunday in December and attracts 25,000 to 35,000 visitors472
Number of Virginia–based assets: Remain Constant – Given the emphasis on
historical significance for this sector, it is unlikely that additional sites will be
designated as monument or icon CIKR in the near future.
Interdependence: Possible Increase - Attacks on national monuments affect
tourism, which affects restaurant and retail business, airlines, travel agencies, etc.;
al-Qa'ida could view the volatile U.S. economy as an impetus to attack national
monuments or nearby critical infrastructure that could have an adverse affect on
monuments in order to inflict damage on the tourism industry.

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Postal/Shipping
The Postal/Shipping sector is a network of collection, transportation, and
distribution assets. Varying in size and complexity, these assets range from
simple, single transportation mode systems serving a single metropolitan area to
complex inter-modal networks linking millions of delivery points around the world.
The sheer size and scope of the state Postal/Shipping sector makes protection
an enormous challenge as it receives, processes, transports, and distributes
billions of pieces of mail domestically each year.

Sector List Criteria
The criteria below identify the most important and critical infrastructure assets as
understood by the Postal and Shipping Sector and utilizing their definitions of the terms
listed below. Although the national resilience of the Postal and Shipping Sector is
considerable, the loss of infrastructure described by these criteria would create significant
consequences.
1. Large processing and distribution centers and associated air distribution hubs; OR
2. Large data processing centers.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The national Postal/Shipping sector has been leveraged to conduct attacks using biological agents
as well as traditional explosive devices. While it is likely that the use of Postal/Shipping assets to
transport weapons will continue, it is also important to note the potential application of a terrorism
tradecraft technique using official or fraudulent identifications, uniforms, or vehicles to access
sensitive sites.

Potential Threat Group(s)
The anthrax attacks of 2001 not only leveraged Postal/Shipping sector assets to attack national
government and media targets, but also affected sector facilities and personnel. 473 Other incidents
have involved lone wolf extremists, while single-issue groups such as the Animal Liberation Front
have threatened to pose as employees to gain access.

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Domestic Incidents
Postal/Shipping sector assets have been used as a delivery mechanism for biological agents as
well as explosive or incendiary devices, as seen with the anthrax letters of 2001 and the inert
bombs sent to financial institutions by “The Bishop” from 2005 to 2007.474 In addition to these wellknown cases, a series of suspicious packages were sent to financial, hospitality, and aviation
organizations within a 30-mile radius of Charlotte, North Carolina.475 Also of interest to law
enforcement are legitimate, periodic promotional mailings that generate public fear due to unusual
appearances or sounds, or those that leak white powder.
In addition to the misuse of the Postal/Shipping sector to deliver weapons, assets in this sector
can be used to gain access to sensitive sites. Access to government, military, and commercial
sites can be gained through the theft or cloning of official vehicles, such as the one stolen in
Maryland in December 2007.476 In late 2007, a convicted animal rights extremist recommended
penetrating potential animal research targets disguised as package delivery employees.477 Such
efforts can be facilitated through not only theft and cloning of official vehicles and uniforms, but
also through disgruntled insiders, such as current or former employees who may be sympathetic to
radical groups.478 At least one identified U.S. business operating in Virginia reported concerns
regarding an employee who might be attempting to use his position to conduct surveillance
activities.479

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have suspicious employment inquiries been received at Virginia postal or shipping
facilities?
2. Have any possible surveillance activities of any building or assets associated with
postal or shipping assets occurred?
3. Have suspicious inquiries about security measures been received?
4. Has there been any unauthorized access to shipping facilities in Virginia?
5. Have there been any threats against postal staff or officials?
6. Have any concerns regarding potential misconduct by current or recently separated
employees been received?

Projections
The Postal sector remains a target because of the size of the sector and the large volume of mail
that is processed and delivered daily. The postal sector may be vulnerable to attack because of the
ability to introduce potentially dangerous substances into the postal system. The postal system is
developing robust countermeasures for possible attacks, but some vulnerabilities remain. An attack
on the postal system could generate widespread media coverage and may spark public panic. This
publicity and panic could be motivation for an attack. However, there have been no serious
incidents in Virginia and there is no intelligence to indicate that future attacks are impending.

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Public Health and Healthcare
The Public Health and Healthcare sector is comprised of
systems, networks, services, facilities, functions, and roles
needed to prevent disease and disability, treat patients, foster
public health, and respond to public health emergencies. This
sector spans all levels of government and the private sector.
Ensuring a resilient healthcare system capable of withstanding
disruption and poised to provide mass care, emergency
services, and mortality services is vital for the safety and security
of the Commonwealth. Protective programs within the state
Public Health and Healthcare sector will continue to evolve in
order to comply with updates to federal regulations, emergency
response and recovery requirements, and the rapid technological advancements.
Sector List Criteria
1. Primary "HHS-owned or -managed" pharmaceutical and medical equipment stockpile sites, (e.g.,
Center for Disease Control (CDC)-owned or managed Strategic National Stockpiles) OR
2. Facilities (labs, warehouses, etc.) that house agents or activities requiring Bio-Safety Level 4 (BSL4) containment (as validated by CDC). OR
3. Bio-Safety Level 3 (BSL-3) containment facilities that utilize select agents (as validated by CDC) for
select agent research/work. OR
4. For single source manufacturing facilities of pharmaceuticals, medical devices or biologicals that,
from a regulatory standpoint, are manufactured versus 'processed' OR
5. For single source processing or testing facilities for biologicals that, from a regulatory standpoint, are
'processed' versus manufactured (e.g., blood products/other human tissue) OR
6. For limited source (sufficiently few) manufacturers or processors OR
7. Storage/distribution facilities of medically necessary products that store at least 15 percent of the
regional supply of a medically necessary product or medical countermeasure OR
8. Research facilities conducting unique, unduplicated research in direct support of biosurveillance or
public health initiatives that would take at least 3 years to regenerate and would cost more than $50
million.
9. Hospitals must meet all of the following criteria:
a. Hospitals located in close proximity to (but outside of the "hot" zone or directly impacted zone)
of designated Tier 1 critical infrastructure assets from other sectors; AND
b. An attack on said assets would create a mass casualty event likely creating a patient surge of
more than 1000 patients per million people within the designated geographic area served by
the hospital or hospitals; AND
c. Such hospitals are site prepared to support all-hazards mass casualties including
decontamination capabilities; AND
d. Capable of trauma response, 24 hours a day and 7 days a week

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Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Two main trends of potential concern to the Public Health and Healthcare Sector are bioterrorism
and terrorism tradecraft techniques that involve the surveillance of staff and facilities or theft of
potential biological, chemical, or radiological agents. Nearly all other critical infrastructure is
dependent upon the state Public Health and Healthcare Sector, especially during disasters.

Potential Threat Group(s)
Any group that would benefit from high profile attacks on soft targets could target public health and
healthcare facilities, thereby threatening this sector. These groups include anti-abortion groups,
international terrorists, single-issue domestic terror groups, and lone-wolf extremists.

Domestic Incidents
The Virginia Fusion Center has not received a significant number of unresolved reports pertaining
to public health and healthcare. Much more reporting has been received regarding suspicious
activity around hospital facilities. Examples of suspicious activity pertaining to Virginia include:
•
•
•
•
•

Subject inquiries regarding nuclear materials480
Suspicious phone call received at Potomac Hospital in Woodbridge481
Suspicious phone call received at Halifax Hospital in South Boston482
Subject possibly conducting video surveillance at Retreat Hospital in Richmond483
Possible use of computer viruses to compromise hospital computer system or cause
damage484

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have suspicious employment inquiries been received at Virginia public health or
healthcare facilities?
2. Have any possible surveillance activities of any building or assets associated with
Public Health facilities occurred?
3. Has there been any unauthorized access to healthcare facilities in Virginia?
4. Have any recent threats been received by Virginia medical facilities which offer
abortion counseling or services?

Projections
It is anticipated that reports of suspicious activity involving the Public Health and Healthcare Sector
will continue and possibly increase due to increased vigilance in these sectors. The Virginia Fusion
Center did note an increase in reporting by this sector in 2007, but it is unclear if this is due to an
increase in actual incidents or if this is due to an increase of reporting following a joint public
outreach effort with the Virginia Hospital and Healthcare Association. This sector remains a
possible target because of the perceived vulnerability and the high profile nature of the sector.
Unfortunately, it is also likely that actual detection and identification of nefarious activities will be
difficult due to the high volume of legitimate incidents.
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Transportation System Sectors
The Transportation Systems sector includes all modes of transportation involved in moving millions
of passengers and goods through a vast and interdependent network. This state sector includes,
but is not limited to Aviation, Highways/Bridges, Ports, and Rail and Mass Transit. The federal and
state Transportation Systems sectors have demonstrated leadership in establishing security
networks throughout the Commonwealth and the U.S. Since the September 2001 attacks, this
sector has enhanced the resiliency of transportation systems while balancing business and
customer needs.

Interdependencies
Many interdependencies exist between the state Transportation sector and other state sectors.
Virtually every sector exhibits some degree of dependency on the Energy, Information
Technology/Telecommunications, and Transportation Systems sectors. In addition to cross-sector
dependencies, the Transportation Systems sub-sectors are also reliant on the safety and security
measures employed by each other. Due to the dependencies of the Transportation System sector
on national and global transportation networks, it relies on partners from around the globe to share
critical information.

Aviation
The Aviation Sector remains a key target for terror for a
variety of reasons, including its high profile status,
psychological impacts and resultant economic damage.
Virginia aviation hubs and industry are attractive targets
due to the proximity of many major airports to central
federal and state government facilities, as well as the
volume of travel through the international hubs present in
the state. Any successful attack or attempted attack on
the Commonwealth’s air facilities and/or aircraft would
further serve to reinforce the terrorist goal that civilians
are not safe. It would appear from both incidents in the Commonwealth and FBI national trend data
that terrorists continue to seek vulnerabilities in this sector despite improved security.

Sector List Criteria
Category X Airports, which have annual enplanements of 5 million or more and international
enplanements of 1 million or more

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Potential Threat Group(s)
The Aviation sector has been a popular target overseas, including a failed attack on an Israeli
plane in Africa in 2002.485 At the present time, the majority of domestic threat groups and
movements tend to target buildings and physical assets rather than inflict the massive casualties
likely with an attack on Aviation sector assets. International groups, such as al-Qa’ida, however,
have already conducted attacks against the Aviation sector. The group continues to announce a
desire to inflic high human losses, as well as structural and economic damage by attacking this
sector. Incidents involving lone wolf or homegrown cells are also possible, as these groups would
desire the publicity created by a high profile attack on the Aviation sector.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The two most significant trends of concern for Aviation sector assets remain terrorism tradecraft,
including methods to collect information and launch attacks, as well as the potential for cyber-crime
and/or cyber-terrorism targeting the computer control systems critical to safe flight operations.

Domestic Incidents
Open source reports of security incidents at airports throughout the U.S. highlight the detection of
potential threat devices, as well as evasive behaviors potentially linked to evading security
measures. While the majority of reports are resolved as frustrated travelers or criminals attempting
to elude capture, the Terrorism Screening Center receives significant reports of air travel by Watch
Listed subjects.
In addition to concerns regarding potential efforts to compromise the computer-controlled networks
in this sector, open source reporting highlights other uses of technology to target Aviation sector
assets. In October 2006, a Mujahideen website posted a message containing a link to what
appeared to be live feed of Anchorage International Airport taken by the airport’s security
cameras.486 The message, titled “You Can Spy on the Enemies’ Airports Directly by Controlling
the Cameras’ Direction,” gave directions for how to control the cameras and promised to provide
links in the future for other airports as well. If this was an authentic break-in, it indicated capacity to
hack into highly secure servers.

Virginia
Terrorism Screening Center data reported numerous air travel records for Watch Listed persons
traveling through Virginia airports. In addition to a significant volume of air travel by subjects with
potential linkages to terror groups, the VFC did receive several reports of interest in 2007. These
include:
•
•

Employment-based security credentials possessed by an illegal alien with fraudulent
identification through Dulles International Airport487
Suspicious behavior by an individual seeking job training funds for flight training488

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•
•
•

Suspicious videotaping incident involving three subjects recording activity inside and
outside of Richmond International Airport489
Suspicious videotaping of Reagan National Airport by a lone subject who fled when
he realized he was being observed490
Suspicious threat call received in West Virginia against an unidentified airport491

While these incidents are considered suspicious, investigative follow up did not identify any threats
to Aviation sector assets in Virginia or the U.S.

Projections
Homegrown extremists could utilize seemingly innocuous hobbies like plane-spotting to engage in
the collection of information through both direct observation and internet monitoring.492 This hobby
could provide a legitimate alibi for individuals conducting pre-incident surveillance activities.
Potential attackers could also pose as plane-spotters to conduct physical attacks against planes,
airport personnel, or facilities. Law enforcement is urged to remain vigilant as the Aviation sector
will remain a favorable target especially to individuals looking to conduct high profile attacks.

Highways/Bridges
Bridges and tunnels have been identified as a critical
infrastructure due to the necessity of goods and services to be
delivered through the use of the nation’s highways. Certain
regions of Virginia are economically and socially dependant
(public safety, goods and services) on bridges and tunnels. In
addition to having significant interstate and major highway
infrastructure, Virginia also has a number of high traffic volume
bridges, including the Monitor Merrimac Bridge, Berkeley Bridge,
Route 66 Bridge, Woodrow Wilson Bridge, and Memorial Bridge.

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Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The
Sector List Criteria

1. Bridges that have annual average daily traffic greater than 200,000 vehicles; and a
detour length greater than 4 kilometer (Km); and a main span greater than 30
meters; OR
2. Tunnels that have annual average daily traffic greater than 200,000 vehicles; and a
detour length greater than 3 km; and a length greater than 100 meters; OR
3. Significant highway tunnels and bridges collocated with important infrastructure
(e.g., major pipelines, railways, and telecommunications) that cannot be readily
rerouted and would create regional or national impacts if destroyed.

most significant trends of concern for Highways/Bridges sector assets remain terrorism tradecraft,
including methods to collect information and launch attacks. There is some potential for impact or
disruption from the shipping or transportation of actual weapons or weapon components by
extremists. Domestic groups continue to use disruptions to the flow of traffic, primarily on
secondary roads in towns and cities, as a means to bring attention to their cause.493

Potential Threat Group(s)
Potential threat groups to highways, bridges, and tunnels include international terrorist
organizations such as al-Qa’ida and affiliated groups, Hizballah, and HAMAS.494 Al-Qa’ida has
demonstrated through publications a desire to target highways, bridges, and tunnels in order to
create mass confusion, economic destruction, and death. Hizballah and HAMAS both have a
presence in the U.S. and are capable of carrying out such an attack, but are unlikely to attack
targets in the U.S. unless provoked. Other threat groups that have targeted highways, bridges, and
tunnels include both left wing and right wing extremists.495

Domestic Incidents
Nationwide reporting indicates that most incidents pertaining to the Highways/Bridges sector
involve photography or videotaping incidents. A review of the FBI’s Guardian Threat Tracking
System for suspected targeting of US bridges between September 1, 2005 and August 31, 2006
revealed over 380 threats and suspicious incidents.496 While the majority of these incidents have
been resolved through further investigation, some remain unresolved. While these incidents cannot
conclusively be linked to terrorist pre-operational planning, several have raised concern within the
intelligence and law enforcement communities. While levels of reporting for such incidents are
fairly high, the limited amount of information available on the vehicles and individuals involved
makes additional research and analysis difficult. Additional complications arise when attempting to
determine whether these incidents involved image collection of the highways and bridges
themselves or of general scenery and tourist attractions.
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Virginia
The bulk of citizen reports received by the Virginia Fusion Center concern people seen in vehicles
taking photos or filming with camcorders while traveling on Virginia’s highways or bridges. Bridges
in the Hampton Roads area are the most frequent sites of suspicious videotaping and pictures,
with the Hampton Roads Bridge tunnel having the most reports.497 The majority of reports involve
subjects driving vehicles but frequently contain insufficient information for additional research. The
VFC also receives reports from transportation personnel assigned to specific sites, after law
enforcement personnel in the area attempt to locate the vehicle. Unfortunately, few vehicles are
located at the time of initial complaint, and vague descriptions of drivers and occupants make
subsequent identification and investigation challenging.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. How many threats to highways, bridges, and tunnels have been reported in Virginia?
2. Which highways, bridges, and tunnels are the most vital to economic activity in
Virginia? Is this divisible by economic sector?
3. Have terrorists targeted the highways, bridges, and tunnels in Virginia?
4. Are there any individuals in the Commonwealth capable of executing roadside IED
deployment in the Commonwealth?
5. Which areas experience the highest reporting of suspicious activities related to
highways, bridges and tunnels?
6. What tactics employed by domestic terrorist entities are most effective against
highways, bridges, and tunnels?
7. Is there a clear threat to highways, bridges, and tunnel infrastructure in the
Commonwealth from any known groups (and/or associates)?
8. What is the history of terrorist encounters on Virginia highways, bridges and tunnels?

Projections
It is anticipated that reports of suspicious activity involving the Highways/Bridges sector will remain
significantly higher than for other CIKR infrastructure sectors. As a number of Virginia’s highways
and bridges have scenic qualities admired by tourists, it is likely that the phenomenon of
photography as videotaping, especially of Hampton Roads area bridges and tunnels, will continue.
It is also likely that actual detection and identification of nefarious activities will be difficult due to
the high volume of legitimate incidents.
Interest as Target: Remain Constant - While terrorists overseas have targeted
highways, bridges, and tunnels for attack there is still a low probability for similar attacks
in the U.S. If this asset is attacked it will be in conjunction with another larger primary
attack and the assault on the highway, bridge, or tunnel will be secondary in nature
meant to create confusion, and fear as well as increase casualties.
Number of Virginia-based assets: Remain Constant – Barring major infrastructure
funding allocations from the federal stimulus bill, current and forecasted economic
conditions make significant new construction unlikely.
Interdependencies: The destruction of highways and bridges in Virginia will either
cause severe localized traffic issues or, depending on the target, multijurisdictional
traffic tie-ups. In the Hampton Roads region terrorist targeting of significant roadways
could cause massive disruptions, effectively isolating the area.

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Ports
Ports infrastructure and their associated assets include ships
and passenger transportation systems, coastal and inland
waterways, locks, dams and canals. The threat to ports and
other maritime assets stems primarily from al-Qa’ida and
affiliates, as the group has routinely identified the
transportation port sector as a highly prized target.498
Potential surveillance of ferries in Washington State in 2007
also raised the concern of possible attacks against the
transportation sector.499 Due to Virginia’s considerable port
infrastructure that includes military assets, commercial shipping, and a cruise ship terminal,500
threats to this sector are of increased concern.

Sector List Criteria
The U.S. Coast Guard, the SSA for the maritime mode, will use its Maritime Security
Risk Analysis Model (MSRAM) to identify maritime, national level, critical
infrastructure/key resource assets and systems (sector assets).
Within MSRAM, each potential sector asset is assigned values for the estimated
consequences from at least one and possibly several likely terrorist attack methods.
For each attack method evaluated, the overall consequence value includes
approximations for death/injury, primary economic, environmental, national security,
symbolic, and secondary economic consequence factors that take into account
recoverability and redundancy parameters. The output of MSRAM process
computations is a listing of the potential Sector assets’ evaluations ranked by
consequence value. Where a particular potential sector asset is evaluated for multiple
attack methods, only the highest consequence value will be listed.
The U.S. Coast Guard will establish an appropriate threshold for overall consequence
values.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Attacks using terrorism tradecraft, particularly improvised explosive devices (IED) or vehicle-borne
IEDs would have a devastating impact on maritime assets. Terrorists have used small boats
packed with explosives against military and civilian vessels. There is also the potential for
extremist groups to use a car packed with explosives against passenger carriers like ferries, which
routinely transport civilian vehicles. Maritime assets, particularly commercial shipping, are also
vulnerable to terrorism financing efforts via the shipping of counterfeit goods. Illicit entry through
human smuggling has also been noted as a concern to the Ports sector.
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Potential Threat Group(s)
International terrorist groups, specifically al-Qa’ida, are believed to poise the largest threat to the
ports critical infrastructure. An attack on the maritime sector has the potential to cause mass
causalities, disrupt tourism, and hurt the economy. A maritime attack, such as the 2000 USS Cole
assault, has a spectacular element favored by terrorist plotters.501

Domestic Incidents
Suspicious incidents involving maritime assets have been primarily focused on the potential
targeting of ferries in Washington state.502 Although media attention has focused on suspicious
incidents involving the Washington ferries, homeland security officials have noted several incidents
occurring since 2004 that include possible pre-attack indicators. These indicators include
photographing the interior of the vessel, measuring the boat length, and monitoring passenger
loading and unloading procedures. 503

Virginia
Several suspicious events surrounding Virginia’s maritime assets have been reported and have
primarily focused around the Tidewater area. These incidents include possible surveillance,
suspicious photography, and bomb threats.504 Many of the noted incidents involved the
Jamestown-Scotland Ferry, which is composed of a fleet of four vessels and is the only ferry
system in the Commonwealth to operate on a 24-hour basis.505

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have employees or visitors reported any suspicious photography incidents (i.e.
including photography of secured areas, photography of critical infrastructure located
adjacent to these properties, etc.)?
2. Have employees reported incidents of individuals asking questions about security
measures in Virginia facilities?
3. Have Virginia facilities experienced any bomb threats or suspicious package
incidents?
4. Have any extremist groups (and/or associates) held gatherings in Virginia and/or
been involved in suspicious activity in the proximity of CIKR?
5. Have Virginia facilities experienced any damage or adjacent infrastructure? If so,
have perpetrators been identified as being associated with the aforementioned
groups?
6. Have any Virginia facilities experienced loss or theft of uniform items, official
identification cards or visitors passes?
7. Have any attempts to gain entry to a facility using a fraudulent or stolen identification
card been noted in Virginia?
8. Has anyone attempted to gain entry onto a facility using any other nefarious
methods to avoid detection?
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Projections
Although the media attention focused on the suspected surveillance of the Washington State Ferry
may have a target hardening approach, the ports infrastructure continues to be a prized attack
target. Given Virginia’s military and civilian maritime assets, which include expansive infrastructure
in Tidewater as well as inland ports throughout the Commonwealth, threats to ports should not be
taken lightly.

Rail and Mass Transit
The main emphasis, to date, of terror attacks against Rail and Mass Transportation targets has
been more focused on inflicting damage to persons rather than the destruction of hard
infrastructure. The open nature of rail transport, along with a wide range of target points, makes
attacks against this transport mode very feasible. Characterized by easy access and anonymity,
rail and mass transit causes convergences of people vulnerable to both conventional explosive
devices and non-conventional attacks using chemical or biological agents.
Overview of Rail Network in Virginia

Source: Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation Map (click to zoom)

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Sector List Criteria – Freight Rail
1. Rail tunnels, bridges, or other critical assets without a practical reroute option, a rebuild
time over 3 months if all resources are available, or rerouting options that would result in
a 75% degradation of service; OR
2. Rail yards that, if disabled, would cause significant disruption to the national economy;
OR
3. The total disability (for greater than 72 hours) or destruction of a cyber system that would
result in the loss of a signaling system and the inability to monitor assets on a core route.

The Surface Transportation ISAC (ST-ISAC) was created by the
Association of American Railroads in 2002 at the request of the
Secretary of Transportation. This ISAC currently supports 95% of the
North American freight railroad infrastructure. In 2007, the Public
Transit node joined the ST-ISAC; the American Public Transportation
Association (APTA) serves as the U.S. Department of Transportation
designated sector coordinator for the U.S. public transit industry.
APTA’s members serve over 90% of persons using public
transportation in the U.S. and Canada.

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
The most significant trends of concern for Rail and Mass Transit
sector assets remain terrorism tradecraft, including methods to collect
information and launch attacks. Rail and Mass Transit is unique
because it is the focus of innocuous observation by hobbyists known
as “rail buffs.” Some of these hobbyists not only observe trains, but
engage in photography, videotaping, and monitoring of
communications frequencies. In addition to possible surveillance and
sabotage efforts, this sector is also affected by the trend of
trainhopping, in which individuals stowaway on non-passenger trains
as a form of transportation. This trend, utilized by the Garbage
Liberation Front, has been observed in Virginia in 2007.506

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Sector List Criteria

Mass Transit systems
supporting
large
metropolitan areas with
daily ridership over
60,000 passengers.

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Potential Threat Group(s)
Mass transit has been a popular target overseas, including attacks in European cities such as
London and Madrid, as well as in Asian countries such as India and Japan. At the present time,
the majority of domestic threat groups and movements tend to target buildings and physical assets
rather than inflict the massive casualties likely with an attack on Rail and Mass Transit sector
assets. International groups, such as al-Qa’ida, however, have specifically announced a desire to
inflict high human losses, as well as structural and economic damage by attacking this sector.
Incidents involving lone wolf or homegrown cells are also possible.

Domestic Incidents
Emergency services personnel monitor train related incidents not only in situations involving
potential chemical releases, but also for signs of criminal or terrorist activities. Recent nationwide
reporting has included rail tampering incidents involving the removal of rail spikes in an apparent
attempt to cause derailment and email bomb threats.507 In December 2006, an individual allegedly
led a discussion with members of a domestic extremist militia group concerning how to decouple
rail cars and remove their wheels.508 During this conversation, the group members discussed
decoupling the trains for the purpose of acquiring supplies.

Virginia
Reporting of suspicious incidents involving mass transit assets were received by the VFC from
National Capitol Region localities only, despite the prevalence of public transportation in major
metropolitan areas throughout the state. It is unclear if this is due to a lack of suspicious activity or
“See Something, Say Something” type public awareness campaigns in the region. Most of the
reporting from this area involves people engaging in suspicious activity, such as:
•
•
•

Suspicious person on the Metro with black bags and apparently modified remote
control-type devices509
Suspicious person at the Roslyn Metro station potentially testing reactions to
unattended baggage510
Suspicious subject videotaping an AMTRAK passenger train at Lorton with
professional grade equipment511

The VFC also received reporting of suspicious activity regarding assets. These incidents occurred
in Chesterfield County, Chesapeake and Newport News, and included:
•

Detection of several suspicious devices along the CSX railroad tracks in Newport
News; one device was described as a pipe bomb, while another was an
incendiary type device512

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•

Group of suspicious individuals trespassing on a CSX train in Ettrick. The
individuals may have ties to an ecological direct action group with anarchist
sympathies that advocates train hopping and squatting513
• Series of potential switch tampering potentially timed to sabotage CSX trains
hauling HAZMAT loads on a low-volume line in Chesterfield County. 514
• Incidents of vandalism to CSX train switches in Chesterfield515
• Suspicious photography incidents and possible surveillance activity on CSX
tracks in James City County.516
• Suspicious fire involving a wood piling next to a Norfolk Southern Railroad Bridge
in Chesapeake. The pilings had no navigational lighting or power but were fully
engulfed in flames.517
None of these incidents have been shown to have a terrorism nexus, but indicate the potential for
actions of greater consequence.

Intelligence Gaps
1. Have any suspicious individuals inquired about employment with the rail industry?
2. Have there been possible surveillance of tracks or rail facilities?
3. Have any suspicious individuals inquired about access to tracks or rail facilities or
asked about security measures?
4. Has there been any authorized access of break ins to rail facilities?
5. Have there been any threats against the rail industry or members?

Projections
Although no intelligence suggests that terrorist or extremist groups are currently planning attacks
against Virginia Rail and Mass Transit assets, the VFC anticipates continued reporting of
vandalism and potential tampering, with seasonal increases that match good weather and school
vacations. As the assets in this sector are spread throughout the Commonwealth, with some
vulnerable components located in remote areas, detection of surveillance or sabotage will remain
difficult.

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Water (Drinking and Waste Systems)
The Water sector is vital to protecting human health and a robust
economy in the Commonwealth and in the U.S., necessitating a
strategy to protect the Water sector against manmade as well as
natural threats. The U.S. currently has roughly 160,000 public
drinking water utilities and more than 16,000 wastewater utilities.
An estimated 84% of the U.S. population receives potable water
from public water systems and more than 75% of the U.S.
population uses these wastewater utilities to handle its sanitary
sewage. In addition to residential users, approximately 27,000
commercial and industrial facilities rely on publicly owned water
systems to treat 32 billion gallons of wastewater daily.

Sector List Criteria

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The Water ISAC is a private, not-for-profit organization
authorized by Congress and established by utilities with the
fundamental purpose of providing information necessary to
secure water systems and ensure continuous utility
operations in the face of all hazards. The Water ISAC
currently provides security information to water and wastewater utilities that provide services to
more than 65% of the American population.518

Potential Trend(s) Impacting Sector
Current threats to water or wastewater systems are broadly classified into four categories: physical
destruction, bio-terrorism, chemical contamination, and cyber attacks. Suspicious incidents,
potentially linked to surveillance, security probes, and tampering, have been reported around the
U.S.

Potential Threat Group(s)
International groups, such as al-Qa’ida, advocate attacks on vital supplies such as water more
frequently than domestic groups. As with several other industries, Water sector assets may be
attractive to lone wolf types with limited resources. The relatively remote location of some Water
sector facilities has made them attractive targets for vandalism for some time; this same factor
could also attract single actor or small homegrown groups to probe security efforts as a precursor
to a larger event.

Domestic Incidents
National incident reporting concerning the Water sector vary widely. Some involve specific, but not
significantly credible threats, to facilities, while others reflect concerns about broader trends. One
concern that continues to generate reporting is the possible acquisition of and training in SCUBA
gear as a precursor to an attack.519 Another item of concern and controversy arose from a local
government posting520 on water regulations that contains information considered to be of value in
planning Water sector attacks by means of Backflow Valve tampering.521

Virginia
Current reporting in Virginia includes two threats of low credibility. The first threat received was an
email threatening the water supply received by a resident of Falls Church.522 The second was a
threatening letter, mailed from a correctional facility, advising of an impending water contamination
attack using anthrax and radiological materials.523 The Virginia Fusion Center has not received
significant reporting of vandalism or forced entry into Water sector facilities, but it is not clear if this
is due to a lack of occurrence or a lack of reporting.

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Intelligence Gaps
1. Have there been any thefts of chemicals from Virginia facilities or attempts by
outsiders to purchase chemicals?
2. Have there been any attempts or threats to poison the water supply in Virginia?
3. Have there been any suspicious attempts to elicit information concerning facility
operations?
4. Have there been any attempts to test or conduct reconnaissance of security
operations?
5. Have there been any suspicious incidents involving potential surveillance, such as
taking extensive notes, photographing, videotaping, or mobile surveillance by cars,
trucks, motorcycles, boats or small aircraft?
6. Have any persons shown uncommon interest in security measures or personnel,
entry points or access controls, or perimeter barriers such as fences or walls?
7. Has any suspicious activity by current or recently separated employees suggested
an interest in compromising plant operations?
8. Have there been attempts by foreign nationals to gain access or elicit information
from facility personnel?
9. Which groups or movements pose the largest threat to key Virginia facilities?

Projections
Water systems are vulnerable to physical attacks that can compromise the quantity and quality of a
community’s drinking water, as well as electronic or cyber attacks that can disrupt a system’s
computer operations. In Virginia, there are nine major river basins/watersheds that could be
potentially targeted by terrorists; however, the Water sector is not likely to be a priority target
because an attack on this infrastructure would not cause spectacular visual effects and large
numbers of casualties that would capture media attention. Further, an attack on the
water/wastewater infrastructure would not have as significant an economic impact as an attack on
other critical infrastructures. The Water sector, however, remains a valid terrorist target because
the water sector is one of the seventeen key national infrastructures. In addition, attacks against
other critical infrastructures could impact the Water/Wastewater sector.524

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CONCLUSION
Although a number of international and domestic terrorist organizations have a presence in
Virginia, the activities of these groups have been primarily limited to non-violent activity. There is
no intelligence information indicating any specific or credible plans regarding an imminent threat to
the Commonwealth from the identified threat groups; however, a majority of these groups are
actively recruiting and fundraising in the U.S. The presence of terrorist groups in the
Commonwealth poses an inherent threat given a majority of these groups espouse antigovernment beliefs, have a propensity for violent attacks, and have openly expressed an interest in
attacks against the U.S. and U.S. interests.
Despite a lack of reporting indicating that domestic and international groups are involved in joint
operational planning in Virginia, law enforcement and the Intelligence Community should remain
aware of the potential threat posed by domestic terrorism groups in the context of global Islamic
extremism. As domestic terrorists in the U.S. have greater access to potential targets and weapons
within the U.S. and may be less likely to attract suspicion, international terrorist groups may seek to
enlist their operational support by capitalizing on mutual anti-U.S. government sentiments.
Although differences in religious and ideological beliefs may pose significant barriers to
cooperation, shared animosity, and the fostering of relationships between like-minded groups is
cause for concern. Recent incidents of groups within the black separatist movement who have
openly supported transnational Islamic extremist causes further serve to highlight a potential
threat. Additionally, targeted recruitment efforts of inmates and street gang members by extremist
threat groups indicates a possible willingness of these groups to employ violent tactics in future
events, which would be of major concern to the Commonwealth.
Further compounding the domestic threat is the recent instances involving radicalized U.S. persons
engaging in terrorist planning against U.S. interests. Although there is no available information
suggesting an imminent threat to the Commonwealth from U.S.-based homegrown extremists,
activities indicative of recruitment, training, radicalization, and surveillance have been reported
throughout the state. The difficulty in detecting the threat from these extremists is compounded as
these individuals are not typically involved in group activities that would attract attention from law
enforcement.
In addition, the increased use of technology, namely the Internet, has provided potential terrorists
with radical inspiration, training materials, and financing and is increasingly being utilized by
individuals and groups seeking affirmation and identity through the use of violence. The increase of
internet availability throughout isolated or developing parts of the world can also serve as a
potential link between Virginia and like-minded extremists and radical movements abroad.
Based on the information gathered, the Commonwealth of Virginia could be potentially targeted for
terrorist attack because of its location and proximity to Washington, D.C., and its numerous critical
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infrastructure, including tourist facilities and soft targets. In addition, the presence of international
and domestic terrorist groups, and the amount of extremist activity documented in Virginia
suggests additional cause for concern. In order to detect and deter terrorist attacks, it is essential
that information regarding suspected terrorists and suspicious activity in Virginia be closely
monitored and reported in a timely manner.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
In an effort to identify the most viable terrorism threats to the Commonwealth, it is important to
determine the extent to which the identified domestic and foreign groups are present in Virginia. It
is also important to determine if these groups are actively planning to commit acts of terrorism. In
order to determine this, it is advised that the following intelligence areas be addressed:
• Further develop intelligence on members and associates of identified terrorist groups
• Identify business fronts and other sources of financing used by extremist groups
• Determine the operational capabilities, resources, and training available to groups
• Monitor and further develop intelligence regarding terrorist recruiting grounds
• Identify and monitor web forums and social networking sites used by extremists
• Determine means of communication and emerging technology used by threat groups
• Further identify the motivation of threat groups and the possible fostering of
relationships between like-minded entities
• Identify evolving tactics and methodology utilized and/or advocated by threat groups
• Closely monitor trend information regarding recruitment of extremists, most notably
those individuals and groups seeking affirmation and identity by employing violence
• Identify global terrorism trends and the potential ramifications for the U.S. and U.S.
interests in light of existing overseas terrorist activity
• Identify trends regarding homegrown terrorism abroad and apply lessons learned to
international and domestic extremist groups
In addition to identifying information relative to the identified threat groups in Virginia, the potential
targets and types of terrorism threats should be considered. This information should be further
developed to identify capabilities of the identified threat groups and overall threats to the
Commonwealth.
• Further identify the types and extent of identified terrorism trends affecting Virginia
• Attempt to further substantiate claims regarding trend activity and a nexus to terrorism
• Identify, monitor, and document the sources and mechanisms of terrorism finance
• Encourage public and private partners to remain alert and report activity indicative of
“The Seven Signs of Terrorism”: surveillance, tests of security, suspicious questioning,
acquiring supplies, suspicious persons, dry runs, and deploying assets
• Develop and maintain contacts at key infrastructure facilities and soft targets to
encourage reporting of suspicious activities, including threats of suspicious transactions
• Identify, make contact, and educate retailers whose goods could be exploited for
terrorist operations

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• Attempt to identify vulnerable infrastructure and the potential for its exploitation by the
identified threat groups
• Monitor global terrorism acts and emerging trend information abroad to determine target
threat vulnerability
• Further identify threat information regarding types of terrorist threats that have been
referenced by the Intelligence Community
• Identify types of terrorist threats to Virginia which are not specified in the assessment
Gathering information based on these recommendations will allow the Virginia Fusion Center and
their law enforcement and homeland security partners the ability to prevent future terrorist attacks
in the Commonwealth. Any information regarding these recommendations can be forwarded to the
Virginia Fusion Center by calling (804) 674-2196 or by e-mail at vfc@vsp.virginia.gov.

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1

(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
(FOUO) Ibid
3
(FOUO) Ibid
4
(FOUO) TSC 2009 clarification email dated February 2, 2009.
5
(OS) Center for Contemporary Conflict: Al-Qa’ida Finances and Funding to Affiliated Groups, January 2005
6
(OS) Jamestown Foundation: Al-Qa’ida & the Muslim Brotherhood: United by Strategy, Divided by Tactics,
March 23, 2006
7
(OS) Jamestown Foundation; Latest al-Zawahiri Tape Targets American Society, May 8, 2007
8
(OS) Associated Press: Possible Al Qaeda Infiltration Worries FBI Chief, March 9, 2005;
(LES) FBI IIR 4 214 3053 07
9
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
10
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey: Fairfax County, City of Falls Church, , Spotsylvania County, VSP
Division 1)
(OS) Asia Times: The American Path to Jihad, August 10, 2007;
(OS) Washington Post: Spreading Saudi Fundamentalism in U.S., October 2, 2003;
(OS) Weekly Standard: Wahhabis in the Old Dominion, April 8, 2002).
11
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey: FBI Richmond Field Office
12
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey: Regent University Campus Police;
(OS) Chronicle of Higher Education: Britain Urges Universities to Confront Al Qa’ida-Linked Extremism
on Campuses. January 22, 2008
13
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey:
14
(OS) Reuters: Al-Qa’ida-Linked Websites Number 5,600, December 4, 2007
15
(OS) Terrorism Finance: Somali Pirates
16
(OS) Somaliweyn: 11 US Residents Captured in Somaliland-Smuggling Anti-Aircraft Missiles, January 29, 2009
17
(OS) Washington Times: U.S. Somalis Fear Teens Left To Join Jihad, December 8, 2008
18
(FOUO) JRIC Situational Awareness Bulletin: al-Shabaab, February 10, 2009
19
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: U.S. Citizen Sentenced to Prison for Receiving Military Training from a
Terrorist Organization. July 20, 2007
20
(OS) CNN: Seattle Case Raises Questions About War on Terror, December 18, 2006.
21
(OS) ABC News: Feds Probing Possible Minnesota Terror Group, November 25, 2008
22
(OS) The Catholic Virginian: Refugee Office Responds To Tensions In Roanoke, M a y 5 , 2 0 0 8
23
(OS) Catholic Diocese of Richmond - Refugee and Immigration Services
24
(OS) Refugee and Immigration Services
25
(LES) DHS: The HAMAS Network in the U.S. Part 1 and 2, December 12, 2007
26
(OS) Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center: HAMAS Children’s Show Promotes Hate, December
6, 2007
27
(OS) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Congressional Testimony of FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III, February
16, 2005
28
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
29
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007
30
(OS) AFP: Thousands of Protestors Demand End to Israel Raids in Gaza, January 1, 2008
31
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Holy Land Foundation, Leaders, Accused of Providing Support to HAMAS,
July 24, 2004;
(OS) Anti-Defamation League: The Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, November 15, 2007
32
(OS) FBI Press Room: Testimony of Robert S. Mueller, III, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the
Senate Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate. February 16, 2005
2

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33

(OS) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Terrorism 2002-2005, November 2007
(FOUO) Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate: Universal Adversary Order of Battle:
Hizballah, September 18, 2007
35
(OS) U.S. Senate Hearing of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs: Hezbollah:
Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise, May 25, 2005
36
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
37
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys;
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007
38
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey
39
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey
40
(FOUO) DHS HIR CBP-126-06, Foreign Nationals’ Recent Travel to U.S. Jama’at Al-Tabligh Headquarters,
July 12, 2006
41
(OS) STRATFOR: Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect Line to Terrorism, January 23, 2008;
(OS) The Sunday Telegraph: Authorities Probe Little-Known Islamic Group's Alleged Ties to Extremists, August
21, 2006.
42
(OS) Jamestown Foundation: Spanish Police Arrest Jama’at al-Tabligh Members in Bomb Threat, February 13,
2008
43
(LES) Joint Forces Headquarters National Capital Region, Weekly Threat Assessment, July 24-30, 2005
44
(FOUO) DHS Reference Aid: Foreign Groups in Focus: Jama’at al-Tabligh, January 29, 2009
45
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
46
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007
47
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
48
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey;
(LES) TIPS C070279;
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 0078 05
49
(LES) TIPS C060383
50
(LES) TIPS C070852 and C070279
51
(LES) TIPS C070510
52
(FOUO) Universal Adversary Special Analysis: Muslims of the Americas and Jama’at ul-Fuqra, August 22, 2007
53
(LES) TIPS C060235 & C060259
54
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
55
(OS) MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base: Lashkar-e-Taiba, February 23, 2008
56
(OS) Middle East Times: Feds Scrutinize U.S. LeT Cells, February 27, 2009
57
(OS) Ibid
58
(OS) Ibid
59
(FOUO) CRA Terrorism Assessment Center: Lashkar-e-Toiba (LET) - al-Qaeda Affiliate, February 2, 2006
60
(OS) Associated Press: Atlanta, Canada Terror Suspects Met, January 14, 2008
61
(OS)Yahoo News: Lashkar-e-Toiba Among Top 10 CIA Security Challenges In 2009, February 3, 2009
62
(FOUO) DHS: The HAMAS Network in the U.S. Part 1 and 2, December 12, 2007
63
(LES) NJ Office of the Attorney General, Office of Counter Terrorism: Muslim Brotherhood: Trend Analysis,
April 28, 2005
64
(OS) Investigative Project on Terrorism: Muslim American Society
65
(OS) Ibid
66
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
67
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey
68
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey:; TIPS C070773, C070918, C070959, C080139
34

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69

(FOUO) Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate: Universal Adversary Order of Battle:
Domestic Right Wing, October 6, 2006
70
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2008 Encounter Report.
71
(FOUO) Terrorism Screening Center, Virginia Fusion Center Project: 2007 Encounter Report.
72
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Survey
73
(OS) Anarchism in Action: Methods, Tactics, Skills, and Ideas
74
(LES) 2009VFC Threat Assessment Survey
75
(LES) TIPS ID TIPS #500, C051086, C051015, C050821, C050795
76
(LES) C080294, C083014, C083014, C082597, C070771, C070732)
77
(OS) Alphabet City: Utopia Gleaners
78
(LES) TIPS C070677
79
(OS) United States Attorney's Office Central District of California New Jersey Man Charged With Attacking
Church Of Scientology Websites In The Name Of ‘Anonymous’ October 17, 2008
80
(LES) DHS Homeland Security Threat Assessment, Black Separatism: A Volatile Movement and Node of
Radicalization, June 13, 2006.
81
(LES) FPN presence in Bland Correctional Center reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment
System
82
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
83
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
84
(OS) Nation of Islam
85
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
86
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
87
(OS) Anti-Defamation League: NOI and the New Black Panther Party, February 27, 2007
88
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2735 07
89
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 4385 07
90
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 3632 07 and FBI IIR 4 201 2342 07
91
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys; NBPP also reported in Norfolk in Domestic Terrorism Tracking
Assessment System.
92
(LES) NBPP meeting in Virginia Beach on May 11, 2007 (TIPS C070325).
93
(LES) NBPP and several other activist groups held an opposition rally and demonstration at the Jamestown
settlement on May 12, 2007 (TIPS C070350).
94
(OS) Associated Content: Interview with the Deputy Chairman to the Maryland Branch of the New African Black
Panther Party-Prison Chapter, May 19, 2007
95
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey
96
(LES) Buckingham: TIPS C070307; Newport News: C070212;
(OS) CTC Sentinel: Takeovers of Moderate Muslim Institutions: Radical Islamist Tactics at the Local Level,
February 2008
97
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Fort Dix Plot Illustrates Continuing Threat Posed by
Homegrown Islamic Extremists, June 4, 2007
98
(FOUO) DHS: Hizb ut-Tahrir United States: Emerging Threat for Radicalizing American Muslims
99
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
100
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
101
(LES) 2007 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
102
(FOUO) DHS: Homeland Security Threat Assessment: Evaluating Threats 2008-2013
103
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2898 07
104
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 3171 06
105
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2952 06

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106

(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 3203 06; FBI IIR 4 201 2769 06; FBI IIR 4 201 2768 06
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2898 07; Iqaamatiddeen Movement; FBI IIR 4 201 5543 07
108
(LES) TIPS C050896 and C060779
109
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
110
(FOUO) DHS: The Domestic Terrorism Threat-Lone Wolves, Small Cells, and Leaderless Resistance, July 5,
2005
111
(LES) FBI: Lone Wolf Terrorists: The Most Dangerous Domestic White Nationalist Extremist Threat, February
21, 2008
112
(LES) TIPS C070882
113
(LES) TIPS C081883, C082953, C080335, C082179, C083078, C082765, C080298, and C083499.
114
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
115
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
116
(OS) FBI Strategic Plan, 2004
117
(OS) Anti-Defamation League: The Militia Movement
118
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
119
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
120
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
121
(FOUO) DHS Open Source Program: Virginia Citizen Militia Affiliate Announces Rifle And Pistol Marksmanship
Training On 20 December 2008.
122
(FOUO) DHS Open Source Program: Virginia Citizen Militia affiliate announces Winter Survival FTX on 16-17
January 2009 at the Thompson Wildlife Management Area in VA
123
(OS) The Nuremburg Files: Alleged Abortionists and Their Accomplices
124
(LES) TIPS C070302
125
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
126
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
127
(LES) Pennsylvania: TIPS C070967; Illinois: C070896 and C070863
128
(LES) Operation Rescue reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System
128
(LES) TIPS C070967; Operation Rescue
129
(LES) Operation Rescue reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System
130
(LES) TIPS C070967; Operation Rescue
131
(FOUO) ROIC Foiled Cyber Attack on Bayer Group Website, January 28, 2009
132
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
133
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
134
(OS) Virginia Voters for Animal Welfare: Michael Vick Anti-Dog Fighting Rally in Richmond, July 26, 2007;
(OS) Easy Vegan Info: Vick Courthouse Hearing Rally in Richmond, August 27, 2007
135
(LES) TIPS C080216
136
(LES) FBI: Animal Rights Extremism: Threats of Violence Increase, October 31, 2007
137
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1730 08;
(OS) Animal Liberation Press Office: Vandalism of Washington, D.C. Fur Shops, October 8, 2007;
(OS) Animal Liberation Press Office: Turkey Liberation from Unknown Virginia Farm, November 4, 2006
138
(LES) ALF reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System; TIPS Subjects 1514 & 1515
139
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2055 08
140
(FOUO) Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate: Universal Adversary Order of Battle:
Eco-terrorism, April 1, 2006
141
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
142
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
143
(LES) Vandalism in Blacksburg (TIPS C070933) and Wise County (C070837);
107

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(LES) Tree spiking and possible surveillance in Wise County (TIPS C070639 and C070951).
(LES) EF reported in Russell in Domestic Terrorism Assessment System
145
(LES) TIPS C070945
146
(OS) Rainforest Action Network: Coal Day of Action;
(OS) Mountain Justice Summer: Dominion Power Protest in Richmond, June 25, 2007
147
(OS) Katuah Earth First!: In a Daring Challenge to the Power of the Coal Industry, Activists Blockade Power
Plant, July 10, 2006
148
(LES) KEF Action Camp (TIPS C050053); KEF protest (C050138); Logging activities sabotaged (C070639);
Mine equipment attack (C070837).
149
(OS) Asheville Indymedia: BREF Decorates Developer’s Home in Blacksburg, September 27, 2007
150
(OS) Richmond Indymedia: No Coal for Christmas: Tell Bank of America, “Divest from Coal. Invest in Clean
Energy,” December 11, 2007
151
(LES) BREF email, December 4, 2007
152
(LES) TIPS C070732
153
(OS) Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Arsons Believed to be Work of ELF, April 22, 2004
154
(LES) ELF reported in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System
155
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Militia and Sovereign Citizen Extremist Use of Fraudulent Documents,
January 10, 2008
156
(LES) Former Virginia resident involved in anti-government activity in Montana (TIPS C070944).
157
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
158
(LES) In May 2005, Alleghany County SO received documentation from an individual purporting to be a
member of the Little Shell Pembina Nation.
159
(FOUO) DHS Reference Aid: Moorish Nation (IA-0127-09) January 14, 2009
160
(FOUO) Ibid
161
(LES) FBI: The Moorish Nation, a Sovereign Citizen group in Georgia, November 19, 2008.
162
(FOUO) DHS Reference Aid: Moorish Nation (IA-0127-09), January 14, 2009
163
(OS) Anti-Defamation League: Anti-Government Extremist Convicted on Paper Terrorism Charges, June 12,
2003
164
(FOUO) DHS Reference Aid: Moorish Nation (IA-0127-09,) January 14, 2009
165
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
166
(LES) 2009 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
167
(LES) TIPS C070176, C070157, C060819, C060476
168
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation/Georgia Information and Sharing Analysis Center: Sovereign Citizens
Movement in Georgia, January 2008
169
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
170
(LES) American Renaissance reported in Fairfax County in Domestic Terrorism Tracking Assessment System;
2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
171
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
172
(OS) Southern Poverty Law Center: Neo-Nazi Leader Bill White Jailed, Charged With Obstructing Justice
173
(OS) Anti-Defamation League: American Thule Society
174
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Survey: Christiansburg PD and VA Department of Corrections
175
(OS) STR HATE Talk: Active Neo-Nazi Gangs
176
(OS) Ibid
177
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
178
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys;
(LES) Aryan Nations member identified in Wise County (TIPS C070798)
179
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
144

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180

(LES) TIPS C082179
(OS) Center for Disease Control: Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001:
182
(FOUO) IIR 4 201 3762 08 IIR: Early 2008 Threats To The Church Of Scientology
183
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: February 2008 Las Vegas Ricin Incident, March 7,
2008
184
(OS) Kaiser Network: New Anthrax Threats Arrive at Abortion Clinics Via FedEx; Additional Packages
Intercepted Before Delivery, November 9, 2001
185
(OS) Terrorism Knowledge Base: Group Profile: Army of God.
186
(OS) Chesterfield Connections: Man Arrested in Plot to Kill Wife, February 6, 2006
187
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Extremist Acquisition of Exotic Toxins and Poisons for Terrorist Attacks,
August 20, 2007
188
(OS) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Congressional Testimony of Keith Lourdeau, Deputy Assistant Director,
Cyber Division, FBI Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland
Security, February 24, 2004
189
(OS) National Conference of State Legislatures
190
(OS) CRS Report for Congress: Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for
Congress, January 29, 2008
191
(OS) Ibid
192
(OS) United States Secret Service & CERT Coordination Center, Insider Threat Study of Computer System
Sabotage in Critical Infrastructure Sectors, May 2005
193
(OS) SANS Institute, Cyber Security News You Can Use, “The Rising Epidemic of Cyber Extortion, Analysis:
How Attacks Work,” July 2005
194
(OS) Samuel, Alexandra, Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation (August 2004)
195
(OS) Kevin Poulsen. "Hackers Assault Epilepsy Patients via Computer". Wired News March 28, 2008
196
(OS) KXAN.com Construction Signs Warn Of Zombies, January 29, 2008
197
(OS) Hoover National Security Forum Series: The Transnational Dimension of Cybercrime and Terrorism International Cooperation to Protect Civil Aviation Against Cyber Crime and Terrorism, August 2001
198
(OS) Ibid
199
(FOUO) Department of Homeland Security: Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection: Speculating on
Terrorist Cyber Attacks on the Homeland, September 17, 2004
200
(OS) U.S. CERT: Common Sense Guide to Prevention and Detection of Insider Threats, 2005
201
(OS) Washington Post, Terrorist 007, Exposed, March 26, 2006
202
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 08-06: Planned Protests Against Church of Scientology
202
(OS) SANS Institute: The Rising Epidemic of Cyber Extortion, July 2005
202
(LES) TIPS C070643
203
(OS) SANS Institute: The Rising Epidemic of Cyber Extortion, July 2005
204
(LES) FBI SIR July 10, 2008
205
(FOUO) IIR 4 235 1721 08
206
(LES) TIPS C070643
207
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007
208
(OS) ABC7: Business Lets Illegals Buy Citizenship, November 2, 2006
209
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation/Georgia Information and Sharing Analysis Center: Sovereign Citizens
Movement in Georgia, January 2008.
210
(OS) Center for Immigration Studies: Immigration and Terrorism: Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff Report on
Terrorist Travel, September 2005
211
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
212
(LES) FBI IIR 4 235 2317 08; FBI IIR 4 214 1987 08
181

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213

(LES) FBI IIR 4 235 2317 08
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Fifteen Individuals Charged In Contraband Cigarette Trafficking, Money
Laundering, And Identification Fraud And Identity Theft Schemes. July 17, 2008
215
(LES) FBI IIR 4 214 1987 08
216
(LES) TIPS C082456
217
(LES) Richmond resident observed with several vehicles at his house bearing Moorish National Republic of the
USA license plates (TIPS C051043).
218
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
219
(LES) http://washingtondc.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel08/wfo111808.htm
220
(OS) U.S. Code Section 1325: Marriage Fraud, October 1997
221
(OS) Center for Immigration Studies: “Hello, I Love You Won’t you Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card
Marriage Phenomenon” November 2008
222
(OS) Ibid
223
(OS) Ibid
224
(OS) Ibid
225
(OS) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
226
(OS) Associated Press: Man Tried to Recruit Virginia Officer for Terrorist Cause, 2006
227
(OS) Center for Immigration Studies: Immigration and Terrorism: Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff Report on
Terrorist Travel, September 2005
228
(OS) Ibid
229
(OS) Congressional Research Service: Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation,
October 19, 2006.
230
(OS) ABC News. Terrorism Suspect Aafia Siddiqui Unfit for Trial: Judge Slates Hearing After Report That
Former MIT Student Not Mentally Competent. November 18, 2008
231
(LES) FBI IIR 4 214 2893 07, TIPS C070898
232
(OS) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: SEVIS Approved Schools in VA
233
(OS) State Council of Higher Education for Virginia: Enrollment Trends at Virginia’s Public Colleges and
Universities, September 2007
234
(OS) State Council of Higher Education for Virginia
235
(OS) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: SEVIS General Summary Quarterly Review, January 15,
2008
236
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
237
(OS) International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security: Links Between Terrorism and Drug
Trafficking: A Case of Narco-Terrorism, January 27, 2005 (Appendix II lists twelve definitions of narcoterrorism)
238
(OS) Drug Enforcement Administration: Narco-Terrorism: International Drug Trafficking and Terrorism—A
Dangerous Mix, Hearing Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 20, 2003
239
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Drug Trafficking and International Terrorism, November 16, 2005
240
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: New Patterns in Al-Qaeda Financing, May 25, 2005; Federal Bureau of
Investigation: Drug Trafficking and International Terrorism, November 16, 2005
241
(OS) U.S. News & World Report: Paying for Terror, December 5, 2005
242
(OS) Washington Times: Drug Money Sustains al Qaeda, December 29, 2003
243
(OS) Ibid; TIME Asia: Terrorism’s Harvest, August 2, 2004
244
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin #09-06: Khat Trafficking, February 17, 2009
245
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice Khat Bulletin May 2003
246
(OS) U.S. Department of Justices Khat Fast Facts
247
(OS) 2000 Census Data
214

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248

(OS) Modified basic model of terrorist financial networks with representative activities (RAND: Financing
Terror: an Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda's Financial Infrastructure, 2005).
249
(OS) BIF, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: The 9/11 Commission Report,
July 22, 2004;
(OS) U.S. Department of Treasury: Recent OFAC Actions, November 19, 2002).
250
(OS) NEFA Foundation: United States v. Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, July 26, 2004).
251
(OS) Global Terror Alert: United States v. Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, 2005).
252
(OS) Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
253
(OS) North American Islamic Trust
254
(OS) World Tribune “FBI Severed Contacts With CAIR In Last Days Of Bush Administration” February 3, 2009
255
(OS) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT Civil Action No: 08-1989
256
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: U.S. Code Title 18 § 2318: Trafficking in counterfeit labels, illicit labels, or
counterfeit documentation or packaging
257
(OS) Ibid
258
(OS) Pilot Online: Container With Counterfeit Clothing Seized at NIT. January 24, 2009
259
(OS) Mark S. Hamm: Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups: Theory, Research and Prevention, June 1, 2005
260
(OS) International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition: The Negative Consequences of International Intellectual
Property Theft, January 2005
261
(OS) Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs: Counterfeit Goods: Easy Cash for Criminals
and Terrorists, May 25, 2005
262
(LES) FBI IIR 4 214 1919 07
263
(LES) Defense Intelligence Agency/Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives: Joint Intelligence
Task Force–Combating Terrorism: Jamaat ul-Fuqra Special Analysis, September 16, 2004
264
(OS) Center for Policing Terrorism: The Convergence of Crime and Terrorism: Law Enforcement Opportunities
and Perils, March 26, 2007
265
(OS) Pilot Online: Container With Counterfeit Clothing Seized at NIT. January 24, 2009
266
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Eight Arrests in Multi-State Counterfeit Goods Trafficking Ring, March 7,
2007
267
(OS) National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: The 9/11 Commission Report, July 22,
2004
268
(LES) FBI IIR 4 214 2272 07
269
(OS) Al-Qa’ida Terrorist Training Manual: Third Lesson: Counterfeit Currency and Forged Documents
270
(OS) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology,
Terrorism and Government Information, July 9, 2002
271
(OS) U.S. Sentencing Commission:18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(2): Aggravated Identity Theft: November 1, 2005
272
(LES) VFC internal MOA case file documentation
273
(LES) FBI INTELLIGENCE Bulletin: Medicare Part D Susceptible To Fraudulent Enrollment Practices, 7
January 2009
274
(OS) United States Government Accountability Office. Medicare Part D.” GAO-08-760 July 2008.
275
(OS) Kaiser Family Foundation. Medicare Spending and Financing Fact Sheet, September 2008.
276
(LES) FBI INTELLIGENCE Bulletin: Medicare Part D Susceptible To Fraudulent Enrollment Practices, 7
January 2009
277
(OS) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: 18 U.S.C. § 1344: Bank Fraud
278
(OS) Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering, Comptroller’s Handbook, September 2000.
279
Complinet Credit Card Fraud Might Have Played Role In Financing Mumbai Terror Attacks, Expert Suggests,
December 02, 2008

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280

(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Ahmed Ressam, ‘Millennium Bomber’, Sentenced to 22 Years in Prison, July
27, 2005.
281
(OS) Manhattan Institute for Policy Research: The Convergence of Crime and Terror: Law Enforcement
Opportunities and Perils, June 2007
282
(LES) San Diego RTTAC: Mortgage Fraud and Potential Ties to Terrorism Financing. October 30, 2008
283
(OS) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network: Mortgage Loan Fraud: An Industry Assessment based upon
Suspicious Activity Report Analysis, November 2006.
284
(OS) WBJ7: Virginia's Foreclosure Rate Higher Than Last Year, December 8, 2008.
285
(OS) RealtyTrac: Virginia Real Estate Trends, December 2008
286
(OS) Washington Post: Man Suspected of Bin Laden Link Accused of Fraud, August 9, 2005
287
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Dearborn Residents Plead Guilty to Bank Fraud, January 17, 2006
288
(OS) Tampa Bay Online: Hammoudeh Stuck in Limbo. 19 January 2006
289
(OS) Washington Post: Hezbollah in America, May 20, 200
290
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force Makes Arrests in Fraud, Money Laundering
Cases April 27, 2006
291
(OS) Deseret News: New Charge, Hearing for Fraud Suspect, 29 April 2008
292
(LES) TIPS C082112
293
(OS) Subcommittee On Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Hearing: Organized Retail Theft:
Conduit Of Money Laundering, November 10, 2003
294
(OS) Steven Emerson: Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East, July 15, 2005
295
(OS) Food Marketing Institute
296
(OS) Retail Industry Network: Organized Retail Theft Rings;
(OS) Christian Science Monitor: Is Black Market Baby Formula Financing Terrorism, June 29, 2005.
297
(OS) Steven Emerson: Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East, July 15, 2005
298
(OS) Ibid
299
(OS) Ibid
300
(LES) 2008 VFC Threat Assessment Surveys
301
(OS) Associated Press: NY Bust Nets $6M in Fake Tax Stamps, April 9, 2008
302
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Contraband Cigarette Ring Busted: Sold Tends of Millions of Untaxed
Cigarettes, April 12, 2007.
303
(OS)Ibid
304
(OS) U.S. General Accounting Office: Terrorist Financing-U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess
Terrorists’ Use of Alternative Financing Mechanisms, November 2003
305
(LES) National Counterterrorism Center: Terrorist Use of Cash Couriers, January 22, 2008; FBI IIR 4 201 0929
08
306
(LES) VFC internal MOA case file documentation
307
(OS) Fair Isaac Corporation: Prepaid Cards: Profit Boon or Money Laundering Bane, July/August 2007
308
(OS) Business Week: Prepaid Gift Cards: Terrorist Tool, December 8, 2005
309
(OS) Steven Emerson: Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East, July 15, 2005
310
(OS) Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia: Prepaid Cards: Vulnerable to Money Laundering, February 2007
311
(OS) U.S. Department of Treasury: U.S. Money Laundering Threat Assessment, December 2005
312
(OS) U.S. Department of Treasury: Report to the Congress in Accordance with Section 359 of the Uniting and
Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of
2001, November 2002
313
(OS) The Treasury Department did not report a time frame for this activity.
314
(OS) Virginia State Corporation Commission: Money Transmitter Licensees Operating in Virginia, March 13,
2008

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315

(OS) Gulf Times: Electronic Transfer of Funds Raises Fear of Misuse, May 23, 2007
(OS) U.S. Department of State: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Mobile Payments-A Growing
Threat, March 2008
317
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-11: Potential Use of Stored Value Cards in Criminal and Terrorist Activity,
April 3, 2007
318
(OS) UPI Outside View Commentators Washington: How Terrorists Send Money, May 1, 2007
319
(LES) NTI Law Enforcement Investigative Support Services: Anatomy of PayPal Cell Phone Money Transfers,
December 2008
320
(LES) VFC Terrorist Use of Technology Report
321
(OS) STRATFOR: The Terrorist Attack Cycle: Selecting the Target, September 30, 2005
322
(OS) STRATFOR: The Terrorist Attack Cycle: Operational Planning, October 4, 2005
323
(OS) MSNBC: Al-Qa’ida’s New York Surveillance Video Released, June 15, 2007
324
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Terrorist Use of “Dry Run” Tactic May be Tip-off for
Imminent Terrorist Attack, November 29, 2006
325
(OS) STRATFOR: The Terrorist Attack Cycle: Deployment and Attack, October 6, 2005
326
(OS) Ibid
327
(FOUO) JSA - Potential Terrorist Attack Methods, dated 23 April 2008
328
(FOUO) Ibid
329
(LES) TIPS C082802
330
(FOUO) JHSA - Mumbai Attackers Used Commando-Style Assault Tactics
331
(OS) American Political Science Review: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, August 2003
332
(OS) UK Telegraph: Mumbai Attacks: Terrorists Monitored British Websites Using BlackBerry Phones,
December 1, 2008
333
(OS) Virginia Fusion Center: Recognizing and Reporting Possible Terrorist Activity in Virginia
333
(LES) VFC Information Reports
334
(LES) TIPS C080565
335
(LES) TIPS C082450
336
(OS) Toll Roads News: Chesapeake Bay Bridge MD Targeted by Islamic Terrorists – HAMAS Official Held,
August 25, 2004
337
(LES) TIPS C070524
338
(LES) TIPS C081534
339
(LES)TIPS C081003
340
(LES)TIPS C080976
341
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Update-Bulk Cell Phone Purchases: A Potential
Fundraising Method to Finance Criminal or Terrorist Networks, August 29, 2006
342
(OS)International Journal of Human-Computer Studies: Analyzing Terror Campaigns on the Internet: Technical
Sophistication, Content Richness, and Web Interactivity, 2006
343
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1394 06
344
(OS) 304th MI Bn OSINT Team: Sample Overview: Al-Qa’ida-Like Mobile Discussions and Potential Creative
Uses, October 16, 2008
345
(LES) DHS-FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Bulk Cell Phone Purchases: A Potential Fundraising
Method to Finance Criminal or Terrorist Networks, February 7, 2006
346
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 06-39: Suspicious Purchases of Prepaid Cellular Phones in Virginia, August
18, 2006
347
(LES) TIPS C060291, C060491, and C060674
348
(OS) CNET: Use an iPod, Go to Jail, January 20, 2006
316

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350

(FOUO) DHS I&A Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division: Radicalization- A DHS Intelligence
Perspective
351
(FOUO) Ibid
352
(FOUO) DHS Special Assessment, Radicalization in the State of California: A Survey, November 22, 2006
353
(FOUO) FBI Intelligence Assessment, The Radicalization Process: From Conversion to Jihad, May 10, 2006
354
(FOUO) FBI Intelligence Assessment, Islamic Radicalization in State and Local Prisons: NJTTF Correctional
Intelligence Initiative Assessment of Radicalization and Recruitment, August 20, 2006
355
(FOUO) New York State Office of Homeland Security, Terrorist Recruitment: Where do the Jihadis Come
From? October 21, 2005
356
(OS) New York Police Department: Radicalization in the West
357
(LES) Applied Marine Technology Intelligence and Terrorism Analysis Group, Universal Adversary Order of
Battle: American Radical Islamic Converts, August 7, 2007
358
(FOUO) U.S. European Command, Strategic Analysis: Jihadist Recruitment and Radicalization in the West,
August 7, 2006
359
(OS) New York Police Department : Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat
360
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: The Radicalization Process: From Conversion to Jihad, May 10, 2006
361
(FOUO) FBI Intelligence Bulletin, Terrorist Recruitment and Exploitation of U.S. Military Personnel: Continued
Interest but Limited Success, May 2, 2007
362
(FOUO) DHS I&A- Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division
363
(OS) New York Police Department : Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat
364
(LES) TIPS C070212
365
(LES) TIPS C070920
366
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Information Bulletin: Potential Radicalization of Prison Inmates in the U.S., December
9, 2005
367
(FOUO) DHS I&A Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division: Radicalization- A DHS Intelligence
Perspective
368
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007
369
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1706 07; (LES) TIPS C070431
370
(LES) TIPS C070307
371
(LES) TIPS C070044
372
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Lone Wolf Terrorists: The Most Dangerous Domestic White Nationalist
Extremist Threat, February 21, 2008
373
(LES) Ibid
374
(LES) FBI: White Supremacist Recruitment of Military Personnel since 9/11. July 7, 2008
375
(OS) Department of Homeland Security: National Infrastructure Protection Plan, 2006
376
(OS) ISAC Council: The Role Of Information Sharing And Analysis Centers (ISACs) In Private/Public Sector
Critical Infrastructure Protection, January 2009
377
(OS) Government Executive: Officials Fear Terrorist Attack on U.S. Food Supply, June 10, 2003
378
(OS) The National Review: Against the Grain-Ecoterrorism, June 6, 2000
379
(OS) USDA State Fact Sheet: Virginia updated December 15, 2008
380
(OS) USDA State Fact Sheet: Virginia: Virginia Fact Sheet, January 11, 2008
381
(OS) U.S. College Search: Virginia Agriculture Colleges
382
(OS) ISAC Council: The Role Of Information Sharing And Analysis Centers (ISACs) In Private/Public Sector
Critical Infrastructure Protection, January 2009
383
(OS) MSNBC: Al-Qa’ida’s New York Surveillance Video Released, June 15, 2007

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384

(OS) SecurityPark: Massive Layoffs In The Financial Services Sector Have Created A Ticking Security Time
Bomb, December 16, 2009
385
(OS) MEMRI: Cyberspace as a Combat Zone: The Phenomenon of Electronic Jihad, February 27, 2007
386
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-100: Environmental Groups Issue Call to Action Against Financiers of the
Coal Industry
386
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1592 08
386
(OS) Middle East Media Research Institute: Cyberspace as Combat Zone: The Phenomenon of Electronic
Jihad, February 27, 2007
387
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 1592 08
388
(OS) Middle East Media Research Institute: Cyberspace as Combat Zone: The Phenomenon of Electronic
Jihad, February 27, 2007
389
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: U.S. Postal Inspectors Arrest Suspects in Pipe Bomb Mailings to Investment
Firms, April 25, 2007
390
(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: United States v John P. Tompkins Criminal Indictment, April 24, 2007
391
(OS) AP Man Arrested In Suspicious Powder Mailings February 3, 2009
392
(LES) FBI SIR July 10, 2008
393
(LES) TIPS C070933 and VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-100: Environmental Groups Issue Call to Action Against
Financiers of the Coal Industry
394
(OS) Middle East Media Research Institute: Cyberspace as Combat Zone: The Phenomenon of Electronic
Jihad, February 27, 2007

395

(FOUO) DHS Homeland Infrastructure Threat & Risk Analysis Center: Strategic Sector Assessment– Chemical
Sector, October 30, 2006
396
(LES) TIPS C070556
397
(LES) TIPS C070964, C070830, C070441, C070882, C070595, C070343
398
(FOUO) DHS HITRAC: Strategic Sector Assessment: Commercial Facilities Sector, January 23, 2007
399
(FOUO) Ibid
400
(FOUO) Ibid
401
(FOUO) Ibid
402
(FOUO) DHS Assessment: Threats to College sports and Entertainment Venues and Surrounding Areas,
January 26, 2009
403
(FOUO) Ibid
404
(LES) 2009 Threat Assessment Surveys
405
(LES) TIPS C081156
406
(LES) TIPS C081933
407
(LES) TIPS C081281
408
(FOUO) FBI: Worldwide Terrorist Attacks Against CI/KR, 1998-2007
409
(FOUO) Ibid
410
(OS) ChicoER: Video, Photos Taken at Fire Stations Spark Concerns, September 20, 2007
411
(OS) U.S. Fire Administration: Infogram 38-07: September 27, 2007

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412

(OS) U.S. Department of Justice: Former Employee of CIA and FBI Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy, Unauthorized
Computer Access and Naturalization Fraud, November 13, 2007
413
(OS) U.S. Fire Administration: Infogram 38-07, September 27, 2007
414
(OS) U.S. Fire Administration: The Critical Infrastructure Protection Process Job Aid, August 2007
415
(OS) The White House: CRS Report for Congress: National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructures and Key Assets, February 2003
416
(OS) ISAC Council: The Role Of Information Sharing And Analysis Centers (ISACs) In Private/Public Sector
Critical Infrastructure Protection, January 2009
417
(OS) Pacific Gas and Electric Company: Electricity Generation and Distribution, 2002
418
(OS) Virginia Energy Patterns and Trends: Virginia Renewables: Hydroelectricity, 2009
419
(OS) Dominion: Bath County Pumped Storage Station
420
(OS) Department of Natural Resources: Division of Water Dam Safety, Dam Definition, Classification and
Statistics, April 4, 2006
421
(OS) Energy Information Administration: Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government: Virginia, 2009
422
(OS) Virginia Places: Nuclear Power in Virginia
423
(OS) Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies: Assessment of Terrorist Threats to the Canadian
Energy Sector, 2006
424
(OS) Virginia DMME: Oil and Gas
425
(LES) Energy Information Administration: Energy Use by Fuel
426
(OS) Virginia Energy Patterns and Trends: Virginia Petroleum, 2009
427
(OS) Western Refining: Refining, 2008
428
(OS) How Things Work: Chemical Physics: Oil Refineries, 2001
429
(OS) NiSource, J. Greg Fitzgerald, email dated February 2, 2009
430
(OS) Governor of Virginia: The Virginia Energy Plan, 2007
431
(OS) Virginia Energy Patterns and Trends: Virginia Natural Gas, 2009
432
(OS) Christian Science Monitor:
433
(OS) USA Today: FBI Warns Oil and Gas Industry of Possible Threat, November 26, 2001
434
(LES) FBI Agent Jeffrey McClain via phone call August 8, 2008
435
(OS) Environment News Service: Earth First! Blockades Florida Power Plant Construction, February 19, 2008
436
(FOUO) TSA Intelligence Note: Suspicious Pipeline Incidents: Potential Indicators of Pre-Operational Planning
February 3, 2009
437
(FOUO) Ibid
438
(FOUO) Ibid
439
(LES) TIPS C070837
440
(LES) TIPS C070877
441
(LES) TIPS C080507
442
(LES) TIPS C070560
443
(LES) TIPS C070534
444
(LES) TIPS C070054
445
(LES) TIPS C082313
446
(LES) TIPS C082360
447
(LES) TIPS C081325
448
(LES) TIPS C050119
449
(FOUO) Patriot Report 1743-08, September 8, 2008
450
(LES) Spotsylvania County Sheriff’s Office Situational Awareness Bulletin dated February 12, 2009
451
(OS) Daily Press: Cantor: Don't move Guantanamo detainees to Virginia, February 2, 2009
452
(LES) TIPS C070731, C070736, C070947, C071004, C070676

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453

(LES) TIPS C070362
(LES) TIPS C070693
455
(LES) TIPS C070789
456
(OS) ISAC Council: The Role Of Information Sharing And Analysis Centers (ISACs) In Private/Public Sector
Critical Infrastructure Protection, January 2009
457
(OS) Ibid
458
(FOUO) FBI: Threats to National Monuments and Icons January to December 2007, July 16, 2008458
459
(FOUO) DHS: Strategic Sector Assessment: National Monuments and Icons,14 December 2006
460
(FOUO) Ibid
461
(FOUO) DHS: Strategic Sector Assessment: National Monuments and Icons,14 December 2006
462
(LES) TIPS C050201, C070350
463
(FOUO) FBI /DHS Intelligence Bulletin: Potential Threats to U.S. Tourist Facilities, October 7, 2005
464
(FOUO) DHS: Strategic Sector Assessment: National Monuments and Icons, December 14 2006
465
(FOUO) Ibid
466
(LES) 2009 Terrorism Threat Assessment Surveys
467
(LES) TIPS C070350
468
(LES) TIPS C050201
469
(OS) email from Virginia Tourism Corporation, November 24, 2008
470
(OS) Monticello
471
(OS) D-Day Memorial and email from VSP Division 6 FIU, December 1, 2008
472
(OS) email from Colonial Williamsburg Security, December 1, 2008
473
(OS) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Amerithrax Investigation
474
(OS) KCRG TV News: Iowan Arrested in Bishop Bomber Investigation, April 25, 2007
475
(LES) Federal Bureau of Investigation: Series of Bomb Threats in North and South Carolina, April 4, 2007
476
(LES) Washington Regional Threat and Analysis Center: Stolen United States Postal Service Minivan,
December 7, 2007
477
(LES) FBI IIR 4 201 2055 08
478
(OS) ABC News: The Bishop Bomber Arrested in Iowa, April 25, 2007
479
(LES) Terrorism Screening Center: Virginia Encounters January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007, February 5,
2008
480
(LES) TIPS C070374
481
(LES) TIPS C070520
482
(LES) TIPS C070646
483
(LES) TIPS C070654
484
(LES) TIPS C070709
485
(OS) The Travel Insider: The Unresolved Air Security Threat, April 8, 2008
486
(OS) MEMRI: Mujahideen Gather Information on Anchorage International Airport, October 18, 2006
487
(LES) TIPS C070096
488
(LES) TIPS C070203
489
(LES) TIPS C070324
490
(LES) TIPS C070509
491
(LES) TIPS C080126
492
(OS) Leonard’s Cam World: Airport Webcam Directory
493
(LES) VFC Intelligence Bulletin 07-73: Mountain Justice Summer Issues Call to Action Against Bank of
America, August 31, 2007
494
(FOUO) USDOT TSA, Terrorist Threat to U.S. Highway System, June, 2006
495
(FOUO) Ibid
454

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496

(FOUO) DHS FBI Joint Assessment : The Potential Terrorist Threat to US Bridges, 20 November 2006
(LES) TIPS C081847, C080528, C081159, C081806, C081551, C082215,C081986, C082457 C082500
498
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Recent Suspicious Activity Regarding Commercial
Maritime Assets, August 28, 2007
499
(FOUO) Ibid
500
(OS) Norfolk Visitor: Norfolk Cruise Ship Terminal
501
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Recent Suspicious Activity Regarding Commercial
Maritime Assets, August 28, 2007
502
(OS) CNN: FBI Seeks Two Men Behaving Oddly on Washington Ferry, August 28, 2007
503
(FOUO) DHS/FBI Joint Homeland Security Assessment: Recent Suspicious Activity Regarding Commercial
Maritime Assets, August 28, 2007
504
(LES) TIPS C070689, C070723, C070707, C070722, C070434, C070141
505
(OS) Virginia Department of Transportation: Jamestown-Scotland Ferry
506
(LES) TIPS C070677
507
(LES) Transportation Security Administration: Mass Transit System Threat Assessment, February 29, 2008
508
(LES)FBI IIR 4 201 4163 08
509
(LES) TIPS C070341
510
(LES) TIPS C070385
511
(LES) TIPS C070593
512
(LES) TIPS C080105
513
(LES) TIPS C070677
514
(LES) TIPS C070595, C070935
515
(LES) TIPS C070343
516
(LES) TIPS C083560
517
(LES) TIPS C090450
518
(OS) ISAC Council: The Role Of Information Sharing And Analysis Centers (ISACs) In Private/Public Sector
Critical Infrastructure Protection, January 2009
519
(LES) TIPS C070405
520
(OS) Sun City Dave: Backflow Valve Controversy
521
(LES) TIPS C070487
522
(LES) TIPS C080128
523
(LES) TIPS C070432
524
(FOUO) Water Information Sharing and Analysis Center: The Threat to U.S. Water and Wastewater Facilities,
March 27, 2008
497

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