Vera Institute Price of Prison by State Jan 2012

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Vera Institute Price of Prison by State Jan 2012

• Topics: Crime/Demographics, Cost of Prison Systems

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The Price of Prisons | Alabama
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Alabama Department of Corrections (ALDOC) had
$445.5 in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $17 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Alabama’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 26,758—was therefore
$462.5 million, of which 3.7 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$445.5 million
ALDOC prison budget

Determining the total cost of state prisons requires accounting for expenditures
in all areas of government that support the prison system—not just those within
the corrections budget. The additional costs to taxpayers can include expenses
that are centralized for administrative purposes (such as employee benefits
and capital costs) and services for inmates funded through other agencies.
Prison costs also include the cost of underfunded contributions to corrections
employees’ pensions and retiree health care plans; states must pay the
remainder of those contributions in the future.

$462.5 million

Total state cost of prisons

$17,285

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the ALDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
ALDOC prison budget

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010,
Alabama contributed 50 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund retiree
health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining $7.8 million,
plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits of corrections
employees that are scheduled under current law.

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. In 2010, the Alabama Department

$445.5

Other state costs
Underfunded retiree health care

$7.8

Judgments and legal claims

$0.4

Statewide administrative costs

$0.4

Inmate education and training

$8.4

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$17.0
$462.5

Source: Vera Institute of Justice, True Cost of Prisons
survey. See “Methodology” for more details. Taxpayer
costs include expenses funded by state and federal
revenue. Apparent discrepancies between subtotals
and totals are the result of rounding.

of Finance’s Division of Risk Management paid $405,000 in costs for
corrections-related judgments and legal claims.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. The Department of Postsecondary

Education paid $8.4 million for education and training programs in 2010.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

About this project
State corrections departments pay most of the cost of prisons. However, other state government agencies
may take on some of the costs, such as capital expenditures and inmate hospital care. Prison costs also
include the costs of underfunded contributions to state employees’ pensions and retiree health care,
because some of these benefits are for corrections personnel. States must pay the remainder of these
contributions in the future. Specific prison costs outside the corrections budget vary from state to state.
Thus, the cost of incarceration states report is often understated—and in different ways by each state.
In August 2011, the Vera Institute of Justice distributed a survey to the department of corrections in
every state to collect the information necessary to calculate the total cost of prisons in fiscal year 2010.
Corrections departments from 40 states completed and returned the survey, which asked respondents to
provide prison expenditures by the department of corrections and associated costs other departments
paid. Vera researchers then used publicly available documents to collect information regarding pension
and retiree health care funding to estimate the cost of underfunded contributions to those benefits.
The full report, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers, provides data for 40 states and a
full description of the methodology. Download the report at vera.org/priceofprisons.

METHODOLOGY
The Vera Institute of Justice conducted a survey
to collect data on spending by corrections
departments and other state agencies. For
the survey, prisons are defined as residential
facilities that hold sentenced adult offenders in
state custody. Prison costs include expenses for
the operation of state-run prisons, privately run
prisons, and any payments made to local jails
and to other states for housing state-sentenced
inmates. Taxpayer costs include expenses funded
by state and federal revenue. Vera excluded from
this analysis any corrections department expenses
that do not directly relate to prison operations,
such as community corrections or juvenile justice.
Vera obtained information regarding the
underfunding of pensions and retiree health care
through Consolidated Annual Financial Reports
for fiscal year 2010. Prison-related administrative
costs were determined per each state’s most
recent publicly available Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

This fact sheet and the report The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration
Costs Taxpayers were produced by Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and its Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit in partnership with the
Public Safety Performance Project of the Pew Center on the States.

The Center on Sentencing and Corrections and the Cost-Benefit Analysis
Unit are part of the Vera Institute of Justice, an independent nonprofit
organization that combines expertise in research, demonstration projects,
and technical assistance to help leaders in government and civil society
improve the systems people rely on for justice and safety.

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Arizona
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC) had $998.5
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more than $5.1
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost
of Arizona’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 40,458—was
therefore more than $1 billion, of which less than 1 percent were costs outside
the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$998.5 million
ADC prison budget

$1 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$24,805

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the ADC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
ADC prison budget

Capital costs

$0.5

Judgments and legal claims

$2.2

Statewide administrative costs

$2.4

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$5.1
$1,003.60

Source: Vera Institute of Justice, True Cost of Prisons
survey. See “Methodology” for more details. Taxpayer
costs include expenses funded by state and federal
revenue. Vera could not obtain information about
all prison costs outside the state’s corrections budget.
These costs were not estimated and appear as NE.
Apparent discrepancies between subtotals and totals
are the result of rounding.

CAPITAL COSTS. Although debt service is included in the ADC budget, a

limited number of pay-as-you-go capital costs are funded by the Arizona
Department of Administration. In 2010, these costs amounted to $530,000.

$998.5

Other state costs
Retiree health care contributions

>>
>>

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. The Arizona Department of

Administration’s Risk Management Division paid $2.2 million in costs
associated with judgments and legal claims in 2010.

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. This cost is outside the ADC

budget. Vera could not obtain the necessary financial data to determine
these costs. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is
a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Arkansas
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Arkansas Department of Correction (DOC) had $288.6
in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $37.5 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Arkansas’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 13,369—was therefore
$326.1 million, of which 11.5 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$288.6 million
DOC prison budget

$326.1 million

Total state cost of prisons

$24,391

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

$288.6

Other state costs

Retiree health care contributions

$4.4

Underfunded retiree health care

$13.8

Capital costs

$9.0

Judgments and legal claims

$0.2

Statewide administrative costs

$2.4

Inmate education and training

$8.0

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$37.5
$326.1

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Arkansas made a

payment of $4.4 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 24 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $13.8 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the Arkansas General Improvement Fund spent

$9 million on debt service for the Department of Correction.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. In 2010, $8 million for adult basic

education and vocational and technical education for adults in prison were
funded outside the corrections budget.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | California
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation (CDCR) had $7 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state
also had $969.7 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget.
The total cost of California’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population
of 167,276—was therefore $7.9 billion, of which 12.2 percent were costs outside
the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$7 billion

CDCR prison budget

$7.9 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$47,421

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside CDCR’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
CDCR prison budget

$6,962.7

Other state costs
Retiree health care contributions

$320.1

Underfunded retiree health care

$607.0

Statewide administrative costs
Inmate hospital care
Inmate education and training
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

payment of $320.1 million for corrections employees in 2010.

NE
$969.7

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, CDCR incurred $38 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. In 2010, the California Department

$7,932.4

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010,

California contributed 34.5 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund
retiree health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining $607
million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits for
corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

$38.0
$4.5

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of California made a

of Forestry and Fire Protection paid $4.5 million for education and training
programs.

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. A portion of this cost is funded outside the

corrections department. Vera could not obtain this information and this
cost is not included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost
calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Colorado
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012 (UPDATED 2/6/12)

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Colorado Department of Corrections (DOC) had

Key Findings

$584.7 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $21.5 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Colorado’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 19,958—was
therefore $606.2 million, of which 3.5 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

$584.7 million
DOC prison budget

$606.2 million
Total state cost of prisons

$30,374
Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

contributed 62 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $16.2
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$584.7

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$16.2

Retiree health care contributions

$3.2

Underfunded retiree health care

$0.2

Statewide administrative costs

$1.9

Subtotal: Other state costs $21.5

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a payment of

$3.2 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE. In 2010, the state contributed

94 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund retiree health care
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $205,000,
plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits of corrections
employees that are scheduled under current law.

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST $606.2
Source: Vera Institute of Justice, True Cost of Prisons
survey. See “Methodology” for more details. Taxpayer
costs include expenses funded by state and federal
revenue. Apparent discrepancies between subtotals
and totals are the result of rounding.

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Colorado

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for

which Vera could obtain data, the DOC incurred $1.9 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Connecticut
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Connecticut Department of Corrections (DOC) had
$613.3 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more than
$316.2 in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost
of Connecticut’s prisons and jails—to incarcerate an average daily population of
18,492—was therefore $929.4 million, of which 34 percent were costs outside
the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$613.3 million
DOC prison budget

$929.4 million

Total state cost of prisons

$50,262

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

$613.3

Other state costs
Employee benefits

$104.2

Pension contributions

$147.1

Underfunded pensions

$36.1

Retiree health care

Capital costs

Judgments and legal claims

Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

Connecticut’s corrections system has a unified structure, meaning that jails and
prisons are operated by the state rather than county and state jurisdictions,
respectively. Thus, the figures provided for Connecticut are for both jails and
prisons.
Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. Employee fringe benefits for Connecticut corrections
employees were paid by the Office of the State Comptroller. In 2010, these
expenses totaled $104.2 million.

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. The Office of the State Comptroller made a

contribution of $147.1 million toward corrections employees’ pensions in
2010.

$28.7
$316.2
$929.4

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of

Connecticut contributed 80.3 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund
pensions in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $36.1
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

OTHER STATE COSTS. Portions of capital costs and of judgments and legal

claims for prisons are funded outside the corrections department. Vera could
not obtain this information and the costs are not included in this fact sheet.
Vera was also unable to obtain the necessary financial data to determine the
cost of retiree health care contributions and underfunded retiree health care
costs for corrections staff. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated
for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Delaware
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Delaware Department of Corrections (DDOC) had
$190.4 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $24.8
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost
of Delaware’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 6,528—
was therefore $215.2 million, of which 11.5 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

Key Findings

$190.4 million
DDOC prison budget

$215.2 million

Total state cost of prisons

$32,967

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DDOC prison budget

$190.4

Other state costs
Retiree health care contribution

$7.0

Underfunded retiree health care

$13.0

Judgments and legal claims

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$0.2

Statewide administrative costs

$1.1

Inmate education and training

$3.5

Subtotal: Other state costs

$24.8

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$215.2

Delaware’s corrections system has a unified structure, meaning that jails and
prisons are operated by the state rather than county and state jurisdictions,
respectively. The figures here represent all expenditures in the Bureau of Prisons,
Bureau of Correctional Healthcare Services, and Level IV facilities (such as drug
treatment facilities and work release centers).
Prison costs outside the DDOC’s budget included the following:

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Delaware made a

payment of $7 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state of Delaware contributed 35 percent of the annual amount required to
fully fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to
pay the remaining $13 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health
care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. The Delaware Department of

Education and the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services spent
a combined $3.5 million on inmate education and training programs in 2010.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Florida
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Florida Department of Corrections (FLDOC) had
$2.05 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $29.4 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Florida’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 101,324—was therefore
$2.08 billion, of which 1.4 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$2.05 billion

FLDOC prison budget

$2.08 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$20,553

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the FLDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
FLDOC prison budget

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Florida contributed 32.3 percent of the annual amount required to
fully fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need
to pay the remaining $20.4 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree
health care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under
current law.

PRIVATE PRISONS. The state’s Department of Management Services’ Bureau

$2,053.2

Other state costs
Underfunded retiree health care
Private prisons
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$20.4
$2.2
$6.7

of Private Prison Monitoring oversees Florida’s seven private prisons. The
bureau spent $2.2 million in 2010.

$29.4
$2,082.5

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year
for which Vera could obtain data, the FLDOC incurred $6.7 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Georgia
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) had more
than $1.0 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $100.3
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Georgia’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 53,704—was
therefore more than $1.1 billion, of which 8.9 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

Key Findings

$1.0 billion

GDC prison budget

$1.1 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$21,039

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the GDC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
GDC prison budget
Retiree health care contributions

$22.0

Underfunded retiree health care

$28.0

Capital costs

$49.7

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2009, the

most recent year for which Vera could obtain data, the state of Georgia
contributed 44 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund retiree
health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining
$28 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits of
corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

$0.6

$100.3
$1,129.9

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Georgia made a

payment of $22 million for corrections employees in 2009, the most recent
year for which Vera could obtain data.

$1,029.5

Other state costs

Statewide administrative costs

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state spent $49.7 million on debt service for

the GDC’s capital costs.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Idaho
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Idaho Department of Correction (IDOC) had

Key Findings

$143.2 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more
than $1.5 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget.
The total cost of Idaho’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population
of 7,402—was therefore $144.7 million, of which 1.0 percent were costs
outside the corrections budget.

$143.2 million
IDOC prison budget

$144.7 million

Total state cost of prisons

$19,545

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the IDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
IDOC prison budget

$143.2

Other state costs
Retiree health care contributions

$0.2

Underfunded retiree health care

$0.2

Capital costs
Judgments and legal claims
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

payment of $247,000 for corrections employees in 2010.

NE
$1.5

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the IDOC incurred $973,000 in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations that are provided by
these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

OTHER STATE COSTS. A portion of the costs of capital improvements,

$144.7

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state contributed 51 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $237,000, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

NE
$1.0

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTION. The state of Idaho made a

judgments, and legal claims were funded outside the corrections
department. Vera could not obtain this information and these costs are not
included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated
for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Illinois
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC) had nearly
$1.2 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $566.1 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Illinois’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 45,551—was therefore
more than $1.7 billion, of which 32.5 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$1.2 billion

IDOC prison budget

$1.7 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$38,268

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the IDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
IDOC prison budget
Employee benefits

$163.8

Pension contributions

$152.5

Underfunded pensions

$11.3
$99.1

Capital costs

$64.8

Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a contribution of $152.5 million
for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Illinois
contributed 93 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $11.3
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a payment of

$48.4

Underfunded retiree health care

$26.1

$566.1
$1,743.2

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. The state of Illinois spent $163.8 million on health

insurance for corrections employees.

$1,177

Other state costs

Retiree health care contributions

$48.4 for corrections employees.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Illinois contributed 33 percent of the annual amount required to fully
fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay
$99.1 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits of
corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state spent $64.8 million on debt service for

the IDOC’s capital assets.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

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The Price of Prisons | Indiana
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) had

Key Findings

$562.2 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more
than $7.2 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget.
The total cost of Indiana’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population
of 38,417—was therefore $569.5 million, of which 1.3 percent were costs
outside the corrections budget.

$562.2 million
IDOC prison budget

$569.5 million

Total state cost of prisons

$14,823

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the IDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
IDOC prison budget

contributed 92 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund pensions in the
long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $2.2 million, plus interest,
to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$562.2

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$2.2

Capital costs

Statewide administrative costs

$5.1

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the IDOC incurred $5.1 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

CAPITAL COSTS. These costs are funded outside the corrections department.

$7.2
$569.5

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Indiana

Vera could not obtain this information and these costs are not included in this
fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a
conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
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Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Iowa
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Iowa Department of Correction (DOC) had

Key Findings

$265.4 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more
than $10.6 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget.
The total cost of Iowa’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population
of 8,384—was therefore $276 million, of which 3.9 percent were costs
outside the corrections budget.

$265.4 million
DOC prison budget

$276 million

Total state cost of prisons

$32,925

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

contributed 89.5 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund pensions
in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $1.6 million, plus
interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$265.4

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions
Underfunded retiree health care

$1.6
NE

Capital costs

$8.4

Judgments and legal claims

$0.0

Statewide administrative costs

$0.6

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state funded $8.4 million in debt service for

the DOC.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2010, the DOC incurred $0.6

million in indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid
by state administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations
provided by these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

$10.6
$276.0

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Iowa

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. These costs
could not be determined using information available to Vera and are not
included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated
for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | Kansas
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Kansas Department of Corrections (KDOC) had
$156.1 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $2.1 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Kansas’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 8,689—was therefore
$158.2 million, of which 1.3 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$156.1 million
KDOC prison budget

$158.2 million

Total state cost of prisons

$18,207

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the KDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
KDOC prison budget
Underfunded pensions

$1.9

Statewide administrative costs

$0.2

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Kansas
contributed 72 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund pensions in the
long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $1.9 million, plus interest,
to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which data is available, the KDOC incurred $173,000 in indirect costs (such
as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative agencies.
Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these agencies were
determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

$156.1

Other state costs

Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$2.1
$158.2

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www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Kentucky
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Kentucky Department of Corrections (DOC) had
$272.5 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $39.2 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Kentucky’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 21,347—
was therefore $311.7 million, of which 12.6 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

Key Findings

$272.5 million
DOC prison budget

$311.7 million

Total state cost of prisons

$14,603

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

contributed 99 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund pensions in the
long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $202,000, plus interest, to
provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$272.5

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$0.2

Retiree health care contributions

$13.7

Underfunded retiree health care

$7.9

Capital costs
Statewide administrative costs

$14.8
$2.6

Subtotal: Other state costs

$39.2

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$311.7

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Kentucky

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a payment of

$13.7 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state contributed 63.5 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund retiree
health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining $7.9 million,
plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits of corrections
employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the Kentucky Finance and Administration Cabinet
paid $14.8 million in debt service for the DOC’s capital costs.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Louisiana
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections
(DPS&C) had $608.1 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also
had $90.3 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The
total cost of Louisiana’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of
39,938—was therefore $698.4 million, of which 12.9 percent were costs outside
the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$608.1 million
DPS&C prison budget

$698.4 million

Total state cost of prisons

$17,486

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DPS&C’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DPS&C prison budget

87.2 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension benefits
in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $5.4 million, plus
interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$608.1

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions
Underfunded retiree health care

$5.4
$32.2

Capital costs

$4.2

Judgments and legal claims

$1.5

Statewide administrative costs
Inmate hospital care
Inmate education and training
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Louisiana contributed 25.3 percent of the annual amount required
to fully fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need
to pay the remaining $32.2 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree
health care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under
current law.

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. When incarcerated individuals require hospital

$2.4
$40.7
$3.9

$90.3
$698.4

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state contributed

care, they are served by the Louisiana State University (LSU) hospital system.
In 2010, LSU spent $40.7 million on hospital care for state inmates.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. Education and training programs

are funded in part by the Louisiana Department of Education and Louisiana
Community and Technical College System. In 2010, the two organizations
spent $3.9 million for educational and vocational services for inmates.

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www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Maine
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Maine Department of Corrections (MDOC) had
$94.0 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $6.6 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Maine’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 2,167—was therefore
$100.6 million, of which 6.6 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$94.0 million
MDOC prison budget

$100.6 million
Total state cost of prisons

$46,404
Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the MDOC’s budget included the following:

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Maine contributed 59.8 percent of the annual amount required to
fully fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to
pay the remaining $3.6 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health
care benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state of Maine paid $1.6 million to fund debt

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
MDOC prison budget

$94.0

Other state costs
Underfunded retiree health care

$3.6

Capital costs

$1.6

Statewide administrative costs

$1.4

Inmate hospital care
Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012 (UPDATED 7/20/12)

NE
$6.6

service for the MDOC.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2008, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, MDOC incurred $1.4 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. MaineCare pays a portion of these costs. Vera

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST $100.6
Source: Vera Institute of Justice, True Cost of Prisons
survey. See “Methodology” for more details. Taxpayer
costs include expenses funded by state and federal
revenue. Vera could not obtain information about
all prison costs outside the state’s corrections budget.
These costs were not estimated and appear as NE.
Apparent discrepancies between subtotals and totals
are the result of rounding.

could not obtain this information and these costs are not included in this fact
sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a
conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | Maryland
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Maryland Division of Correction (DOC) had $731.3
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $104.9 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Maryland’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 21,786—
was therefore $836.2 million, of which 12.5 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

Key Findings

$731.3 million
DOC prison budget

$836.2 million

Total state cost of prisons

$38,383

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

contributed 70 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $11.4
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$731.3

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$11.4

Underfunded retiree health care

$55.5

Capital costs

$10.0

Statewide administrative costs

$8.0

Inmate education and training

$17.3

Other

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 28 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $55.5 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, $10 million in pay-as-you-go funding was

$2.7

Subtotal: Other state costs

$104.9

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$836.2

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Maryland

budgeted by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional
Services’ Office of the Secretary, but not within its Division of Corrections.
The state of Maryland also issues bonds for DOC capital projects, but those
costs are not included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison
cost calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. In 2010, the Department of Labor,

Licensing and Regulation paid $17.3 million for programming in the Division
of Workforce Development and Adult Learning.

OTHER COSTS. In 2010, the Division of Parole and Probation paid $2.7

million for the operations of contractual pre-release facilities.

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www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Michigan
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) had
almost $1.2 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more
than $69.7 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The
total cost of Michigan’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of
45,096—was therefore nearly $1.3 billion, of which 5.5 percent was outside the
corrections department.

Key Findings

$1.2 billion

MDOC prison budget

$1.3 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$28,117

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the MDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
MDOC prison budget

$1,198.2

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions
Underfunded retiree health care
Capital costs
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

service that financed the purchase of capital assets for the MDOC.

NE
$47.1
$22.6
$69.7
$1,268.0

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state of Michigan spent $47.1 million on debt

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year
for which Vera could obtain data, the MDOC incurred $22.6 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).
UNDERFUNDED CONTRIBUTIONS TO PENSIONS AND RETIREE HEALTH
CARE. MDOC offered defined benefit retirement plans to employees hired

prior to 1997 and Vera could not obtain the necessary financial data to
determine the cost of underfunded retiree health care and the pensions
for corrections staff hired before 1997. Employees hired since 1997 are
enrolled in defined contribution retirement plans for which there are no
underfunded costs.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | Minnesota
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Minnesota Department of Corrections (MNDOC)
had $365.5 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $29.8
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Minnesota’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 9,557—was
therefore $395.3 million, of which 7.5 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$365.5 million

MNDOC prison budget

$395.3 million

Total state cost of prisons

$41,364

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the MNDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
MNDOC prison budget

Minnesota contributed 63 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund
pensions in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $9.6
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$365.5

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$9.6

Underfunded retiree health care

$3.5

Capital costs
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$14.3

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 44 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $3.5 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, Minnesota’s Department of Administration

$2.3

$29.8
$395.3

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of

paid $14.3 million through bonded funds for the costs associated with the
MNDOC’s capital improvements.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Missouri
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Missouri Department of Corrections (DOC) had $503.9
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $176.5 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Missouri’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 30,447—was therefore
$680.5 million, of which 25.9 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$503.9 million
DOC prison budget

$680.5 million

Total state cost of prisons

$22,350

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

$503.9

Other state costs
Employee benefits

$35.3

Retiree health care contributions

$11.2

Capital costs
Judgments and legal claims
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. In 2010, the Missouri Office of Administration paid

$90.4 million for DOC employee benefits.

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. The Office of Administration made a

contribution of $35.3 million for corrections employees in 2010.
$90.4

Pension contributions
Underfunded retiree health care

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$2.9
$26.4

$11.2 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Missouri contributed 79 percent of the amount necessary to fully
fund retiree health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining
$2.9 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits for
corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. The Missouri Office of Administration spent $26.4 million
on debt service for the DOC’s capital assets.

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. The state legal defense fund makes

NE
$10.3
$176.5
$680.5

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The Office of Administration paid

payments for corrections-related judgments and claims on behalf of the
DOC. Vera could not obtain this information and these costs are not included
in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated for this
report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | Montana
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Montana Department of Corrections (DOC) had $74.6
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $1.3 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Montana’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 2,513—was therefore
$76 million, of which 1.8 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$74.6 million
DOC prison budget

$76.0 million

Total state cost of prisons

$30,227

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget
Underfunded pension contribution

$0.8

Judgments and legal claims

$0.1

Inmate hospital care

$0.1

Inmate education and training

$0.1

Statewide administrative costs

$0.3

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Montana
contributed 73.5 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $776,000,
plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. In 2010, the state Medicaid budget provided
$77,000 for a portion of the cost of inmate hospital care.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. In 2010, $84,000 for adult basic
and literacy education programming was provided outside the corrections
budget.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2008, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, DOC incurred $343,000 in indirect costs (such
as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative agencies.
Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these agencies were
determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

$74.6

Other state costs

Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$1.3
$76.0

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www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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Tel: (212) 334-1300
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The Price of Prisons | Nebraska
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services (NDCS)
had $158.2 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $5.1
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Nebraska’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 4,452—was
therefore $163.3 million, of which 3.1 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$158.2 million
NDCS prison budget

$163.3 million

Total state cost of prisons

$35,950

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the NDCS’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
NDCS prison budget
Capital costs

$4.8

Statewide administrative costs

$0.3

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$5.1
$163.3

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state of Nebraska spent $4.8 million outside

the corrections budget on improvements and renovations to NDCS facilities.

$158.2

Other state costs

Subtotal: Other state costs

>>
>>

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the NDCS incurred $336,000 in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Nevada
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Nevada Department of Corrections (NDOC) had
$267.9 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $15 million in
prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Nevada’s
prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 13,696—was therefore
$282.9 million, of which 5.3 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$267.9 million
NDOC prison budget

$282.9 million

Total state cost of prisons

$20,656

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the NDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
NDOC prison budget
Underfunded pensions

$2.5

Underfunded retiree health care

$11.5

Statewide administrative costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Nevada
contributed 93 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $2.5
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 21.5 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state of Nevada will need
to pay the remaining $11.5 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree
health care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under
current law.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year
for which Vera could obtain data, the NDOC incurred $1.1 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by these agencies were determined using Nevada’s Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

$267.9

Other state costs

Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$1.1

$15.0
$282.9

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | New Hampshire
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the New Hampshire Department of Corrections (NHDOC)
had $80.3 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had more than
$1.1 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total
cost of New Hampshire’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of
2,389—was therefore more than $81.4 million, of which 1.4 percent were costs
outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$80.3 million

NHDOC prison budget

$81.4 million

Total state cost of prisons

$34,080

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the NHDOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
NHDOC prison budget

for which Vera could obtain data, the NHDOC incurred $1.1 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

$80.3

Other state costs
Employee benefits

Retiree health care contributions

Capital costs

Judgments and legal claims

Statewide administrative costs

$1.1

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$1.1
$81.4

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year

OTHER STATE COSTS. A portion of the cost of employee fringe benefits,

capital costs, and corrections-related judgments and legal claims is funded
outside the corrections department. Vera could not obtain this information
and these costs are not included in this fact sheet. Vera was also unable to
obtain the necessary financial data to determine the cost of contributions to
retiree health care for corrections staff. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost
calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | New Jersey
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the New Jersey Department of Corrections (NJDOC) had
almost $1.2 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $255.5
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost
of New Jersey’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 25,822—
was therefore $1.4 billion, of which 18 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$1.2 billion

NJDOC prison budget

$1.4 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$54,865

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the NJDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
NJDOC prison budget
Employee benefits

$60.7

Pension contributions

Underfunded pensions

Retiree health care contributions

$52.1

Underfunded retiree health care

$131.2

Capital costs

$2.2

Judgments and legal claims

$0.2

Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$60.7 million on behalf of NJDOC for the employer’s share of social security
taxes, unemployment insurance, and temporary disability insurance.

$1,161.3

Other state costs

$9.0
$255.5

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state paid $52.1 million from

the interdepartmental account for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 28.4 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $131.2 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state of New Jersey paid $2.2 million for pay-

as-you-go capital costs for the NJDOC.

$1,416.7

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. In 2010, the state of New Jersey made a payment of

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. NJDOC reported that the state did not

make a pension contribution in 2010. Vera could not obtain the necessary
financial data to determine the cost of the unfunded pension contribution
for corrections staff. Therefore, these costs are not included in this fact sheet
and the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a conservative
estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | New York
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the New York Department of Correctional Services
(DOCS) had $2.7 billion in prison expenditures. (In 2011, DOCS merged with the
Division of Parole to become the Department of Corrections and Community
Supervision.) However, the state also had $812.5 million in prison-related costs
outside the department’s budget. The total cost of New York’s prisons—to
incarcerate an average daily population of 59,237—was therefore almost $3.6
billion, of which 22.8 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$2.7 billion

DOCS prison budget

$3.6 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$60,076

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOCS prison budget

$2,746.2

Other state costs
Employee benefits

Pension contributions

$179.5

Retiree health care contributions

$223.9

Underfunded retiree health care

$371.7

Statewide administrative costs

$37.4

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

Prison costs outside the DOCS budget included the following:

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of New York made a contribution of
$179.5 million for corrections employees in 2010.

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state paid $223.9 million for

corrections employees in 2010.

York contributed 37.6 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund retiree
health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining $371.7 million,
plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits for corrections
employees that are scheduled under current law.

$812.5
$3,558.7

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, New

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. Fringe benefits, such as health insurance and the

employer’s share of Social Security taxes, are funded outside the corrections
department. Vera could not obtain this information and these costs are not
included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated
for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | North Carolina
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the North Carolina Department of Corrections (DOC) had
$1.1 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $109.3 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of North
Carolina’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 40,203—was
therefore $1.2 billion, of which 9.1 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$1.1 billion

DOC prison budget

$1.2 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$29,965

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget
Retiree health care contribution

$28.2

Underfunded retiree health care

$76.3
$4.7

Inmate education and training

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$109.3
$1,204.7

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state contributed 27 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $76.3 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

Statewide administrative costs

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The North Carolina Department

of the State Treasurer made a payment of $28.2 million for corrections
employees in 2010.

$1,095.4

Other state costs

Capital costs

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2005, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the DOC incurred $4.7 million in indirect costs
related to prison operations (such as auditing or information technology)
provided by state administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison
operations were determined using North Carolina’s Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

OTHER STATE COSTS. Capital costs and a portion of inmate education and

training costs are funded outside the corrections department. Vera could
not obtain this information and these costs are not included in this fact
sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a
conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | North Dakota
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the North Dakota Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation (DOCR) had $56.2 in prison expenditures. However, the state also
had $1.9 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The
total cost of North Dakota’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population
of 1,479—was therefore $58.1 million, of which 3.3 percent were costs outside
the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$56.2 million
DOCR prison budget

$58.1 million

Total state cost of prisons

$39,271

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOCR’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOCR prison budget

Dakota contributed 56 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
pension benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining
$1.3 million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension
benefits.

$56.2

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions

$1.3

Retiree health care contributions

$0.2

Judgments and legal claims
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$0.03

$0.3

$1.9
$58.1

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of North

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a payment of

$215,000 for corrections employees in 2010.

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. In 2010, the North Dakota Office of

Management and Budget’s Risk Management Division paid $28,220 for
corrections-related judgments and claims.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Ohio
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction
(DRC) had nearly $1.27 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also
had $50.5 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget.
The total cost of Ohio’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of
50,960—was therefore more than $1.32 billion, of which 3.8 percent were costs
outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$1.27 billion

DRC prison budget

$1.32 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$25,814

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DRC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DRC prison budget

state of Ohio contributed 38 percent of the annual amount required to fully
fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay
the remaining $49.1 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health
care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

$1,265.0

Other state costs
Underfunded retiree health care
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$49.1
$1.4

$50.5
$1,315.5

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the DRC incurred $1.4 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by state
administrative agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Oklahoma
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections (ODOC) had
$441.8 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $11.6 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Oklahoma’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 24,549—was
therefore $453.4 million, of which 2.6 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$441.8 million
ODOC prison budget

$453.4 million

Total state cost of prisons

$18,467

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
ODOC prison budget

$441.8

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

In 2010, underfunded pension contributions were the major prison cost outside
the ODOC’s budget. The state of Oklahoma contributed 66.8 percent of the
annual amount required to fully fund pension benefits in the long run. The
state will need to pay the remaining $11.6 million, plus interest, to provide for
corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$11.6

$453.4

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

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233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Pennsylvania
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC) had
almost $1.6 billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $463.8
million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Pennsylvania’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 48,543—
was therefore almost $2.1 billion, of which 22.6 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

Key Findings

$1.6 billion

PADOC prison budget

$2.1 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$42,339

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the PADOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
PADOC prison budget

Pennsylvania contributed 31.4 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund
pensions in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $120.1
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$1,591.4

Other state costs
Underfunded pensions
Underfunded retiree health care

$120.1
$35.4

Capital costs
Statewide administrative costs
Inmate health care
Inmate education and training
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 60.7 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $35.4 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2008, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the PADOC incurred $5.1 million in indirect
costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. These costs were determined using Pennsylvania’s Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP). PADOC also reported $30.2 million in additional
administration costs outside the corrections budget.

INMATE HEALTH CARE. All inmate health care is funded by the state of
Pennsylvania outside the corrections budget. In 2010, the state incurred $231.7
million in inmate health care costs.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. In 2010, the state paid $41.3 million
for inmate education and training programs.

CAPITAL COSTS. The cost of debt service, which funds PADOC capital

NE
$35.3
$231.7
$41.3
$463.8
$2,055.3

Download the report,
which fully explains the
methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of

improvements, is outside the corrections department. Vera could not obtain
this information and these costs are not included in this fact sheet. Therefore,
the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
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The Price of Prisons | Rhode Island
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) had
$159.8 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $12.3 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Rhode
Island’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 3,502—was therefore
$172.1 million, of which 7.2 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$159.8 million
RIDOC prison budget

$172.1 million

Total state cost of prisons

$49,133

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
RIDOC prison budget

$159.8

Other state costs
Underfunded retiree health care

$2.3

Capital costs
Statewide administrative costs
Inmate hospital care
Inmate education and training
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

Rhode Island operates a unified correctional system, meaning that both prisons
and jails are under the jurisdiction of the state’s Department of Corrections.
However, the figures Rhode Island provided exclude the costs of pretrial
incarceration in jail and community confinement.
Prison costs outside the RIDOC’s budget included the following:

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Rhode Island contributed 73.1 percent of the amount necessary
to fully fund retiree health care benefits. The state will need to pay the
remaining $2.3 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year
for which Vera could obtain data, the RIDOC incurred $9.9 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by other state administrative agencies were determined using the Statewide
Cost Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. In 2010, the Rhode Island Department of Human
Services provided $49,000 toward hospital care for Medicaid-eligible inmates.

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. The RIDOC’s Correctional Industries
Internal Service Fund paid $100,000 toward inmate education and training
programs in 2010. These costs are not included in the RIDOC’s budget.

CAPITAL COSTS. A portion of these costs are funded outside the corrections

$9.9
$0.05
$0.1
$12.3
$172.1

Download the report,
which fully explains the
methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

department. Vera could not obtain this information and these costs are not
included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total prison cost calculated
for this report is a conservative estimate.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Texas
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) had $2.5
billion in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $782.9 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Texas’s prisons—to
incarcerate an average daily population of 154,576—was therefore $3.3 billion, of
which 23.7 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$2.5 billion

TDJC prison budget

$3.3 billion

Total state cost of prisons

$21,390

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the TDJC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
TDJC prison budget

$2,523.5

Other state costs
Employee benefits

$83.4

Underfunded pensions

$48.1

Retiree health care contributions

$61.6

Underfunded retiree health care

$177.2

Judgments and legal claims
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. The state’s Employees Retirement System paid

$194.5 million for employee health insurance premiums on behalf of TDCJ.

PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. The Employees Retirement System paid $83.4

million for corrections employees in 2010.
$194.5

Pension contributions

Capital costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$208.7

Retirement System contributed 63.4 percent of the amount necessary to fully
fund pensions in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $48.1
million, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

$9.4

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state of Texas contributed 25.8 percent of the annual amount required to fully
fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay
the remaining $177.2 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health
care benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

$3,306.4

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Texas made a

payment of $61.6 million for corrections employees in 2010.

NE
$782.9

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the Employees

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the Texas Public Finance Authority paid $208.7

million to fund debt service for repair and rehabilitation of TDCJ facilities.

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. A portion of these corrections-related

costs are funded outside the corrections department. Vera could not obtain
this information and these costs are not included in this fact sheet. Therefore,
the state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Utah
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Utah Department of Corrections (UDC) had $178.1
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $7.9 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Utah’s prisons—
to incarcerate an average daily population of 6,338—was therefore $186 million,
of which 4.3 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$178.1 million
UDC prison budget

$186.0 million

Total state cost of prisons

$29,349

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the UDC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
UDC prison budget

$178.1

Other state costs
Retiree health care contributions

$5.4

Statewide administrative costs

$2.4

Inmate education and training

$0.1

Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

payment of $5.4 million for corrections employees in 2010.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2009, the most recent year for
which Vera could obtain data, the UDC incurred $2.4 million in indirect costs
(such as auditing or information technology) paid by state administrative
agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided by these
agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost Allocation Plan
(SWCAP).

INMATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING. The Utah State Board of Education

$7.9
$186.0

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Utah made a

paid $80,000 toward inmate education and training programs in 2010.
Source: Vera Institute of Justice, True Cost of Prisons
survey. See “Methodology” for more details. Taxpayer
costs include expenses funded by state and federal
revenue. Apparent discrepancies between subtotals
and totals are the result of rounding.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Vermont
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Vermont Department of Corrections (DOC) had $102
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $9.2 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Vermont’s prisons
and jails—to incarcerate an average daily population of 2,248—was therefore
$111.3 billion, of which 8.3 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$102.0 million
DOC prison budget

$111.3 million

Total state cost of prisons

$49,502

Average annual cost
per inmate

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

$102.0

Other state costs
Underfunded pension contributions
Retiree health care contributions

$0.9
$2.4

Capital costs

$0.7

Statewide administrative costs

$3.7

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

Vermont’s corrections system has a unified structure, meaning that jails and
prisons are operated by the state rather than county and state jurisdictions,
respectively. Thus, the figures provided for Vermont are for both jails and prison.
Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Vermont
contributed 84.1 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund pension
benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $878,000,
plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state made a payment of

$1.5

Underfunded retiree health care

Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$9.2
$111.3

$1.5 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Vermont contributed 38.8 percent of the annual amount required to
fully fund retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to
pay the remaining $2.4 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health
care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the Vermont Department of Buildings and General

Services paid $680,000 in debt service for the DOC’s capital assets.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2010, the DOC incurred $3.7

million in indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid
by state administrative agencies in 2010. Indirect costs related to prison
operations provided by these agencies were determined using the Statewide
Cost Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Virginia
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Virginia Department of Corrections (DOC) had $712.4
million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $36.2 million in prisonrelated costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Virginia’s prisons—
to incarcerate an average daily population of 29,792—was therefore $748.6 million,
of which 4.8 percent were costs outside the corrections budget.

Key Findings

$712.4 million
DOC prison budget

$748.6 million

Total state cost of prisons

$25,129

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget
Underfunded pensions

$21.9

Retiree health care contributions

$6.6

Underfunded retiree health care

$5.8

Capital costs

Judgments and legal claims

Statewide administrative costs

$1.8

Inmate education and training

TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of Virginia
contributed 67 percent of the amount necessary to fully fund pensions in the
long run. The state will need to pay the remaining $21.9 million, plus interest,
to provide for corrections employees’ pension benefits.

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Virginia made a

$712.4

Other state costs

Subtotal: Other state costs

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

$36.2
$748.6

payment of $6.6 million for corrections employees in 2010.

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state of Virginia contributed 53.5 percent of the amount necessary to fully
fund retiree health care benefits. The state will need to pay the remaining
$5.8 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care benefits for
corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

OTHER COSTS. Capital improvements, corrections-related judgments and

legal claims, and a portion of the cost of inmate education and training
are funded outside the corrections department. Vera could not obtain this
information and these costs are not included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the
state’s total prison cost calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Washington
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012 (UPDATED 3/20/12)

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Washington Department of Corrections (DOC) had

Key Findings

$684.6 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $115 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Washington’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 17,050—
was therefore $799.6 million, of which 14.4 percent were costs outside the
corrections budget.

$684.6 million
DOC prison budget

$799.6 million
Total state cost of prisons

$46,897
Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

payment of $21.3 million for corrections employees in 2010.

$684.6

Other state costs
Retiree health care contributions

$21.3

Underfunded retiree health care

$86.3

Capital costs

$4.7

Inmate hospital care

$2.7

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the

state contributed 19.8 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state of Washington will need
to pay the remaining $86.3 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree
health care benefits of corrections employees that are scheduled under
current law.

Subtotal: Other state costs $115
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST $799.6

RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. The state of Washington made a

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state made a payment of $4.7 million for debt

service to finance capital assets for the DOC.

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. When inmates require hospital care, the DOC

transports them to local hospitals that bill the state for their services. The
Health and Recovery Services Administration paid $2.7 million for hospital
costs for inmates who were eligible for Medicaid during their hospital stay.
The corrections department paid for the care of those who were not eligible
for Medicaid.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | West Virginia
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the West Virginia Division of Corrections (WVDOC) had
$152.1 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $17.1 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of West
Virginia’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 6,385—was
therefore $169.2 million, of which 10.1 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$152.1 million

WVDOC prison budget

$169.2 million

Total state cost of prisons

$26,498

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the WVDOC’s budget included the following:

Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
WVDOC prison budget

Virginia contributed 88 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
pension benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the remaining
$919,000, plus interest, to provide for corrections employees’ pension
benefits.

$ 152.1

Other state costs
Underfunded pension contribution
Underfunded retiree health care
Judgments and legal claims
Statewide administrative costs
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$.9
$15.2
NE

UNDERFUNDED RETIREE HEALTH CARE CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the
state contributed 16.9 percent of the annual amount required to fully fund
retiree health care benefits in the long run. The state will need to pay the
remaining $15.2 million, plus interest, to provide for the retiree health care
benefits for corrections employees that are scheduled under current law.

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2005, the most recent year

$1 .0
$17.1
$169.2

UNDERFUNDED PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS. In 2010, the state of West

for which Vera could obtain data, the WVDOC incurred $1 million in
indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid by state
administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations provided
by these agencies were determined using West Virginia’s Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

JUDGMENTS AND LEGAL CLAIMS. The cost of corrections-related

judgments and claims are funded by the Court of Claims and the Board of
Risk and Insurance Management. Vera could not obtain this information and
these costs are not included in this fact sheet. Therefore, the state’s total
prison cost calculated for this report is a conservative estimate.

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

The Price of Prisons | Wisconsin
WHAT INCARCERATION COSTS TAXPAYERS

FACT SHEET • JANUARY 2012

IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections (DOC) had
$800.3 million in prison expenditures. However, the state also had $74.1 million
in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of
Wisconsin’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 23,015—was
therefore $874.4 million, of which 8.5 percent were costs outside the corrections
budget.

Key Findings

$800.3 million
DOC prison budget

$874.4 million

Total state cost of prisons

$37,994

Average annual cost
per inmate

Prison costs outside the DOC’s budget included the following:
Taxpayer Costs (dollars in millions)
DOC prison budget

Statewide administrative costs
Inmate hospital care
Subtotal: Other state costs
TOTAL TAXPAYER COST

$13.0

STATEWIDE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. In 2010, the DOC incurred $1.3
million in indirect costs (such as auditing or information technology) paid
by state administrative agencies. Indirect costs related to prison operations
provided by these agencies were determined using the Statewide Cost
Allocation Plan (SWCAP).

INMATE HOSPITAL CARE. In 2010, the state of Wisconsin spent $59.8 million
for care through the Wisconsin Resource Center, a mental health facility
established as a prison to house certain adults in the state’s custody.

$1.3
$59.8

$74.1
$874.4

CAPITAL COSTS. In 2010, the state of Wisconsin paid $13 million for debt

service to finance capital assets for the DOC.

$800.3

Other state costs
Capital costs

Download the report, which fully explains the methodology, at
www.vera.org/priceofprisons.

CENTER ON SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS

Vera Institute of Justice
233 Broadway, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10279

Tel: (212) 334-1300
Fax: (212) 941-9407
www.vera.org

Disciplinary Self-Help Litigation Manual - Side