Taser Electric Shock as It Pertains to the Electric Fence Underwriters Laboratories 1939
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SECTION VI: p. 1
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X." Tt.:RE OF ELF-CTHIC SHOCK ,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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This bulletin <1('..rrih("~ an inVl'sti,::ation, OC'CllJlyill;;: idH'nn three years,
of dt'(f rir ~hll(,h- ., .. it Jwrt.lins 10 I h(' dl'l'l rir (l'IH'('. Thr plau IIi 1he ill\.t.... 1j.
J.::lliflll illd\llkd ~tl1dit,~ of the n;IIlIn' ni dt'l'trie ~h,,"'k ,ml! jl~ ph., !'oil',i1 t'ri't'ft
,illld hl1l11:I1lS, indwlillg hlldy ('h't·trkal rni~t:Ul(,(', :111I1 1;11"1111"..
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thc•..hfldy.. dllralion 01 cur rvru , (Jural ion of "fl11" pc:riocl and ch-nu-nt oi
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ELECTRIC SHOCK AS IT
PERTAINS TO THE ELECTRIC FENCE
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electric fence is Ildl'f1l1ined II:' the il1\'C.·stit::uioJ1. anti i!' t1~l'(1 i1~ a crill'J'joll
ior Lahor,ltorjl'~' recollJlllc.'lHlalions as to safe ch:uacteri:;tics and op('mtion
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of electric fence controllers of hoth the alternating,cllr"'nt and batteryoperated I)'pes,
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ELECTRIC SHOCK AS IT
PERTAINS TO THE ELECTRIC FENCE
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By H. B. Whit.ker.
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INTRODUCTION
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'fhi, h"lIe';n eO'''lil''le, the third Cd;l;o" of • report (Sl'j"l'Il1h"r
19.W) on OIn ill\·C";g.l;n" o{ c!<-c'r;e ,h"ck as ;, pe,.",;", I" the vlcctric
{encc, eondncled by lilHl<r\\'ril"'" J.'I,.,ro" rr ;e., Inc, {.,,. the Prill1e
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1'\C\l' York, X. Y. The C nper. , " ,,, ."d '''PPOrt of Ihc,e "'.""{.clllrer,
Is {"lIy ack now Jedl;eu.
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tilt, r]c'l'lri, (ellCl' ,11£;'('1'0; [rom
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lIlt' t-'IIJ1n'llIi lla l t."Pf> of Il;lrfll't!,win' or Wfl\TII,wire (n\l'(' in lL..: ij j~ of
:">iJl:;,lc'r C'1l11~lftlrlillJ1 (11'11,.11." !J;l\'ill;': Hilt' \\ire) ;1Ilt} dill'S nut fl'ljilin' tlnIIh'dl;luic,1l ~lrt'lJ;':ljl or :">Iahilil." Il( lilt' oJdn t."pes, FllIH:tinll;lli.". it i...
.liIIe«1l1 ill llt;ll ;, rO"'r.,l, .";Ill;'" I,)' "1(''''1> o{ (ear ro,h..,. :h"" I,)'
!Irelllo:fh or 'I)" t';III~ing paiu. 1'11(' dt'('lrir il'lh'C i~ ('(tlllptl!'t't! of 1\\"(1 dl~
IiI"·' p"rl'.Il;"",'!). ,lie' imrc wire. ",,01 ,In- ":""'1';, C"lllr":!",, which "'1'1' Ii,"
the c.'ln·tricill t·llt·r;.:.'" lit the f('llcr wir(',
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""hilt..' the i,frCl of appl~'ills.: clcrtrir ... hnck a ... a f("!ilfOiillint: mrdium to
hum:lI1s and :llIilll,als ;50 nOI new, it is onlj- within the P.1"1 few )'rar:- Ih:lI
111:U1t1(:lC'll1r('(~ ha,'c .'('\·l'!oprd t"i~ principle fill a C'Ol11l1lcrcin.lll:l~i!';, "'hik
the _lcw:l1 ruuuber uf J11antl(aC"lI1"('f~ is nor dt'lil1itcl\' I,mown, it is (.~timat('d
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tten there ......1 leas] lOO in the Unitcd S'''I,'s. Thc popnl.,.il)' ,,( the
dl·\.~lrjc j('Ut'(' j~ indiratecl SOI11l'\\'hal It)' a M.ltCl11el11 of Profl's.sor H, \Y.
I~il,·\·• ,,( till' Xew York State C"lIeg e o{ A/:I'icuhure, who estimated thol
lh\."rlo \\'('n' pruhaLI)' between 50.000 and 100,000 UJ1it~ in operation at that
.ill1e (19.'8).'
....., all nllnlh.., ..d ,C'ff'U·li..... If''' r;~I. paCt. $5.
-,A"li"I.". }:I..(,rl(,,1 ElI,lnnr; tln.l.., "Ilj,rr\'ilion 0' It,
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D.ECTIUC SHOCK AS IT PEIlTAINS TO THE ELECTR'C FENCE
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In Oetober 1936. Underwriters' Loboralories received an application
for in"estigation of an electric fence controller, Tbe sa",ple of the device
submitted consisted essentiall)' of a transformer and a current i11lrrrun!t'r
which permitteu the transformer to be eneTJ::il{'d at rc.'~ular interval.... f 1'1('
side of the transformer !litcondar}' winc.linJ: was intended for direct ('UIlneetion to ground. and the other t. through a h;~h series-resistance, to a
cne-strand barbed-wire Ienee.
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The operatinG' principlc of the electric fence is that the animal, in
attc:mpiing to go throll~h the fence, establishes an electrical circuit thruugh
its body to the J:Tounc.J. ) n this position. the ::lI1j1l131 receives the electrical
shock ~l1pplied 1,y the electric fence runtrull..-r, Ah ..-r receiving a numl...-r
of these shocks the Jl~yd1Ulol;y of the animal is Stich that it is inclined tn
avoid further contact with the fence wire, ha\"iuJ: learned that thl' fence
is the source of an unpleasant sensation,
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"Lu Scptc..'l11hcr 193i, lOndc.'rwritcrs' Lolhllratoril'~. Inc. received an
application for the ill\'c!'iti~:ltioll of a lh1l1c.·ry-opertttrd electric Ivnce controller. The sampl« of the device suhllJith'll CUll~i:'h'd ('ssentiall,\" of a
transformer with ::L "quick-make and break" mcclmnisru connected ill the
primnry circuit. This unit derived its CllefJ,::)' fr0111 a ('·"011 dry-ceil bnttcey •
a "oJtagc being induCt'J in the trnns lorrucr secondary windinJ: durin!.: the
"making" and "uTenkillg of the current in the primary wil1uillg'. Om' ~idl'
of the transformer 5(,CUII(13f)' willding W:lS intl'lI11c.',1 fur direct connection
to l:routJd, :md the other, to a cue-strand b.nlecl-wire fence,
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There arc units of other types 111'011 the market at the present time
which dn not necessarily cml.KM.J" either (If the ~lJH\'(' constructions, The
principle of :lJ.p'yill:: "'!Il.>ck as a rt:s(rainill~ medium however, is the sanu-,
regardless of the I)'IM: of unit 1"uppl),illJ: the electrica! clH..'rgy.
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This report covers an ir1\~5tigation of the electric shock hazard connected with the use of the electric fence. preparatory to the in vcstiJ::ltiol1
of the eteeirlc fence controllers lhe',:~,:I\'('s, This n'plJrl is not intrud(..)
to C'~tahlic.h the: DC'Cl'I'tfthilit), of :all)' t icctric Ience controller, hut l11t'rrl~'
to rrt.·~rnl ,latn and draw c:onclusion~ on the Jmhject of electric shock, ,iner
this JfI'('~l'r1b the: majur luWtrcJ in the uperation or the devlee,
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Since it is not possi),l. 10 conduct tuts "l><>n 11Inllan b<inl:S to deternline' wlull (un.thule!' a AlCe vaJut' uf eurrent . ..afe time of eontact. t"1C' .• it
is necessary tn prf>s('I1( data SOn1(" nf which have nn direct lH"nring Upoll
the ease, but which ",uM be borne: in mind in fornmlatil14: conclusior».
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.:::UNDEaWRIT£RS· LARORATORtEs. INC•
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PLAN OF INVESTIGATION
r JlO5C of this ill\',"~lig:uifin h:J~ 1K'(,11 to cl"'!4'rl11inr the mnxinunn
1 114'
\"AfliC'. and If... nQlnr" Qi IhAI C'urr"nl. which, whhill ('C'I'lbill limit. ur Iref,u,our)" IUkl limc of ("WUolC't, can he (,ol1~idt·Tt·" :l~ 1101 I,t'inJ: h:l7.nTtlml~ to
Jl1l1n.'1I Jift', )t i~ Jlrol)j')~'(1 10 r~'i:lhli!"h ,h.11 value us HII(' whirh will be s"fe
""h~Ou t"xJlrri"II('c'cJ IJ)' :1 I\\·ll-)·c:lr·ofll •."hild uudi-r lla' cundiliflllS 1110l'ol
l:worahJc: It') the rC'C'(.optinl1 of i:1II elcctr ic shod... Jllforlll:llinn which will
he I'rl"!i(.·utC'11 Jatl'r il1t1ir.lh·:o; thai 1Ill' dlilcl i." IIIIIH' li:dll l• thnn the ildult 10
i:lj1lr~' irulil a givcn ('Iretrie-al ~ht)cck. The Wurl'ol ('f1I1t1ilion~ under which
Ihe child might comacr :111 c1l'(.·lritit·tI irl1cc win' would indll,J,. Ih•. fol..
lowing: The chilu wrdooteu. ~t<lHtlillg ill a pool oi water, or 1111111, ,Ill.)
fi:lJJing across or KraspillJ: tbe wire with IWI) wet or ~wrilly hands. the
wire.
w fur as the l'hiltl is aware, 1H..·ill~ all nrclill:IT)' 1I0IH'lc'('Irif'f't! (t'I1C'C
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nf ('In·tric shuck clisdn~f'd 1h:ll the (nllllwill;.:' rhar;ll·tt'Ti~lic~ III"."" III he
n'ckUllt',l with in insuring 11ll' l'o:de 0pt.·rilliull (If 11lC'~(" dt'\"ir('!'o: (1) \."ltil.~l'.
(2) irrl,lIcI1Q', (3) CttrrnH illld "on" p<'riod. nn.l (4) "off" J.... ri"'"J.
.·\lsn Jlf"rtiurut It) rhe ("Mil"Ii~hl1H'111 oi ~:de lIj,cratil1J: rh:lI":h'lt'ri"liC'~
"i ,·t'·l'lrie II'nee: cOlitrlllkl's j~ the l'OIl!'oidt'raliol1 IIi a report oj Ilw 'Ully
~lil)WII ii:lti:,lit)· which h:ls occurred willi II cUlIlll1rrrialJy-p r otl llcct! elvctr ic
il'l1Cr- com roller,
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lif'1tt ~l1n·t·)·
C'r('ctric Ience
tests,
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The clala prrt:linin..: 10 Ihi!'O ~1I"jt'C'1 are' ';l\'ailil1Jlr chiefl)' from review
n( thr records of clcctricut accic.kl1ls and h'Sl rcC'ord .. of Jaboraton' invcsiigaliolls. These two sources art' rOI1~icll'r~'d jointly ill the ('staiJli~llIIh'lIt
of s.3ft· oper:uiuR chaT:lctrri:oitic~ oi vlccu-ic ;,'11(' l'oll1rollc-n.
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was nl-o Jl('C'(,,!i!iary III
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iJ1\·(·Slj~.lt(' C'(·rtain (C:llll!"l'S
indil"atcd II)" the review oi i:lecid<,11t rl'curds or
or the
lahor:ltoT)'
NATURE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
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J.:t.'l1rral 5tal('lllrnts ·rq,;:arc.Jin;:- the nature of eleetric
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shOt·k :IT(" cOlIsi,kl C.·l! lu he pertinen1 ill cuuuccnon with the !'Iud)' of
tlll'5C' ,hll:1.
De,"h [r••n electric shock may rc,"1t (rom an)' one or comhina,ion
o( the (ollowing callses' :
•
(J:, Paral)"sis o( the respiratory mu.c1e., producing. "eath (rom a.phy"ia.
(.1) Ilelllorrhage, produced h)" increasing blood pressure ollring the
,,,,.sage o( electric current.
(3) Hea" (ailure, resulring (rom ventricular fihrillation.
( 4) Ne.piratory failure. due to ne,,'ous inhibitions or actual oama::e to
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£1.£CTJUC .HOCK AS JT PE.RTAIHS To THE ELECTIlIC FLHC£
(I) ParalYlil of Reapiratory Muscles: The first of th••e causes.
while it may in itself be responsible for death. is, in mos; cases, nS50t'iatrtl
with one of the other causes. It is n rondition that results from rotlti:1\lnll!'
contraction of the muscle-s. ]11 this condition, the Jun~:-. fail to [uurtion IIUT1113;1Iy, &l1H! the victim suffocates.
(2) Hemorrhage: As tho currcm , pa,s,'s Ihroll!:h the 1,1",,,1
s.i'n:;l!lI, the tITcet is to raise the tvmperature of 11I{" I,IoClcl :tI1l1 illnt'a"'c' th('
pressure, with the result that the walls uf Ihe hltM)(l ,'t·s!'c]:-. 111'l'ak. Thi~
c~J1.1ition :I.(,"('OUl1t5 in pari for the \I"'lIall," svvcre ht·l11orr!J:t;.:~' ft,l:"" ill;':
t."1eclril·al al"t'iJl'l1t~.
(.1) Heart Failure: Thi~ is of (hid courcrn ~il1rc.' it ;:-. flu- I'r;l11ar.,'
(':ItI~C,' of t!(':lth ill tile JafJ,:'ef 111:llll1l1aJ~ [rotu (ol11art with drl"1li,~ whi(:l
allow 11111," :1 rclativcly low vuluc of cur-n-ut 10 P:I...... thro\l~h tlu- victim.
\\·ntri t· ll : : 11' lil,ril!:lIirlll i~ :'l. t'flllcli'itlll ill '\hidl lilt: 11(.·:lrt 1111, .. \'!t- li~lt'r.;.
in"!t'illl IIf cOll t r:lf t ill;:: in :1 coordilla1(' mnmu-r, (.'1I111r:l.('1 s('l'ariltdy :1I'1~ :1:
diITt'n'1I1 times. '''!It'll tlli:-. (.·olldllioll i... Iln·~t'l1t. 11,t· ln-art Ct':'l.l'i.t'''' til {11th 'i""
:I.!'O tln- (.'iHlI!a1or of Ihc' ]'Iood. TIl~' lIt'art i.. throwu ill10 "t'111ril'llbr 1',1, ";1
lilln)l." tlu- !':lSS3J:(.' {If rl'l:llin·ly I"", ,;t!llt'" of cur rent thffllt~h tllt' \Tll!, II ;I_~
SOI11(' animals recover- ~pnlllilllt.·"lbl-" from ventricular fihrilLt,i".,. "11. C'
the ('I1I"It'1I1 is ;ntt'rnlplt'.1. SOTIIl·. Oil I Ill' sulu-r halld, do IIl1t n'ctI\t' "1 "I'.
1:tlll'IlI!"",\", :\~nl1 i.. ill tllt.· lalll" grullp.
(4) Respiratory Failure due to Nervous Inhibitions or Damage
to the Nervous System: These resnlts IIf the pa"'s.'I:(.· ()f larl;c'l' :'11111111l11S
tlf current lhrtltlgh tlu- ItOffy a rv t1MlOllly al'sorialc"d with higlwr J1llll'llliill~"
"'11t'1l the borly COIlI&!rl~ a circuit ane! rt·(,t'i\'t.·~ ~, high-illll'lI:-.il)' elccu-ic
shock, the IWr\'Ol1S !i'~':-.h'lIl involved ;11 the ~·lIrrl·nt path is tt'I11IM1r:trily par;I'
1)'zell. TIlt.' musl COll)I1IOn result ol this par:11.ni!'O is respimtury filill1ft,.
Brc:l.thillJ: may be initiatt,.1 1,-" the usc,' of urtilid.ll n''''pir:l.1ioll ur till' ,l"plication or hot1i1y juh or j:II·. 'l'he p:lrnly5i.. of (I11wr parts, (,f tlu 1'''dy isometimes irl\'ol\'~(l and rl1:l)' IWT~i ..t (fIr cCll1sillt'rahle perin'!'. i1~~t'T till'
current has bern il1terrllptc,·.1. Tht' p:l.s~"J::e of a high current it'r C\'('11 :l
short period of tim. urtell OIlUles lh. nenoe. to Ioae their irrit.bilil~· .n,1
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(5) Skin and Flesh Burns: A,i.l. from the faot lh.l ,'I,','lrir,,1
burns Are Apt to he .Iet'pt'r bl1ll. therrfoTt', more '~riuul thnl1 Ilw.,· fltli.
,,"artily appl'ur, tht'y nl"t 1I0t clilT.'renl frol1l othrr burns.
11"1Ially
OCCur at the point (If t"Ollt,I<." of till' ,·i.'tim with the .·It,(,tric.'al t·in·lIit, :l.lHI
nrc the result tlf passilJ.:c,'s uf t'urn'm lhrotlJ,:1t all t·xlrc.·mt.'l)· hiJ.:h"I'l':..i~I;IUl·(,
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RECORD OF INVESTICATION
GEl'mRAL
4;('llc'rall)' spc":lkilll:. the f:artnrs ",hidl c1,,!t'r1nine the seriousness of
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coH""lri"ill Jihock arc.':II) 11••1)' ('I~<1 ricnl n·,i'I'lIlrt.
(2) Vuhll~r illhl frc'(l'l('I1Cy uC til(' circuir.
(J, :\lIIuunl :imlnat lire.' o( rurrent pn!'isillJ: 1hrol1;.:h 1he hody,
(4) JI..rt nf thc.'l)ucl)' 11lrul1J:h whidl tlw rm-rcnt pOisses"
(5) ]'(·l1l:lh 4)( timr currcm flll"'s IhrOllgh 1114' ),(111)',
(6) Elc'lIltnt tlf il1Jtiripation.
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Each of these ftlflllrs will I", "ol1!'oid''I"t'd SI'p;lI'OIIt"ly in the review of
3""itll'ul records :mtl 1;1).tJTOJlory tcsls llt'l','ssary to the e~tabJi.shllll,1It of
safe IIJwriuillJ.: rh:lr,jlt'lt'l'islil'l'i ld c.. lt·t·tri,," ft.'lh,"c comroJicrs,
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REVIEW OF ACCIDENT RECORD!; A:-;n I.ABORATORY
TESTS
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BODY ELECrRlCAL RESISTANCE
General
Xer("s,'uy 10 11l(' tslnhlishlll('lIt oi 1111' ':"i;'t' oprmtiuJ: <:h:ir:H'llTislic~ of
,'It'.'lrk (1'lll'C ("lll1trolll'r:-o is :1 ("ol1!oidl'I;lli"ll oi 'ill' humnu lllldy .1" ;1 (011.
,1"""1nr ni CIf."t"lririIY
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.'\~' ~ ("nlldul'lor, thr
111111~' i-, rn.ule lip of 1wo par:JlI,') pmhs.
!'ol.:ill. i.. IIi l"t'lalin·jy hi:.:h n.'~i!'ol:tlln', w!lt'rl'i1!'o the
()lIe ui these. till' untt-r
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low re-istanee,
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nn.! till' I."d,\· li!osllt·s, i... IIi I'l'l:tti\'dy
J.:ahllrntllr." 1I'!ols" han' ... hllWll Ihal human li",!o!\(" n.'" an ('In"trirat condm·lin..: 1II('t1iul11, i... ~1l111('\\ h:11 :lllallli-:"I'" III :1 t'ilTllil "oll!'oi!'olill~ clf .0. hiJ,:h
r('si!'oI:lI1t'c in polrallt'l with n h.i~h r:lp;lril:lllfl'. TIll' chief n'si ... tnucc of the
I)(}II)' in HIl ('lc'l'll'it':d rin-uu i.. .u IIl l' plli"1 oi ouu.u-t with 1111' circuit. HI'.
1K.":lI,'d h'sts !I;I\'4' :-o1l"WII tli:l! IhllllJlIJ,:hly llry skill 011 thl' h:i1lds 11:1.. . a
rC'l'ii:-oI:1l1r,' of :lPJlrllxilll:.1t·'~' -tn,()OO III :;0,000 llhlll!'o per "'jllan' cenrimctcr.
Thi~ n'~i~lal1re clrop:-o 111 a!o low :is 1000 ohlll~ JIlT ~'l"arc rvntiuu-n-r wbcu
tht, hauel:" nrc wei.
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St·,','r.. 1 IlW:l!'ol1rc·lIlt'l1b-l· S of hudy rc-.i ... lnnrt' taken dl1rillJ.: rriminal
c'J~·~·tr''t.'ntiun~ han' !o!lt)WI1 that with 1)1<' usc of larJ,:c t:lt'ctrndc.'s ;mu with
[
apl'roximntel)' 2.000 volt» potential applied. 8 to 10 amperes oi current
'low thruu..:h the lk'fly, This would inc1il~:lte that under these conditions
the human bod)' has a resistance o( nl'l'roxilllatcl)' 200 ohms.
[
Thi!' \'a111(, of 1ut(1), fC'!"ist.o.ncc h:ardly seems ju~tifinhlc in counection
with the eleerric (l'nrc.' :applic:uiun becnuse it is not ])ossih1c to obtain a~
br~e an area of contact with n ,!;inb'Je wire electrie fence as can he olnained
hy nw:ms uf wrist, head, and )C'1o: electrodes such as arc cl11plo)'ecl in crimina!
~Ic:rtr()('utions, Since the area of contact dvtermine», to a hulo:c extent, the
valuc of resistance recorded, ;he conditions of crinunal elec trocution are
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PERTAINS TO THE EI,,£CTIUC FENCE
not sufficicntl)' comparable 10 those under which eontae; with an electric
fence t;,:I)' I,. made to wa..:lnt :lcccpli"g the ZOO-ohnt value,
The large antount of current used in crint;":l1 electrocutions :llso is
another {actor which would tend to cause a lower vullle of resist.:1ncr. due
to increased tL'mptrOltllre of the IxKly. An :"'ernJ:'t hody temperature
of approxiI113Icl)' JJg Ut'J,:'Tf'l'S F'lhrt:llheil h:as been rccordeu" durinR' criminal elcctrocutious
Laboratory Tests
.•
[
•
•
j
•
l
j
~I
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•
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Because the conditions of criminal electrocutions are not suni..:ie.'llfly
comp;trhl)lL' to those of contact with an elecn-ic fence to IX' use.·lI ill till'
d(·tl"rllJill:lliutl of hUll)' resistance, lIiuitahlc tests W('fl' conducte.l :tl the
L11Jllratoril'~ for the ul'h:r1l1il1~tion of this value,
The outer skin of an individual oITe.·rli the gre:ltt'st f'rSisr:IIIe.·C' 1(1 the
fluw of de.·ctric:d curn-m. TIll'rdore it was 1lt'C'('!'i-s:Jr}' to reduce III as J.:'l'l'at
a dt'g'n'l' as possibh- the.' effecl uf the hiJ.:h skin rC."~istant.c,
In the.' cIL'l·tril.:' ft'lll'l' :lpplit::ltiull, this i~ IIsu.ally OIL'C'ul11plished ,,~' 111t':1Il"
of n hi,:.:h \'ultar;:(' which ha." tlu- l·n-n·t of lITl·aJ..inJ;: clown Ihe.' ~kill n ... i.. l;lll\ e.'.
The current UlllPllt IIf till' tlt.' ,'if(' i:oo Iillliled by inhl'l't'IH impc'd:lIll'e.'.
. ~iIlCl' it wa~ not l",s.. iblc to "'pl'l}' n hi;.:h \'oll:l;:c with 111lIilllile.·d fur.
rr-nt a .. a Il1l'<iIlS of t1t·!t·TlllillinJ..: lilt' hudy re.. i.. Inucr-, tlu- ~hill rc:~i:'<1.111('l" W:I';'
reduced ,,~' h:l\·illJ.: tlu- sllbjn·t illllllt'1'~t: his hand!" :11111 fl·l·t in :a 20 1H'r n'm
50l\ltiltll of ,,"oeliulII rlllflridt' prior 10 gra"l'itiJ.:' the.' ham l dt'l'lro,k:,< and
prior In stalltlil1J.:' 111"111 the (out "'l'l'lroll\'. J'n'lil1lillary n-sts. tl .. illJ.:' this
solutiou, ilillirah'd 111:lt tlu- c'Jt·l·lroly .. is curn'lll [rruu haud (u 1I:llttl of an
adult tlid Illlt ('xcl'('d ap;JI"l.\illl:llt.::y 3,~ lIIicl'o.:ul1pt'f(·:,<, if 11l(':!!"lll"l'tl ill
[
L
•
,
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series with a 3()(I().c,lllll J 1· ... i..I:I1I(·('. Since 111(' I1It':lSl1rill:': current for children W;'IS in 110 case lc.. ~ thau J l1lilli:lll1pe.·n', and (or adults 5 mi1li:lUlIIt'n's,
the error due to elel·lrolp.is current could be con~iclt·re.·cI negJiJ,:ihlc.
Prc:liminar)· tests indicatl'd 11Il' IKJdy re.'sistaucc: tu be inc.JL'IK·mlcnt or
the value of current ('mployl't! ht·1wec.·11 J anll J5 milliamperes. providl'c! a
eonst..nt urea and prcssmc Itf l'ttlll'll'l were nminlaim'cl, :lIId provided the
iIlt1h'idu:11 wet his hands ill ,h..· solution each litlle priur to h('illl.: 1I1(':lSltn.t1.
The mC::lsl1ring ClInt'nl W:tS cit'ri\-ell frlml 12 "ulls of lIry cell Lallcric'~
which were cOIll.....ch:d c1irn'lly :Il·rUM' twu 3000'ohl11 series rtsi:itanccl'. The
potenti:al applil-d to tht" stlll.in·1 wa!'\ gradu:llly built up from 7.frO hy nlt':lIlS
of the plltt'l1IiOlllet('r mt·thod Itlllil thr- J1(,cc'ss:tr~' curn'm '\·:.hlc was nl'laill('tl.
The hod)' fl'si:..tancc was tlll'lI L'aklllaled froll1 rc:u.lillJ:S or thl' :lppfil'd
"ull:lgc Dncl the reSl1hall1 "urn-nl.
'"Iw h:1n'l ~Jectrodt's t,'llll!'Oi:'<ll'tI of two No. JO Awg ba.re cOJlpc.'r wi ..... s
twisted tu;.:etJwr and :"lIl'plJrlC."d approxim:ately 6 inC'llC's al)Drt 011 porn'l:lill
ill_lIlnll1l·., -fhe: (tMIt t'1e.°L'1t·f1dr wn" fI "nl'1'1C'f plntt'. No. 30 ""'111:"_ "l'l'fll'ti.
mOltel)' 14 indies l"I":u'e.'. In 1II(·.I ..."l"iIl;': Ihe INkl)' rt"siK'nnrc- frum hall" to
h:md. III", illtli\i,lu.aJ lirllll.\· J.:'l"a~pl·tl1ht l'I~~trudc!'i with hit' h:llld,.. \\ Ilidl
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D.LCTIUc: SHOCK AS rr
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UNDDWRITEAS' LABORATORI£5, INC.
\I
Itt' h;Jff pr('\'if)II~J)' iml1lf'r~'fl in the 11rjnc' ~1I111fitlll. In l11(':l!'ol1rillJ.:' the hOfly
n o,.il"l i:&1l\"\' from hilllll~ to leer. the iudi\'illu~ll !'oIINIII UPt)J1 tlu- Cupp('r plate.
ho'""illJ: Jlr('\'iulI!'o1" il1lnlt'r~l'll hit' fcrt in the bt iue ,elution, am! gralptcl
Ihe t'I,-rITUt)rs with his Iltlutls, which he h:\l1 nlso pre,·iou!"l)· immersed in
I.at! »ululiun.
..
'.
J'~limhl:lr)' Il''''''' iruliC':III',1
tluu the 10W'·... 1 value or contact resistanee
"':lS r,-corded when the individual J.:ra~pl'd IIll' wire l'Il'l·trudl' rather than
",hl'lI a prC:5SUrl' wa:'l :Ippli,'cl on I)' III IIlW sid\' o( till' win' tiS wOIII() be the
cal\" ~hnllhl a Ilf.'r!"tlll I1IlTd)' Il':l11 aJ,:'ail1:<1t tlu- f,·nl'l'. For thi!'o rca son each
iUflh'itlll;11 was instructed to grip the wire linn1)' rather than apply a
rtmst:1Il1 pressure to it. :
[
The current cmplo)'('d wns 5 millinlllprres except in those cases where
tlu- rcsist:mce was so hi;.:h :IS to make il ill1J .. ,..... i1,h·tu olnaiu a flow of 5
[
miJIial11j",.e. with 11ll' 12-.-011 potential.
The result« of these hosts ullon adult imlividuals, c111plo)..ees of the
Laboratories, arc a.:i\'clI in Table] .
[
•
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L
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[.
An exantinru iou of Table ] indican-s that fllr rlu- limited 1111111ht"T
te~1ct1. rberc are Ill) 1TC'lId~ fir rl'l:lliol1!'ohiJls ':~I:l1lli~h\·t1 11(.·1\\'(.·l·1I till.' huel)'
rC!'oi!"l:lIIcC uf 1he illdi\'idllals .1Iltl their sex. :l;;:~" Iwight. IIr w,·i;.:ht. For
this Tl';lSOI1, it W;I!'> (t'lt Ilt'l'('SSar)' ttl conduct the-e saruc tl,'!'>ts upon childreu, :J,~ tlu- rort::,:oill:': dala did not iudicntc whctln-r Ill\' n·~i~I:lIICe of
childn'lI under tlit' ~iH'1l l'ollcliliollS would he ;.:n·atl'f or lv-s than that
n'l·orel,·,1 fur :Jdllll in.lividuals.
a~\'
Similar U'!'oI!'o \\"1'1"" ('Clntlllf'h'd l1pQll a numlu-r of chil.lrcu
r'iI1J.:C.' u( 3 ttl J S )",·ar!'. The n'MIl!lo arc ;.:i\·t·1l ill Tilh'\' 2.
•
To prevent iI1lP:"lt'lil1~ ':"IIl)' sencitiou In the loll1Jjl'l'I". 111\' 111l'astlrin~
':111 n-ut in this l\t'ril'!'o or h'~I!'o !.lid lIul l'Xl'f."t·d I uiillituupcrc. This vailic or
currcut was wwd in all COl:'l"!" except Iho~c wlu-rc the "'HI)" n'~islal1c(, "":IS
~II hi;.:h as n.u ttl lwrmil 1hi:o. tlow of cur-n-ut f nuu the ]2~\'nlt potcuti;tl.
Conclusions
,,
I
•
A study of the following tabulated data shows Ihal the body resistance
n( children, under (he conditions of mcasurcuwm employed. is higher than
that of adults 11lt":lSlIfl'cl under the same conditions. 11 appears safe to
a~snl11('t then-fore. that the lowest hody resistance which mi,::-ht 1Je reckoned
with in connection with the rl('clric fl'nc..: application would not he Jess
than ~ ohms. In dClermining the output nf an electric fence controller
w hieh might he received hy an individual accidentally cOlllactin/: the fence,
il al'llC:lrs Ihat a lotal r..iMance load of nol Ic," th,n SOO ohms on Ihe
'"'11'''1 side of Ihc controllcr should be used in series with the measuring
calvanollleter.
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Eucnuc SHOCK AS IT PUTA.HI TO THE ELECTIl.C PENCE
I.
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TABLE 1
BODY RESISTANCE OF ADULTS
IUIIJECT
l
....
Subject
•
[
•
[
16
F
40
IJ
20
'19
125
F
4.\
F
F
31
F
20
19
20
12
F
25
22
M
32
140
107
I(KI
119
120
120
F
F
.14
31
17
14
F
F
F
27
26
24
3V
~l
58
12ti
1.1(,
1811
2~
F
21
140
•
18
•
I~
32
[
F
.1
27
.' 24
[
·
~I
~1
~I
40
38
•
.10
F
2')
F
25
[
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•
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!
. ),1
I
~1
I
(,
I
23
2
.17
.12
141
I
~I
163
1211
2.\!
It...
115
2.\
~1
311
~1
24
19
26
~I
~I
~l
145
.'7
1M
18
12M
1.'4
J7S
151
I H,
2_ I
M
21
I
145
145
ISO
1100
1t.1
-'7
170
1.l5
21
.18
H,S
1~2
24
44
1M
208
20M
MaximulIl :
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1.17
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AI
31,
lOll
Minilllum :
Ceneral
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7
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1311
31
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23
IF
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1:\1
35
125
178
IHl
20
1 ~I
4
[
OHMS RESISTA.NCE rOR PATHS
V')LTAGE
]11 the conlidcr:uiul1 n( vnltnJ:t" rhnr:llotrri,..ir5 uf t'lt'\1ric (cnre.' ,,'011trollt'n, two clistitu.·t (m'ts 1,,"("11 III he t"MI:lhli"he.1. Thc' fi,,,t i,. wlWlhf'r
nr nut the opt"Il-C,'irrnit \'flh:lJ.:'t· III 'hc' ("(durnll.,, 11"'"'' 1M,.' lirnih"tl, prm·j,!t-l !
the current OlltJlut "f tlu.' (·ol1trullc.·, is limih"tl hy in1t·rll..LJ il11l"'f)alln" Tilt'
lC.'C'ullcl i!l the' mnxiuuun "nlue' uC upr'n ..circuit ''CII,nRt" whh.'h can h,' 1','1'miUc.,t1. ns~t1nlillJ.: tht, current i" ill no "'3'- limite.l, t'xrrl't ''''!'l,.illl.'" hy J~.
:1I1I1'\"rc.' branch-circuit (u:oot'Ji ill the liuPl'l)' circuit,
.
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UNDERWRITERS' LABORATORIES, INC.
..
..
,
TABLE 2
L
BODY RESISTANCE OF CHILDREN
•
•
L
_
.. . _"
-ava/aCT
n
-
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lubjrct
No.
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XI
'N
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77
l
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if)
79
Jft.t
l
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5.1
1112
71
9'}
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91
''17.1
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14
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9~
lie
97 '
9'.
[
7~
~I
~II
911
93
[
,,,,n
87
72
91
114
~7
/If
1111
[ -
,
109
III
78
12M
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,
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,
IUCTlUC SHOCK A!J
rr
PEIIT AINS TO THI £L£CTRIC FENCl
While there are no definite data available on the effect of electric
shocks received from a source of constant current with different opencircuit voltages, .it is generally conceded that, where the current is not
limited, the only effect of the ,'oltage is to force more current throu!:h the
circuit. Numerous tests20 • 2S have conclusively demonstrated that the
severity of electric shock is proportional 10 the current flow throuJ:h the
victim rather than to the \'oltage :11 which the shock occurs,
,
As previously staled. the effect of the higher voltage. when the current is definitely limited b)' inherent impedance of the device, is to cause
a breakdown of the hi!:h skin resistance. with the result that the individua!
will not further reduce the output of the <I..'ice 10 a point which would
make it jncfT~cti\'c.
•
...
,
[
Due to the nature of the installation of electric fences, there is autom:uic:dly established a maximum open-circuit voltage beyond which the
unit ceases to function effectively. The result of too high a voltage, with
limited cnrrcur flnw, is that the tnt ire output of the controller escapes as
current ll'ak:lgc :ltt/tll:: the fence wire, there lJeillJ,:' no output available at
the "Iurtbcr extremities of the Ience to restrain the animals.
[
[
]11 view of Ih<.' above fact s, it is nut rnl1siclcT(',1 necessary tn cSlaIJli!'oh
a maximum open-circuit \'olta~c nil those controllers wlwrc the cur-n-ut
output i!'o cldinitdy lilllitl'd I.y inherent impedance of the device,
Till' maximurn eaf e \'uh:'l~c :illl'plil'fl by a device which docs not in·
corporutc l'lIrn·nt·\illlitill.t.: f(.':atnrt·~, is one nf sud' value that , in addiiion
til IIl1t l':tllSillJ.:" pcr~IHI;tl injury. it will :11... 0 permit the indi\'iduill to free
hill1!'ot'H f nuu routnrt with 1111' circuit. 111 this eonucr-tiem :I. review of the
elcctticul accident rcctlrcl~ alld lahoralOT\'
test!' \\';I~ c1l'l'IIU,:d advisable.
•
[
[
[
Accident Record
J 11
eleetrica! accident records. it should he borne in mimi
that these data, in addition to brin!: vcr)' scarce, cannot usually be relied
upon f(lr accurucy. H!·f;lUse of the 013ny variables involved, it is practicall)' impussiblc to ch·termille uccunllcl)' :al! comlitions preseut :at the time
of the accident, The time of contact with the electrical cirvuit , and the
amount of current received by
the victim are seldom, if ever, accuratclv•
•
known.
,rhiJe there aT<' records of numerous instances in which iwli,·ic!l1:tl ..
have received fattll shnckt' At ] 10 "ohs or above, with the current limiu:cl
L)o· J 5.mnpcre fu~es. this Ktud)' denl. with the nlinitnul11 vohaJ:('~ Jlrt'~l'llt
in Intul accidents, and the following c3ses2 are presented :
-
[
[
con~ioering
I
[
(J) In 1':11,;1:'111", tllIt' fatality Imto rrMlht·d frum C'f)ntact with :'I rirc\l:"
of (,5 "0111 at 50 c,'t'le.,
,
(2) )11 Yil·11113. IIl1t· fnt:alit)· ha,. n'toUhl'.) hum COlli art with :I vircui: «l
60 volts at !iO cycles.
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UNDEaWRITU,S' LABORATORIES. INC.
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(3) In Italr. one (.t.lity ha. resulted (rom contact with a circuit of
0/5 yohs at 50 cycles,
L
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Laboratory Teots
Iii 19.10. a series of t('l'ts was (,OIull1("lrll :'It 1 hhh'rwrittrs' Lnhnrntorit'~'
in a" elTon to determine the maximum eurreut th:u an individna! could
"'itllSland for a slrort time and 5till have \"(l]nnt:lry (.·0I1tr01 of his 11111!'ocl("~.
In these tests, nI\OmhCTS of the L1.horalori('s' :;tafT were USl't! as subjects.
The electrodes consined of pliers held in each hand, While the tests were
recorded on alternating current. tests with direct current indicated slightl),
hil:her values could he withstood (or a short lime until a hot spot occurred
at the puiut u( contact,
.
)n these tests the ,'oh~~c, as w(·11 as the current, was recorded. The
reslllt. o( these tests are ginn in Tcble 3.
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TABLE 3
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","0
J\(J
4.1 J()
2..<00
2,lOO
A
II
C
40.0
J2.0
2.<.0
200
20.0
J.I.O
21.0
30.0
I.U
6.0
10.0
29.0
.... ,0
3,62(1
.11.0
JO.O
21.0
(1.0
10.0
0.0
.5,ltIO
.1.000
2..1.10
.;0.0
~.O
.1,750
0;0.0
20.0
10.0
6.0
27.8
7.~
b.6i'O
2,HO
J.5,,o
J:
G
/I
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t,
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~l.lximuln
~1mimum
:\\'f'ra~e
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b,t,70
0I,2t,0
Ae VOIII,.
E
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i.!i
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MllIilmpere.
C.lculel.d
a."'d,n,.·OluD'
-
t),O
J.4~O
3,500
3,000
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:\n exatuiuut ion of the :\I.o\'(' rr~lIlt~ illdicatcf< th:a the minimum
'·OI1.l":l.' 1·(' c~onlc:c1 UI1 Iltl.' JJ subject ~ h·~t('d was 20 volt S.
[
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TIlt' Inh'rl1:ttinl1:11 Harvester Co.· once conducted tests to drl.ermine
wh.1 Ytlltage eoultl he sa Icly h.ndlcd b)' their men while working in wet
boilera. In these tests, one sidl.' oi the circuit from n \,:a.rj:a.u)r transformer
,,".a~ connected to a sal\'al1i7.cd bucket which was (I lied with water, The
oiher si.le cf the circuit was connected to a hand electrode. which the
subject held, With the free hand, the subject then tried to pick III' an
ohject imrnerscd in the bucket of water. Twenty-two men were subjected
to lIlt'se tests, Jt was founeI that under these condition!' the maximum
,'oltal:'! an individual could withstand was between 12 and 20 volts. The
re,"lts o( these tests led Dr. S. W, Johnson, who conducted the tests, to
state lhat r~gaTlJl.ss of ;•. L:o!lcral health of the mall, all)'lhing over l2
"olts ..'as extremely dangerous.
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EUCTRIC SHOCK AS IT PERTAINS TO THE £LECTIIIC FENCE
In 1900, Prevost and lIalteJi' found that alternatillg-cllrrel1t pou-utint-,
as low as 15 to 25 volts, at a (rcrlll.I1cy or ISO cycles, caused ,le.th of <lop,
In experinlcnts with direct current, it WAs noted that \'oha~('s up 10
SO were not fn~a' to (1(I~s nhhlluJ.:h tht' time of contnct was as l11\1rh as
5 seconds. Above 50 volts, np tu 550. the direct current wns \lllifllTlllly
Iatal.
T. C. Gilbert 10 poinll'U 0111 111:11 El1rope.m technicians have rslahli!'o!lt'd
the fact that eircuirs of potent inls of 20 to 24 volts arc: definitely ei:lllJ,:l'rtlIlS
to. animals, Accor(lil1~ to this writer, there aft cases where animal» !J;i\-l"
been killed nt potentials th.t cOIl1<1 not have exceeded 24 volts ",h(,11 :til
{actors were taken into consideratiun, In one particular case, it wac;, !'ot;lll'd
that a pClt('lllinl J:r:1l1il'llt upon the earth's surface: of ,10 volts was tln- r:lll'-e
of death of an animal.
Opinions
[
]ellinek,1J n11 c;'(rly wr itcr on the subject of elects-ic ~hod.. , llt'lit'n't!'
that currcnt-, resulting !roll1 ,"olt,lg,,''!!' ~n::ltcr th'lI1 2S volts l'iholll.1 lit" 1'''11.
siderc.l dal1~ero\1s,
•
[
[
j
Conclusions
[
[
Dr. A, Zimm(,f11,l~ an rarly experimenter with electric l'ihod, , !'o1;1!"t!
that a 1' 0 ll' lIl ia l or 65 ,"f1h~ 10 groulld may C,H1SC ch'ath.
1
1'Oll"l'\',1.
:111 :l11t1l0T tll1 l1lC'dir:t!l'!t'l'tririt\',
state-d that 10 \'lIlt .. :ll'il!!,'d
'
,
for:l peTil"! of 1 l'l'COI II 1 woul.! plodlll'l' fihrillatitlll provitlt,cj Ill\' 11";111 by
in 1111.' din:"'t pnth bvtwveu the I'!t,'t:trnc!es,
•
[
TakillJ.: all the above facts intu cunsitll'rntion, it !'f't"t11S thai for ck-ctric
fence controllers, the open-circuit voltage nerd not hc Jimilrtl prll\'itll'<I
the device il1corrornte!'O inherent currl'nt-1inlitiuR Icatures.
,\\'here no inherent C'nrrrut-limitiuR fratl1re~ nrc incorporated in 11Il'
device, the IIIUxi1l1tll11 :-.;afl' \'nha;':l' to whid\ :111 imlivielual may he snhj('rt('tl
shoultl not exceed 12, Th isis based lI)1l1n I hl' t I"'or.v I 11.1t n Jllltt'II1 i:11 "f
]2 volt!' or 1('55 wi1l ran-ly, if ever, \":IllS(' " hreakdowu ~A JIokin rt'sistalll"t,'
sufficient 10 permit a current flow 1hl'01ll-:h the Locly of !Ouch intel1l'iity 01:-. to
cause Jack of muscular control or phy)ical iujur)' to the person,
. FREQUENCY
General
[.
nnt;I, whirh will lu- pn'''''lIh',1 lnu-r, lo't't'111 to fnc1i"onte
timl'JII!'O (111Iil1tt.'rrllplt',I) \'Url'l'11t ;1 :-'lIlIIl'wll:ll hi.:h"or value.o
,1I;lt fllr "'1110
flf c1inocl ':1;111
:Ih\'nmlin&: current rnn Itl' with:-.tlJud 1,~' the.' holl)' withuut ""ITlorill;': illlo,"(e.'1'1.
The chit°( cfilTt'1'(°I1\°c,' in ll1l' L:J,I\':-.il"jtl tI!s.'rt u( clirt't.1., n~ "1'1"""'.1. III
:aht,'rll:tlillg ('nrwt, i", th:tt 111(' efire'tO' ,'urn', t i l " " · ' 0'
of th<.' 1IU1~l·Jt'!'i to 11ItO eX1t'1I1 ;lssu\'i;llt'c) wi 0 ,
, • IrrC"I1I, 1.:.;"'I;llor)'
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UNDEJIlWRITERS' UaORATO'U£5, INC.
"'st~ intlir:lIe
th:u :1Il illfli\'j,hml r:m with"lan.l
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drritll~dh' hi£lwr
,'.;dlll'
or
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:1It,1;:rrn 11I;,illl •• i" "111111"111 tli hi .. Illll""'l,'~.
:trlii~h"r ,:uJIOlI:('I', Ilh' "'lIl1lr:II'tiul! lit l~1tIl!'od;;' at Ilh' lin". !!I 7-;i'jllat"1
,,'ith .. dirttt.. curreur l'irruil
toO ,·jlllt'l) "as tu have the ~t- of a
l
liull ,,,'ellr. chidl\' at th" liiiiC,~r mnkilll(. nllll~,r'/killJ.:
the circuir 0'"1.
tlu,ort'fun', is
:IS stc;ul\' a "011lTtlrtIUI1 :I~ rvsu Is rom altcruolliuJ: current.
dirt'''"''
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f·"IIt·1Ii1l1: hlu\\', TIlt' t"lIl1lr:u.'liHI1 :U'<iJli:t1i'j with d.!rC'l't turn'ul fIiITl'r~ from
ah.u :as1tlln:u('l! \\·jlll :llh·rn.l1inl: cnrn-nr ill that the: c1ircrt-C'urr"I1( ('01111''''('..
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":&1:1 .. rc availahle as to the
.li'r\·n.·Il\·..·~ 1~1\\'\"'1I 4Iin·t'1 :11111 nltcTn:uin;.: current in its ('ITt'Cl upon the
he~I>" 11 h'15 IK'CI1 1:\'11\'1'1&11)' MIJlIK'~('eI2s lhat, as .the contact lime is
!'tohOl'h·l1t'el. :\1Icl ill" fn'cll1C'11C')' of intt'TTlllllioll is increased, the values or
dir\'C'1 :llhl ahcru:1liTl;O: current necessary ro 50('( up \'e'lllricular fihrillatiun
1C:11c1 10 =,pproarh l'oach other.
\\'Iwrc tln- "lIl"r"111 is intrrrupted.
ff'\\'
Laboratory Tests
[
Two items Ilf interest in rC'J::':trd to allilil)'
eurn'lIIs were l1ult'd ill rn·j\'willJ; the clala.
[
J\'UllWl'uho\'\'II, 11,",I,I,.'r. mtll LIII.,I" :t!'o :l rt,'!'illh of IJIC'ir rXlllTilll\'llts
upon 411);':!'i. found Ih,' 3\"l'r:I;.:'<' valnc of eurrcm Ill·C't'!'i~ry III 1'1'Ildl1l..'C' fibril ••. \
kui'lIl :11 a frc.·cJ1h'llr~' of 11({) ry... ll':O; I~'r ~t'clll1d was 1I1\l1'l' thau t\\Th'c
rimes the." \'alm.· at (,Q ",·..-It'S,
withM:tnd hi;.:h.(n:tjll<'IIC')'
10
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tl"..\rl'lol1\'Jl. 9 ill JX~'-~, iOlllld ,1I;.t he could \\'ilh~lalld
:Il1lil('I't'~ without ilJ l'Ii·,·n -, at a
In'flll<.'llCy which ranJ.::l'll
l.WlI,OlIO cycles J'l'l" second.
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mill'll
{rom
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to
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ConcJU5ions
or lhe' !'io";lr('il~'
In vk-w
of .bla )Inl:tillillJ.:" to
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on ./
dir\'ct CIIIT,'Ut. alld 10 the 1:lt'k of clara ill\'ot\'illJ,: frcfllll'lIl'jC'l'o high('r than
thr C'OI1Ullt'TC'ial U) (:~'C'I\'!" pe-r secon.I, then- is no pn'~t'1I1 warrant [or perl11iuillJ: ~n::1ter ";Ilm':o; or currcm than illclk:u"d herein rC'J.:aTlJll'~s oi the
fT"Cllrt.·lIe)' cmplo..n :d, Dill' Co Ih,· c1itT('r\'l1l'C in the physical \'(;t'Ct of direct
ane! ah('Tn3Iillg' CUrTl'm, a sli~ht difTt'r('!H'e in the "ofT" period of the two
In"'5 of conuolkrs appears 10 be warramed.
•
:-;1101'1
dllr:-llioll
CURll.ENT
General
[
In the e5tahli ..1lI1wnt of ~fc currem values for elecrrie fence con.
trollera, it is nCt"\.·~s:lr)' 10 1K":lT in milld that current alone can 1I0t be
considereu inuep<'nckm "f the tillle" of contact.
[
A safe value of curn'lll that 11l3y be taken i11lIclinitel)' is one.' thai. in
addition to not canl'ojl1~ ),o.lily injury, would also J..:..... IiI, the il1di\'j.Jual 10
frf'C hinl5eJ{ from contacr with the circuit,
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EU:CTIl'C SHOCK AS IT P£IlTAINS TO THE EU:CTIlIC FENCE
•
The allowaLI. vallie ,'sl.Llis!",d for the output cllrrent 01 the illl
ermilleIII 1)1'" 01 e/cctric lence cOlllroll.r shollld be one that will nol permit
bodil)' injury. This stalelllelll asSullles, 01 course, that an ample "ofT" period
is provi,I,'d which will I,,'rlllit the illdividual 10 free hilllscll Irom conl"rt
with the circuit ~fore rl'l'l,j\,illJ,: ol s('cund ~hock irnpnlsf'"
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Accident Record
t
III the consider.tion 01 electric.1 acc;'I,'nts, it should al:.ill be pointed
Out that the :lccur.ar)' of these .lara C:U1I1ot usually be rclit"u UpOIl due to
the m~n)" ":lri~IJJl'5 ill\'oln'd at the time: of the Dcciuc:nt.
The diffictlh)· of c1l'll'rJl1illillR "'h:lI minimum currents mOl)' han' ')(,c'"11
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f.I.1 is realileu by consid,'rin;.: the three case< poinleu out prniously
where l",o"le have I""'n I,ill,'d on extrelllely luw.volr"!:e circuits. U;"e
p.age ]4,) L'sing!'OO uhl1Js as the IJOlIy impec.l:mce of the sl1lljc',C'ts ( ' t l l I .
sidered in 111l'sc three C:I",('s, the 1"rSllh.1111 cUrrt'nl wuuld be (l) ]30 milli.mIX'res, (2) 120 milli'''"!,e,,',. ,",1 (3) 90 ,nilli"mper«. rcsp\Tli\'dy.
L\illl: 2,000 uluus tln- n'sllll""t ,'urre"ts \\'0,,1<1 he (I) 32.5 lIIil",,,,,!,,,,,,s,
(2) 30 mil:ialllpere', a,,<1 (3) 22.5 milJi.mpcres. r«,>eeli"cI)'. It is
oh\"ioU5, tl1l'H·(un". that 1111 dl'linite cunclusions can he drawn [rorn these
data :J.!'o to \\11.11 11Iinillllll lJ vurrem 111.1)" be..' (:I1:tl,
In the Pro(("'dill,f/,r 0ll',,/I/,'( JII'fJr;"fl uu Elrtlr;r 'Ft",,. Co,,'ro/lrrs.
p"hli,I"'d as the "'s"iI III " "I<'(',i"l: "I in"'r«led parties in Sal".". Ore;:"".
iu :\ll"l'llIl,l'r H'36, ;In' rn'un!l,d lhl' folJo"'il1J.:' Ji<:ld CXJH.'ric.'ncc.'s:
(J) A thrc.'c"-)'c'''~lr old gil'l f:lI11C ill contact with an eJc"ctric (ence: which
\\'.1S JimilCu in output 11) 25 mifli:uHpt'T('s. lIut which \\"OIS 1101 provided
with a current il1t\·rrUI'Ic,"r. She W't:, unable to rclt"~se hersel] frcru the
wire until the circuit was broken.
(2) The some thin/: was ."I,,'riellc''ll hy a yOllll!: ilia" 01 21 )'ea rs of
nge under similar condilions.
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(3) 1\ YOlllIJ: l11au \\'.IS IlIlal,le to (rr(" himsrH from a ('ontilluotls.
current circuit in which the currem was limited to IS miJJi'III1JlCr~!i.,
(4) A dog was kill,'., "y currenr Irom a 1I0."olt Ience which was
in stric~ with a 7,$·\\";111 blllp, Tht..·oTctiritl maximum curTrut is (k.~ mit.
li:unpc"H's,
(~)
J\ three-yoar "I" 10,,) ",os Idll,',l h)' CHIII.CI with a liD-mit lellrc
in series with a 30·wall lamp, 'Theurttical maximum CUrrt1l1 is 2;0
milJiumperes,
The foHo\\'in~ ncdd('I11~ wrn' rt'portC'cr to the L..,buratorit.s ill
SUT\'(")' cOllchu:tC,,·cJ as a part uf this in'~!ilil:':ltinn:
:I
fit'f,l
(I) A rS.)·ror oM hny WU!\ UI7:&III\, tn rcor"o"t' him!'eU (rom:1II c'!('c'lriC
fc.,tlee in whit..·h tilt· c.'III'J'C'1I1 W:IS lilllih'd II)" n 2$.w:ltt. J 10.\'1111 bl1ll"
ThcllT\,tic:.1 lI1~xin7l17l1 \·.71'1" elIt il' :IJIJlruxipl1;lIt'1)· 230 milliaIl1JK'rt's,
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UNDERw"rrEIilS' L4.80AATO'UE5, INCo
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el} ...\ eow was kill"cl I.,.• ("ol1l:\ct with nu d,·C'tric fence h. which the
eurresu was lilllite.1 I,y .. 7$'\\'~Il, 110-'-011 lalllp. The device employed DO
....
~urn:m
illlerruptcr, :lutl the shock wns experienced foJInwil1&: a hea\'Y
rain•. The tbeorctic..1 maximum current is (~ milliamperes.
(.1) One cow wns unnhk to release herself from an elccrric fence in
"'lIicb Ibe current \\'~s limited by a 25,w~lI. 1I0"'0It J~,"p. There was no
(urr,'..t interrupter provided. The maximum theoretical current output i5
~pllro"il\l~lely 230 milliamperes.
[
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'
Laboratory Tests
[
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[
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Continuous Current~The data gh'en in Table 3, page J 5. iudicate
Ih:1t II", 111;I:'\,;iul1ll11 contiuuou« current, which aUY• of the individuals tested
('uuM Wilhsl:mJ aud )'l'l retain voluntary ('olllFII uf their muscles, was
JO nulliampercs. Till' minimum value r('rol'lkd '\',1" (, 1I111:iOlIIlI)(!reS and the
~vet~ge {or Ihe 13 subjects testcd was 7.8 milliamperes,
Thompson.'! o( the Elcolrie"ITe.. i"l: Laboratories. conducted an
extensive series of tests upon a 11\11111 ...-r of indivi.luals and found tha l fur
\\'on1«.'11 the 3"\.'ra:;:c m:l:-\ill111111 tolerahlv value of current was 5,1.5 milliamperes. The cone!'pnn,lillJ,: value for mcu W:1~ found 10 he 8.35 milliampcres. The n",",tlJ.:c for:.lll was i.l, and the ma xirnum value recorded
in this series of h.'~t~ W:1'" 20.0 milliamperes.
Gr:ap.on I6 reported Ihal ~imjlar tests p-r icnuc.l upou ~2 111\.'11 ilHl;".Ill'C1
that the average 111:111 ('ould detect 1.2 milliampere». :1I)d t1wt none could
withstand a em-n-ut oj l111)n: than 8 ll1ilJjal11prrc~ without serious discomfort.
R. R, Corrie!' cfllldw':h'd ;1 similar experiment. 1"""'rftll'111il1~ a test upon
him~l£o lie fOil lid Ih:l1 .:Ii current of 14 lI1i1JiaI111~'n's cau!'ot,'j! paralysis of
certain parts of his oo~l)',
Gilhc.:rt,.l1 as a re ... lIlt of tvst s I,) dctermiuc till' !ll'(·dflc coutact re5i"I:llIl"C oi Ihl' h:llId -, {ollllli lh:n thv an'I":ll:c iudivi.lunl ('0\11.1 not easily
free himself from a l'irnlit J:1'C.':lu'r than 15 milli.nupcrcs. JJc: al!'oo found
.;':11 the scus.uious. ,·xltt.'ril·lll·l'd by Illl}:>ot. pl'oplc with the !'ou,mc current
l1owiuJ:". were in J.:\.'IIt..'ru,l :ll:r~'1'l11l'nl, althlm~h the resistance varied within
wide limits, not only with c1itTcrcnt people but with the S0111lC person,
Quite recently. tl'SIS have been conducted at the University .of Cali(ornia 19 to determine the nl:1>.:il111l111 value of current from a UQ.c)'C'1e circuit
that could he released hl' the average individual, The tests indicated Ihal
(or a 1'''111\\'~)' hand-to-hand, the maximum average tolerable current (or
56 men subjected 10 81 tests was 13.9 rnilliarnperes.
For the pOlhwa), or the current throll!:h the hod)' [rorn one hand to one
{OOI, the hand I:ripping ~ ~o. 10 Awl' wire, and the Ioot pl~eed upon a
flat ",etal disc. it was Iound that the a\'eraJ:'" maximum "release value" (or
42 mc:n subjected to $5 iesrs was 12.6 milliamperes. It was also found
lhat ril:hl.h~nded 1"""1'1< could r<k~se approximately y$ milli~llll'eres more
..·jlh lise righl hand than with the Joft,
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20
EUC'1'1UC SHOCK AS
rr
rDtT"INS TO THE E.LECTRIC rENCE
The ~I:' range 01 the subjoclS was 20 to 40 years, There was no
m:ukeu di,Tcrcllcc IJctwccn wet and drv• hands, but wire ~ilC did have
an errect,
results have no hC:lrill;.:' ill the e~I;I"'isI1l1ll'l1t
of a cOlltill\lOl1S value of current which may IJc con~id" . n'cl as nllt h:t1ardtll1!'>,
the)' are illdud",t! at this point as a matter of interest. Thl'~l' le~t n'stl!ls
\\'hill' the
fo"owin~ test
were r"cure'"'l ill the /],;1;.," Mrel;rlll
JOII"'"" o(
fiJI 3,
(I) III 1855, M~1l1l "ppli",1 vleetro.les .lin'ctl)' til the' hnmau Iu-art
al1<1" '{UIIII" that
n!t('fnnlillJ,:' l'tIfft'llI of ]"5 10 JV lIIifli;l1l1peTl'!'> elid liCIt
nc!\'(.'rst'ly afTl'Cl the hearts ;U:li"ul1,
/
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(2)
•
J)i_'tllI'~ and :\1;lIIl1'~ I'Xl'll'I'ill1(,nt~ di:OOc,'!U,"'d
ao
1
Interrupted Current-Prc.·\·ost nnd B:luc.·II,' in 1!J(X). fotllld that a t
:l frC'llll·IK.\, of SO ttl (.0 cycles. death n'MI!tC,'U from a current uf iO millial~ll<:Tl'S whcu til<' ,iClilll (du!:) was ill COIII:,,'t with the circuit 1M n
pCrJuJ of ~ tu 5 ~t·'"l1c1s. 11 W;IS also noled that 11I1-:'H.. r cur rents wlluld not
,
Ill'l'c.'!"...arily .!-c't lip fihrillatiun. ),111 would in\'ari;I!,ly rvsuh In inllihitillll of
the rCS!,irall,ry !-y:-oll'll1.
I,
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I•
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\\'<,i" :111<1 %"""",' ill l'n I, s!"l'lIred silllil:" n""II, ill thei r "',I,
clogs. A cut'rvut of zo III 100 milliilllJpc:n's was (alaI Wlll'U :lpplic:d
0111)' a few seconds. The appJic:lIiol1 ll.f ..,~ til 40 lIlitJiitll1lK:H'S did 1111t
up lihri!latiun, hut Jlrodl1Ccu illhiltitioll u( rcsl'iratioll,
"--
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lilt't
recent 5111c1y h;IS ))1.'('1) Ri\'t~11 10 the.' snllj('l"t of electric shock 11)'
).\ollwCllho\'l'lI. L.t1lJ.:\\lIlt1IJ' nud Jfoukcr 20 nt Juhns IJop1.:ill" t:lli\'tT~it.",
In must uf their tests, rats were used fur "t1hjects, "1'11(' r;11 is an nuitnal
which rCl'O\'l'rs SpUI1I:tTlt'ollsl)' (rum \'("utricular filJt'ilhUieJII, The ulljC.'l"t
of these Ints was 1101 10 cleh'rmine till' minimtnu CUfrCIlI that would ~l't
up \'clltril'lllal' fihrillation, 11111 10 pfl)ddl' .l'\'icle.'I1l't' ill s"!'!")!'! fI( J,:e'lIl'ral
theories u( dl'~lrit,: :0011111:1\ whie.:h ha\"l' IK'l'1I pn'\'akllt :ooilll.l,: ::IC.' ~.;tI"jt'\,·1 \\':1:-'
first studie.L
[
Roughl)'. the tests C'on"il'h"d nf l\uhjrcliuJ:' the mIl' In IlfJtC'l1tilll" o( J 10,
240. 500 :11I.) 1000 \'ulls fur pl'riods rnu;.:illJ.: (I'UIII I ",c.'t"ulIIl
1 lIIilltllr,
In these (l'sls, tile' rats were :lII:ll'StJll'liz l'll. The ell'clruc.lc's were I'I;tn't/ "IM,HI
the hend nud tnil I.i the II11JjCCt,
'n
1
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:I CIll'rl'1I1 1:11"11:,:11
the dh':ool cd {rotu IS 10
millj;IIIIII('n'!'> did 1101 IIp,,,C'' thl' Ilt'an's ;u'li.. 11.
(,l) TI"l)!Il'r {Ilnlld Ih~11 ;1 dirl'\.'ll'lllTl'llt of 3$ lIIilliall1l"-'!"l" f'''llI halld
tu {Clllt was III,t Lila!.
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or
the fOlt't th'l1 nUII(' of ,h«.'s(' .Iat.. wuulel hc :11'1'!iI';aI,ll' ill
arri\';IIJ.:' nt the lIIotxilll1ll11 value of (,lIrrt'lit 11.:11 C':III 1M' CUHl'oide.'n'.1 :1" lIuf
Iltlzarc.lulI:oo 10 111111I:11I Ii it" thlo" are 1I0t tahlllatcc.lll\'l't" The (ullllwillJ,: J,:c.'lIl'ral
HC.'l';I1I:ooe
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UNDDWRrTUS· URORATORIES. INC.
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cnnC'lll~km!i'
'he
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ph:t.~e
were drawn, however, nll,l llrCI1l 11"1 1Ir r('1e\-:l.111 10 this
of
inn~J'li~.uitlll:
(I) Thr ] JO-220 \'1"111, ahrrnnlinJ.r-currC'111 C'irruiu arc mort" d:angernus
'n rats Ih:lII IIH.' ,lin..ct-currcut circuits of the same votmgc.
(2) The I()(X)-\·lIh. rIirect-currcnt circuit is more c1al1l:"('rotl~ than the
,'urrc!1Ipo1U li 1110: :.til crl1Dtillg·rurrcnl ci rcuit.
(3) i\ large r.t can withstand a I:reater shock than a smaller rat and still
•
survive.
(4) There is no diIT.r.",·c in 'exes a. to nlulity to withstand shock.
(5) The longer the ccntact with the circuit, the I:reatcr the chances
oi death become.
(Ii) The danger increases as the ,·olt.l:e is raised. (Current not
limited. )
The contraction of the 1)011)' musculature j~ grcnler wilh alrernatinl-: current than with direct current.
(8) Paralysis d"I","ds more upon the voltage oi the initial shock than
UJ'OII the duration of it. (Current not limited.)
L
--11
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JJ
))0
.mpe'.,
10-.10
10
; recovered
J di('d
) pa'OlI)'lct.!
to('('-hCV('r('
.u
I
I
•••",11'-
.10 IW"C
20
5060
28.47
110 de
T.mt'_ Yt'l
R.co""tC1 (Sec.)
I
I,
21' r<Y'n\'crcl!
01
d iC11
J TMral)'I('(J
29
220 at
80-210
5-J5
.'1
2204k
110.250
5-JO
8 recovered
t4
11 tJl('l!
JO Imral)'zt'iJ
J0 reecvered
8 d;.~
5·10
J paral)'utJ
2~
500 ae
2~0.490
I~
4
Jn recovered
J tlil"tJ
IJ paralyzed
37
500 de
280·640
'·4
4
J8 recovered
J7di,,:d _
2
[
J~
500.1000
1000 d.
acne eurvived
1 ICC
0.504
par.')·zr~
7 recovered
20 ~ied-
7 par"yzrd
00
• kt'covcr)'. in ever)' c..se, was brouahl about by artificial respiration,
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10-48
sc
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T,mt
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SultJf'CI.
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TABLE 4
Nil. of
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ELECT!UC SHOCk AS IT rElITA.INS TO THE n EC IRIC FENCE
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(9) The death of the rats in every case resulted from respiratory';
failure.
.
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(10) The injuries are not directly proportional to the amount of cur.
rent that passes throu/:h the body. t\ot only must initial \'"Il;I~\'
be taken into account, hut also the ""r:ttion of the COn(ill't :lnd tilt'
size of the animal,
[
In a later series of tests conducted at Johns Hopkins," t"inl: rat, as
subjects, more attention was gh'(:n to the infllu:nce of time of ('01113('1. This
information is given in Table 4.
-,
-[
. Continuing the in\'cMig:uion of electric shuck, ](ouwCUhO\'l'l1 ;11111
Langworth y 22 conduC'teu another series of tests npon rats to dctvrtnine the
;mpUTI;lI1CC of the paths of the current lhrol1,\;11 the bc')(I)'.
l
tbcsc tl':..h,
JOOO \·lIh~. hath altc:rn:ttiugo ~IICI cliTret Cllrrl'lIl~ were 1I~('d. :\IIcl tln- tillle.: of
contact W;IS 2 sc..-onds. The results ul these tests nrc t:i\'l"n ill Table 5,
•
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TABLE .5 ( I"~/'
--
POlllion
[
0' EI.clfod••
"0,
of
Subj.Cla
UCOItI OIntl l:ail
..
J le'lIl
l
;11I11
6
100iI
J<i~'11 ("rt."t',.: Oint! 13il
3
12
p' :'
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VltlA,e
Ampe,••
.-
0, j .o.s,
ae
-
- .. ---•••ulll
-
2 fC"fU\'t"t,d
.1 rlit'll
t 11.1,.llr1I'"
de
0.7,O.~4
03111111'"
DC
O.•. O.Xl
4 rt"·U\'I,rt,.1
)l/
.s dit'1l
J II.lI,t1r.wd
l
H i.. hc (undf'& and tail
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de
0.5· 1.00
5 '("Cul'corcli
J e1ietl
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Left (orrlrg and tail
..
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Left (orch:.: and tail
[
12
ae
0.6·0.84
.. recovered
5 died
J lIaral)'Zl'"
12
dc
0.5·1.00
~ l\'cu\''-'rco,J
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Rieht and Irft (orele,
Rj~ht
and left hind Iq
dice!
.. paml)'ZCOcJ
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ae
7
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nll :lnilll,lhl dil'l!
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on bot II Ole and de
,
0.6-1.2
6 rtco\'crC'tf
I died
,
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J{i"tu arid Idl hind Jt1:
7
de
0.a.I.2
~
n ..'m'l're'll
2 Ilie'll
The "'K)\'~ rlo.l1lt" huliC'lIlc tbnt ""nth W:,,, more l'C0rlnill wlu-rt lin'
current J»':l!loS~el thrult~h the brain ur ln-art UI' "lIlh, These rt'l'Iult!'l :11 ..0
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UHDF.RWIUT£RS' LABORATORIES, INC,
"u!"o':lill :I prc,'inll~ ffll1lt'Ulinn 11ml :I polt'lui:alo( 10M ,'nits. direct currcnr..
i!\ IIlnr,' ')"adl,)' lu the rat Ih.m nhl'rllalillf: currvm at Ihe saurc voltage.
."
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FII1"1llC'r shulit',. r:IHi,',J out with r.I':oi nt Jl,lll1" iiopl,iillsz,; l'ond\l~i\"c1y
,1, 't u,nl",lwh'tJ thai n'p":Ul'll !\horl,;:- 0'11 intervals uf Ihn'C flay:; had 110 CI1111111...
;uh",' ,""'\' I, 11 i!\ 1101 ("Il 1I,'l"'l'il'i:tl"y 10 inl'ludt' ,h"l'ir fhua, Itowcver, as u
"iluiJar ('um,'llisillll h.I!'o '"-'(.·u 111':1\\'11 from more rcceut blllllics.
[
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CXIH.·rillll'lIt~ were roruhlC'l,'tI II)' ),ol1w"llhov"I1, 11001,;,'1". tlilfl
Lui,..... Iu !t1l1tly IJu: e,Yeel IIf fr"'jlH'I1l')':iS it Itl'rtains 10 electric ~hlK'}.;. In
thi", parlkul:lr Sl'rt..,~ oi It'SIS. fllily ;m;j(.'~lIh,ti/.,'d c1tt~s weI'" lI~l·d. Their
dl""I:- w,.. re opelH'd :1I1c1 \'If'C'troc!cs were I');t"('d upon the heart. It was
1<,"4,·.·...
[
/l
fOllnd. as a result of these tests, that with direct Cl1rrcllt the dog's heart is
/
musl responsive to currents at a f rC(Jncl1c~:- vi ;10 III 100 i11lcrrtllrnnns J""'J'
V
~el-ullel. A~ the frequency of interruption is illl'ITasc,,'u Ocyond this r;lllgr,
Ihe IU';],TI i~ JC5~ rt.·!"opol1~i\'c and requires Rreatl'r values of current til cstahli~h .,·,·nu.!C'ular fih.Ii!I:lIion,_ "'jlh ;llu'rlJ:llilli: eurre-nt , l11l'1"C is little, if
any, "ignitic:lllt ul7tt·n.'lIC'c in the reaction 'oi tile heart to shocks from 25
to (.a-c)'de circuits, 111 each lest tbe .cnrrellt W:lS allowed to flow for a
tOHl1 lime of 2 "'·C'Hllds. The result!' of this iuvesrigaticn arc gi\'rll in ~
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TABLE 6
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VI hit·. of FII,.. lI~lln. run,nl in "',\hlmll~rC'1
F,p,,",I'lC¥
Jnl.rruI re d O.C,
AII"r"llInt ('u"~"l
(C,eI... pt'r Mc.)
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MIJlnlUm
EO~Ch¥.
Mu.m"m
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II. ;0
0,h2
1)•.11
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0.> J
---- --
O.i 1
u.: ~
1.1~
1.00
1.0(j
Ccnltil1l1il1;: Ilh·ir research into the nature of r-Iccrr ic shock, Kouwcn110'·'-11, Uu"J,;rr, :mel L"l.ng\\"nrlhyZ~ rcccurly pcrf ormcd a series of cxpcrillh'lIlS Ie) determine what pt·r cent of Ihe ll1t;']1 current received dt:ring" ;111
,·l",·tric slutt:k ;ll"tu:IIJ~' 11.1~~c·ll Ihrough the heart. Tl,O> accomplish this, lnt~
were rOmllll"ll'~1 upon do;.:s :I!' subject!'. The currcnt-mcasurim; devices
were "mall rif1~ current lr:lIbillnll<.'r~ r;111;.:ill;': in iutcrual di:lllll'll'r:o.
from ~ ~ 10 J~ inches. The subjects were anaexthc-tizcd. their chcvt s
oP'·I!C'tJ. :uul the current transformers were pJaC'rci around the heart in
such a manner 615 to completely encircle it, yet cause as little disturbance
as possible.
T'rl'!ill1in~ry Sillily
revealed th~l the current rlistribution thrnu!:h the
"ntly Tl'IIl~illed constant for a perio,I of 30 minutes followin!: the death
nl the animal. This faet was 1I1;Ii7.ed in eollecling the following data. 11
W;l!' .,t~ fonnd thnl in ~"(,11 (':I~(,S thr ;l\'cr;]:::,e cllrrrni ncccs~nr)' tn induce
libri";uion "'no 8.6 ll1il1i~ll1pcrrs. The minill1um \'olu~.~ ,I was (i
Il1iHial11pl'rc5. the maximum IS. 1'hc time of conlact as S 1('( us,
The results of this ;11\'esl;I;OIion nre giveu in Tal> ....:..7:...,...,
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a..t:cnu c SHOCK AS IT rERTA'''S TO THE El-ECTRIC nHC'E
[
TABLE 7
It.r C.rl1 or 10 P...ift, Tlllrou,h H ••" 'or 'ol'-"i., Pith•• ,.
Wo.
I
H
IH IH
H
'.FL
AFL
__I.__I__ !I_T~.!AJf~2:!.:.~~i.~:~
•
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8.0 160
X.O
~~
3
9.5
JiO
2
~. I~:~
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t
H
J.
Lk.
•
•
6
7
8
9
9.0
9.0
AH:'
T
~ iiiL ~~!
•
•
It.S
•
•
9.7
I
,tg in :1:~i~ :i.;: :i.~: ::l·Hf; I~:~'II f
j
6.7 6.3 6.5\.... "
4.7
' "
0.0 14.0 ~,(l! i.(1 ~ (l
.1.9 s..~ 5..' 14.; I "
7.712.9 to
;-l-;-
II'U
Q,4
LIIL
.
1 ..
1
'50
9.3 150 X.I X.7 X.3 6.6 0.0 1.5 ", 7.5
U J.~O 7.5
.1.'1 1.1 6.2
6.2 7.0
111.0 150 9.7 10,M
9." I 0.5: n.~
g) 7.1
J70
_,.:...,_
..1+_1_10_.5_1'
lOA I to.J I_~! U ,~~i 10.3 •. 1
Ao",~"l
T
08
t{ ;~}
J~(J
1 ..
,
AFLIAFL LFLi LFL I LFL AHL
~
9,4 1.\) Il.l< I i.7
~
:'.1)
I
1,,"J!7,()
The Iollowiug legem! should '''' lIs(.'ll ill inter pretatien uf thc data
given uhove:
[
Xo. -llll'llli(H'utiull
IIUIIII,l'r
uf
or
!ollhjl·(I.
1<J1J.-'(iJ:ht hilllll,·,,:.
Lb. -\\·t.,it:,111 uf iuhkl't ill IJ\'lIIHls.
to
[
J.J 11.-1.t'11 hind Jt..:.
-Tul~t eurrent p,l!'>sill" lhtlllllo:h
I(FI.-J(jJ,:.ht lorclt'G'
LF I. - I.dl lurclcJ:.
!Judy ill rniJli.l!lllll·!l'!O.
II
-'f.li!.
-J h·,1l1.
J'n,h:lhly the IlIlI!'!t nfl'lIt ,·xl'l·tiIlWllh Tl·tarill~ to electric slllld<
wen- rlllldl1rfc,,·,l fly Fl" ri .. , I, ill~. ~pt'II(, :111,1 "'illi:IIIIS. 25 In these (·XJW·
rill1('llh the lilJriJlati"ll (J! lilt: 111,.':11'1 \\ a ... (leln'Ic,,',l bv• I11t::lII!' of the electro-
[
C:I rc Ii ('f,: 1':11 Ill.
[
'flit., {I 1'1<11 one of tht'!'!l' cXI't'rilll1..'lIl~ was t."Ullchll'lcc1 with n view to
•
L
[
dctcrllljJJillg' the order uf follSCl'p:ilJilily of diflereut animals to Iiln-illutiun .
111 these tests the electrodes were ;'Iltached to the right fore1t·~ :llld to the
left hillli leg o{ the animal. The duration of the .hock \\'~5 f seconds, :111,1
the voltngc Cl11p1o)·eJ W:lS ro cycks, ;lhl'rl1atiu~ current. The datu collccu-d
'.
in these tests arc fHII11111:1ri7l'11 ill Table 8. while the relationship hl't ween
the miuimum tiIJrill:ttillS values Hl111 the body nUl) heart wri,:::ht~ arc ~IJOWIt
graphiC:llly in Graphs
1 "lil 2 re.peeth·e1y.
:-\05.
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,.
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t
S,.ci.-.
No.
--
.- III. "
t;uim,.1 l'iJ,:.
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TABLE ..8
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25
J !.\ .""
III
1f","1
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MinimuM
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21111
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _::U;.:N::D::£Il:;.;WRIT£RS' URORA_T_D;;..".;.''''[5:;;..;;..';;..N'''C.;..
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::: . 'w:uuv.uw 'I8RJ1.LATI5C CURRDM"
~f:j(:1 SHOCK nuRATIo~or OF 3 SECO~"
M
M
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&60
Body Wei&ht in Pounds
FIG, I-nno\' Wf.lt.IIT OF ANlMAI.S VS MINIMUfo'! F'IBkll.LATING CUNIUNT F'l)N ~1I0Cti. nURATIO~ OF' J SECONUS.
[
[
[
l
irolll CI".'11110;, :'\11... J ;111.1 1. whu-h nqu't'S~ the rclatinU!'iohip 1H.·t\\"\·,·1I miuinuuu (dl1"llbtiu,:.: curn-iu and Ill/dy wl·ight. and !JrII will Ill'
IlIIll',I
rween tuininuuu tihrillalill;': ('IITr,'1l1 au.l hvart \\l'ight t ITl'ol','ctin:ly. that the
current reqnire.l to proll11n' fihrillatiol1 varied approximately in direct
propOl·tiol1 h> the bo<ly \\"t·i;.:ht and heart wcight of the animal. For this
rt':L~OI1, it was ('01)('11Ide() that the tests upon sheep, h:wing- npproxim:uely
lh~ same hocly wl'i~ht :l.1lcl heart weight as an adult human, could he inter-
prered as what might be expected whel1 man receives a similar electric
.h<ll:k,
Ph)'!'inIOJ:i$u have, Ihrnl1~h "(,:irs ni laboratory expcrimenmrion,
slillstalUiah'41 Ilw fart that the n,,~plll1!'C of the ~lear! of the .!l",s and ~(,l'P
to a ~i\'t'n "lilllult1!' i!O Ih,' 1':ll11l' :l!'io thnl nf a hlll1l:m 10 the foal1l\.' nat\lre
and intensity of stimulus.
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II
ELECTltIC SHOCK AS
220
....
n:CHT
100
07'
·I!IND:UO..: FIIlRILL4TING
II
> 180
l
u
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100
c
80
c
c
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10
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40
80
120
lao
&80
SIO
sao
400
460
FIG. I-HEART Wile liT OF ANIMALS VS, MINIMUM FIBRILLATING CURRENT rOR SHOC" DUJtATION or, SECOND$.
1IpUli
ill 'fable 9.
TABLE 9 .;
I
Electrode ....ition
L"
160
this fact, the experimenters next couducn..d
a group of tests upon ~hl'l'P 10 (lc.'!l'Tmil1l' the efTl'ct of flifft'Trut Cl1l'rt'l1t
p~lth!"+ ]11 these -lt~t~. flf.J·l"ydl', a!tl'TllalillJ,: current, wu« lI~:d :111.1 tIll'
period of shock was .1 seconds. TIl(,' n'Sl1lts or these tests arc t:tllll:atcd
[.
[
100
Heart Weicht in Crams
Basill~ their work
[
[
PERTAINS TO THE £l..ECTlt.JC FENCE
•
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J( i.: h1 (rollt It'l: :11111 I,·ft hillfl I,'':
Iflllit r,',: ;tllil Il'lt 1... 111 I"J:,. '
1I"oul .Iud 1,·1t I.illli I"l:, . "
J.dt Irvftt 1,'1: :uhl ria.:hl dl""l ", .. "
l(i~ht
I~i~hl
J(i~'ht
......
allit h·ft 1'1"'"" .. ,.. ' ... ,.. ,
mull\'(1 hintlll·lo!' ...•...••.•
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III
III
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240
2'~1
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li(l... IU
NuAIJ,illOltiulI lip lu 12.01
.4hll
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•
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•
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _U;:,:.;N;:,D:;:,ER.!"RJTERS' LARORATORIE.S, INC.
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011 Iht' ho1!'ii!"O ui tlh'~\' r"·!'iuh",. tilt' AUthors (1IIldlld!'d that a current in
""""c'!':, "i. 1.<.~2..~}.!!!!i_~11:I.I~l·I~" 011 !..to...£U"""" :111 cruat i;";g l'lIITl'UI. w h('11 p;J, ~~il1g
frum halilltu tUtU ClJ ;111 IIllli\'idll;II, wHuM cause ;1 d;IIlRcrUIlS shock ii the
tllIrnti'~JI ul (0I1tOl\'1 W:iS-OIiC licclni-d or more,
Tbc Ik'X, (eMure of dt't"tric !'ohlK.'k jll\'c'sti~alt'fl was tlu' 1·'T'·...l or the
rr''fIIlC'lh'~'' TIll' p:llhway oi IIll' curre-nt W:IS frlllll 11m: forelt';: 11) :111 oppo.ih' hilltl I"J:. The iU(lIrm:llioll ,,\.'Cul'\'ll from a ~l'ril':io of Il'!\ts Upllll sheep
ItsillJ,: :1 .lnnuion of l'un1;u.'1 uf 3 Sl'l'omls is til1111111;lrizl'd 1" Tahle: jO.
..
TABLE 10
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L
T,.,.. of CU"••II
- ,Ie_.
(C,deI/Mc.
-....
2.~
a(' ftn
ae
._--
---'-_.---iO(l.
1.\00-
til
320
250 -
1~
1"n. "1m
.
2~0
•
TABLE II
,
II
10
•
Bad)' W"'cht
(Soc.)
Lb•.
--11 !i
1.'11
•
1.1
> 1til
12
1.'1
10
J.I~
25
Dur.lion
., Canlaci
A,,~rlll"
-
I~.I
.,
12 ~
.
-
0.0.1
0,0.\
0.10
0.12
O. J 2
0'
Tune
., Cam"le l..
~r C..nl
M••,I Beat
-
6.(1
6.f1
1.90
,
22.0
2(1,4
·0.4 ;
2'1'"
10.1,.1
·.~.OO
61,0.0
1.1.0
o• I~
n. 1tl
,-
•
.
I.~O
1.20
•
i'
M inimYIIl
Fib,lIlahn,
CII"lnt (A.. . . . )
---1.';0
[
L.
200
.~1)1I
IhU·
L[
IlIlO
2100
of'"25 ,IUd of fJO-c)'l'k circuits ;as fl';"::1rds cirri ric shock.
The 1I10~t si;':llifl('ant 1:1('t c1i!'odol'll'd hy this !'>('ri,'~ of experimvnt .. was
II", -:.!I"l·t of 111., ll!J:I"l' of the catili'-iC c)'c1e of till' hvart ;II tin' time the
!'ol!nd\ i:-- .·lIcCJITIH(·r~. :1I1d IIii' duration (If tbr sh.xk , ill llll' :"t.'llill~-t1J1 of
\"c'll1ric'lIlar fiilrillati'lIl. (H JiO shock .. appJi,'.l In 3S ,!iITl'!"(,ll1 ~hn'p for
1"'rinds uf 0.12 !'>l·~·lllhl ... , 11I11)" one shock ,1dillilt·I.\· 1.lIt!'oid(· thc partial
r_'fr;l(,h)r~' pll;.;,!'o(.' (illtl'nill during whil'h tIll' ln-art i.. clJ;lIl;.:ill;': {!"1I1l1 Ctlll11":ICIII)11 to (,Xlilll.. i;;111 f('!'IlIll('cl 111 "clllric\I!:lrl"iT'mfJatioll, 'fllis 11:lrtial
rc rnciory ph;I!'oc for !'>h"C')l constitutes :lhOUI 20 per C~'l1t of a complete
Ill'an cycle For humans. this parfinl refr:lctory prl;a -c, con .. tillllt·" a sumCa
wlcu I;lr~l'r per cnH oi the heart cycle. "'jIb sheep it \\'~I~ [ouud th.lt ;a
Cll1Tt,'1I1 oi 15 a1l1l'l'!"',s \,'<1S lIeCCSS.1r)' to induce flbriliOitioli outside the
varti~1 refractor)' phase.
It was definitel.'" established that the most critical rime at which shock
could be encountered w~!'O at the ~inning of the ~ni_;;1I.J:.ljra..£t~)', ph~~~.
To stuuy the cfiect of shocks encountered for various durations of time
Wo. vI
Aaimal.
L
-
h mil)' IK' CUl1dlJllt·tI from the "hove clnta Ih:1I ;1 J:fC.';ltrr r~II\lc of cI!!rct I
('urrrnt ,h;1I1 of :llIt'rl1:l!ing CU1:rClI_'- is necessary to induce vcutricnlarfibril.. v . I
)a,iuli. h is ;ll~n IWIt't1 that there is sli~ht diflcrcncc between the dTect
V
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Nil.•f
"nlnla'.
_- -- II .-
.nd 'r."lIeftCf
Cur'."I,n Mllluu"••r ...
)II in. )'.brlU.11ft1
I "'a., )VontllHlllahnl.
Man,,,
A...rl,1
A ••' . , .
~
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/
j ,..........1 .,
,
,- --'"
- -
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p
-
-
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. . . . ._
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a.£CTIUC SHOCK AS IT P'DtTArNS TO THE I1.£C'TkIC nHCE
beginning at this phase of the cardiac cycle. tests were conducted and data
were recorded as indicated in Table I I.
Per cent of time of complete heart beat was ealculated upon an averagc pul..tion (or sheep of 132 beats per minute. Interval between shocks
on the same sheep \\'05 not less than 5 minutes.
It was concluded from these results th:lt about ten times Iht' C'lIrrC'11!
is required to cause tihrilJatiol1 if the duration uf shock is rcdueed {rom
3 to 0.10 seconds.
It W:lS further shown through another series of tests that suecesvive
shocks at .5 minute intervals h.ul little, if nny, cumulative efTC'cL The
electro-cardiograph. in every C':I~, showed tbe heart to 1)(' 111)1'111:11 within
5 minutes afrcr the ::IJ'J1liratiol1 of tile C'lITT('fIt, provided fibr-ilkuiou had lint
Ul'(,11 set uJ~.
)11 :lttt'mptil1l: til uuer pret the d:\t::l prf'l;,f'l1fC"d :Ihnn' OlS th('y :Ipp!y tn
~ two-year old rhibl. the f()~lo\\"ill~ inforll1:'1lioll:!f,,2: will hc..' usef ul :
TABLE 12
[
A,---,-,---
A""raltt Hun
W'llht, Grams
-10.6
Al birth
1 )'t',tr
[
1.l.6
2 Vl'.ifS
.3 '"C;If!';
L
A~
j
,
I
•
1
j
I
j•
!
[
W.IIIU, Lbl,
· , .. ,
·, ..,
20.0
.10, ~
l1Cl-1H
39.7
Ji(I.l')tl
..
,
It'" .o 4
I~~.O
h!).~O
;2,8
In ,fl
I
I,
we have
2~.\.0
l1~·PO
·
,
I)l).
tOO
/
direct etat:!. from which the relationship between time
of contact and minimum fiIJrillnliuJ;: current for:l two-year 01.1 c.'hild C':111
be determined reudily. it is 11t"C'cssarr to make certain USSUlllpliCll15 in
deducing values from available data relative to animals.
Table 8 gi\'es minimum fibrill'llinl: current for animals of diITcrent
bod)' and heart \\'('i~ht~. when the duratiou of contact is 3 seconds. These
values t'1I1c.'n·11 ;as l'UilliS on the gral)hs, Fit::s, ] and 2, indicate that tlnmiuimum fiuriJ!atill~ current for tlifTcr~nt species of fnll-l:rnwl1 :ltIilll:'lls
,is approximately in c1irect proportion to their hotI)' allll 11... 1111 \\'l'ihht~,
[
l[
AU
A."'I' Bod,
60,2
!o ;'\·.1'"
fO )"t',lIti
Adu:t
I!
l
[
,
-_._-A ••,.,. PlIIu RII'_
p ..whon. P., M,n,
-- ---1.ttl.Un
11(1
Gr:lph~
\':1ItIc..·~
Nos, 1 :1I1c1 2 nrc straight Jines. drawn throuJ::h thr lower current
recorded ratllt'r than throtlJ:h 111l':m C'l1rrc,'111 values.
1\11111111;.:11 the :t\';li!:l'I~t' datu on the variation
minimum rl1lri"~ltillJ.:'
currviu with hod)' \\'\·il-!,hl for a silll:le sJ~cicli do not cover the r:II1/.:C' of
wril:hh 1'I'l'rt·!'CIlIc'.) h)' h\lIIUUl!', it !'ren1_ .aft' to n"l'l1mc that ,hi.. \'ar;~lion
in 111:111 wiJI I~' \\'t·1I :thoH' that represented h)' (jraph No, 1. Thi... :1'''l1Il1ption is !'illl'l'o1"Ic'd Ity Iht, f:at,t that the minimum current 1K."t"t"!'~lr.\· III C';Il1St'
fihri1l.ltiflll ;11 nll tilt' :lI1ill1i1ls tC"h'cl. h:lvil1J: 1Jfltl~· \\'ci.:htM l")lh a:H',lh'r tll:1I1
:lIIcl kss Ih:1II 1110111, W:IS 1:lr":t'r than th:lt ftl)rt'SCOllh-c1 h,. (;1':11'11 ~II, I.
\\'1,.' mllst furtlu-r :""'11111" that the ,.·1;tl;ulIship ht'hn'rn tilt' Illillillllllll
tihrilhllilll; l,.'IIT1'l'11I fur Ih", .WTerent bc.xl)' allt,1 heart Wdblll~ \\ ill It,· u
ur
•
,,
•
,
•
I
i'
I•
.'
.-
,
,
''----~---------•
.. _~
Ltc.
....
II
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.
.
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••
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'
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• • ' . ' ' ' _ . - • • • ",
._----------------~
,
ow
L
L
L
UNDF.JlWRrrus' LAflORATORIU. INC.
rUI1~I:I1:t
IM'an
III\:' ~h(l("k prrin.1 is tln- ~:tI11(' IlCrC'l'lIlaJ,:'<' of the
c:ll"h anilllal, :II1f1 the l-lIlld\ is iniliatt'd :11 the 5:'1l11l' puill1 in
r:l1il) "0 ll1n;.:
"."fI,- Ilf
L
L
:1,,;
,h.· 1I'-.lrI (·)'dc. F1iiill;: these :lS'UUl1pliflll!ii ",!Ii. :l r"'lOIis. tl1(' rdationship
''''1"'1''''1\ tim\.' u( "llllt;u" :m" minimum lihrill:uillJ.: ("tiTre-ill for n two-year
oM rlJild com he
L
..
1!t'll·Ullilll·d.
Thi!'O is
:1l'l'oU1pli~Jll'fl
..
•
in the (ollowinl: II1nnnrr.
• ·sillJ.: thC" li .....1 t.... ,y wf·i..:llI .:i"'·11 ill "1":1111(· ) 1. n:l1lll'I)', J25 Ilflll11fls, it
i.e lIt1ft·.1 (rom (irOlph 1\0. J lIulI thl' millil11l1lJ1 lillrilhuinl: (Url"l'nt. "'hen
the- .llIrmillll nl 1'Ih'H,'k is .~ !"C",:ol1ds, is J2(. llliJliaml'i..'rC'!Ii, This value is
r~<.,,·,I,',1 "pl",il" 1 (a) "f 'ru"le 13, (S,'" pa;:" 30,)
..\Iso, {rom Graph Xo. J, it is 1I011't! th:ll (or a hud)' wci,::ht or 20
ponl1d~. \\t·i;.:ht flf :1Il :n'l~f;1;':C lWu·)T:lT-old t'hiJd. l!l(' mjniruum Jihrill;l1ill;.:: eurrr-nr , Whe'li rlu- rlurnt ion of shod, i-, .1l'i('cond~. is,'U milliamperes.
This \'~,hlt' is rn'IJrdl·d llJlpo~itt' 1 (I.) or '1":11.1(, 1.l
[
H)· di,·idin;.: JJ It)' J2(t, :& T&.itio is t'~t;lilli~I)(.'d bt'IW('rn the mininnun
fihrill:l1in;.: curn'lIl flu' hud)' we11o:hts of 20 pounds and 125 pounds, when
the duration of ~ho('k is .1 seconds. This value is givC'n in thl' third column
of ".hl. 1.1 0l,,,,,il< I (h),
[
Rrfrrrin;: .;:.in 10 Table I J, il is nOled ,hal II", ,pini",n", (,,,..ill.linl:
eurren: for a I!..~ ~\'('ibht of J.25 .J~)I!Il.d~ and !'ohock dllTilllUIi oi O.OJ
S("COIlt!S is liDO milJi;J.I1I!)("rcs. This \'~i1l1c is rC(,,'ord"'d 0PP0!'oilC' J (a ) in
Iht· if"ll1rth column of Ttihl(' ] ,t
,,/
V
V"
-
•
L
L
L
[
L
L
V
-
/
"'\~SI1111in~ the r:lIin of minimum
hod~' 311d h('~T1 \\'(·i;.:hh 10 1)(" ('0111\,1::'111
filJrillalillJ.:' «.. nrrent [rrr two flifTrr('ut
so 10llg :1.10 1I1l' ~h/lcl.: p<,riod o('C'upir"
tbc Mmc I'('Tl'<'II1:I;':l' .d th..· hl':l.rt cyril', the.: Illillil111l1ll (d,rill:ltin;.: current
(ur :l two-year 0101 fhild, wl1<'11 the "hod.. duratioll C'lln.'l"l',J (,l. per n'm of
Ih.., hC':11"I 1)(':11, i~ found hy 1111lItipl)'ill~ liDO lllilJldlllPlTt' .. Ity th c (':-'I;j"Jj~hc.1
r:l1in, O.2~f1, L'~ill~ till' ;I\"l'rage 11('011'1 r:J!t' illr a 1"o-y"aT old ('hilt! Ill' J J.5
ptllSali4l1l~ pC'r Illillll:l', it is «:a1<.'I1I;lt<.'1I that Iii..· linit' ('IIHt'''l'lilltlil1/o: to h6
Jl('r ....cml of lht' t"tllllj,l"lt' heart In':11 is 0.034 "c(olllis. Thc"-l' clnin'd \':1hlc..'s
(I( minimum Jihrilblill;": ('urn'llt and tiuu- (Ill' iI tWO-)Tar flld child are
n.'cfll'd,'d 0pJ!\)sil .., I ( 1 ) in th c fourth aud fif th ("1l11l11l1l~ of T:1hlc..' 13.
Fr..m Gr~l'h 2. il ic;, notrd thal Ihe l11inilll1l1l1 (ihrillillil1;: cur n-m haS<'d
011 Ih,' hl':ltt w('ight of :l Iwe-year old child j~ 21) milli3111J)('H'S. This \'31\IC~
is !>Olllt'what Jl'S~ than the minimum ,jhrillatin;::, CU1'1'el1t of 31 milHamperes,
1)'1~rd on Ih<- hotly wl·i:;ht o( Ih~ h\'0~yc3r old child. It ib 10:ic01110 as~ume,
Ihcrciorc. Ihat ii the ,";allies of minimum (jhrillalin~ current for sho"
ullr:uinn~ oi shl)('k had hc('n TC'corded on the h:J.~is o( he:J.rl wcighu, thr)'
mi::ht h:l.\'c bC'<'l1 ~ol11ewh:lt Jower, and the deri\'C'u \'alucs for the two-year
01<1 chil,' would h.\·~ !>ccn correspon<linl;ly JO\l"~r, For this reason, th.
cJerh'(Otl \':11u(' o( minimum fihriJIatinJ::" current (or the two~)'e3r aiel child.
namd)'. 418milliampo.." is now muhi)'lie" h)' th. ralio of 3] 1029,0.935,
Th~
,,'suit is 3\11 and this value is ..oorol.<1 c:·:'·'site ] (c) in Column"
of Table 13.
[.
[
-
•
[
•
L,
.'
,
.
-_ .._.- __•......
...
"
--....,;_
.. _-
•
L
•
L
..
L
•
•
[
•
10
D.ECT1l1C 'HOCK ~ IT I'£IlTAINS TO THE ELECTIUC FENCE
•
TABLE 13
[
Mill. 'lb,iII.lla,
Mia. PtbrlUaUD,
C."
••
IOI
.. Sec. Con'ocl
Bod)' W.ichl
Lb.
[
I. (.) 125
(h) 20
.
(e)
[
2. (0) 1.1 11
• (h) 20
(e)
-
1.~9
•• •
•
•
MA
• •
•
0.246
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
0.223
•
•
•
.11
e" )
14.1
(1.1 211
Cc)
IH
5. (" ) 1.12
(1,) 20
132
.11
4.
•
., Conlacl
31
•
•
• •
•
•
•
0.195
·.
•
•
,
. .. . . .
0.217
• •
•
• • •
•
0.2JS
6. (.d 1.14
(hi 211
(<)
1.15
31
7. Cal 12.1
(h) 20
(e)
L
124
31
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
0.229
·
. . .. . . . .
0.250
Ti... ~ or
....
Com,I.,•
H~"I 8.,1
•
O.OJ .-
41R
3YI
0.0.14
0.0.14
1900
424
0.01
0.0.14
0.OJ4
140(1
0.10
27J
lUIS
2~S
0.115
1200
0.11
2hO
243
01.17
0.117
I flCM)
o.n
6.6
M
6.0
6.6
. 22.fl
22.0
2/1.4
ltJA
2tl..1
211A
.'~2
0.1.17
0.137
um
0.47
111J. ,1
41.2
O.~.IO
IlU ..~
.10.6
0.5.10
.17"
(c)
L
liOO -
.W(I
k)
L
126
.11
139
JI
J. Ca) till
(Ii) 20
L
-
MA
Pto, C.fll et
Cun.," 10'
Con••lIOfldlfll T....
a.Ue
lb)
Co)
11.0
411.n
.1iA
.1.0n
.1.44
.1.H
-
--
'I,ofl.n
(.(111.11
L
Usinl: 0 IIC'.rt rate for sheep of 132 pulsations per minute, 0.03
SCC()IHI~ is calculated to constitute 6.6pt:r CI'ut of a c"·ol11pll·tc heart bcm.
This value is recorded in the I.Sl column of Table 13.
L
The other values or nlininlUnl fibrilIaril1J: current and time ,,( contact
for. two-year old child (20 lb.), shewn iu Cohuuus 4 and S of Table 13.
are derived in a similar manner.
L
If the lower \'all1e~ of derived minimum filJril1:lting current for :t
two-year old child, ::'11.; :he corresponding time of contact as iucJic:ttl·d 011
Jines (c) in "Ollll1m3 .; undo S respectively of Tnhll' 13 arc "'l'onll'c! on
ftct:Ull:ul:tT coorclil1nte J'lGprr, Gnt! Il curve is drawn Ihron.:h thr mean
values of these IKJillts. it will he lIotcOfI that the ,,·I:ltinnshil' h"'I\\"I"'11 thc'Sl'
values of mininunn fihrill:lting current :11111 font:lct time fulJlI\n rO ll J.:lIl>'
tbe curve uf u reclunEular h),l'crbul•.
[.
[
[
L.
•
•
•
•
Shut'k~
cam.inl: mininuau fihriIJ:ltillJ: ('UTfl'lIls (or lime of rOIlI:u'IS rllr~
rt"spundillJ.: hi lu-art l'I':lts ur 10.1..1 :11111 h/() 1N.'r l·C·III. :IS !'huwll ill "1':11.11' J I.
cJid not IIc.:cssaril,)' .tart ut 11,,: 1k'Gilillin~ uf the 1~lrlial rl'fr:'fIUI')' pha!Ool'
•
-'
.'
,
I,
•
. ....
[ ..
L
i
•,
-- -_.
-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _....;;UHD£JCWMITI:R!IO· LA ilONA TnMII~'1, INC:;.,
...
L
,r
L
-..
-:
.•
-.
.....
.It
..--'"
-...
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...::.:.
\
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u
L
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~
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c
L
....
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.,c
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0 ••
1.0
•••
•• 0
Contact 11... 1n Seconds
3.0
,
'IC. J_DtRrvID CURVE 0' CONTACT TIME VS. MII'fJ·
"'UN ,.BRILLATII'fC CUieJl.EJlCT FOR a.YU.R OLD CHILD.
nr Ilu.' cardiae cycle of 111(' heart. 11 11l:t)' he qucsriounhlc, therefore. whether
the \':thJ"~ rl'c,)rtlc.'d would hnve hCC'11 lower if Ih(' shocks h;;I(J 513"«:11 at the
I...·~illllill;.: ur tlu' partial r('(r3clnr,. I'h:t'ioc. On thr o1h('r h:mcJ. these values
uf miuillllll11 rlltrill:llin,:: current :lTC so IIt'arl)' alike.' Ih.u it would ~C.'('M1 to
in,lifoa'" ,h.u Ihe din-en.'nce is c="l'l:tilll'" I,)' the di(ic.'A:l1cC ill bucJy wciblus
[[
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D,4;CTlUC SHOCk
70 'I,
rr P£IlTAIN, TO THE
~
ii l!
~
L
[
-..
£Lt,CT,U(": FENCE
\
...
....
'1:• ..:'11' ••.• ,.. ,·1:
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:.:
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..
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...
:::1 : ..
:::: • • •
:Iii
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iii~«; ITTI'I I'; 'II;,;; n m;!!;~'HH;:
i ;;j;~jf~;;.g!jiIHHjimli;''i1f;:r,.!I;·I;;;
1f~I':J.;l'::",~
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~ I .• ;+''l;'f'r'H''''~';'+'';';';'~~~H;';'~'~'~:''~:'
:iii lilii
i :; '.: , .........
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.1" ",I ....... HI' .... ,,1 '." .......
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GRAPH NO.4
:..:.a • • .'" :tt; ~;.:., -"l·~··
,';:+:;+H~~H
•·1"·
'i i!:.....,.
.....
:~'I'I"
,iii HI' ,',i1II': '!I! !!:;:::::
:::: : 1
,
"
... .... ............ CONTACT TIME r'f'Ii';'f·lifH++H
60 .. J.... J ... 1·,·~+·~';·;·~·i·;';·+~+H~~~+4~~;.;
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and tbat 111<' phn,c' III
III·C ll·,·tc·11 " IU'II('\'C"I" 1he.' ,lma1inn tor ,'lIl1l;1t'l
cvvle. If ,I:e.· radII hd ,,,,'c'lI ,I... ";1 II It'~ I n'OI' It'.r
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miuirumu (lllril1afil1J.: ,·lIn','IlI .. of I"OlTt'''l'tllHl.
",how II Ity
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;l'al'h I, 111,· ratio "ill Ill' I.I.!!'
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1'01:11,'11I\'111 is :tPl'l'uxill1ah'I)'
:1;':;111""1
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..'I,,·r t"oll"illrfOllillll or Ihl' (;l,'llIi l'oilllrd mu in the pr"("IJillJ: p:lI"aJ:r;lllh!'l: iI "":,,, :lppan'lIl IhOiI (I", "xl'lC'!\!'<oiull of lhe I'chltioll!'ohip 1It'IWl'\'1I
",iuinllun 'iltrillillilll: curreru :lIld lillll' of (OI1I:I('{ fur :L l-ll'ar 01.1 vhil.I,
••
whkh "'unltl )lrOlIIl4;\' the lIlilxilllul1I of ~:'lf('l)' lor Ihusc IK.'I ilJd!'o of rime
IIJ.III \\"hi,,:h d:l1=a wcr« lad. iIII-: would lc tl) 1',r111 111t" curve I.)' Iht' inter~",'I ...n III 1\\'0 5Ir~iJ.:JlI lill"s, T1I,' dir,'(liulI of ()Ill' hill' would I..., t1,'!t'rmill"d
Il~' lilt" IU\\T~t \';lltll'~
tkri\'l'd fdll il/;ltillg fllrr,'111 for Iho!'>C ~hlld,:-. illnll"ll'd
.11,11,' hq,:illllillio: oi 111\· p;lrli:a1 ,l'ir;KIHly ph:l~t' 01 IlIl' f.anli;u: f)','h', nu.! llh'
di'-I"'lion ui the Illlll'r I,,'
Iii,· IWII ch'ri"l't! \'alll":-' of fihrilblillg C't\l'l"l'lll~
•
wllidl ,'o\','n'd I)h' fOIIlI'I"II' (';trdi;lI.: f,rdl', This m"thud oi foll"Ulh,:t!lJll
wUIII.1 "t'MIIl iu II,,· .... tald, .. llIIh·11I oj rill" 10\\'l'''1 po:s:,iIJIc \·allin. uj 1l1illill1l111l
lihl'illaliuJ.:' fUrn'JUS t'II\"\'rilllo: Ilu- rime r.illbC "l"UI ",hid. lilt' dala were
1..,d,il1J,:', This rdatioll:-.11il' IIl·l\\'l·t.'11 miuumun tiLrilJ3lin.: currcut .tllll time
ui ,'unl:Il'1 for a 2-)'c:lr child, :IS illdic~tl't1 oPPo!lite (c) in columns .; and 5
ur
ul T."'" 13, is thus cXl'n·,,,·d ill Cral'lt 1'0. 3. (Fig. 3).
('M:llili ... ht,,j the urinituum cur n-nr thaI mihht 1.(' CXpl'{"lI'i1 III
l':U1~C filJrill~ltiLJH ill the hC:;lrl of ;J 2'Y";lr old fliilll for the tinu- of (·01l1:&(t.
.1) ilidil':Ut·c! 011 Gr:lph 1'\0, -' (Fi;.:. 3),:l1l ":lJlllw;i1.!c currcm" (111"\'\: 1l1;ty
lit: prncluCl'd ~il1lply Ly Ji\'idill;": tilt' nuuinunu lil,rillatillg currcut value.. by
IOllle (:leI or of ~;dcI)' .wl! 1'!IJllill;': 1111"0\' ;t':'::;lill .. t tla' cur rv... I"I:I.llll;.: \.tl11t.~
of 1ime of contacr.
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III fUI1MrUl'1iilli of:1II ";1110\\":111:(' currcru" curvr-, it \\:1'" :llhill;llih
,Icc:i-ll·\.llo rcnuiuatc lhe curve at (•.~ 111:1 a!'o Ihfo: l11a,illHIIII :a1hm';dd,' l'llrl t-nt
value. ;1IIc1 the rnnxinunu allu\\,;.!,h: output a.. 4 111a·~C'c. It W:ls :tI:oo decided
Ih:tl the "0"" pcri,"1 of :111 ill!l'r111illt'lli Iype cUllirulk'r Sh'lilld nol \"X(\.'t.d
0.20 ~\.'\'. This rnuht'd ill 1l'f111ill;llill;": the lower point of the ctu-vc 411
5 1Il;I, The curve ,kh·r1l1illt·t1 liy 11lc.·~\· puilllS ll1:lilll;tilllio .J sail'ly CU'1oT" of
:lppIOximalc"r 6 II("1Wt'\'1} the nuniuuuu lihrillalillg' 4\1111 ;llIo\\'ahk (lIIT\.'11I
\'allll's, Sltd':1 curve i~ ~htl\\'ll ill ~:1;11'1l Xo.'; (Fi;.:. ~),
The :aduptioll of :\ [actor ('If (j between the Cl1n'CS of ":\tillilllllll1
Fihrill:l1ill~ CUTr('llI" and " ..\lIo\\':llilr ('"nclll" i~ I).,~ccl 011 Ihe f:lcl Ihal
Ihert· :lr(" no :I\'3il:1hl" fbl:l on rq'l\""lt:d !'oho("k!'o :l1 I('s~ Ih:l11 .5 min. init'f\';lls,
wlu:rc:ls Ihc nmjclrit), ni ric-ririe rt'IICl"~ ~ul'pl)" c.'It·clric ~htl\:k imptll~t'S at
Ihe ral(" of approxim:ltl'1y (,0 pc..'r mill. "Isn. it hns lH:l'l1 Nhowl1 thal 110
arhilrar)· ··01T" (K'riod could JH: ('!'olalili ...!I('d which would, in :all (,:l"rs. ,:::",UaUl('c Ihal Ihc indh'iclllal fout.) frrc hil1l:-.rJ( from the l'Il'ctric {"II("C ))cfurc
rc.·c('i\·inl: :l secont! :Ultl JlO~~ibly :111 indcfl1litc I11lmhcr of ll'hOC'k iI11P111~l.~.
The faclor nf six :Ibn rcpr(,!tl'lIh :mel 1:.1.:('s into cOI1,;idcr:llioll n'l"lain
p:lllmlol:iral C:l"~:o which could lint ).(' :lch.'(llI:ltc1y co\'('rcd ill .J\':..il:llllc· dala
perlaininr 10 normal indivicJu.3Js.
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Defore an allrmpt is m.d. 10 illlerpr., Graph
4 a. il .l'l'lic, 10
!>allery-operaled 1111 iI>, fllrlh,'r rOIl,iu,'ralio" .hollid II< ,::i\'e" ,,, (;"'I'h
No, 3, J f ,h. milli."'I'('r(,-'cco"d values lor tho••• h,><r I" whid,
;"iliOl.<I.1 thr
"1,1,,, 1"r1i;d rdrarlllr)' ph;isc of tlrc 11<",1( cyd,'
.n,1 rep"'><"led by the 'WI i,'" 1 Ji"e III Graph };o, 3 arc l.h"I:III'.I, il will
be' found that Ihc '".xi","", values cceue at approxi","Il'!)' 0,1 sec, For
. shorler a"d 10"l:er ,h"cks, a 'Ill"II,'r lllilli."'II<rc',cl"n"d ,h","'k wII"I" re'""h
ill
v""lri"III"r lil"ill,"io". lI, howC\'", an
r"r\'c is
procJuc<d, illdicalill!: .11 'hc .hocks whirh ro"cred .pproxi",,,"'I)' 0"" coni.
plele hearl r)'c1e or less, II,,· cur\'e thus lormed will repre,ml, for li",c of
cont:tcr
of O.J StC' aile! 1-:'f<..·.Jlt:r. allprmciIllJtt'IY:J COlIst~lItt prodlh:t of t:lIrrC:ll{
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the "un"
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10 11:1\'(' lin J'hy~ioJlI;.:i(·t.ll dTl'l"1. In view of this (.Ifl ,lItld till' f,'blinll_
.ltil' ""'e" ill lh,· I'rl'l"'''i''.~ I'"r"~""ph, il was .h'ci",",,, Ih"l ,II<' """i'''III''
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HilII'll! \\ollid I", dC"ln",ill 'd II,\' 1II11ltil'JyillJ.: Ihf' ('lfnC'1l1 indic" ... 1 ill
«;,."" XII. 4 I,) Ih" ",,,," "",i,,,1 (,i""· ..f "'''"''''1) I., d"l1''''';, n- ,,,.. ",dr,.
;lIl1l't T l'· !'o l'l"lI l1c1 .. Ill'rtllillnl.
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C""I~ct
Peak Currents-Tlll'rl' ;Irc nu elat.. tu cst:tIJlish the \':tri:ll ion of
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-, IIIj"illllJlIl (,"ri1l"ti"l: CllrH'1I1 \\'iil, rilll, of
when tI,c'tilll is so
e
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10 be \!lIly • l'e.I;,
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nl:t·~·t·. (or rllllfI'H!!n .. which Ilad :111 "Oil" pC'riod 111"1\\'('('11 010 :llld O.!f)
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While it is l:ell('",II)' r""n'deo Ih., .tbe ellrrelll-lill1c rcJ,'ioll,hil' previousl)' e1isclI'''''! f"I1"",. the "'orve of the rl-cla"!:"I;,, hyper""I", th t-r c
arc 110 d:lta to tll'fillitl'I)' prO\'l' this pciut.
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4.11;1 art' IIU(
:11'pli4;;lltl ' 10
the ("fOttlhri"fiIIltIU o( :111 'lUOWlIhlc currC'nt llC'nk ill an C'leot"triC' ("IWf' l('1111.
IToll4'r, 1'hc\' fld. Itm"t"'('r, indi(";lh' th:1I hi ... " t'urreOfU" n( .("XI""III.'!" ... !I1111
~.--chlr.llillll
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it was ""I"., Ih;1I ",.k curn'''1> ;..
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5010 RO ;lIl1l!!:Lt.', at a fno'I"""")' of (, to lQ l!h'l:"e)',· ". 1:1<
"I<'.'IIr.'d
,'\' the: ~:llioll~1! HUl"c';1lI of SI:lIId.ITd~:' i11 their studv of the: l,lt"'lrk ch.n";'1" IIf th" 'p"rk
"f "'"""'"Ii,'" ; ,,,iIi,,,,' s " , S, H...·"II 'l' "f
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r!:'prc~c.ut what mi,L:hl II{' ('XI-.c:'rlrd in the (":1)('u( ~!!i!.!~:II!i l\~lll'I~I,) 11111 r~('l'.:.l·.r . .!"L,!tJlIt~U1C.'Otl~J)' [rom lTlIlri(II!;lr fibrilla.
IjUl!:~ Ihl'J' tin indii.·:lh· 111;11 a ... far :1 .. tbc -J'('ti.i!"~1~'2Y !'-)'''h'lll i... (Olln'rllcd.
cJal:l
clo
nol
:111 ('xll'I'lIl\'l)' Jar.:':l· :1111,111111 of ftlrrl'I11 rnu Itl' l':I"!'-l'd
Wilholll iujur)' jf Ih,· lillil' of (0111:l(1 is ill(jllitt'~illl;.J.
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Ih,· •. /i'o- !> .. i tlu- oI",·h"r,.·., were illl'rVf,',rli';;1 I" i"·ilh.... 1h,· v.. ho~.· nor J
th.· 'In:nni,)' .. i .-I...·lIi.. il)' 1,'"1 '" II,,·
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.v, Iht' 1111ralillll ui lilt, ~h"d.... \\':t~ "I'P~,il1lyJ(4y ella'e' 0111'.111"11"';11101111 1.'(;1
...c'r,me! "illl ('lilT;':." lIf :ll'pr,,\.illl:lldy )()X) jOllln, IlCT ~h,h-l..:1I- WOi'.1,1 ~n:1II
III ilillif;lIt" Ih;H ,·cr.,· hi;.:h C'IIlTc'lIl~ ('aillH-" with .. lf,ltlll! pro\';'bl 1111..' dlll"illillll
uf "llIll:1ft i~ c~ I~MlI~
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UI1I\"h'l",
lj.:..:;.:jllll~ ill 1/11" n'l'lIrdi,li: til' Pt';IK 1'1lI'l"('I1Ic;, illclir';&h..".)
h·~·"l".h·d w:..... 1'·Jtrlldnl1 111)(11I 1Ill' (h'(I'H'IH')' of lilt' J::II\'311-
ll y
ill\·I·...
Ih," :1111011111
;lIId
'llI';llit)· of lie;ht "I1IJ1lo)'c'c1, Ihe 1)"I't' of lilm IIM.. d.
:1I1t1 tht' \":lrc c'xl'n'i~t'd ill dl'\·dul'inl:. other (actors ht'il1~ ('(i"al. !Jrcause
o( 111('~e 11I:111)' '",ariahJ\.'!o. it \\'3~ proJlO~tcl Ih:1I the millill1l1lll (rrqucI1C)'
3!'ls()ci:1Ic:c.r Wilh Iii" IN:~k CIITr('1I1 be lil1lilC'u rather than the :ul1plitudc of
lito! 1X'~k current. As pre"iously pointcd OUI. the ha1.3rd connrcted with
c1eclric shock srenls 10 dccrease as the Irequeney is increased beyond the
(OI1""flllioJ1al 60-c\'cl('
CIlTrent,
•
1":akil1&: ,h(" :1ho\'(' f:I("l(fr~ i"tf') rnm.icl("r:1tinn. it wt\~ d,'C'id('d III:1t the
p-,;ak furrrllt of all)' lr;lI1~it'nl :1!'o!'ooci:uct! o"itla 111(' Olllfllll of :111 rlc'clric
f~·In.'(' r""'lrnJJcr whc'l1 1t'~lc'c1 with a 10;111 011 the sl'cond:u)' olltl'lIt circuit
cUIIIII·uahl,· In rhe 111)11.\' n'!'oi~t;ll1r(" ()( ;all ;lduh. u~illlo: 3S ;1 I11l'.Hil1rin;: clC'vicc
•
aJlpro~illlalely .1,000
"
•
c)'dcs
(u
'-"
J~1 .. i:or.
a £ah'anolll,:,,'r Ito"inl: a notural f"''1ncnr)' of
L
1I... tt
fll&
tlr 111t.·~t· h''''lii. it \\":1 .. ("011l·111.1,·,J Ih:u IJU:h MI~ ;l(fl'Ct
Ihe W'n'''"' 'l""·n1. \\'I,m Ihe currcur 1''''''',1 thruII"h the elllire 1""ly
from hc,;ul to tail. none tlf the rOlhi survive.],
.
II,{"
\\'hilt,' th('Sl'
[
--
'
0
1
r" liul'" 1"",1)'
IIiI' lu ",,·/illf'.J 11".1)'
On
[
•
-- -
TABLE 14
-------
•
-==..
INC~.
"
11/
l!/l-
'
•••••
- -......
~-.~.,_
••
....
?
•
•
"iJ!
Tm PTEYFEi
...;.-_.......
.•.... -_.-~_.
• e'
L
L
l
..
•
l
II
D.£CTJUC SHOCK AS
l
rr
fltllTAIHS TO THE E1.£CT.UC nNa:
I-.c."r M.·C, , ~h'mlcl I,." of such a n;Ullrt thou the tl:tpsc,'d time 1.... h\'(.('l1 III«.'
;lIorO";III: rnnl cl'·"".";1I1: currc-nt waves 1II0'S1",'cl "I 300 III' ''',,"ld ""I
eXl'.'tt! O.(X)U] sec. I\sM111Ill11o: Ih:u the currem W,3\'\' :at the 300-111:1 pOllit
r('pr('~('lIts }~ cyril-. the.' Illillilll lllll (rl'(ltIl'IIC)' for p('al~ c,"urrc.'lIts :I~ hi;..:h 'I~
300 rna I~ tlu.:rdJ." lilllitc.·d 10 ;IJlI'Tuxil1lalc.·')' liOO cycles per seC.
l
V
•
[
Opinions
(o"()\\'in~
opinions of several persons as rCl:ards the ma ximum
value of ('tlTTnl{ that Can be cOl1sic.lcTCcJ as not bejn~ haz:lruollS to life is
of intC.'Tt'l'Il. 11 1Il1l~: 1)(: borne in mind that these values :t.rc unill1(:rrupteJ
('UTH'lIt, ill 110 \\";1)' lilllitc:d as 10 time of CoJltnct. Also, it sholllJ he Con!iid('fl't! t/):lt while some of these values are :Jirri"cd at bv review of actual
•
test H·c·o:d~. Itlh c·r.. . :tfl·. no doubt, Illl'rcly :lTuitTO\ry <Ju:lIltitics
selected 1.>)'
1"11('
[
l
the !o.Jlt'Ci:"ln! iudi\·j\!t:;t!s.
Prof'. F. 1\. K:lrtak,JO DeJl:lrflllcllt of Ell·etri<."i'11 EII~illccril1J.:. "hrH
(1'1('Ul' l'lIi ·! :-. i t,\·.... t;lfI·d 111:1( JU l1IiJlia11l1x.·rt.·~ will VTtlil1:lTiJ)' lIul Ill' ('.II~1.
hut will C;I1I"l' :111 vxt tvmcly 1Il1Colllfort:aulc Sl'IJS:ltioll, Thirty lIIilliaull'crcs
is ('xli ('rlld," p;lill{lIi. :llId when inCrl':lSl'U 10 100 Ulillij,lWJX:[t's. :1 mos:
t!;IIIl,:nllll .. (olldi,illil l'.' 1"1-., JIt.. fllTllll'r ~t:lll'd 111;11 ~oo l1Iilli;llllw.:.u:~ woulcJ""
IJ(· LII;d ill 1110..' r:I..(....
•
[
[
[
a/
•
Z
l'lft!.
J'OllWl'II!10\'l'II of Juhus Hopkins Uui\'f:n.it)" stated that
100 Jl)illi:IIIlPl'rc'~:1I (to cyrles may cause dc:\th, :mel Ihat (or normal persons
tTiC:CUITl"ii W~hl- not 10 exceed 30 milli:lI1lJ.ercs.
Doctor J,dT""., ))o,,,rlll1<1I1
or P~lhu'ul:)'.
Cullq:c or MocJkillo. Vlli"crdatn upon e1eclric shock. slilIeu thou
l
sil)' of JJlillOis, in rl'\'icwing the C:lrl)·
70 tel R(l l1li!li:llnpcrcs, nhern:Uing current, or 200 to 250 millial11J'l:Tcs,
Ji"""l'l CIl'h:IlI, arc: d:Illt:ITUlI!Ii 10 :.a normal lnuuan bc:il1J.:',
[
Duc,,·tor ~J. G. JJV\·t1.
(If the !'aliou:al Hureau of SI:1I1cl.mJs, ~1alctl
•
Ihal 10 In 20 miIJii'1I1lPl'l'e, c:mnot be endured with comforl, that Ctlrr('llt~
ever 2.~ l11i11i:UllPC'll" 111;1)' lte 1:11:11, :ulfl curre'lI1s Illaillt:lill('cl at lIIutt. th.rn
lUO lIIil!iall1JK·n..·S ,an: ailltll!'t sun.' In be: f:l1:11.
[
v
\\'d-, ':1 (':Irly '·XII4'1"itlH.'l1h'r with electric Ii,lluc.°k. 1i1:tll'tl 11"'1 :1 ,,'111'1'('111 (If
hVIII iO to 90 lI1iJli:ltll)l't'rcs is IICCCIl:.lr)' It) Ihrow Ihe I......,. inlu fihriJI:llion.
,"i\r:-n'I\';,I,t
:UI1J~'rl'!'
J
"'otS 111,('1''''':0)'
"
•
I
:11I .·urly rxpc'ril1ll·lIh.·r. 1..:li"o,·c.'d'llmt HXJ uiilliIu fI('l "I' 'il.ril1nlioll.
F"nis, ~1"·lIt·I'. "'i1Ji:UIIS, :1IIt! J,ill~ :-1:lh·d. ill Ih.·if' n- .. 11"1. "I.:,r"l't til
Ere-CHic ~llot'l, till till' Il.o:lrl,··'" tluu IIIc• 1II:lxinllull vurn-in In WIlli'll ntau
m:I)' l...· :o:tfl'l)' :Ofllljc·'.'h't' ftll" :olll ....·.. !'> vI I fri('t,'ulId or Ilhll(' ill cluratillll j .. :"Illut
IUU luilli:lIl1l'"ro•.
.
L
ul~l)
i'
•
§
.. .
L:-----
••• •
•
:
-
.. ~ ..... ,
--- ,..._. ...--._-.....
~.
L
------- -
------------
UNnUWMITr.RS· LAnOMATOkU:S. INC.
L
L
Conclusions
011 til,· IJa",i!" III lhe lnrc'l:-0illg-. il 111;1)' IIt'l'tIIlc)lIdc'd,
(J) Thilt the 1II;I:\ill1l1l11 COntinuous (llllillll'rrIlJllc,'d) currrl1l 10 which:tn
• illtli"iclu:11 ilia)' lx.' :\o1{('ly ~t1!Jjc'l"h'd is .5 lIIiJlial1lprrl's (c'tl'c,'C'li\.c
""Incs) .
L
ThOl~
II." JU:l xhuum illh'rrllpll'( I :11«-1"11:11 iiiI-: t'llrrrllt. :l!liiSlIIl1iuJ: t he
iUh'rrllplillll i.. "lIliiri"'IIII)' 10111: to l'C'llIlil the' individual 10 n.'ll'asc
,",JIIlac'l wuh rln- c'in'lIit hdorc n·("(:i\'ill.:": :1 S('('ollli shudc, ~hnllJd Ihll
('Xfl'c'.lthc, ":III",s ;1Ic1ir:lh'd 1111 f;I;ll,11 :\0.4 (Fi;.:. -I), lor the'
L
[
rOITt·slltIlJtlin;.:' J""'riOt1s of ('OIlt:h'l. :11101 Ihal lin sitlJ.:ll'
:;.lIol1ld h;l\'c a dllr:ltiClI1 J:TC';llrr Ih;lIJ U.20 :'on:lIl1c1s.
(.1) Th:11 rill' m:lxillllUI1 01111'111
trutlns :-hllllid lIot '·Xl"(,.'I'd ~
[
{or 11;llh.'ry-opc,,'r;Jlt'd COli-
ltIi!li,1I11i"'Il"~I'nmds
for "on" 1N.'riods
.,lld ·Ih:lt lilt' Oillptil 1 :
lf Ct! for
Mr llli
!'ohotlld 1101
the currem.
~XCl.('tI
time prodlll'l c1clcrmill('tI from (;raph Xo. 4, a~.sllll1jlll:: thai the
time hCIWc,,·c,,·1) "on" periods is ~unicil'lll:y JOIlS:: to perlnil the imli\'idu;'Il
to rt'll";'ISl' contncr with the circlIit IK:iore r('('ri\'ing :1 s~colld
shock.
(~) Th:1t
Ihl'
:lIl1pt·rl·...
,illl l ' :l:"o!'oo("i,1h'd wilh pc,]}.; l'llfll'lll:"o
!'ohlllll.1 11111 ('x('~'t'd OOOOJ :"on'''11o r...
[
[
[
[
[
[.
:lS
300 llIilli-I<-
(0
:1\.lil:l"I~·
n..rOI,· Iht' Ihl;l
nil tile' ;.:'\'11\'1';11 !'olllljl'\'1 tlf 1·11·... f ric !'ohod,;, tlal'
m:lj,u'il_,' oi ",hidl ;11"t. Ila",~'" 011 !'oill;.:J...· jlll;llIl",(· ",h'ld,s, C:1Il be :.dapl cd tu
rlh' ";t"-II ic fe·IIl·,· f' 111111 ,II,·,., which !'illJll'lh':"o !'oll('\·n.. iv c !'oh,.,'h::o;, at :I)lpro:-.;illl:ll.-Jy ,."...""" i""",,.;,I,. it is "I'r,""")" to "'''d,li'h a" "off" I....rio"
\"':idl will ill~llI ...· Iii;,! uu.h-r ordinary l'olldiliulIS til.... a\'(,'r:1l-: incli\';du:l1
c
"ill I.· ahle ,,, H""a,,' hilll,.-Jf frolll the eh-CII ira! circuit hclore recc;"i"l:
lIIul"(' thom tJll\.· ~huck ilJlpull\c.
•
~OIl1C t'lectri(":l) {("IICt· 1I1:ll1u(:lClur('rs claim th:lt :J. current of sufficient
jnrcl1sit), to cau~c COlltT:J.ction of the I11I1!tcle~ is n('('d~tI 10 provicle an
~fTeeli\'e {'·"ce.
If ,,,d, i, Ihe ",'e. it is lIl'n"'''>' Ihol the "ofT" period he
one• which will allow rhc illclh'iclui11 10 (n'e himsdf (rnm the circuit.
:lsstilUillJ,: Ih;11 he has rc.·cein·c! an clcctric:tI f-hocl.; \\'lIi,.-1I would nnt permit
him to rt'Je':lSC thc fence :11 the lim(' of rcCt·;villJ.: the.' impulse. ~OI1lC ctee,
rrie {CIICe: 1I};lIl1l{a\,'llIr('rlt :llso ~l~:,' 11::11 it is dc~ir~ll)lc :111,1 necessary, to
;n5ure 4n clTcc·li\·c It·IICe.·, Ih:ar the "011" pe,'riotl lit: :IS !thon as lK)s~ilJle.
•
.'
•
.,
.-
y J
G.ner~1
•
L"
hi;.:h
.y /4tQ
IJ
c
:ls
'3 Y
"OFF" PERIOD
[
impul"'l'
O.JO ;111.1 0.20 M'CUII"~,
"nu" pcl'ioU!'ii less Ih:111 O.JO ~c,,·l·Olld.s
hch"("'11
[
p~'rrllifh'd
!'<IIOl'k
Y /0
•
/Z.-f/l
~
:=. Ofy...,:..>"
:.-....... .,/ /ot.A ~ .....,.<-.
my
L
,
.
.
~"
,
.."- .', ....-.. h_... .
--''''b
L
L
,
[
,
..
•
[
DzCTltIC .HOCK AI
[
Laboratory
rr
PEllTAIHS TO THE ",EC'RIC FEHa;
Tell.
To del ermine wh.t shollid conslitllte the millimllm "'ofT" reriod for
an electric fCllec eOlltroller, tests were eOlldllele<l at Underwriters' L,Oor._
tories, Inc. 10 d"termille the time reqllired for all .dult indi"idll.J to
r.le. . . . lil:hl grip IIpon • wire, which h.<I been set up io simul.te the
eleclrified fence COlldllclor.
[
[
elloll~h
\\'hil<- il was not pr.ctic.1 to ""SS
currellt throlll:h the illdi.
vidllal'. 1,.... 1.,' to C.II.e sllch Colltra,'lioll of Ihe arm mu.eles, as mil:hl
result shollid • Cllrrelll ill excess of 10 milli."'peres.•ltern.tilll: currelll,
be 1'''''.01 cOlltiIlIlOIlSI)' Ihrolll:h th.t part uf til<' IJOd)', this eOlldition was
sil1lul:Ut'd lIy h,j,\'ing the.' illtli\'idu:1I tightly ,;rip wire (.'I~ctrot1l'~.
[
[
Th,' halld det'lrw,'s were Lllilt 10 simlll,ue IlOrl"'d wire••11I1 e.,'h
rUlIs;,t,'d or Iwo x", 10 A"'I: Lar. COpl"'r wires IwiSled to!:elher ""d 11<'101
ill'. hori"'"l"l po,itiull Ly two porcel.ill iusIII.lurs a"prn,d",afc!y 14 illl'h«
ap.rt. The fOOl el"l'lrode was • g.I<·.lli7.e<l .herl'lllel.1 pl.le••pproxinl:lh'J)' J-I jllcht·~ square.
[
III the tests wh,·,,· the Cllrrellt p.th wns fro", h.lld 10 feet, the illdi.
vidual rl'IIIO\"c,'d hi~ f;.ho('~ LduTC SIC.'JlJlillJ.: UIH)II the foot dcclroclc.
E.rh illdividllal W'I< ,"hj"ct"dtn Ihre<' tests. III Ihe first rest, Ihe p.lh
of the rmrl'lll Ihr""l:h tlu- IJOfly was fro", h.lld to hand. III the serolld
test, the current path W:l.S from riJ.:'hl halld to huth (t-el, and in the third
1es1 the eurrellt path was from Jeft hand 10 bOlh Icet.
[
[
•
[
,!
t
,
While the illdividual wa, lil:htly gripl'illl: the wire elect",les wilh
dry han'ls, an ,·I,'e'rir,,! stimulus was appli",1 to the individllal Ihr""l:h
the d,·(·tro<l.s, alld the lillie lIeCeSsory for the indi,·ill".1 10 release his I:rip
lipan the wire was recorded b)· nl.ans o( an o,cillol:r"ph.
The .Iin1lllus was supplied froll1 a I:roup Of "B" Lalteries eonneclo"!
in sories ,Er,'rll)' across. ,'ariahle resi'l.nee. The ,'oh.!:e arros< tho' I"r.
Son 1H.'ill~ -. '~('d "'us varivtl h)· 'the.' pOfc.'ntiul1lt'h:r l11c-thod, sn :a~ to r"II~t"
a enrr"111 ti,.", o( (rulII 610 10 lIIilli'''''J'''''s, d"locn"illJ: Upon Ihe sen,ili"il)'
of the '"bjecI under test, l'he leHlp was so nrralll:<-d th..1 it was unJX)S!'ii1JJc lor the indh'itJual In rt"C"C,"i\'(' U shock o( J:ftlatf" durnlinll lh:1I1
004.- secon,ls. Uel:"r,Jle", o( the I"rk ,,( "·'JWIIl'. of the intlivi"",,' I" the
Stillllll"s, ",) c"rrenl ill exee.. of 10 lIIilli.IIIJlCre. "'a, <'1"1'1,,)'.".
Fur each parlk"Jar in"h'i""al, Ihe olilll"I". was I:ra'h",II). illo"....."
in "o!t:lgC' {roll1 l.rru 10 Ih:u ft"fJuirt'(J to (":llIst lilt' indh'idU:11 I" withdraw
his hand in\·olll1ll:lri1\·
•
\\'h~n
the circuit "':Is mAd..,
'Jf
l,r"lu-n. \\'hc'l1 n
Slintuills o( 10.,lIIi1Jiall1llC"·s was "01 1"lli";"llt to ,'''''se Ihe ;" ...I""I/lry
L
•
.,
."
,
1:, _ _
,
L
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~UNll£llW.IT£R.'LA"O"'T.:.O:::.::;I~£5::.,,,,I:::N~C:...
--------
L
_='"
.....
wilh.I1':l\\'iuJ,: Or tile' hawl, iI ,,",IS with.Irawu 0111"
nrler tIll' indi\'i,llInl h'1I1
•
cI,o,'ml'.1 it 1U",'l'lioSITJ Iltrutl;.:h Iii.· r";':l1lar 111011;.:111 proct'llilil. The \'olt:l;':c
u,...·'·!'ol'OarJ· III l~;I1IM.· the ill\·I1II1I1IiIl." wilhclrawillJ: fir tht' hanel or the iudivi,hml. nr "'hkh \\'HlIhI rUIh... 10 llIillitll1ll'll'I'(," In nnw throlll:'h the I'uhjrrt,
\\':,,, 'J"h·rmilu·d. Thl' ul'IdlloJ,:ral'h was 1111'11 l'UIlIU'l"lt'cJ in IICric.'s with Ihe
1...·rsllll. :mcl this \·"It'II:C was 511l11lcllly il1lpn.'.!'o~ru ltlNlIl the imlh'idual :'IS
b., .il:htl)· IIripp",1 the elcctrodes , tl", "'Sllllilll: circuit hoiug broken hy tho
I-.:r"uu'.. n:Jc:.!'Ic 01 Ih,' cl.','tfutl"'Jirl. 'fill' lill1e r"(luirc'cI to ,&:JenNe wal deter:uil,,'11 h)' ("ol1lp:ariuJ,:' the direct-current wave with a ()()-cyc1e timing wave,
Ih.th or whidl were phulographc.,tJ .0.1 Ihe time the circuit was closed throll~h
th,' illllhi,llIal.
L
L
[
Twenty-nine
p('rSOI1S, (,Mlploy"(':"
of Underwriters' Laboratories,
]I1C.
were slIl,j"l"h'" to Ihis Il'!\l. The :1J.:t' r;III;':"' of the individuals tested was
[
JlJ lu 42 )·C:lrs.
Tbe results
or
these' 1es1. ore 1:;\'."
[
ill
Tables 15, 16 and 17.
TABLE J5
L
Path
....•
2"
[
I.
J
J .1
2',
[
IS
?
10
12•
[
20
21
101
I"•
•
17
[
[
[
[,
IS
2
.1
II
2.
S..
F
F
F
~l
~I
F
F
Subi"U
W"i,ht in
Pounds
..
- _ 10\
Ufl
I.~;
1.1~
11~
...
F
12"
~I
~I
~I
~I
F
~I
F
~I
~I
M
F
M
M
l\1)):imum
I
I.""
in
Ye."
I
~~--I,
U~
Body
Shmulul
Cun"",
in MAo
a".i"la"ce
in O'une
~.OOO
.
0
J .1,0.\0
I'
; ,1 iO
J2,f.oo
10
~.0I00
9,J2~
X
10
6
~ ..IOO
9,BO
c.,SiO
X
2X
6
21'1
2')
2"
III
.
ISO
.101
.101
39
40
40
40
40
8
10
6
11.000
1,1..1.\0
4.200
10.2.\0
10.000
7.2.\0
10.000
7.250
11.250
12,680
8,3.\0
8.000
12,100
180
40
10
13.350
I fl~
U.?
1.1~
)21
I;;
II 01
1015
.10
311
I so
1010
110
1J5
-10'
I
K
II
X
"8
~
6
6
19
4.200
A\"\!railt' lur Al:e Group 1(,.24 .....•.. , .•....... , .•.... , , ..• , •••.... :
A\'eral:~ lor Agf' Group 21·.10
". ,j
A\'t:ril"l' for All' Group2S·29 .•..... ,
,
, •.... , ..•.•••• ', •• ,I
Millin,unl
a"I".",
Tim.
ill S.c.
.-1
I.
2.1
201
201
201
2;
2"
2"
U-l
120
125
- Hand to Hind
0, I5.\
0.2U
0,26 I
0.1 ih
0.210
0, 17~
0.229
0,212
0.219
0.2;'1
0.1901
0, IKol
O.ISO
0..156
0.296
0.261
0.395
0.21.1
0.21'19
0.229
0.274
0.255
0.395
0.155
0.20.\
0.229
0.214
•
~-----------~
•
•
L,
•
.,
.'
..
• .
•. -.-- .. ·_-_ ....- · .._·_ ......b.
,
•,
......
..
._
L
L
l
•
..
•
,
L
40
.
racntlC SHOCK AS IT
~£ItTAINS
TO THE n EC i RIC FENa;
l
As the age range co\'ereu U)' the tests recorueu in Taules 15, 16 3111!
17 was not sufficient to represent human l~il1gs A. Jargt, it was necessary
to derive::l corrchuiun betweeu the times :H,"llI:llI)' rf'corc.letJ ane! what mit:
ht
be expected for .mall children anti for older inu;\'illnals.
l
For this purpo~. data pt'ftailling to the \'i3riation of hum:1I1 reaction
time with age Were re\';CWCU, DUel the fullowing ill{uml:ltion was uisclost"d.
A series of tests W:lS once ccuducted m the Vnh'c:rsity of ~Jilll1l'!'ont;I]1
for the purpose of ut"termillinli the rd~tiollship that existed L.c:t\\'l't.>n the
reacriou till1l' of all indi\'idu:tl :lIId his :110:'(', The UIiC ranJ:l' of the.' individual:,
tested varied from"" to (j() years, The IIl111lher or tHlhjccts was twenty ill
each group except Group F, which COlltail1l'u ten. There were two c1iITt'rclit
sets of rests conducte.I. One set of tests W:lS the determination or the
reaction timc of the il1di\'jt!u;J! tu ;1 lit;ht stimulus, tilt' other \\';J .. the dcn-rmiutuiou or the reaction time to :i sound stimulus. The IIllml,c:r or 111;l1t'"
in each gruup was 50 per CCIlt. The resuhs uf these tests an- J.:i\'c"11 ill
[
L
[
Tob:c
ia
,.•.
[
29
4
1
1.1
26
15
25
L
P.th- Ri«ht Hand to Feet
-
[
[
"M
M
~I
F
M
F
,
•
"
17
22
18
J
II
24
,
•
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
10
8
12
20
21
U
16
I')
[
S..
~I
~I
9
[
M
M
M
F
M
M
M•• irnunl
Minimuftl
r;bj"Cl
W"'lhl
I
Pound.
10~
1.16
I.lii
J.~!i
128
120
138
125
135
12 1}
Ie,S
132
135
122
1.'.1
11 tl
I
I-
AI" In .
Y•• , ..
19
Slimul".
Cun"nl
in Mil,
6
6
21
2~
"
24
10
8
10
10
6
8
6
6
10
8
8
10
8
<,
8
10
8
8
10
8
2~
25
25
26
26.
28
28
29
2')
,1C1
.',110
II~
U~
.1~
liO
180
110
J8
,1~
39
l,l~
I~O
40
40
40
IlIO
40
10~
I')
I
I
.oO,
a•• ce
il'••
Jil Obm.
5,670
J.l,0~0
8,660
5,4~0
1',J70
5.700
4,600
5,1,70
7,0<10
10,320
7,1 iO
2,iuO
6,4.10
10,."10
3,~11O
•
.
,
1"1",",,
Tim"
--n.l.11S
In S"c.
CI.NO
0.22~
O.23~
o..~U()
O..t;o
0.17~
0.116
0.1,'2
O.1t~
0.11 ;
11.1 HJ
O.J(I~
0.1.1;
O..~n'l
6.2.liO
II. !'I ....
2h,tHl(l
U. Ill;
",KiO
0.1'1;
C1.1.?4
4,000
7,110O
',000
,
o. "'.Ci
0.11!'1
6,_
.,870
IUt,i
O.!lb
10
26,900
0..1iO
<,
2,700
11.1.'2
A'·l·r.,a,:e.- (or A.:e Grout. Ib.201 ...•..••.............•...•...... '" '"
A"l'rOla,:l' rur Aa,:c (;rUUIJ 21 •.10..••.•••...••..•............•....•.••.
J\v~r..a,:e.- fur Aa,:c.· GruulJ 2~.2(J ....•.................................
•
L:
•
TABLE 16
l
t
,
0.2.'.~
n•••
., \1)
U..?!4
-
'" JlErr wn
L
-----------------~
L
L
TABLE 17
---
L
...
a•.
•
._29
4
t.
27
13
2'.
L
[
.,
UNDF.RWIUTERS' LA.GRATORJU. INC.
I~
211
21
I'
I.l~
I
2~
2.1
M;,~i1l1ulll
-
M inilUulII
.tilll.. I...
~. In
•• f.
Iq
5,I«KI
III
(I,WO
(,,1011
5.$110
112
F
12X
1211
I.IX
2~
2~
12.~
2<.
b
2t,
2M
2M
29
29
30
8
t,
I.I~
2~
I.\.ן
12"
16.'\
1.12
J.l5
122
~ •.Hfl
(1,.'711
j, 12~
Jt,OHlI
t,
(,.I\.~O
III
8
8
10
.1,1110
11I.~UI'
1~5
,14
39
411
411
411
42
8
8
8
10
8
10
12..110
42
10
12,.no
IRII
F
11(1
M
M
M
t.15
I ~f1
121
- - ----IMlI
IUS
19
3,100<1
5,500
8
I
.,t,ln
(1,7,liO
i ,.\1'11
A\,("r.1ll:'· lor Al:c (.rollp 1(1.2-1
,
A\'('r.l~l· lor AJ:c (~roIlP 21 •.\0,
A\'('f'i1I:.I' for A):l' (~ruull 2~·29 .. ,
,
" ..
TABLE 18
All. 'n
[
Group
'relrl
.-
[
~- III
.\
1I·2l1
II
I'
21·,~1
•
[.
•
.11-40
41·50
51·60
J>
E
F
I
,
-
I
_._,
. , ...... 'j
. . . . ,. . . .
-
-
O. 319
.
0.1 ~ .1
0.218
0.2.\~
0.240
-
R;;tllOn TlfD. in sf:t-fliut.
I
Mil. A~!-.
Lith!
Sound
Slimulul
Slimulul
- -0..l4
lI.2~
0.22
0.2(.
0.27
0.38
O..I~
0.23
0.19
0.24
0.25
0.37
-
'.mll p_ A•• 'II:~
Sound
Liahl
I
SllnlUlul
S"mulul
I
-0.(.2
,
O.~lJ
CUI
0.2.1
11.2(.
IUn
O.H
O..lU
0.44
0.3 I
0.42
n.so
The results shown in Table J 8 ilHlirate that the {n~t<·~t ,::roup as a
wh"te wa. that ha\'inl: an al:e ranl:e of 21·30 years. If the males and
ft'I1l:l)C's are ('ous.idrrt't1 tQ'::C'lhrr. the R\"cra,::e for Group C, which miJ:ht
be taken as a base in compu1il15: the relative slowness of the other ,::roups
would be: reaction to lij;hl, 0.24 seconds, reaction to sound, 0.20 sec·onds.
The relative speeds of reaction ti11lc~ of the )'ounRcst and oldest groups
compared with the Iastest sroup are given in Table 19.
[
[
[
L:
1I. 2~11
3,H10
,
, .. .. ......
0.1 7.1
0.2112
0.2 112
1I.2 2\
1I.2 Xq
1I.2 2.1
0.2 n;
0..1 22
0.2 ~7
0.1 q7
0.2 9~
0.2 ~7
(1.2 Ib
(1.1 9.\
0.2 ~II
0.2 12
0.2 47
1I..~ 1.1
O. 2<>1
1I. 2'1,1
O. 2-14
(',000
-
..
n..J2fJ
(I,(,on
6
•
,
(Il,lll
JO
.II
•
4,QlHI
I~S
1HI
;n
(1,$00
III
25
Tiftl
I. Ohm.
t,
t,
HI
III
X
....•
1('1•• o.
BftdJ
MA
2\
2.l
2.1
[
[
-- -C."l'ni
a•• il'.",e
'ft t,
5.MCI
I'
M
M
18
.1
11
-
J.\(I
M
F
M
F
M
17
[
1M
~I
~I
12
If,
19
[
F
F
F
M
F
9
HI
I~
[
Po..nd.
.F
M
[ .
"i,M
F
2~
•
- -~u~~-'
-
Path-L.ft Hand to Feet
-•
.:
•
i'
."
,
_n
n
" .. _ .
_
••••
~n
_ _
....
t.__ .'_._'~'''''''"''
'
_
••
L
L
•
L
•
•
•
[
"
•
41
[
a..ECnttC SHOCK
, AS
IT rDtTAtNS
TO THE I1.£CTlttC FENCE
TABLE 19
[
~.J:
,
Group
-
21·.10
21·.10
[
[
'uto, of
Slo.n....
B•••d on
Croup C
a.atlion
Sti_uIUil
Tl•• in
s.coDd.
Light
C
C
4·10
4·10
A
A
!1·60
!I·OO
F
0.24
0.20
1,00
J.i,ht
Sound
0.48
0.47
2,00
2,35
J.i£hl
Sound
0.41
0,40
1.70
Sounl)
F
1.00
,
1.011
In another series of tests, conducted at Stanford Uuivcrsirv." more
attention Was givcn to thc grotlpinJ.: by age limit. These tC.'SIS: ;\t're CUIl~
ducted for the purpose of dctcnuiuing how the reaction time va rivrl with
the ::J.gc of adults, The :lJ.:"C: r~lllJ.:"C: bere was from 25 to 81). The stimulus
[
employed
•
[
TABLE 20
[
[
['
both auditory and visual.
.' Test 1'\0. 1 consisted of Iiftil1~ the finger nt :l.11)' desirc.l 1I101l1('lIt
which the subject wished and retuTllin,:: it as quickly as po~!"ihlt.· to its
origin:!1 position. Test XII. Z cOIISi~h'd in appl)'illJ:" pressure with tlu- forefin,::er at the 1110l11rllt the ~ti111l1111s W3S perceived, Test No. ~ C'C1Il"i ... ted
of JiftillJ: the lilll-:l"T llpllll I'l·rt."t'ptioll of 1111.' ~til1l11111~. Thc n'sults IIi the ...e
tests are giv(,n ill Table 20.
[
[
W.a5
I
,I
A,. in
No. of
Y•• f.
SVbl~C1.
25·29
30·34
35·39
40·44
H·49
!0·!9
00·09
70.79
80·.9
9
J
0.2,1
0,24
0,23
0,21
0.2.1
0.20
0.1S
0 .•10
0.2"
0.14
O.Ll
0, J~
0.15
•
II
"0.
Te.t
a".clion Time in tMcondl
T... No.2
JJ
I~
17
O. ti
9
II
II
0.1.1
0,1"
0,20
0,20
4
T••1
1\10.
J
0.1!
0.12
0,21
0.21
tJ.l.1
0.22
n
1I••
CUh
().2.~
U~illg the reaeticu timl' of the: ~roul' h:a\'ing an =-;::e r:\I1;':\' f: "1'1 2:'
to 29 years as D. I~st.·, the relative n-acrion time of tile slu\\'CSI gil' u-, :,;.:e
ranl:c 70·79 years, is indicated ill Tahlc 21.
TABLE 21
AI. lilY••,.
........ .,...
.
--,-------.--.---.----,--I.!-"!' "•. __ ~'!!!--:!_
.!••CUI
t~~:..!-;
0,2.1
25·29 ..•.......••...... ,
n
•••••
•
•••
••••
·70.79 ..• , ..•......•.....
"~a("cor of !iro"·lIn. Im,5('(1 UIW'ln At:t.· (;rO\l11 2~·2l) ..
n
.
'
•
•••••••••
n
••••••••••
0.14
0.20
1,4.1
0,,10
1.311
n.~tl
I,~"
,
. - ... _... .. ,.- -..
~
L,_-----------~
•
L
=
UNllDlWIIITEU' U..O.4=T.:;0=.:::':::E5=.~I:::N:C:.=-
-
L
Further wnr~).1 has been clone 10 determine the varinrion of the reaction
lime for an aile range of 31'. years to maturity. In this series of tests. the
llitnllll15 was hoth visua! and auditor)'. and the il1fli\·jdual's time response
" ... recorded 1.0)' his pressure upon a key which interrupted the recording
nteans.
L
•
The resnlt. of these tests Arc given in Table 22.
[
TABLE 22
[
Aa. Jo Ye.,•.
JI .
31,
o.
[
27
21
n ~n(,
2H
4'"
Femule
0.•5.
2Y
5~
S~~
Mal~
Female
O.J~
0.414
54
51
61i
Malt'
0.2H2
6! 2
Female
0.J09
"
'; !"2
AI.lle
o.'""1)
,14
29
1H
29
34
.
0.2t.1l
-S.,
FC"nlOI/t'
S!,
Female
0.2.10
0.2r,2
9~~
Molle
F ..male
0.244
0.205
1.1
9
Unlh
/loth
0.229
0.19.
12
•
BOlh
0, J j 5
56
I .
9!2
10 .2
I ~
II !.
[
-
:\1aI~
'
[
~I.l.
110. 0' C••••
Female
,,
[
_.&eliClI.I Tim" in Sec.
0.5RO
0.622
4 ~~
[
50.
Cc.dI,"It('
~I
,,"(On I"
~t"I~
12
,
•
It will he noted from the above lahlll:uinn 11mI the g'rollp h3\'iuR the
f:lSh.·st re:lC'lion lime as a whole is the one COnlPO!lcU o{ college students.
t:sing the reaction time of thi. group a. a base, the relative speed of
reaction time for the )'ounl:e.. age group, 31'. years, is found 10 be 3.43
times as slow as the collelle gronp. al:e 16·20.
.
[
[
This information is shown in tabular form ill Table 23 .
•
[
TABLE 23
F.cto' Clf 510.....
.Mel •• CoJl"•• Stucl.n"
[
16-24
JJ,i
1.00
0.175
0.601
J.4.I
[
u
'.
L
."
.
....... _., ...
_._---• .e
L
L
•
,
,
L
L
••
•
..
L
••
ELECTIUC SHOCk AS IT P£IITAINS TO THE UECTllIC FENCE
If the average "release time" (or each partirlllar a~e ~rolll', a••hown
Tables 15. 16, alld 17 is caklllaled, it will he 1"'1IId 11,,1 lur thr a~l'
.
[
111
grollp 16·24 it i. 0.2111 ..eonds. For the a~e I:rolll 21·30, it is 0.2.14
seconds, ,1IIi1 for the 011:'" J.:rOl1p 25..29, it is 0.22() Sl'C'OIlc!!'O..
[
Jf it is now .a!'~uml·«1 that the \'tlriatiol1 of release timr with
is ill
the sallll' rtltiu as the variation of reaction time to visual mu l auduorv
titil1lt1lu~ with 'IJ:C. the rt'll"UJliC time uf un)' :l1:l' t:rU11P can hc.· \'akolah';1
lly m\lhiplyi~lJ.: tht" time flf the ha!'i.ic group 11)' the
[
the
(:ll'.or
ttJ.:('
of JliltJ\\ IU'~S of
under considcrarion.
J.:TOllp
•
TIll'S" rlata nrc shown ill Table 24.
[
TABLE 24
•
a.. Ie Au
[
Group in
•
YUII
I
--'
I
21,,10
21.,10
2$_1
[
Sl.......
.f SU~j.ct
..... on
Ba.le G,o..,
-- 3.4.1
-
,
](1-14
[
I,
'acto, .r
SUbj.ll A,.
Group In
r •• u
I,
1)
;i,' oJ
4-111
2..1~
2....
~ 1.(,U
ill- i9
1.43
•••,......1.....
Ti.... in 5..,ond,
• f Bu.e Grou,
'rom Tabl••
IS, 10, 17
O",••"d
a.l.....
Ti.... In S.con'•
'or A,,, Groll'
Sho..n In Col. J
0.2\"
0.2.14
0.2.14
U,14M
f1,.\.\f1
0,22(1
fUi,1
OA,Mi
III till' intl'rpn't<ltilll1 of tlil'St' data, 1t !'>hlll1ld 1M.' lJorlll' ill mind that 111(:
rt'artioll 1illl(: ill rdc.'asill;': 111c.' ft.'IIc.'c.' wire will lw au in\'oluntary rt'iU'lioll 1101
n .'fJllirill;': a t1' 0 tlg h t JlrIK ( ' !,> " , while the datn pn1alnillg til IIU' \'ariatillil IIi
n.':lftilll1 tinn- with a;":l' an' lJa~t.',1 UpOIl n.':Ic.'liuns whit'll rcquin- " Ihllu;.:ht
prUlOl'SS, :\1."0. it sllquld he: borne in milhl tll:lt Ic.'stl'l 1!:1\'l' showll that, ill
1:(,l1t'r:ll, tbe reaction 10 n tuuch stimulus uf ntll"I\1:IIC.' illll"l1silJ' will lit, Insu-r
tl1&111 the rcnctiun to an auditory or visual stimulus,
O
[
[
[
[.
.-\!I' pn,\'iolls1y 1.0111h.'11 out, the t'ontrnrtioll or the JII\I~1cs nssociau'd
with dirl'\'I, as uppo!'>e.·t! to ultt"rm'tiI1Jt current, is Uot 11l'nrl,. so prnl1o\1lu·e.'ll,
and it Se.'e.'Ill:" jusli1iablc..', therefore, that !'Clme .lifT('n.'lIt.'"l.' ill 11u: lime rv'Iuin'd for :111 individua] to free hilll~eJ( frum the: electric (C:I1CC circuit It,:
nIlO\\'t.,,1. The.' nature of the stimnln» Mll'pli(',1 hy the hau..'r~'·(lpe'rnl,'d
('l"'l·trk (1'lIn: c.'olll1'oll,·rs h. :u,tll:tlly :1 pe-nk vurrvru 11:1\'11110:' :111 :I1111'1itlldl.'
Sc.'\'l'ral lilll"~ thai of lile' 5 01'" )O-millial11l'l'n' sliuI1I1us 11!'il'd 111 fln- pIC'nodill.C
h'~I:oi for n"'unlilll-: 1111,: n'al'licJII limc ur nc1ults, Sinn' Ihe tiuu- rt'qllirt ,!
to perceive the M'US::lliflu i, aomrwhut hl\'t'r"rl)' ),nIIHlrtiun:t1 to tln- in'cm"ih' flf the sliumlus, it i!'l rC:.lsotmblt to a~Slln1t.' lhou the tilll(' III I'"d":t ..tthe.' (":II"C.' win' will 11(' Il·"S\'n..,<I when the ",I1l1lUIIIS i", ~IIJlpli("(1 1.,\' 111(' il'lIt C'
("Inlrull c-r , TIll' tlill'l'n'IIl'C' .in lilt" Cfll1tr:u:liul1 11!',.. ...~inh.. 1 with llin'rl, a~
npl"I~c.'cl tit ahl'rn:ltilll-: ('lIrn'nl. was "ho\\'11 in tt'lIlh h~' t'nuwc'lIh.,\TlI :llld
Lollllo:Wflrlhy! who flllllltl. that with r:lI!I', till' ,'lIl1lr:u";ulI 1111 hi;.:.h·,o.. lta:.,:,',
,lin"f't·,'urrl'l1t l'in'lIil" W:I" "''' ~c'n'rc.· 111:11 the' \,j"lil11~ \\'l'n' .. rlt'll Ill",,, II
aWOl", inll1l till.' e.'ulltllIl'lt1rs, whill' UI1 th.., luw-,'"h:I;':" "ir,'lIil it \\a!' .. ih'll
o
O
[
[
•
•
•
.'
.,
_. ..
L
L
'"
.~
_.,
_
-..-.
_-_._--,._----
UND.EAWRIT£IlS· LADOaATOAJ£S, INC.
41
L
jllll'n~:-iItJ,.
tn It'l J:ll. \\"hilr tll,- t'urrrl11 :lS!'illfi;llt·cI with till' hight., \'oltaJ::c
till .lIt· laallt·r,·.np,·r;:lh·cl ,""nlrullt'T" i!li 1101 of 111\' onler u~l'd in Ihc~c t('$>(~.
iI is n';lsnll:JhJc In bl1ppn~(' Ih:11 lin' hi..:h('r \'o!lal:c hn!ii a rCJlelJing ~trl'fl
,hlt {uUl~1 with the low-vollngc circuit.
ConclUlionl
•
.
flf lhc' nlH1\'(' (:H'tS. it M'('m~ f{':I!'ifll1:thlc 10 conclude that
an "nIT" JlCrioci (,i 0.00 1t('('f1l1ds ror alteruar inJ.:-l·urrtnt contro1lers and
0.75 S4.'\"C)JIc!S fur h:11 It'T)' -op<·ralt·" COlli rollers wi II permit norm:!.I inclh'iflu01Is
likt'l)' ttl fume in "0111:1('( wilh t'lc"('tric ("·Iln.·... !'illflit'if.'111 time to free: theml't'ln.'s (rum the t'1c.'l·ll·it'al circuit IK'(on' n'ct,j\'illJ.: a 5('t'0l1d impulse shock.
()n tilt'
[J
..~
h:H;j~
TOPPENISH ACCIDENT
DESCRIPTION
[J
D
[
[
[
[
[
[
The Idllo\\'ing acciflt>nt i~ hclj(,'\'etJ to I,e jtl'rtiucm to the cOl1siueration
01 S('uins: up fttJuirClllcl1ts fur ft.a(t' toltetric ('I)CC controlJers since supJH'l"l'flly it i!ii the only arcifl<-m which has occurr-ed- with a controller con~lrlU'h.. 1 mid «Ii~ll"ill1lt(·c1 by a r O ll1ll1r rciaJ 11l;11I1l(:lctl1rrr. The follo\\'in~
rt'I."rl of Ihe .:lcciclt-ilt \\':1!'o made by :\1r. \\'. H. Volhrye, Chief Eleclrical
JlI"pt·\·tllr n( tilt' Slalt· of OreJ,:oll. 10 Mr. -C. J I. Gral1l, Com11li!lisioncr,
Bun":lll o( I.•ahur. Sal\'I11, Orl'J.:on.
"On XO\"'mht'T 22. 1193iJ the wrjter m:lf!(' n n-ip to TopPclli!'oh :111,)
Yakirun, \\';I~hiTl;':loll, III Illal..l" :111 ;11\'(·!"li;.:atillll of the circum:... lallC"l.s surrUl1Ihlill;': Ilu' 11(',"\111 o( ~1:llIril-(' J larmau. f 1(1 yt';IT~ o( ilJ.:l'.]
"This flt'ath \\';1" r:H1 .. t·d Ihrou;.:h :In'id''l1t:1! ("Ollllart with:LIl t'1cctrirall~'_
rharJ.:'t·d i"II\'l' wiTl'. The huy's fOllljl:l1Iiol1!'i, .Iohll JII1I1P .:l1H1 Steve
MrCII111l,t'r. Mall' that lh('y Imel been hUlIlill;.:' (111 the property o( Ernesr
HIIWI', .1 miJ,,!'i Wl·~t lIe Toppt·ni.. h. "·hill.· \\",111.. ;1110: alollJ..:" a \'cr)' JIllultly
o
w
l" :t, l ay Itonkrjll~ a lil.,lcI ~lIrrollllch'cI hy a !'iil1lo:ll' l'!n:lrirally-chargN) (l'un'
wjre, lilt' l'arlll:ln ho." slipp('c1 :mcl (l'!) CI\'('r tile.' win', ) It: grasped the
wi ..., with hi~ h:llId~ alltl :l.ltt·ll1jlled In ... ·~:lilJ hi.. . f'I"lill~. Due In the "f'r)'
1IiIipJI(·ry ,'l1l1llitioll IIi Ih,' ~nlllll". 11(' f:likd til 1!1t !'iO aud callt'd In his (10111P:1I110110,; 10 tI .. ~i."1 huu. J\:nnwill:': tluu the (l.·lh"t' was clmTJ.:t'll, IhC')' fear('c1
til touch him anti illlt'lllp1l'c!lo sever the wire hy ftrillJ.:' their ShOI~l111S. Five
!'ihob were fin'd til c111!"C nll1gc without clltlil1l: the wire. Steve .McCumber
then 'tm'l~d In tlw ){nwe hCII'" fnr help. Juhn Jnmp then attempted to
lift the Harman hov
from the fence bv
•
• his coat. He found this difficult
to do and "OI11C lime' cJap~rd before he succeeded. By this time Harman
had ~e,.e,1 to strlll:l:!e. He was I:ospinl: for breath, and when Jump
l'xilll1im'd hi!' pulse 1""3l, he fOI1I1<1 il 10 be very fainl and irregular. He then
'lh'mille,1 10 restore broathing or pnl.e beat. A car had heen brought from
the house and] lannan was placed in it and started for Toppenish. He
was dead wht'n Ih('\·
nrrivetl,
•
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~fr. \"olhe,.·)'e,.. :1I~o ~a;lh'd that au inve!'itiJ.::lfioll elf the.' inslatlatioll re\"(.·alt·cJ tllal there were 110 evident (;I("lors which \\'C111Id te.'n,) to f:lll~e an
increase.! life lmeanl. The electric ft'lIce..· e.·olllro1lcr
back pon.'h IJ( Ihe Huwe: rc.'siticilce.
[
WOlS
inslalled un the
"The porch W3S complete1)' ~cfl'<'II<,d, il1chlflin~ the SICI)S le3t1inl-:" to
ground level. Entr;uu,'c to thl' kircheu W;IS also from this ('11(.1 of the porch
awl the service callilll't was 1)('1\\'('('n till' kitcht'l) clour :11111 the.' eml o( pun:h.
Servin: conduit rxte..·ntlc..·tI to nearest wall and service clrHp W:I!I' :Htat'llt'.l
:'11 this poim. "'iriug is e.·lInt'ralt·l!. Oppositl' «'lId of pllrdl tlSl'<1 for Ol Ill'cl.
A porcelain n.'Cl·ptac..'le with duplex C\II·n'lIt tap was l11oul1te..'cl 011 the \\,:111
ncar the 1.1('(1. The cOlltrolh.. r W:lS h:lIlJ:inJ.:' 011 the sal1~ wall IN.:twt't'lI the
recl'J>tode anel the e nd of the porch. Altholll:h the corel had ),...,11 disconlI ected [at lime of inves ti~alioll). it had e"ielentl)' "cell 1'1111:1:,,1 intu the
current tap. Two insnlatt'd wires were pushed throuJ.:h the porch 5(.'r(,(,,11
and attached to tltt' c.·Hlllroller. Onc o( these was C'UIllt«tet.l to a grollll,1
roll driven into the earth near the house wan, the other was ('unlle.'l'h.t!
to hare wire rUl1nillg in opposite direction,
[
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[
"The wire ruuninJ: in the direction of the point of contact was sup.
•
c
"Mr. W. M. Drake. Deputy Caroller at TUJllltnisll. who is also the
undertaker who embalmed the bo,ly. stated that he fOllnd no bn..rs Ihnt he
...oulel re eo~nize as such, H c s.,id that Ihcre were slil:ht scratches all both
hands and somc small bli.te rs, ~ot beilll: nil 1>1 .D.• hc did nol feel qual:•
fled 10 pass judgment. When Dr. W. II. Carver, the County Coroner,
arrived from Yakima. he identified the blisters as electrical burns.
"Dr. Carver also I\al~ that he felt that the conditions had been nearly
perfect for an rlt"C'trOC'lItion due to the s.attlratc(l ('ondition of the earth,
the broken skin UII the hands, ami the f.l\". that tht· boy's cluthin,:: :lIul skin
were very wet. He 5.iJi«l that the 00,"5 skin was "till wet when hl' arriVt'd
and t'X3I11illt't! the bod)" ] le st.lIed fllTllwr th~t ill his Opill"iull it JUWl"
curreu: value would have had vety little IK'a rilll-: on the results in the C:I.. e,
He S3i() fnrtht'r that he 1\IIc"'\\' of several hunters who had touched Ihi~
wire v..ithunt injuf)·".
[
[
EUC'nl1C SHOCK AS IT rEltT"'NS TO THE n EC' MOC FENCE
ported 011 the back wall of the I:.ral:. and barn and on several 10 or 12.f""t
POSI!i until it reached thc..' lidd which the fence stlrrotll1tlc..'(1. Frulil this
point 011 it W.IS suppurh·tI un ,.tilk('~ ul'prOxilll::J.tt·ly 34 inC'hc.'s hi",rh. Till'
diOlanc. frum tbe house 10 the field wno Dpproximoldy 1000 fret. The
cJislallce arot1llll the lit'ld \\':1." ftlll'rnximnttoly R)() 'toet and the' nt'rillt'nt
occurrc.ocl nppl'mcimntdy 300 fret frurn this c.·xtn'mit). of the ltom
Thc
f('n('t" rXh'UII('d (rum the IlUlINC nl)proxilllah·ly 1700 (flet in the uppo.. itc
direction, Nu Jill~ wirt'l wrre tuuehiulo:' ur neur the It-nre wire:'
O( ' ,
Pro('SSfJl" F. E. Prit°c... IIf the Ort'J:lIl1 Stnh' rlll1l'~e IIf A.:rinlhl1rt'•
...mint'll INJI''''t°l'sioll of the: unit aut) (ul"w;:lnlc«1 it tu Undt·rwrilc:rs o l":II")r3.
turies o JIIC. (ur leil :mJ eXAmination.
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ELECnuc SHOCK AS JT PERTAINS TO THE ELECTRIC FENCE
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
An examinalion of the unit disclosed that it was of the "hemalin!:current transformer type, the current interruption being pro\,j,I,'d by means
of a mercury tube switcl. mounted un the ell' I uf n rt"\'oh'illJ:' !'<h:lft whil'h
in turn was PTo)Jcllt'cl throURh n f,.:t"ar train h)' means of a small ~h;IlJc'II.plll,.
induction motor, Till' Cl1fre'll·interrl1pting IUe.IllS W:lS prO\'illc'd in till'
secondary circuit of th" transfurmer.
-The primar)' and st'l'oncl:ary of the transfurmer were \\'01111(1 fill
separate ttl's of the core, Tilt" c:lt"("lric:tl connec·tion of tit<' unit W" .. S1H'h
that the tr;lI1s(I'lrlllt'r ,lUti 11101111' were l'oIlTln'1t'(1 in pnr:ll1d 10 tln- I to-\'olt
source of supply.
A 6·foot 1c:11gth of Typt, pnSJ slIpply (:01'11 Wtls al1ac,.. ht·t! 10 tile' unit.
and the COIlStTllftilll1 t'mplo.\'t'd W:l~ such as to prevent tht· J'o.. !lti!>ility «f
the primary Ilt'l'Olllillg grotlJldc'd 10 ca ...e.
L
Th,- unit W:IS exuminc.l t'art'full\',
:mll there WOI~ no l',-itl"IIl'(' 1hOlt 1ht.
•
-current iIl1t'rrllpling' 1I1t'all'" h,u1 been shunted out of the circuit, tllIhougll
this
could he tll'l'ulllpli~hl'd ll.'" goillJ: illsi(lt, the unit .mt! Iratl!'tI'H!'<illJ.: two
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wires,
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The rase itself wa~ made of ~heet steel, a.ppToximah'ly }iC inch ill thickness, aml pTo\'ielt'c1 with :111 o\"\·rJOIppillJ.: (Iollr which woul.I, wln-u c.:11I~(.t1.
tl'ud 10 exchule rain,
'To
tll(.' nntput dl:lractlTistks of thi:; device, oSl'illo;.:r:lll1..
were 1"l.;t·1I ttm h-r- ,-"riou.. tClael c,:ul1c1ilioll.. on the sccuudar v of till' Irall"'forull'r, In each l'a!'>(' the (It.'\'ife was "'ullllectt'«I to thv Lalttl!':ltll"i,· ...• 120.
•
volt. altt.'rn.:lting.currcnt ~OUH'C of supply. mICI a M'rit.,s r(,!'ii!'ilalll't' uf :11 h'asl
200 ohms was placed in tlte: l-:'~ih'al1ol11t'tt.·r t'in'uit to rt'l"ord th,· 11(,li\'t'r(,tI
output current, By means of Do vacuum tll1tt' thl'rmu"'ouplt' :lIIti milliameter, prrlimill.ilT\· ""tlmt r\':l.(li"..-::s tnken with tltl' "'UTTt'n( iIl1,' r n 11Il il tg
mechanisur shuutcd uut uf the: circuit illc1kOlh',l tlUlt tltt.· utltpll1 o( tlndevice wns the SOIlHe with n 10:ul of eitln-r 500 or 200 ohm.. III 11I·n'a,'1 in'
resistance in the ~t'C'ol1c1arics of the trau!'iformc:r. \'.,riou!" ":lhlt'~ or
cnpncitnncc were al!"o COI11tt"ctt,c1 in parallel with this rt'si~talll'l' to !"il1lt1latc
Ience capncitnnce, which is :apprflxil1l:ltd}' 0,015 lIlkl'(l(:lmd pC'T Illil,' IIr
1(·I1l,:(", \\'1\('11 the illst:aJlatiotl i!'i :ll'pruxilllah·I.\' ., (l·t·1 al)ll\'t.' lilt' ;':1'1l111111.
«1t'lt'rHlilH'
O~dll(l~rallls were taken 1111(1\, r \':ariul1S h'st conclitiulls. :1I1c1 ,1Ic' :U:~'(II11.
pnnJ'il1J.: reproduction (pft,::t' 47), i" rl'prt:'!'it:'lItalive uf the: rt'Mllts ol.t;1I1I(·11.
.
.
The complete re:'ttlhs (If the-se tl',.,1s tire ilhu\\'tI in "f.lhll· 2:',
Aftt'r the unit hOll hl'l'n in npC'rntioB fur nl....ruxi!lInh.I~· two hnur!'>, :t,n
alternntillJ.:·,,·urrt"111 IH'lt'uti:a! (If 9(X) \'nlts \\':IH imltn.°KM'tl Ik'I\\'("'1t the I'n·
marv
:n ul secondnrv. ()nl' Aid" u( till' trtll1.. 'nTlII(°r \\'us "'"IIIIe'flt''' 10 •tile'
• •
rndnSlirt', Nn 11f\'nkclowlI CN."t'Ul'I'l'() clUl'illJ.: th., .1O-Sf.'c.'cuhl Ilt'ri"d lhllllll:
c
whirh th. 1.'\ellli,,1 "'''s "PI,Ii••I,
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TABLE 2S-0SCILI.OCRA!'IS 0" TOPPE"ISR FE"CE U"IT
-
Tr.ins
PO'
I.pulse
•
12~~
RMS • f:
I.
GO
•
200
.~
OHMS
:20V
" RMS
12
0
V
4 • RMS
,
,
•
120V
'.
5. RMS
G
~JO
l.?..?s ~
_Lll.3" GO
3.
3~
-
6 120V
5000
OHMS
G
MEG.
. ,;MS
7.
12~f.
RMS
f:
G
200
0.1
NU
J..
F .
0.4
.J..
MU "
"T"
I
2
I
2
2
2
G
Ti••
T.....
I
0.%5
I
2
• •
0.015
:I
95.0
95.0
101.0
101.0
0.%5
•
(Sec.)
••••••••
5
• • • •••
0.208
0.016
0.066
0.190
•••••••
I 0.19
,
0.2
MU F
.J.
"T"
0.4 .J.
NU F'
0.4 ..L
MU F'
~
OHMS
T...I
fSec.'
I
I
2
I
7
0.%5
I
·. . . . . .-.
2
---,'
0.01
·=-1 ......
----
•
200 o!.
OHMS ?
----
I W.q
MellanDC Circuit Oiacrams
•
0.01 -'-
I
•
• • •
•
• •••
-12
1
.
2
I
2
MU FT
•
•
101.0
I
65.5
71.4
. 2
65.5
655
I
i
2
50.0
30.0
50.0
50.0
I
71.4
2
95.0
I
1
0.965
. . ...
2
I
2
..
• • • • • • •
I
••••st implus~ tl"('orltinl:: d{'<lroyed by ,....u in filRi.
0.101
49.2
49.2
o.on
45.2
45.2
45.2
0.116
0.033
0.116
0.016
•
•
•
• • • ••
0.166
0.033
· . • • • • ••
0.IA2
••••• "
j::
8.116
•• 1
1_
I .. 1 .. I 0.066
. . 1-- ~
•
• • • •••
•
0.199
0.016
• •
•
• • • •
•
0.1"6
49.2 10.108
49.2 0.033
0.016
• •••••••
0.157
t
•
•
1
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•
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51
.
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.
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n b, ' _ _1
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10
a.&c:T1l1C 'HOCK
.u rr
PDTAI", TO THE " "TIlle FENc£
The voltagr Was then g","ually inerrasrd until at IS&> volts the inlulation between the motor coil winding and the lamination broke down.
The transfornlrr was uninjurrfl.
[J
Four samples of the molars usrd upon this unit were then sf'Ctired.
and suhjrcted to current leaka,;r and diclretrie strength tests.
D
One of the motors was installecl in the origin:tl unit. a se-cond was
placed inside the enclosure of the unit, and the remaining two were placed
outside the enclosure. The unit with the two extra motors was then
sealed in a glass ccntainer, ill which a constant lrmprrature of 90 de!:r.es
Fal~re,!heit and :l r('13ti\'t> humidit)· of 90 per cent were m~inl3illt,u (or :I
prr",,! of 72 hours.
.
D
Ddore hc:illJ: 5ultjected 10 the moisture test, the insulation resist:mc('
mC35urrd betwwu 111(' motor windinl:s and the lamillations. on each of 11Ic"
[our samples; was ill excess of 450,000 ohms. The rc~ist:,"ce nu-asurcd
lK-lweell the prilll;lry ('in'Hit o( the complelt.'ly :lsM'mhlt:d COlltrollt'r unit
311t1 the C3!'!c,· W~~ :11.. . n ill 1·.X\·C.':"o~ of 450,000 ohms,
u
[
.FollowillJ,:' the eXllil:-'lIrc.' to moi!'\ctlrc, these same values of
resi~tancc
'HTC
n'r'll'llt,t!.
in~\Ilatiol1
The motor MlIll'I n were next ~l1hj('ct('tI to a dit'lrclric ~trenJ::th test.
[
Thr ~:l1l1"le th:u had IIt'('lI plan·1! inside the enclosure inclic:'lft'd a Iln;:lkdown voltage or 13xO ,·,,11:-., while the s:lmple Chat was Ollbide the ('nell/sure
)1:'111 a urcaktluwll \'O!l;I~(,' of J~20 volts,
[
One of the molors, whicl. h:ul lwt-n ollf~itlr the case "lIrin~ the "xposure, wns allowed to run 1lllilllt'rrlll'lc.'d (or a J2-honf pc"riod to drive out
the absorht.", moisture.' ...\ llI't'al~dllwll \'ollaJ:c was then applirJ aile.! was
fonml to be I~OO volt s.
[
Defore nppJ)'illJ.:" till' I.f('akclowu voltage, the three s:lInplcs urttpr:,hly
withslOO<! a potemial of 1220 ,"ults (twice rated prim"ry vcltagc pins JOOO)
appJicu (or oue-minun- periods,
[
CONCLUSIONS
In view of the information nhtainc"d rt'J,,':J.nling the ac,."cidcllt, :lIlti in
[
[.
•
view of the te!iiC!ii Ill li )1J the unit involved, it i!ii concluded that a JG-yrar
eld bov ha«lI)(,,(,11 killt',J :'1:'0 :'l rc.·snlt of contact with an electric (cl1rc in which
the cu~rcnt W:'IS limih'cl 10 -49,2 milli:1Il11nt'I'('S with tilt' lime of (':It'll :-.h"t."k
iml'l;'!'!r r:lII;;:ing [rruu 0.1 If, 10 0.20 ~t'",o;id~. TIll' tllial time of COII!:IC'I with
the iC'lCC circuit is not c1diuitc.'1)' f>stalJli"hCtl. hut it ('(111M hardJ)- Imn been
Ie.. than five minutt'!' if the: (nrcgoing de~ril'liun or the A~dtlt.nl ill
aeerpled.
.
It is also rnncllJllc',) that no nrllilran' "ofT" pt"rind ean be ~st:t'lli .. hc.'d
which ,,-ill gllur.lI1lt"c rlnu lIlulc'r nll ("irr~I",Mtan~. the incii\'idmll wiJl be
able to free himsel! frUII1 the Ieuce circuit prior to rttt-h-in.: a seeond
shock impulse.
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UNDEAW.UT£It5' U80R4TOIIUES. INC.
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This ard''''nl 01"0 d.monstl'lllrs thot a SO(N)' Iaetor between the curve
of minilllulII filJrilialillg current [or a two-year old child, and the eurve
of "..lIowahl. currem" (or a two-year old child is warranted.
..
FIELD
SURVEY
,
l
GINIIlAL
A~idc from tht· ("I("rtriral shock which i~ received when :111 iluli\'iclua1
•
("nnt:u'ls ~II t'lt,\'tric fc.'ucc, there is also a certain physic:tl shock due to the
~lIddl·IltIC.·l\S of ~liIl1111atioll. ami thi!li as!Ii()cialt'd result of contact with the
\·l'.'~lric fvncc,: should also be taken into con .. idc.'ratiol1 ill dcciJil11: whether
or not these devices (':111 he considered, a~ not h("in~ hnzardous to human life.
"'hil,' il i.. Tl'a1i1.t',1 that this is a (aclo)!" o\'~..r which it is not possible 10
exert illfJlIC.'IU.:c. it is rcculo:'l1h~t'd lh:ll ~lI('h a phf'1I0mCnOll docs exist.
J'h)·sioJ0J:islsJ.. h01\'(' IUI1J: r('co~ni7.,·,1 till' fact th01I the resi~I01I1CC
o( the skill varies with the emotional slate 01 the individual. The element
of :mri~il''''lion i!i 'Illite a factor in man's ability to withst:lI1d the pasS3J::c
of eurrcm' lhrnuJ::h hi" 11011\'. .lrllinck 5 tells of :l case wh...-rc a mall, 3CCUStt'l11t'd to UCI1IOl1str:l1inl: his alailit)' 10 withvtand the pas~al:c of current
from a 500-\'(')11, ,li r ecl-cllTTc nt potential. was killed wlu-u he took hokl of
the Jive wire, thinking- il dead,
.
FIELD EXPEIlIENCE
c
L
L
L
•
L
In an aUt'l11pt to determine how much of :t [actor surprise is. as it
relates iu the "hilil)' oi the iUlli\'idll:l1 10 with.. talld a sudd vu nut! UllCXJK'CIC<!
electric shock, ~O l1~l·r,. of electric {e!lC'l'S were intcrvicwc.I, and their {'xperit'net's toudliuJ.: Upllil Ihis pciut wr-rc rvcorch-d.
This fL,·r,1 ill\','!'li;.:atilln W;I!I' rnllolllC'h'd in 11ll' lllC':1Jity in which electric
{(,I)('ill~ oriJ.:inah·d. ;11111 in which all tyP('s of units have hecn employed.
:\1:111)' of IhC"!I'c unii« were I11ndc hy fnrtuer s lhrll1!'cl\'('s and were cap.1htc
uf dl'li\'('rjll~ t'lIrr"nt:-, up to J amprrc :at 110 vult!',
In each case, lIlt' {ar111C'r \\':l~ rnrotlrn;.:t·o In te-Il of !ipr<'ific instances
where illdi\·jdtl:"~ had, unknowin{.:lr, touched the fence and received an
electric shock which came 10 Ihr111 allo,::'cthC'r as a surprise. The farmer
wos Ihell questioned as to the condition of the I:rolllld 01 the time, the
In'" o( electric Ienee unit, the al:' of the individual, and the person's
reacrion upon rcccivilll; the shock.
The 10101 electric (ellcinl; in lise ill each )'eor hy this I:roup of Iarmers
was .pproximalely iO mites,
In the Jimile.1 numher o( cases sh"wlI below, very YOIIIII; and very
old ;n.lividll.l. have accidentall)' received all lInexjlerled shock due to
contact with an electric fence under conditions most Iavorable to receiving
a hi,h';nlellsily shock. These cases are summarized ill Table 26.
[
[
.
•
,
"".~
nunE
...... ~-._--.... ·_.... _ ....
r .....
• .·_-_
.... _ - ....... w
•• _"
•
•
l
•
L
••
•
I;
n
LJ
ELECTIlIC SHOCK AS IT PEIlTAINS To mE EUCTIlIC FENCE
TABLE 26
lJ
5
II
u
7.5 II', 110 \'
( 'olllinuous
4
7.5 11", 1 J(J
I
J
J}i
S·Yl'ar oM ('hiM D('c:idt·nl;III~· toud,c.• 1 ("ncc',
Ground
ruoill. (n'. lin', Chile! wore
..hOl'IO. ){t"lollOlIloit'-("hilci (·ri,J. IJUt no c1itli.
(,'ull)' in rl·I,.. ,,!Oill~. no !;tintini:, no ill (.nl"l.,t"'•
"'' !Ii
•
C
\'
lllh:rl1lith'1I1
6
1)
11", 1111 I'
2
lllll-rllli I h'lI t
.0
10 "I~l. :t~n \'
E
[
I
1Il.1.
fl ll-r
un \'
lll i l " 'lI t
I
I
I
I,
I
,
.1·\,('3r chl dliltl aC'("ith"'Il;llh' loudlnl lht.
Ic'nn-, Child '~I)n' "hOl.·~, t.:ttlllllcJ c1r~. J~( ..
lipon"'-("hild ht,\'.. lIu.' IlliJ:llIly f,(';UI,,1 1'111
110 UH,IUt, JI.lllid;~· c"Olllli,iulI. '10 lJillll ully
in rl'lt'i1..illJ: 111111:0-.:11,
2
F
[
c l
ill ("kl'l~.
•
l·hi'., jllllll~·t1llol::k, 110 ill I.n"""I:oo.
"'\\,u INn'"" hl'I\\'I't'!1 :11:('1\0 of R ;111.1 Ifl "'.""
n''!'t·j'·I·Ir' "IUld... ill 0111 ;1111'111)11 lu 11.11I10: ",'1
l'I"illlllJilll: "UII .. nn (·I(·I·lritil·11 1t'lIn' wm-.
Jlu\':oo "I·rt· ";lrdunle',I, ""..
\\t"". '\"1. 1'"1
i,,,
~n;Ulltl (Ir~·. f~'·"lkJll!'ot.'-hoy"
;1ll1l111'"
".It '"
in "urpri....· UpUIl t(·q·j,'iu£ ,,1111, "'. Int\ th t 'lI
J.IIIJ.,:hl·tl.lhulIt it. :'\0 illt:H"'\'I!'>.
7.5 I\', 110 \'
5
2
7'\'(';1, ole! dlil,1 !."lllilll: to 11.11I01 "t h'I.\.'..r
til;' "OIll.1lI J,:1.I!'>f~·.1 '1·llt·..• t"III:ooilllo: ;Illull III
""("I·j,,(· "II'p,i",' :oollndl:. :\llult (,.It 1'lIn,'1I1
hut rhilJ .IPI'.ar..·t1t1y t..Ii,lllol. ~u ill (.O\'I'lli
Iu
l.'i,
II,,·,.
25 II', 110 \'
T,,·o
ole! dtiltln,.'l1 ,('(·,,·i\'I.t' .hOl''''''
AI·(·i,tl.'lli••llv. l'llil,I"'n .'Utt· fl.h(It..". f,:WIIIICI
.'u" "'\'1, J~"'''I~m!loC'-no tliuil'ult,· ill rt- II-,I_
ifl~. flU t',)'ill~, nu p':lUil'k,! ('onrlilillll, 1111 ill
[
2-\'1'.1'
t·n'I't·I".
/I
7.5 II', 110 \'
5
('otltinuOUli
L
J
[
110
4·h·.I' fll.1 d,iJ.l ;u"l"i.I"'lIlallv IUIII"II('" fl.ll.....
(;;ullIlll ,In'. I'hil" \\'Urt' .. 11;11':00. "1'''1 11111 ''' ' _
•••
I
[
•
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I
10 I\', 110 I'
Continuou"
25 II', I HI \'
JIIlcrmillcnl
I
2
'nIO\;t·O&h·d lulul! illlli\'ilhmi n't'('i""11 ....r.
l"i:M.· "hoc'" ill Irv illJ,: to dimh on', ("t'I'1 ,i'it'd
('·lIn". loll'''flUlI'''C.' :-"'llIltJt'lI Ft·II·;I...-. 'lIIi!"t.. 1111 t
no ill t·fTt't"I".
,,
I
4'\1';1( ulll dlilll ..1·dll"'Uillh· r;1II illill t,I,.,'.
l,ifM'l1 fl'm,,·. t:,ouuII .·'h' (ilid\, drr. I'h"
..pc1u....·-(·hiltl dHI 'lIn '"""'111' f,IKIIlI'nl'" IIr
rlill..•.. il·'fl't· ItII)' ,lillie·.. Ie)· in 1:"llillt: I.ll "ill'.
N" ill (·Ut"l·' ••
6.\'(';ar oM dt.1iI "'..·(·i,....1 uc...i,lt.ItI.II ..1,," '"
",I.il,. 11111)'ilitl "n"ltltl III'il'" 111.11''-; ,,1.1:""
FroUtul "'.1'1 \'t"f'" llIuiJiI. '«''''1..11I ...... -..' u101
JUlUlltocf .LleL: ill "ur,.til'll' '"11 lUI .hllll·ult\"
C"\,,,·,;t·UC'l...., in
[
t.>n''C'I".
•
.'
..
rdl·.I ..
i".:
,
"i",
;11111 III. 1/1
•
,~
......
_-----------,--4'
L.---------------~
•
••
UNDERW.UT£JIlS· LABORATORIES. INC.
TABLE 26 (Cont'd)
--
[
eo..,iP'i...
_.-.. K
Mile. of
11""1(
., 'eace V.it
"-1---1---'-"
• 7,5 \I', 110 V
1<""Pflll~'_'hil"
-.r·ur,·.I.
K
7.511',110V
4
_
4·\1'." •• I,II'hil,1 OlI"'I'i.h·IlI;III\, IHudll,.1 l'!t'('.
IIi., '1'11'1' "Inl,' 1l1.I\illl:. j'n ".IIl'r 1;lIIk.
I
Inlt'fllii I h'n I
u
-=;;;::.:::;:.;;:;;;;:....
reMill' ,
11111 Ilfl
,',i,·.1
and hl'('.U1IC "Ii~htl)·
illllll,,·r"'f.·fT«••.
A.lllh ;!n'i.l'·lll.dh' n ....l·j\'c·,1 llolrnnlo: rl("C"lrir
"lulf·1.; I.y li.. ill~ ,;p illin 1l>lrlK'fl•
11'11(,1',
h.I,h Jlil'rf"ill~ 1 ln- 'It-»h. "'hillo' nile 'Mild "';I ..
ill
If· r I rHIIl-: It, 1<c.'''llIOIiJOol·- no 1rouble ill
,d";l..ill~, 110 ill ,·RC.'f"I".
I
.,i,,·
Intt'fmilh,'nt
".f
u
I.
i, W, 1111
v
10
2
2·r"·;lr 1t1,1 l·hil.I, ":ltc-Ionl, Ifllln'llo,,'.1 P.... 'C'l1l
ClIll ill'.' \';1,,1 .111,1 C'olll.... rll·,1 c.·I,,·I·lrif' 1"lIl"'c
;u"',·j,I'·IlI;p·Il\'. f~r;l"" "';l!'t """"1 ,,'illl cJ",·w.
1<"~i'''I1'''' ~'hihll"1 out cry IlIIt "");~',i(,IIf'('fJ
no diUiruh y in
,,,in.,; "'ire. ~o ('fTc.,"',•.
1111\"111111\'111
D
,d"·..
-TII"flr," inll fill 11111 t of t"Urtt'nl- i ~
.11
ill I• (.~ mill i.lllllJl,'rl'!"; 10 "'01 1I, 91 "I illiam(1C'~II;
2~ \\",111. 1.411Illilli.IIIlIIil"I·!'t; (I ".111. 2n••HI milli,llllllil·n·s.
hll,',rllli ""'111- "Oil" ...ltl "etl" p'ritlill!" fli t'on 1mill" npproximn h·ly J ~ ~ M'C'OIHJ~ em-h.
o
o
[
[
[
[
[
Yo
,\ tfllal ul ]9 cXJH'rienn:s W:Hi n'l'orckd whcr« children 111111('1' 12 years
oi a.=,:<· luul n·n·in·1i IIIH'X)ll",,"'ll'd ek-ctric ~11I.d.; ..., Hl'IHlrt:o;. sl:lll'tl that in ntl
,"'a~(' wOl~ an)' dinil'l1h~' c'xpc'ri(,uCl'd ill rc''''a~ill;': tlu' il'IIC'(' wire. ;\I\y (ililllilllo:'
1111 tIlt' pari oi the victim. or :1I1)' grc.':lt amuuut oj floar experienced. HI' any
ill t.'tr'·l·l~ whatever Iltlh'll later on.
TIlt' c'x)lt'fiC'I1t"l'l'i o( 30 adult il1di\'illll;d~, who had :d!'iofl rcrcived III1<'Xp""h'd :o-lllll'~:o- n... 111..• n,':ool1h of Col1l:,,·, with l'1l'C'lril' (t·ucc,'s. were al~o re,·"nil·d. Ut'JlClI'Il'i illdil':'ltc:d t'h:lI ill 110 t"'a~l' \\'a.. . :lI1Y diOirulty (·XIK"ricl1c."t.·c! in
I"f'I,,;t ... in;.: lilt' ("Ilf'" wire, :11I)' (;lil1lillio: 111"'1I tlu- pari flf tilt' victim, or :lIlr
i,'al' with :u·,","l1Ipall~'illJ.: llt'r\"OIl:-'Il,·~~ c.·"I,,·ri"Il((·11, ur :'lily ill I'fTcC't:oo whatever Ihlh·d JalC'T 011.
OPINIONS
),1c.·')il':tI :l1llhorilil'l'\ :11 !\lIrlh\\''''~I'''nl l'lIin·r~ilY. Universirics of 1JJi·
J1oi~. \\·iSflJllsin. ~J inuesorn, and Kansas. W('Te cunsulted Ami their: opinions
oIJl.lillt·.1 rt'~:1rclil1J: fright :1!' a f:lC'wr in 1hC' results of clerlric shock. 11 was
the opinion o( a1l of these authorities that irig-ht, regardless of the nature
..i Ihe OIin11lluo, might cause an ill errect on the individual, All but one
of these men felt unable to predict whether fri!:11I, sufficient to adversely
nfTe,'1 the heart (If a normal individual, could be caused by an electric shock
so weak as not to set up fibrillation iu the heart (If a two-year old child,
One authority expre..ed the opinion that such a weak .hock was not
C'aJt;lhlc or (':m~inJ: fright or surprise thO'll mil:hl in itstlf he injurioufi to
a normal in<Ji\'itluaJ
[
[------------.'
•
••
.
.
'. ,
.....
•.....
.-. _. .
..•..
__ _--._"--- ....._....
- -----..-- -...
•
•
"
L
•
•
•
.(
••
•
..
&U:CTlUC 'HOCK AS JT
~U.TAJNS
TO THE ELECTJltIC FENCE
CONCLUSION
From the above statements and rC'ports of fieM tXI~riencrs. it is COI1cluded that fright and surprise. whkh miJ.:'ht IK.· rxptritnccd h)' ren-on (If
rct'ci\'il1): an untXl~C'trd :o;hOC'k {rom :11) dtrtriflecl {tIlCt" hn\'inl-: output
h:lr:u;trri~lics which are nut of
to set up veurricular
'ihriJJ:ltion in the heart of a twn-v..-ar
old child. wiH nut be suOicicllt 1u
•
t..
:<iUnil'it'nt il1tt"lI)il)'
adverselv
• afTert the individuaJ who receives Ihl' shock.
D
RECOMMENDATIONS
•
D
TakillJ: illtfl cOllsidt>T:ltillll :l11 the clal:1 prt'st'IIIt'd :md t1iM"l~M'd
herein, and lJt·arillJ.: in willd thl' c!t.'\·in' :1II11 !'IlIlIj('rt In which ,III :lIIt'lIlfll
has 1H.,t'li madc.· 10 ad"pl llwl'ot" data, we n.'l·Otllll1C,'lId the followill;': :t~
con~tit1ltillJ.:' s:tfe eJel'tri(,.'al oper:tting' dmr:t~·tc-ri~tic~ (If el(,."\'lri(,.· f~'IH'('
C'ontro!lt'r~ :
o
l. VOLTAGE
Thru where the current outpnt is limited hy inherent iI11J)C't::tnre (If
thl' dc:\·jn:. the oJlc,·J1·rircl1it vultage IWt"! nut h(,.' lilllitc"tl.
2. FREQUENCY
[
[
[
Th:ll Tl'gard!c.·sJ' ftf the (retIUt'lIe)' emplo)'t'll, the output current l'ohall
Hili C.'~H·('C.·" the values indiratetl ill J (a) :111<1 3 (h) below.
3. CURRENT
(a) Alternating·Current Type Controllers-That I..r int<rllli""111
typ(,.· c,'untrnIJers the output current sh:lll be il11t'rruptc,~1 in Slid, a '
1II:I1II1t:'r as not to t'xt.·c,"(,',1 the Cl1rrellt·lillll' rclatiuliship c,'xpn'l'os(,tl
in (jraJlh Nn. 4, Fig. 4.
(h) Battery-Operated Type Controllers-That I..r ;nl<rIll;"."1 t.'"J~'
controller» the output current !\Imll he iI11t:'rrnplc:d in SUdl :1 mnum-r
as uut to exceed the current ..time rt'l:ltiol1l'ohip uf 4.0 milli:l1l1J't'l't'.
seconds fur "011" period,. het \\'t'("11 0.1 0 ancl 0,20 JiC,"CUlltlS, The
output of controBers ha\'ing "en" IN.'rjncl~ less than 0.10 M'(,.'lllUll'o,
shall nnt exwcd tlml Itt'rrnitlc.-c1 11)' J,:r:tph Nu. 4 (or lilt' tiuu-
[
ill\'4.)\,(,"1.
(c) Peaks-Th'll the tinlt." ns:"ul'ialt'd willi Itt'.,k "'lIrr('ltt~ Ol!'o Iti;.:h ~I"
300 l1IiIIi"'''l''''.' .h""I<I
ex...~~1 0.0003 aec'~ICI •.
4. "OFF PERIOD"
""I
[
(a) Alternating-Current Type ControlJera-"I1..at the ....IT" pni."l
between Ku(\.-cnh·c ahud~ impul",('s iihall nut be k·.s 11I:.a1l 0.90
5f'("'Ullds.
(11) Battery-Operated Type Controllera-"J'lml
the ""n" Iwrilill
Ill,t \\'t't'11 sl1t.'(t"ssive tihuc:k illlpuJ!'CJi shall JllIt lK: less 111:111 0,1'
S(.",·oncJ..
.
"
•
--
•
to
,: r: 7f 'I:: H'TlT"" eMmet""·';
~ L·'-""!'--~-------------------------·
•
•
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.
..·..-_..-·.~...-..·.··. _- ~ -.._,--,- - -- _-0"
tt" ... .., •
....,
•
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."
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•
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,
[
•
UNOEItWIUT&IlI' LADORATORIES. INC.
I.
I
REFERENCES CITED IN TEXT
• "Tlk' EI",·.ri( "'('lIn' SiltlOltinn'·. Howard \\'. Nitey, 1\. Y. Still(' Cnlle'fi:(' of .'\RriC'ul.
tnr,', . . . . BuU.tin No. 453, May J, J9.1H. I'. J.
[
l"I~A'ft'l u( ..:In·tl'il· Slk.:k". "flUV.'f:llhovt:n a"ll J.AI1~wnrlh)', Tranuction A..J.E.E••
". It,. Jafn.., r)· IlJ.tu. II. ,1M1.
.
'"I~l«lrM''' 5Itllli..·,.
-I, Y. 55. July
..
l.i\·il1l Ti.IIU·". Cfnlrili. T('a,,·. :~OIQI:OInl. EI.ctriCiI Enline".
1!),\(I.II. 7'114.
•-m''''lri,'
5huck",
19,11. I'. 137.
tl(
"t. n.
•
I'llUv.·C'nhu\·en, Enline.,. ;ad Encinecrinc, v. "H, June
111£ltclropal••101)''', R, )1. )atr..'C. Arcllive. Patho!oIY, v. 5. J92~.I'. R.t7.
···AIIi Humant As J)u~i'oihlc", Roll('rt G. ElliuI, Colliera, ' -. JO.?, Ocloll('r J.!i, 19.1S. p. J9.
': "Solln,' l tn l'I'IOUll lt U I),'h"rminatiun" o(
' r, II. St·•• I,·,IlI.... r, 11).10. II, .?O.t.
n~nrahl("·J~I\'('lric Shu~:ks··. L.bor.tori..' D.t••
···Mini:.tuk Vuh:l~("" (IIr J1:l,artl,lu.. 1.."·.. ti••11.··.
Jhwa, v.•10, 1)',\,\·1II1Il·" 19301. 1'. J.!.
J, M. ~I('wnrl.
N.tiorloll1 Sdet)'
• ..'O'-atl1 b,. J-:korlric; (""rrenls anti h)· T.il;htninl::", A. }. }cx.makc. 'riti.h JdtcJical
D
J•• ,oal,
v. I. 191.1••'1'. ~!S, ~9!. S4g, 001.
····("alll(' :lIl1ll':I\'('lrir Shn.. ·~ ..•·• T.
C. (;ill)('rl. Eleclrician, v. JO.I\, April 29, 19.1~. fl, 596.
""JllIW Lnwan,1 Ifilo:h \'.. h:lJ:'·~ :\fTrft thr notl)···. Juhn HmllclJ. Jr" Nalional Sdety
N('WI, ' ', !0I. Jill>: 1~.11. I'. iN.
1..• ··1·1
. 1\'1
.. L'I1f,.r)' D'lJ:flt. v.
'. ..·I:tn,·n
.. fn, l'Il(...
u Mfdical Eitel ricit y
I..lIl1d.,lI. J~.?1.
u
(il
9-',·
' .....
:1)':".
II'"
"
)'.:01, I': _.,
I" ",1.;) Sillf1;1 il TCllI"("}". \\', H. S;llllldn~ (II. J'Illl,;i' Idphi:! alII I
IlIOEl,orlrir ~hll,,·1.:-EfTn·1 til Frt·'lm·I1t'~·". l'oll"~'lIh',\....n. JI •• ,1.:,·r.
EncineeriD&. \'. .!i5. Aillil )IJ.'c.. )I .•b\~,
1::0 ··Sh....·t.:
Tbrr-..'lIIt, I Fi, """ Jm,ulOlti, III R ('"i"li""'\'",
v. un, Jun~ JI).t.l. 1'. iY,l
lJ
.
C;ohl..n
1.017,
Electrical
"1" 'llIp", Ill, Eifel I je.l World.
.. ··Tn·OII I .. n\\- Y"hOlI:I,':o. \\ilh R"·~I ...'CI". A C (;rOl,""Il. Nation.l Safft)' N'WI, v. 23.
~1;lrdl
19.tJ.
II. S~.
I: "\\'iOil("uul'in <.11:lpla". Newl BullftiD of Ibe I.A.£,1., v. 11:, 1\11\"\"",'"'r 1936, p. .39,
1·"Wlml h a Snf(" '·llh:lJ:t,?·'. T. C. (;ill ...·'t, Eltcttic.al Rniew, v. 119. Jul)' .31. 19J("
p."
loiS.
1'0 "J)iftll:;,,'r
J'.
l
[
[.
"[
ul J-:lt'f.·uinl Sh'lC'k". Charl(',," F. Dntetcl, Electrical West. v. ~I. "\I,ril 19.1)\.
""J~A'C'('t .,1 F.lee't';.., ~hnck", Kcuwcuhoveu allfl l..angworlh)·, A.J.E.E. JouI'II,I. v, 49.
Jam.....,' J9JU, p. 25.
II
[
JO.
•
"An ~xllI(rint("ntal ~ll1ef}" o( :\hnurmalilirlo Produrcd in the Human OrJ:i1nism by
Jo:Jl"t"lrM'ity"1 )\nuw(·llhm·t-n ami l .... nJ:worlh,·. Jouna,1 of JDdultrial H,citDe.
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