CMHR
1/19/09

Vie·w:

he Mentall I1I in Pri on

b Da id M. R utter

Editor

ote: David M. Reufler i an inmate erving time ar Florida

ro

City

Corre tional Institution. 1 initial/ came to know Mr. Reul/er through his writings
publi hed in the nelt lei/er, Pri on Leoa/ ew .
lnpre ed with hi wrirhg and analyti al a iliri
congrarulate him on hi

i

.

I wrol _\fr. Reufl r ro

ork and then eventually invited him to contribute a piec to thi

publicarion.
Whal follow i Mr. Reutter

oice word , and tyle. I tweaked the original

manu cripl here and there but what ou l ill, indeed, hould read i David Reutter
de crib in the pli ht of the mentally ill in our pri on . The text i neither maudlin nor
high-p itched ideolog;.
You may notfind the

10,y entirely new

but ii i nonelhe/e · compelling. it add

to 1 hat we a/read know and erve a another piece of e1 idence rhat pri on -as-mental
ho pita[ are outra eous ailure .
Dealing ,vitb and treating a mentall ill person can be a ery challenging task
und r most circumstance . When you compound that by herding together in a walled
space hundred

ven thousand o mentally ill p ople ou now ha e a monumental

task. That ituation b com

more difficult when you ha e m-ying degree of mental

illn s to tr at.
ince the 1950 s when Ameri a began closing i

·

an asylum

and r ducing

ocial service to treat the mentally ill the onus of dealing with and treating the mentaU
ill bas been pl c d upon the prison y em. Left to wander the streets to fi nd for
them.set es. man wh are mentally ill find th m el e
ntry to th

riminal justice sy tern and on to jail or pri on, which has as its main

objective to pro id

,

iolating some law and gaining

car custody and control.' The emphasis i mo tly upon custod

and control. Care is usually considered providing the basic necessities for living and
essential medical care.
Over the last two decades, tighter rules and the widespread use oflockdown
tactics have become the nOffil in prison. Guards are trained to treat all prisoners the same
and apply the rules evenly. Rarely are they given training on how to recognize mental
illness or how to deal with the people under their control who are so afflicted.
Some estimate that as many as 40% of all prisoners suffer with some type of
mental illness. To deal with these prisoners, a basic "treatment" philosophy has been
adopted: sedate and keep them calm. The emphasis is on having the prisoner deal with
his situation by not causing havoc. The success stories in prisons are usually only with
the marginally mentally ill. The horror stories usually stem from the chronically and
seriously mentally ill.
Understanding the dynamics of the mentally ill in our nation's prisons is
something few truly understand. Sadly, even fewer seem to care about that problem.

ot

many people understand mental illness and they deal with that by trying not to think
about it or by having as linle as possible to do with those who have such problems.
In the annuls of law can be found volumes of cases that detail the suffering of the

mentally ill caused by the deliberate indifference of a prison guard. Those who are
interested can also find reports issued by non-governmental organizations, governmental
agencies, or perhaps this publication. The most unique perspective, however, is the one
stemming from personal experience, and that is what follows.

Experiencing the Calm
Until my arrest in July 1988, I had never even heard the words "psychotropic
medication." Within days of my arrest, however, I was on such medication. Other than
issues of substance abuse, I had never been diagnosed or treated for mental illness in my
life.

When I revealed to ajail psychologist that I was experiencing honid nighunares
that kept me awake and made me afraid to go to sleep, I was sent to see the jail
psychiatrist. He diagnosed an "adjustment disorder." For that, I was placed on
psychotropic medication. In a brief time, I was taking 300 mg. of Sinequan per day, the
maximum dosage.

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My "mental health" day would begin with breakfast at 6:00 a.m., only to return to
bed until lunch at noon. At 1:00 p.m., I would receive my frrst daily dosage of 50 mg.
Another dose of the same size would be administered at 5:00 p.m. A final dosage of200
mg. was delivered at 9:00 p.m. Each dosage was mixed into a small cup of applesauce,
preventing the hoarding of pills.
Within 45 minutes of that final dose, I would be knocked out. My days injail
were like an enveloping haze. On occasion, I would attempt to draw in the afternoons,
but mostly I only ate and slept. Over a 14-month period in jail, I gained 42 pounds. The
effect of the medication so inebriated my mental faculties that a state court later vacated
my guilty plea as involuntarily entered. For jail officials, I was a success story because I
was calm; I was quiet.
Upon entering the Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC), I was immediately
labeled a "bug." That is what anyone on psychotropic medication is called by guards and
other prisoners. This landed me at one of the prisons designated to hold and treat "bugs."
FDOC assigns a psych grade to each prisoner: "one" requires no care; "two" sees
a psychologist monthly; and "three" requires the administration of psychotropic
medication, sees a psychologist monthly, and a psychiatrist quarterly. Anything above a
"three" entails a Crisis Treatment Center.
A monthly visit with a psychologist lasts 15-30 minutes, sometimes even less.
With a caseload of 100 to 140 prisoners, a psychologist has little individual time to spend
with prisoners. Psychiatrists have an even larger caseload, and seem to be there only to
manage the administration of psychotropic drugs.
When I entered FDOC, a psychiatrist advised me that I was taking far too much
medication that did not appear to be medically indicated. At his suggestion, I agreed to
be taken off of it. After a few weeks, my mental haze lifted. I was amazed at the state I

had been in all those months. It was then that the reality of the condition of my body and
my surroundings began to hit home.

Spectating the Mentally HI
Over the years, I have done time at two of the Florida prisons designated to hold
the mentally ill. Imagine, for just a moment, what it must be like to be mentally ill. A
friend ooce characterized it best one day while we were walking the track on the

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recreation yard: "Who do you think has it bener, us or them?" he asked. "Look at that
guy, he's in his own world, not having a care in the world. He is not worried about
family or ever being on the other side of these fences."
To prison officials, that seemingly tranquil "guy" was a success story because he
was calm and had adapted to the confines of prison. It is doubtful that any of us can truly
understand what it is like to walk around talking to unseen figures that seem real or to
have our mind invaded with delusionaJ thoughts and images.
Those who are only mildly mentally ill adapt best to prison, and they are often a
welcome comedic relief. The most memorable to me was prisoner I nicknamed Champ.
He was a tall black man in his mid-40s. To maintain his skinny frame, he had a rigorous
exercise regimen.
It was that very regimen that earned him the nickname. Because FDOC does not

have enough jobs to keep aJl its prisoners busy, and it has eliminated all activities such as
hobby craft, it forces aJl those idle prisoners into the recreation yard to spend the day.
This enforced idleness finds prisoners with nothing to do but exercise, play games, or
engage in spectating the surroundings.
While at Tomoka Correctional Institution (TCI) from February 2004 to August
2007, spectating became one of my favorite past times. Sining on a bench or on the grass
of the field presented a panoramic view of human activity. Over 90% of the prisoner
population there were classified as bugs. The medication dispensation line was run four
times a day, took over an hour to dispense, and was always longer than the canteen line.
On the yard, one could always find a bug engaging in some type of bizarre
behavior, but Champ's antics made him stick out. It was quickly apparent that Champ
aspired to be a boxer. He exhibited his admiration for the classic boxers by using a black
magic marker to put their names on homemade head sweatbands.
Champ's exercise routine began with walking the quarter-mile track at a fast pace,
his arms moving about wildly. He would then pace back and [OM across the front
stretch of the track where all the benches were. He then marked a start and finish line
down that stretch, which were always placed in different locations from the previous day.
After pacing back and forth several times, Champ would hop into the imaginary starting
blocks to begin the countdown. False starts and an admonishment to the imaginary

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offender was not an unusual event. When a correct start was made, Champ would run at
a half sprint, dodging the other prisoners who walked the track. Of course, Champ won
every one of his four or five races, causing him to raise his hands in victory while
whooping, "Yeah, Yeah, Yeah." There are few real victories, afterall, in prison.
Mentally ill prisoners like Champ adjust in prison. They are usually quiet, usually
respectful, and are conscious of the fact they are different than nonnal people. Thus, an
admonition to calm down is usually effective.
Most prisoners try to keep to themselves or their established cliques. So long as
another prisoner does not affect them, prisoners stay within the established parameters.
Still. the weak are preyed upon. and sadly the mentally ill are usually \'leak. As a result,
many become the victims of involuntary sexual activity. lnducements may come from
the offer of tobacco, food, or other canteen items, while forcible rape may be imposed
upon others.
Guards recognize the mentally ill and some will even protect a bug by
admonishing predatory prisoners to leave them alone. Often. they will pull one aside just
to have a little fun; to see what kind of crazy things they can get the prisoner to say in a
state of confusion before shooing them away. Other times, it is to fulfill a sadistic need
to assert control and authority. Because of their impaired mental state, the mentally ill
prisoner is typically placed in a job assignment that does not entail labor or the use of
tools.
The mildly mentally ill, as stated. do relatively well in prison. The medications
keep them calm and they are able to abide by most rules. Even when they land in
confinement, they do wcll by sleeping through the event. It is those mentally ill prisoners
who are unable to "go peacefully" that frustrate guards and administrators. It makes
them the most vulnerablc.

Confining the Chronically III
On occasion, a mentally ill prisoner will land in confinement (segregation) for a
flagrant, outrageous act. More often, guards tire of continuously telling such a prisoner
to come into compliance with prison rules and regulations. Sometimes, the guard is fed
up with the prisoner's bizarre conduct, and placing them in confinement passes the

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problem to someone else. A new housing assignment is the normal result when the
prisoner is released from confmement.
A 10' by 7' confinement cell contains only a bunk bed and a stainless steel
toilet/sink combination. The opaque windows prevent viewing the outside world, and the
cell door is off limits. Aside from approaching that door to receive a food tray through a
slot, any viewing out the door's small window for any reason other than to respond to a
staff member will result in further disciplinary action that extends the stay.
Guards also require strict quiet while in such confmement. With the stricter rules
and the rigors of isolation, the chronically mentally ill often find themselves unable to
earn their way back into population. In my experience, often times it is not meant for
them to do so.
This revealed itself to me when I was a security orderly at TCl's, V-unit
confinement, which is known to prisoners as the dungeon. This is where prisoners with
severe mental issues or serious disciplinary charges are held.
The dungeon held a small, old man who spoke only Spanish. He was chronically
mentally ill and blind. These conditions were more than the guards and other prisoners
were prepared to handle. This man could not understand us but he was still considered
obnoxious.
His favorite activity was to chant loudly. He would go on and on, ignoring
guards' admonishment to shut up. When he was not chanting, he would shadow box.
Because he could not see, he would often miss the toilet in his trash-strewn cell, which
had a putrid stank emanating from it.
While there was no official memorandum or other documentation, it became
apparent that TCl officials and guards decided to pass this problem on to another prison.
Thus, guards began stacking disciplinary actions onto this old man. On a day that guards
were extremely frustrated with his chanting, they pepper sprayed him. When I cleaned
up the mess, you could see where the prisoner had stood against the cell's back wall
while he was "painted" with pepper spray. The entire Wall, except for his silhouette, was
orange from the spray.
When prisoners accumulate an excessive amount of disciplinary reports, they
become eligible for close management (CM), which is FOOC's version of long-term

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administrative confinement. To be released, a prisoner must remain infraction free for at
least one year. This mentally ill, blind prisoner was placed on CM in the summer of
2004. An outside source confirmed in January 2009 that he still remained in that status.
For most prisoners, CM is a harrowing experience. I found myself in this
situation in 1998. During a six-month stint of solitary, I watched several prisoners
literally lose it. Within the confmes of that cell. stripped of all property, prohibited from
talking to anyone. and only allowed three hours of recreation a week; one has a daily
battle to remain sane.
The first month on CM, however. was a welcome relief from the daily stress of
the prison. At that time, Martin Correctional Lnstitution was one of the most violent
prisons in the state. After that month, I had a constant battle with depression.
Although I was able to overcome that battle, others did not. It was a regular event
to watch another prisoner snap, literally. They would start screaming, yelling, and
beating on the cell door. Guards would respond. If the prisoner did not calm dO\\ll, he
was pepper sprayed twice. When that did not work, six guards from the '·goon squad"
would respond in full riot gear for a cell extraction.
The brutality of such extractions is difficult to express: The prisoner is subdued,
chained, and carried out with four guards each using a limb as a handle. From there, the
prisoner is placed in a cell, naked, for at least 72 hours. After facing disciplinary
confinement on multiple charges, he is returned to CM.

Living With A Schizophrenic
It was not until J finished my stint in solitary to continue my eM with a cellmate

that I ever contemplated what it would be like to be mentally-ill. I was thrust into a cell
with a 50-something year old man. Within two minutes, I knew my cell mate had serious
Issues.
Once I settled in, he explained that he was a bi-polar, paranoid schizophrenic.
had no clue what these terms meant or the behaviors that such people exhibit when so
afflicted. I quickly learned. Shonly after dinner, a nurse gave my cellmate a hand full of
medication. He explained with the joy of a child holding a handful of candy what each
one was, what it was for. and how often he received it.

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A little later, he asked me, "You're not going to steal my stufTare you?" I learned
that every previous cellmate had either stolen the stamps he had received in the mail, the
canteen he had ordered, or his meal trays. I also learned that he was on

eM for verbally

threatening to kick a guard's ass after the guard had cussed him out. Over the four years
he had been on CM, he had received several disciplinary reports for varying behaviors
related to his illness.
A nurse brought more medication at 9:00 p.m. Breakfast was uneventful. Things
began heating up after the 9:00 a.m. medication. After consuming his handful, his
obsessive-compulsive behavior exhibited itself. While I initially was pleased to see that
the cell was extremely clean, I was less than enthused when I saw the behavior that
caused that result.
"Pop," as I had named him, used his shower slide to scrape the floor of every
speck of lint, dust, and dirt. He then scrubbed every wall, followed by the toilet/sink.
could not complain about the cleanliness, the opposite is a much worse condition, but
since my way of dealing with CM was to sleep half the day away, I asked him to be
quieter about completing his ritual.
After lunch, another round of medication was brought. At this point, Pop's other
problems began to emerge. He couldn't stay out of the cell door's window and he
constantly paced the cell. It was the noise outside the cell door that affected him most.
Aside from the yelling, screaming, and banging by prisoners in other cells, there
is the slamming of cell doors, rattling of chains, and loud commands from guards to shut
up. Pop thought every conunent was directed at him.
He would sit against the cell door on the floor-for hours on end, listening to every
sound, mumbling a reply. Eventually, there would be a human explosion. Pop would
stand up and begin screaming at the person he thought had disrespected him. Other
prisoners would feed ofT this, antagonizing Pop into a froth. I understood this came from
sheer boredom on their part, and I would ask Pop to calm down.
Whenever he would receive mail, Pop swore everyone was trying to read it,
forgetting that only someone standing at the door could even see into the cell. My only
relief from this daily routine was the weekly three-hour recreation period in a dog run
sized, chain-link cage.

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Slowly, I was losing my patience and my mind. After a few months, Pop had a
bad day. He had been on the door all day. It was a constant battle to calm him. Around
8:00 p.m., as I was reading my newspaper, Pop stood up to scream, "What the hell is the
matter with you?" I lost it. sitting up to ask Pop the same question. I then told him to
shut up and sit down, and now! A few other choice words were included.
Thankfully. Pop had a sense of danger. He threw the peanut buner sandwich he
had in his hand in the toilet and laid on his bunk underneath me. After I laid down to
read my paper, minutes of utter silence imposed a sense of guilt and relief that Pop had
not said a word in reply to me. In the morning, we apologized and he agreed to go lay
down when I said it was time for a break.
After four months of living with Pop. I was released to general population. Pop
had received no disciplinary action while celled with me, but within two weeks of my
release, he received one, which further extended his stay on CM.
Final Thoughts
At least 90% of all prisoners will eventually be released from prison to be
unleashed upon society. The implications of their treatment, or lack thereof. will
determine the magnitude of the crimes they too often commit upon release.
While I have enjoyed a laugh at the bizarre behaviors of prisoners like Champ. I
shudder when thinking of how people like him will interact upon their release.
Contemplation of people like Pop and the chanting blind man spending years on end in a
confinement cell because the prison system is ill equipped to deal with them or meet their
needs leaves me disillusioned.
lmagine_y.:ourself as_chronically mentallyj1land being confinedJo...a.celLfor years_
on end. I can only say that I'm glad I have only been a spectator to that horror show, and
that my participation in the correctional mishandling of the mentally ill was limited to an
adjustment disorder.

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