Prisoners in 2014, DOJ BJS, 2015
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics September 2015, NCJ 248955 Bul l etin Prisoners in 2014 E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician A t yearend 2014, the United States held an estimated 1,561,500 prisoners in state and federal correctional facilities, a decrease of approximately 15,400 prisoners (down 1%) from December 31, 2013. A third (34%) of the decrease was due to fewer prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), which declined for the second consecutive year (figure 1). Prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state or federal prison declined by almost 1% (down 11,800 prison inmates) from yearend 2013 (1,520,400) to yearend 2014 (1,508,600). The number of prisoners housed in private facilities in the United States decreased by almost 2% in 2014 to 131,300 prison inmates. The statistics in this report are based on the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program, which collects annual data from state DOCs and the BOP on prisoner counts, prisoner characteristics, admissions, releases, and prison capacity. The 2014 NPS collection is number 90 in a series that began in 1926. Forty-nine states and the BOP reported NPS data for 2014, while data for Alaska were obtained from other sources or imputed. (See Methodology.) Figure 1 Total, state, and federal U.S. prison population, 2004–2014 Number 1,700,000 Total 1,600,000 1,500,000 State 1,400,000 1,300,000 225,000 200,000 Federal 175,000 150,000 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 Note: Counts based on all prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. HIGHLIGHTS The number of prisoners held by state and federal correctional authorities on December 31, 2014 (1,561,500) decreased by 15,400 (down 1%) from yearend 2013. The federal prison population decreased by 5,300 inmates (down 2.5%) from 2013 to 2014, the second consecutive year of decline. On December 31, 2014, state and federal correctional authorities held 1,508,600 individuals sentenced to more than 1 year in prison, 11,800 fewer inmates than at yearend 2013. The number of women in prison who were sentenced to more than 1 year increased by 1,900 offenders (up 2%) in 2014 from 104,300 in 2013 to 106,200 in 2014. The decline in the BOP population in 2014 was explained by 5% fewer admissions (down 2,800) than in 2013. The imprisonment rate declined from 621 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older in 2013 to 612 per 100,000 in 2014. In 2014, 6% of all black males ages 30 to 39 were in prison, compared to 2% of Hispanic and 1% of white males in the same age group. Violent offenders made up 54% of the state male prison population at yearend 2013, the most recent year for which data were available. The BOP housed 40,000 prisoners in private secure and nonsecure facilities at yearend 2014, which represents 19% of the total federal prison population. Half of males (50%) and more than half of females (59%) in federal prison were serving time for drug offenses on September 30, 2014. Celebrating 35 years prison jurisdiction followed by Texas and California (table 2, figure 2). The federal system held 13% of all prison inmates at yearend 2014. States held 10,100 fewer prisoners at yearend 2014 than in 2013. The U.S. prison population decreased by 1% in 2014 The total number of persons held under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities on December 31, 2014, decreased 1% (15,400 prisoners) from the count at yearend 2013 (table 1). The estimated 1,561,500 prisoners at yearend 2014 represent the smallest total prison population since 2005, and reverse the 0.4% increase that occurred from 2012 to 2013. Several states updated their 2013 counts, which resulted in an even larger increase than originally reported. The total prison population on December 31, 2013, was 1,577,000, an increase of 6,600 prisoners from 2012 (1,570,400). Figure 2 Percent change in state and federal U.S. prison population, 2004–2014 Annual percent change 5 Federal 4 The decrease observed in 2014 was the second largest decline in the number of prisoners in more than 35 years. The decline of 28,600 prisoners from 2011 to 2012 coincided with the enactment of California’s Public Safety Realignment policy, which diverted newly sentenced nonviolent, nonserious, nonsex offenders from state prison to serve time in local jails and under community supervision. More than a third of the total decline in the number of prison inmates (34% or 5,300 prisoners) occurred in the federal prison population. This was the second straight year of decline in the federal system, which is the nation’s largest 3 2 1 State 0 -1 -2 -3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Note: Percentages based on all prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. Table 1 Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2004–2014 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013b 2014c Percent change Average annual, 2004–2013 2013–2014 Total 1,497,100 1,525,910 1,568,674 1,596,835 1,608,282 1,615,487 1,613,803 1,598,968 1,570,397 1,576,950 1,561,525 0.5% -1.0 Federala 180,328 187,618 193,046 199,618 201,280 208,118 209,771 216,362 217,815 215,866 210,567 1.8% -2.5 State 1,316,772 1,338,292 1,375,628 1,397,217 1,407,002 1,407,369 1,404,032 1,382,606 1,352,582 1,361,084 1,350,958 0.3% -0.7 Male 1,392,278 1,418,392 1,456,366 1,482,524 1,493,670 1,502,002 1,500,936 1,487,561 1,461,625 1,465,592 1,448,564 0.5% -1.2 Female 104,822 107,518 112,308 114,311 114,612 113,485 112,867 111,407 108,772 111,358 112,961 0.6% 1.4 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bNevada did not submit 2013 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data, and Alaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts to NPS in 2013, so data for these states were imputed. See Methodology. cTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 NPS data. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 2 Table 2 Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex, December 31, 2013 and 2014 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalb Statea Alabamac Alaskad,e,f Arizonac Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutf,g Delawaref Florida Georgia Hawaiif Idahoc Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansasc,g Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadah New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotac Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvaniac Rhode Islandf South Carolina South Dakotac Tennessee Texas Utahc Vermontf Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsing Wyoming Total 1,576,950 215,866 1,361,084 32,381 5,081 41,177 17,235 135,981 20,371 17,563 7,004 103,028 54,004 5,632 8,242 48,653 29,913 8,697 9,763 21,030 39,299 2,173 21,335 10,950 43,759 10,289 21,969 31,537 3,642 5,026 / 3,018 22,452 6,931 53,550 36,922 1,576 51,729 27,547 15,517 51,422 3,361 22,060 3,682 28,521 168,280 7,077 2,078 36,982 17,984 6,824 22,471 2,310 2013 Male 1,465,592 201,697 1,263,895 29,660 4,450 37,402 15,904 129,684 18,556 16,328 6,405 95,757 50,445 4,972 7,176 45,737 27,078 7,983 9,026 18,717 37,071 2,013 20,410 10,143 41,700 9,566 20,352 28,755 3,230 4,656 / 2,781 21,427 6,276 51,193 34,430 1,419 47,579 24,769 14,212 48,760 3,169 20,669 3,240 26,069 154,450 6,415 1,924 34,133 16,535 6,016 21,232 2,050 Female 111,358 14,169 97,189 2,721 631 3,775 1,331 6,297 1,815 1,235 599 7,271 3,559 660 1,066 2,916 2,835 714 737 2,313 2,228 160 925 807 2,059 723 1,617 2,782 412 370 / 237 1,025 655 2,357 2,492 157 4,150 2,778 1,305 2,662 192 1,391 442 2,452 13,830 662 154 2,849 1,449 808 1,239 260 Total 1,561,525 210,567 1,350,958 31,771 5,216 42,259 17,874 136,088 20,646 16,636 6,955 102,870 52,949 5,866 8,117 48,278 29,271 8,838 9,663 21,657 38,030 2,242 21,011 10,713 43,390 10,637 18,793 31,942 3,699 5,441 12,537 2,963 21,590 7,021 52,518 37,096 1,718 51,519 27,650 15,075 50,694 3,359 21,401 3,608 28,769 166,043 7,026 1,979 37,544 18,120 6,896 22,597 2,383 2014 Male 1,448,564 196,568 1,251,996 29,182 4,568 38,295 16,476 129,706 18,738 15,510 6,361 95,567 49,438 5,198 7,080 45,390 26,396 8,086 8,881 19,084 35,955 2,063 20,100 9,985 41,267 9,901 17,448 28,836 3,311 5,001 11,452 2,715 20,571 6,348 50,192 34,455 1,514 47,311 24,799 13,799 47,936 3,201 20,032 3,199 26,160 151,717 6,364 1,823 34,529 16,666 6,065 21,219 2,106 Female 112,961 13,999 98,962 2,589 648 3,964 1,398 6,382 1,908 1,126 594 7,303 3,511 668 1,037 2,888 2,875 752 782 2,573 2,075 179 911 728 2,123 736 1,345 3,106 388 440 1,085 248 1,019 673 2,326 2,641 204 4,208 2,851 1,276 2,758 158 1,369 409 2,609 14,326 662 156 3,015 1,454 831 1,378 277 Total -1.0% -2.5% -0.7% -1.9 : 2.6 3.7 0.1 1.3 : -0.7 -0.2 -2.0 4.2 -1.5 -0.8 -2.1 1.6 : 3.0 -3.2 3.2 -1.5 -2.2 -0.8 3.4 -14.5 1.3 1.6 8.3 : -1.8 -3.8 1.3 -1.9 0.5 9.0 -0.4 0.4 -2.8 -1.4 -0.1 -3.0 -2.0 0.9 -1.3 -0.7 -4.8 1.5 0.8 1.1 : 3.2 Percent change, 2013–2014 Male Female -1.2% 1.4% -2.5% -1.2% -0.9% 1.8% -1.6 -4.9 : : 2.4 5.0 3.6 5.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 5.1 : : -0.7 -0.8 -0.2 0.4 -2.0 -1.3 4.5 1.2 -1.3 -2.7 -0.8 -1.0 -2.5 1.4 1.3 5.3 : : 2.0 11.2 -3.0 -6.9 2.5 11.9 -1.5 -1.5 -1.6 -9.8 -1.0 3.1 3.5 1.8 -14.3 -16.8 0.3 11.6 2.5 -5.8 7.4 18.9 : : -2.4 4.6 -4.0 -0.6 1.1 2.7 -2.0 -1.3 0.1 6.0 6.7 29.9 -0.6 1.4 0.1 2.6 -2.9 -2.2 -1.7 3.6 1.0 -17.7 -3.1 -1.6 -1.3 -7.5 0.3 6.4 -1.8 3.6 -0.8 0.0 -5.2 1.3 1.2 5.8 0.8 0.3 0.8 2.8 : : 2.7 6.5 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. /Not reported. Estimated count added into state and U.S. jurisdictional totals. See Methodology. : Not calculated. aIncludes imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program data in time to be included in this report. See Methodology. bIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cState has updated 2013 population counts. dAlaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts in NPS in 2013. See Methodology. eAlaska did not submit 2014 NPS data in time for this report, but jurisdiction totals were obtained from a report to the state legislature. See Methodology for details on imputation of 2014 data. fPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. gState has changed reporting methodology, so 2014 counts are not comparable to those published for earlier years. See Jurisdiction notes. hNevada did not submit 2013 NPS data in time for this report. See Methodology for details on imputation of 2013 data that were used in state and U.S. totals. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 3 Twenty-four states and the federal BOP showed decreases in total prison populations between yearend 2013 and 2014 (figure 3). Mississippi held 3,200 fewer prison inmates at yearend 2014 (down 15% from 2013), which resulted from new policies that encourage supervision of nonviolent offenders in the community instead of in prison. The Texas prison population, the second largest in the United States with 166,000 inmates at yearend 2014, declined by 2,200 prisoners (down 1%) from yearend 2013 (168,300). Louisiana, Georgia, and New York also had modest declines that amounted to between 1,000 and 1,300 fewer prisoners for each jurisdiction in 2014 than in 2013. Figure 3 Percent change decline or increase in prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by state, 2013–2014 Mississippi Vermont New Jersey Louisiana South Carolina Oregon Federal Massachusetts Indiana South Dakota Georgia Alabama New York New Hampshire Maryland Idaho Pennsylvania Texas Michigan Illinois Utah Delaware Ohio Florida Rhode Island Most states that observed growth in their prison populations had smaller prison systems, including North Dakota, which increased its yearend 2013 population by 140 (up 9%) to 1,700 on December 31, 2014. Nebraska experienced an 8% increase in its prison population, from 5,000 prisoners in 2013 to 5,400 in 2014. While females have represented approximately 7% of the total prison population over the past decade, the number of females under state or federal correctional jurisdiction increased by 1,600 inmates (up more than 1%) to 113,000 in 2014, the largest number of female prisoners since 2009. Sixteen states and the BOP observed decreases among their female prison populations, compared to 23 states and the BOP for males. Much of the growth took place in states with smaller prison systems so that modest increases in the number of imprisoned females caused large state-specific percent changes between 2013 and 2014. Missouri held 300 more women at yearend 2014 than in 2013 (up 12%), and Kentucky had an additional 260 female prisoners (up 11%). In comparison, from yearend 2013 to 2014, Texas held 500 additional women, an increase of almost 4%. -15 -12 -9 -6 California Oklahoma North Carolina Washington Tennesee West Virginia Missouri New Mexico Colorado Virginia Montana Iowa Arizona Kentucky Wyoming Maine Minnesota Arkansas Hawaii Nebraska North Dakota -3 0 Percent change 3 6 9 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on all prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities. Alaska, Connecticut, Kansas, Nevada, and Wisconsin could not be calculated. See table 2 for detail. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 4 97% of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal authorities were sentenced to more than 1 year in prison highest count in 2014 since 2008, when states and the BOP imprisoned 106,400 females sentenced to at least 1 year under correctional authority. From yearend 2013 to 2014, the number of persons in state or federal prison who were sentenced to more than 1 year declined by 11,800 (down slightly less than 1%) to 1,509,000 prisoners (table 3). Prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year made up 97% of the total prison population, while unsentenced inmates and those with terms of 1 year or less accounted for the remaining 3% (53,000 prisoners). The decreasing number of sentenced prisoners accounted for 76% of the change in the total jurisdictional population. State prisons housed 8,000 fewer sentenced inmates on December 31, 2014, for a total of 1,317,300 prisoners. The BOP had 191,400 sentenced prisoners at yearend 2014, 2% fewer than in 2013 (195,100). Twenty-two states and the BOP saw a decline in the number of prison inmates who had been sentenced to more than 1 year under correctional authority (table 4). The BOP (down 3,700 prisoners), Mississippi (down 2,900 prisoners), Texas (down 1,700), and Louisiana (down 1,300) had the largest decreases in the number of these prisoners in 2014. Among states with an increase in prison populations, Arizona imprisoned 40,200 sentenced inmates at yearend 2014, an increase of 1,100 prisoners from 2013. No other jurisdictions had increases of more than 1,000 sentenced prisoners during 2014. The number of females in state or federal prison who were sentenced to more than 1 year increased by 1,900 prisoners (up nearly 2%) from 2013 (104,300 female prisoners) to 2014 (106,200). Sentenced female prisoners reached their As with the total jurisdiction population, 17 states and the BOP showed declines among sentenced female prisoners. Among states with an increase in sentenced female prisoners, Texas (up 700 females), Missouri (up 300), and Kentucky and North Carolina (up 200 each) made up 75% of the total change in the number of sentenced females from yearend 2013 to 2014. Table 3 Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2004–2014 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013b 2014c Percent change Average annual, 2004–2013 2013–2014 Total 1,433,728 1,462,866 1,504,598 1,532,851 1,547,742 1,553,574 1,552,669 1,538,847 1,512,430 1,520,403 1,508,636 0.6% -0.8 Federala 159,137 166,173 173,533 179,204 182,333 187,886 190,641 197,050 196,574 195,098 191,374 2.0% -1.9 State 1,274,591 1,296,693 1,331,065 1,353,647 1,365,409 1,365,688 1,362,028 1,341,797 1,315,856 1,325,305 1,317,262 0.4% -0.6 Male 1,337,730 1,364,178 1,401,261 1,427,088 1,441,384 1,448,239 1,447,766 1,435,141 1,411,076 1,416,102 1,402,404 0.6% -1.0 Female 95,998 98,688 103,337 105,763 106,358 105,335 104,903 103,706 101,354 104,301 106,232 0.8% 1.9 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bNevada did not submit 2013 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data, and Alaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts to NPS in 2013, so data for these states were imputed. See Methodology for imputation strategy. cTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 NPS data. See Methodology for imputation strategy. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 5 Table 4 Sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex, December 31, 2013 and 2014 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalb Statea Alabamac Alaskad,e,f Arizonac Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutf,g Delawaref Florida Georgia Hawaiif Idahoc Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansasc,g Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadah New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotac Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvaniac Rhode Islandf South Carolina South Dakotac Tennessee Texas Utahc Vermontf Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsing Wyoming Total 1,520,403 195,098 1,325,305 31,354 2,682 39,062 17,159 135,981 20,371 12,162 4,112 103,028 53,478 3,618 8,242 48,653 29,905 8,654 9,506 20,330 39,298 1,972 20,988 9,643 43,704 10,289 20,742 31,537 3,642 4,929 / 2,848 22,452 6,687 53,428 35,181 1,507 51,729 27,173 15,180 51,211 2,039 21,443 3,672 28,521 160,295 7,072 1,575 36,982 17,947 6,812 21,285 2,310 2013 Male 1,416,102 182,378 1,233,724 28,787 2,426 35,675 15,840 129,684 18,556 11,494 3,879 95,757 49,953 3,271 7,176 45,737 27,070 7,951 8,815 18,147 37,070 1,836 20,101 9,200 41,645 9,566 19,337 28,755 3,230 4,569 / 2,636 21,427 6,047 51,091 32,942 1,358 47,579 24,431 13,895 48,556 1,960 20,147 3,231 26,069 148,294 6,410 1,479 34,133 16,505 6,011 20,116 2,050 Female 104,301 12,720 91,581 2,567 256 3,387 1,319 6,297 1,815 668 233 7,271 3,525 347 1,066 2,916 2,835 703 691 2,183 2,228 136 887 443 2,059 723 1,405 2,782 412 360 / 212 1,025 640 2,337 2,239 149 4,150 2,742 1,285 2,655 79 1,296 441 2,452 12,001 662 96 2,849 1,442 801 1,169 260 Total 1,508,636 191,374 1,317,262 30,766 2,754 40,175 17,819 136,088 20,646 11,735 4,141 102,870 52,485 3,663 8,039 48,278 29,261 8,798 9,365 20,969 38,022 2,030 20,733 9,486 43,359 10,637 17,876 31,938 3,699 5,347 12,415 2,915 21,590 6,860 52,399 35,769 1,603 51,519 27,261 15,060 50,423 1,880 20,830 3,605 28,769 158,589 7,024 1,508 37,544 18,052 6,881 21,404 2,383 2014 Male 1,402,404 178,814 1,223,590 28,324 2,491 36,625 16,426 129,706 18,738 11,098 3,927 95,567 49,010 3,354 7,013 45,390 26,386 8,058 8,644 18,549 35,947 1,888 19,843 9,060 41,236 9,901 16,679 28,832 3,311 4,919 11,330 2,671 20,571 6,201 50,091 33,325 1,416 47,311 24,460 13,784 47,730 1,812 19,545 3,197 26,160 145,899 6,362 1,403 34,529 16,613 6,053 20,099 2,106 Female 106,232 12,560 93,672 2,442 263 3,550 1,393 6,382 1,908 637 214 7,303 3,475 309 1,026 2,888 2,875 740 721 2,420 2,075 142 890 426 2,123 736 1,197 3,106 388 428 1,085 244 1,019 659 2,308 2,444 187 4,208 2,801 1,276 2,693 68 1,285 408 2,609 12,690 662 105 3,015 1,439 828 1,305 277 Total -0.8% -1.9% -0.6% -1.9 : 2.8 3.8 0.1 1.3 : 0.7 -0.2 -1.9 1.2 -2.5 -0.8 -2.2 1.7 : 3.1 -3.2 2.9 -1.2 -1.6 -0.8 3.4 -13.8 1.3 1.6 8.5 : 2.4 -3.8 2.6 -1.9 1.7 6.4 -0.4 0.3 -0.8 -1.5 -7.8 -2.9 -1.8 0.9 -1.1 -0.7 -4.3 1.5 0.6 1.0 : 3.2 Percent change, 2013–2014 Male Female -1.0% 1.9% -2.0% -1.3% -0.8% 2.3% -1.6 -4.9 : : 2.7 4.8 3.7 5.6 0.0 1.3 1.0 5.1 : : 1.2 -8.2 -0.2 0.4 -1.9 -1.4 2.5 -11.0 -2.3 -3.8 -0.8 -1.0 -2.5 1.4 1.3 5.3 : : 2.2 10.9 -3.0 -6.9 2.8 4.4 -1.3 0.3 -1.5 -3.8 -1.0 3.1 3.5 1.8 -13.7 -14.8 0.3 11.6 2.5 -5.8 7.7 18.9 : : 1.3 15.1 -4.0 -0.6 2.5 3.0 -2.0 -1.2 1.2 9.2 4.3 25.5 -0.6 1.4 0.1 2.2 -0.8 -0.7 -1.7 1.4 -7.6 -13.9 -3.0 -0.8 -1.1 -7.5 0.3 6.4 -1.6 5.7 -0.7 0.0 -5.1 9.4 1.2 5.8 0.7 -0.2 0.7 3.4 : : 2.7 6.5 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. /Not reported. Estimated count added into state and U.S. jurisdictional totals. See Methodology. : Not calculated. aIncludes imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. See Methodology. bIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cState updated 2013 population counts. dAlaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts in NPS in 2013. See Methodology. eAlaska did not submit 2014 NPS data, but jurisdiction totals were obtained from a report to the state legislature. See Methodology. fPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. gState has changed reporting methodology, so 2014 counts are not comparable to those published for earlier years. See Jurisdiction notes. hNevada did not submit 2013 NPS data. See Methodology for details on imputation of 2013 data that were included in state and U.S. totals. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 6 The imprisonment rate in the United States continued to decline in 2014 At yearend 2014, the United States imprisoned 471 persons per 100,000 residents of all ages and 612 persons per 100,000 residents age 18 or older (table 5). Both statistics represent the lowest rate of imprisonment in more than a decade, and continue decreases that began in 2007 and 2008. More than 1% of adult U.S. males were in state or federal prison on December 31, 2014. The male imprisonment rate in 2014 (1,169 per 100,000 adult males) was lower than in 2013 (1,189 per 100,000). While the imprisonment rate for females was lower (65 per 100,000 female residents of all ages and 84 per 100,000 adult females), the rates for women increased from 2013. Louisiana had the highest imprisonment rate for persons of all ages (816 per 100,000 state residents) and adults (1,072 inmates per 100,000 state residents age 18 or older) (table 6). Oklahoma (928 per 100,000), Alabama (820 per 100,000), Texas (792 per 100,000), and Mississippi (788 per 100,000) had the next highest rates of imprisonment among persons age 18 or older. Maine imprisoned the fewest state residents per capita at yearend 2014 (153 per 100,000 residents of all ages or 189 per 100,000 adults), followed by Massachusetts (188 per 100,000 residents of all ages or 237 per 100,000 adult residents). Although Louisiana imprisoned males at a higher rate than any other state on December 31, 2014 (1,577 per 100,000 male state residents of all ages), its imprisonment rate for females (87 per 100,000 female residents of all ages) was low compared to all other states. Oklahoma (142 per 100,000), Idaho (125 per 100,000), and Kentucky (108 per 100,000) had the highest female imprisonment rates at yearend 2014. Table 5 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2004–2014 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013d 2014e Percent change Average annual, 2004–2013 2013–2014 Totala 487 492 501 506 506 504 500 492 480 477 471 -0.2% -1.3 Per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages Federala,b Statea Malea 54 433 923 56 436 932 58 443 948 59 447 955 60 447 956 61 443 952 61 439 948 63 429 932 62 417 909 61 416 903 60 412 890 1.3% -2.6 -0.4% -1.1 -0.2% -1.5 Femalea 64 65 68 69 69 67 66 65 63 65 65 0.1% 1.3 Per 100,000 adult U.S. residents Totalc Malec Femalec 649 1,248 84 655 1,257 86 666 1,275 89 670 1,282 90 669 1,279 90 665 1,271 88 656 1,260 86 644 1,236 84 626 1,201 82 621 1,189 83 612 1,169 84 -0.4% -1.5 -0.5% -1.7 -0.2% 1.1 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. aImprisonment rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages. bIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cImprisonment rate per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. dNevada did not submit 2013 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data, and Alaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts to NPS in 2013, so data for these states were imputed. See Methodology. eTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 NPS data. See Methodology. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014; U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1 of the following calendar year. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 7 Table 6 Imprisonment rates for sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities per 100,000 U.S. residents, by sex, December 31, 2013 and 2014 Jurisdiction U.S. totalc Federald Statec Alabamae Alaskaf,g,h Arizonae Arkansas California Colorado Connecticuth,i Delawareh Florida Georgia Hawaiih Idahoe Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansase,i Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadaj New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotae Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvaniae Rhode Islandh South Carolina South Dakotae Tennessee Texas Utahe Vermonth Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsini Wyoming Totala 477 61 416 647 364 584 579 352 383 338 442 522 532 256 507 377 454 279 328 461 847 148 352 192 441 189 693 521 357 263 459 215 252 320 271 355 206 446 703 384 400 193 446 432 437 600 242 251 446 256 368 370 396 Malea 903 117 787 1,226 626 1,074 1,088 676 695 655 861 992 1,018 457 882 723 835 517 610 836 1,633 282 696 380 856 354 1,329 968 631 489 835 403 492 585 534 683 362 839 1,276 711 777 384 863 756 820 1,117 436 479 836 471 657 704 688 2013 Femalea 65 8 57 103 73 101 87 32 69 36 49 72 69 50 131 44 85 45 47 98 94 20 29 15 41 26 91 90 81 38 77 32 22 61 23 44 42 70 140 64 41 15 53 104 73 89 46 30 68 41 85 40 91 Total adultb 621 80 541 840 488 771 761 462 500 432 566 656 708 327 690 492 598 364 437 599 1,114 184 455 242 570 247 918 677 458 350 599 270 325 423 345 462 266 579 932 491 508 243 576 574 567 816 350 312 575 331 463 479 518 Totala 471 60 412 633 374 593 599 349 383 326 440 513 517 257 489 375 442 282 322 474 816 153 346 188 437 194 597 526 360 283 434 219 241 329 265 358 214 444 700 378 394 178 429 421 437 584 237 241 449 254 372 371 408 Malea 890 113 777 1,203 644 1,089 1,125 670 691 632 863 976 991 466 852 718 810 520 596 852 1,577 290 683 373 846 364 1,146 967 641 523 789 407 470 601 522 685 369 832 1,269 698 762 354 828 741 816 1,081 427 454 840 468 662 702 706 2014 Femalea 65 8 58 97 75 104 92 33 71 35 44 71 67 44 125 44 86 47 49 108 87 21 29 15 42 27 78 100 76 45 76 36 22 63 23 48 51 71 142 63 41 12 51 96 77 93 45 33 71 41 88 45 97 Total adultb 612 78 534 820 501 780 786 456 499 415 563 644 686 328 663 487 581 368 428 615 1,072 189 447 237 563 254 788 682 461 376 566 274 311 433 337 465 278 574 928 481 499 223 552 558 566 792 342 298 579 329 468 479 534 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. a Imprisonment rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages. bImprisonment rate per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. cIncludes imputed counts for Alaska, which did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. See Methodology. dIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. eState has updated 2013 population counts. fAlaska did not submit sex-specific jurisdiction counts in NPS in 2013. See Methodology. gAlaska did not submit 2014 NPS data, but jurisdiction totals were obtained from a report to the state legislature. See Methodology. hPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. iState has changed reporting methodology, so 2014 rates are not comparable to those published for earlier years. See Jurisdiction notes. jNevada did not submit 2013 NPS data in time for this report. See Methodology for details on imputation of 2013 data that were used in state and U.S. totals. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014; U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1 of the following calendar year. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 8 A decline in admissions during 2014 led to the smaller federal prison population The decrease in the federal prison population from yearend 2013 to yearend 2014 was driven by declining admissions rather than an increase in releases. The BOP admitted 2,800 fewer prisoners in 2014, a 5% decrease from admissions during 2013. During the same period, the number of releases from the BOP was nearly stable, with 300 fewer released prisoners in 2014 compared to 2013 (table 7). In comparison, state prisons admitted 500 fewer persons in 2014 than in 2013, but released 12,600 more prisoners (up 2%). In total, state and federal prisons admitted 626,600 persons during 2014, including 449,000 entries for newly convicted offenders. They released 636,300 inmates overall (figure 4, figure 5). Admissions increased in 18 states, including a 34% rise in Hawaii, 26% in Oklahoma, 16% in Kentucky, and 14% in North Carolina. With the exception of Hawaii, these states also saw smaller increases in the number of persons released during 2014. After the BOP, Indiana had the largest decline in admissions during 2014, admitting 1,800 fewer inmates than in 2013 (down 10%). Mississippi admitted 19% fewer prisoners in 2014, a decline of 1,500 prison admissions from the previous year. Figure 4 Admissions to and releases from state prison, 2004–2014 In 2014, new court commitments accounted for 91% of the BOP’s total admissions, compared to 70% for state prisons. Parole violation admissions, which include all conditional release violators, made up the majority of the remaining admissions. Of states with the largest prison populations, Texas admitted 66% (50,000) of its inmates in 2014 on new court commitments, compared to 86% (33,500) for California and 97% (31,000) in Florida. Vermont, Washington, Idaho, and Arkansas admitted more than 50% of prisoners during 2014 on violations of post-custody supervision programs. Twenty-one states increased the number of prison releases from 2013 to 2014, led by Texas (up 4%), Arkansas (up 35%), and California (up 6%). These three leading states accounted for 61% of the total increase in state prison releases. Seventy percent of all prison inmates released from state prisons in 2014 had post-custody community supervision conditions to fulfill. Maine, Massachusetts, Florida, Rhode Island, and New Jersey placed no post-custody supervision conditions on the majority of prisoners they released during 2014.* *The majority of releases from the federal prison population are reported as unconditional. Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, the federal parole system was eliminated, but federal courts were allowed to impose a term of supervised release after imprisonment as part of an inmate's sentence. Because this supervised release term is not implemented under the jurisdiction of the federal prison system, the BOP reports prison releases as unconditional even though inmates may serve post-custody community supervision. Figure 5 Admissions to and releases from federal prison, 2004–2014 Number of state admissions and releases Number of federal admissions and releases 800,000 100,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 87,500 Releases Admissions 75,000 62,500 400,000 50,000 300,000 37,500 200,000 25,000 100,000 12,500 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Admissions Releases 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2004–2014. transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. See appendix table 1 for counts. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. See appendix table 2 for counts. 9 Table 7 Admissions and releases of sentenced prisoners, 2013 and 2014 2013 Jurisdiction Total U.S. totalc 629,962 Federalh 53,664 State 576,298 Alabama 11,265 Alaskac,i,j,k 3,906 Arizona 13,538 Arkansasl 8,987 Californiae 38,295 Colorado 10,137 Connecticuti,k 5,492 Delawarei 3,142 Florida 33,613 Georgia 19,478 Hawaiii 1,380 Idahol 3,719 Illinois 30,959 Indiana 18,881 Iowa 5,159 Kansas 5,220 Kentucky 15,834 Louisiana 16,770 Maine 929 Marylandm 9,223 Massachusetts 2,567 Michigan 14,417 Minnesota 7,687 Mississippi 8,105 Missouri 18,983 Montana 2,382 Nebraska 2,922 Nevadan / New Hampshire 1,659 New Jersey 9,802 New Mexico 3,567 New York 22,740 North Carolina 14,077 North Dakota 1,222 Ohio 21,998 Oklahoma 8,019 Oregon 5,532 Pennsylvania 20,455 Rhode Islandi 810 South Carolina 6,431 South Dakotak 1,842 Tennessee 13,803 Texas 76,488 Utah 3,094 Vermonti 1,858 Virginia 11,636 Washington 21,426 Admissionsa 2014 Percent change, 2014 New court 2014 Parole Total 2013–2014 commitmentsc violationsc,d 626,644 -0.5% 448,993 164,225 50,865 -5.2% 46,145 4,719 575,779 -0.1% 402,848 159,506 10,912 -3.1 8,827 1,137 3,846 -1.5 / / 14,439 6.7 11,989 2,449 9,435 5.0 4,218 5,217 38,765 1.2 33,497 5,268 10,144 0.1 5,275 4,867 5,487 : 4,532 879 3,349 6.6 2,711 610 32,014 -4.8 30,984 114 18,455 -5.3 16,614 1,838 1,845 33.7 1,116 729 4,597 : 1,570 3,012 29,678 -4.1 20,769 8,835 17,086 -9.5 14,442 2,347 5,153 -0.1 3,711 1,423 5,683 8.9 4,278 1,338 18,385 16.1 10,613 7,657 16,376 -2.3 11,639 4,737 774 -16.7 586 188 9,223 : 5,579 3,640 2,526 -1.6 2,268 224 13,834 -4.0 7,702 3,472 7,866 2.3 5,095 2,771 6,570 -18.9 5,075 1,367 19,000 0.1 10,080 8,914 2,448 2.8 1,888 560 2,705 -7.4 2,130 495 5,876 : 4,488 925 1,611 -2.9 658 770 9,257 -5.6 6,827 2,430 3,798 6.5 2,500 1,298 21,572 -5.1 13,054 8,427 16,016 13.8 13,671 2,345 1,142 -6.5 953 189 22,189 0.9 18,301 3,868 10,095 25.9 6,943 3,152 5,330 -3.7 3,701 1,461 20,084 -1.8 10,252 9,074 821 1.4 699 122 6,283 -2.3 5,049 1,224 2,266 : 1,073 539 14,987 8.6 8,911 6,055 75,571 -1.2 49,825 24,482 2,922 -5.6 1,596 1,326 1,715 -7.7 601 1,114 12,237 5.2 12,150 87 20,797 -2.9 7,642 13,153 Releasesb 2013 2014 Percent change, 2014 Total Total 2013–2014 Unconditionale,f 623,990 636,346 2.0% 177,967 54,785 54,529 -0.5% 53,245 569,205 581,817 2.2% 124,722 11,488 11,585 0.8 4,002 3,774 3,774 : 2,004 12,931 13,513 4.5 2,229 6,541 8,812 34.7 597 36,353 38,559 6.1 / 10,220 9,869 -3.4 1,585 5,177 5,968 : 2,936 4,251 4,222 -0.7 282 32,855 32,754 -0.3 20,699 18,226 17,124 -6.0 7,157 1,615 1,242 -23.1 306 3,761 4,501 19.7 513 31,370 30,055 -4.2 4,406 17,959 17,866 -0.5 2,351 5,202 5,005 -3.8 1,121 5,133 5,554 8.2 1,707 16,871 17,731 5.1 3,282 17,646 17,882 1.3 1,267 971 1,031 6.2 620 9,504 9,466 : 1,306 2,855 2,654 -7.0 1,885 14,307 14,177 -0.9 873 7,808 7,642 -2.1 916 8,201 9,442 15.1 1,173 18,790 18,767 -0.1 1,525 2,347 2,387 1.7 272 2,583 2,284 -11.6 793 / 5,838 : 2,107 1,633 1,562 -4.3 68 10,766 10,275 -4.6 6,095 3,345 3,515 5.1 918 23,382 22,927 -1.9 2,435 13,829 15,264 10.4 4,406 1,173 1,046 -10.8 139 21,235 22,399 5.5 10,062 7,374 8,654 17.4 4,195 5,048 5,432 7.6 13 19,632 20,555 4.7 3,268 885 867 -2.0 638 6,716 6,897 2.7 2,524 1,820 2,413 : 303 16,348 15,556 -4.8 4,974 74,093 77,277 4.3 10,661 2,988 2,979 -0.3 988 1,752 1,740 -0.7 274 11,880 12,094 1.8 1,094 20,861 20,898 0.2 2,233 2014 Conditionale,g 405,924 431 405,493 7,428 1,744 10,300 8,156 / 8,152 3,017 3,866 11,673 9,847 635 3,962 25,517 15,445 3,835 3,826 14,337 16,472 409 8,075 727 11,155 6,702 8,162 17,115 2,099 1,475 3,330 1,489 3,931 2,573 20,206 10,771 901 12,209 4,349 5,240 17,138 224 4,295 1,648 10,500 61,933 1,967 1,459 10,898 18,609 Continued on the next page P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 10 TABLE 7 (continued) Admissions and releases of sentenced prisoners, by jurisdiction, 2013 and 2014 Jurisdiction West Virginia Wisconsink Wyoming 2013 Total 3,573 7,343 1,004 Admissionsa 2014 Percent change, 2014 New court 2014 Parole Total 2013–2014 commitmentsc violationsc,d 3,544 -0.8% 1,885 1,217 6,134 : 4,129 1,975 937 -6.7 752 185 2013 Total 3,780 5,475 895 Releasesb 2014 Percent change, 2014 Total 2013–2014 Unconditionale,f 3,468 -8.3% 1,004 5,433 : 252 862 -3.7 264 2014 Conditionale,g 2,001 5,105 586 Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. /Not reported. :Not calculated. aExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. bExcludes transfers, escapes, and those AWOL, and includes deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology. cU.S. and state totals by type of admission exclude counts for Alaska. See Jurisdiction notes. dIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violations of conditions of release or for new crimes. eU.S. and state totals by type of release exclude counts for California because the state was unable to report detailed information on releases. See Jurisdiction notes. fIncludes expirations of sentence, commutations, and other unconditional releases. gIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. hThe Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 eliminated the federal parole system but allowed courts to impose a term of supervised release after imprisonment as part of an inmate’s sentence. Some persons with unconditional releases from the Bureau of Prisons may be released to community supervision. iPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. jAlaska did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) admission or release data. Release-type data for 2014 were obtained from data submitted by Alaska to the National Corrections Reporting Program. kCounts for 2014 admissions and releases are not comparable to earlier years due to a change in reporting methodology. lCounts for 2014 admissions are not comparable to earlier years due to a change in reporting methodology. mState did not submit admissions or release data in 2014 to NPS. See Methodology. nState did not submit 2013 NPS data. See Methodology for details on imputation of 2013 data. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014. Nineteen jurisdictions were operating their prison facilities at more than 100% maximum capacity in 2014 The yearend 2014 custody populations of the BOP and 18 states exceeded the maximum measure of their prison facilities’ capacity. The BOP and 28 states had more prisoners in custody than their minimum number of beds (table 8). BJS reports three different measures of capacity: the operational capacity, which is based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate a certain size population; the rated capacity, which measures the number of beds assigned by a rating official to each facility; and the design capacity, which is the number of beds that the facility was originally designed to hold. Although many jurisdictions cannot report all three P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 types of capacity, most provide at least two types. Based on these data, BJS calculates the percent capacity of facilities based on the custody population for the largest (maximum) and smallest (minimum) capacity measures. Prison facilities in Illinois held 48,300 inmates at yearend 2014, 150% of the rated capacity of 32,100 (maximum), and 171% of the design capacity of 28,200 (minimum). BOP facilities were officially rated to house 132,700 inmates, but 170,000 prisoners were in custody at yearend 2014, which was 128% of the maximum capacity reported. Other jurisdictions with more inmates housed than the maximum number of beds for which their facilities were designed, rated, or intended include Ohio (132%), Massachusetts (130%), and Nebraska (128%). 11 Table 8 Prison facility capacity, custody population, and percent capacity, December 31, 2014 Jurisdiction Federalb State Alabamac Alaskad Arizona Arkansas Californiac Colorado Connecticut Delawarec Floridae Georgiae Hawaii Idahoc,e Illinois Indiana Iowaf Kansas Kentucky Louisianae Maine Marylandg Massachusetts Michiganc,h Minnesota Mississippie Missouric Montana Nebraskac Nevada New Hampshirec New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakotac Tennessee Texasc Utah Vermont Virginiai Washingtoni West Virginia Wisconsinc Wyoming Rated 132,731 … … 37,681 15,450 … … / 5,649 … 59,566 … 7,010 32,095 … 7,276 9,180 12,164 18,121 2,339 … … 44,919 … … … 1,679 … / … 18,584 6,840 51,480 … 1,479 34,986 16,529 … 47,945 3,989 … … 16,844 159,583 … 1,681 … … 4,647 … 2,288 Type of capacity measure Operational Design … … 26,145 5,352 42,961 15,429 127,594 14,502 / 5,210 109,191 53,418 3,527 6,858 32,095 30,517 7,276 9,233 11,590 15,686 2,133 23,465 … 43,939 9,454 26,008 31,673 … 4,094 / 2,723 19,958 7,708 51,868 43,815 1,479 … 18,638 … 47,945 3,774 23,269 3,622 16,403 153,331 7,191 1,681 30,514 16,744 5,923 22,918 2,288 13,318 … 37,681 15,529 87,187 14,502 / 4,161 … … 2,491 6,858 28,212 … 7,276 9,164 11,925 16,764 2,339 … 8,029 … … … … … 3,275 / 2,190 23,108 7,708 50,960 37,503 1,479 … 16,529 14,997 47,945 3,973 … … … 159,583 7,431 1,322 24,219 … 5,097 17,181 2,407 Custody population 169,840 25,664 5,188 35,181 15,250 119,071 16,687 16,167 6,730 100,873 52,719 3,965 7,497 48,278 28,073 8,209 9,539 12,114 18,710 2,199 21,236 10,447 43,359 9,576 13,069 31,903 1,687 5,228 12,693 2,723 18,633 3,876 52,362 37,348 1,325 46,151 19,126 14,492 48,538 3,133 20,948 3,497 15,699 139,879 5,307 1,548 28,480 17,180 5,867 22,572 2,114 Custody population as a percent of— Lowest capacitya Highest capacitya 128.0% 128.0% 192.7 96.9 93.4 98.8 136.6 115.1 / 161.7 92.4 98.7 159.2 109.3 171.1 92.0 112.8 104.1 104.5 119.3 103.1 90.5 130.1 98.7 101.3 50.2 100.7 100.5 159.6 / 124.3 100.3 56.7 102.8 99.6 89.6 131.9 115.7 96.6 101.2 83.0 90.0 96.5 95.7 91.2 73.8 117.1 117.6 102.6 126.3 131.4 92.4 98.2 96.9 81.9 98.2 93.3 115.1 / 119.1 92.4 88.5 112.4 106.9 150.4 92.0 112.8 103.3 99.6 103.3 94.0 90.5 130.1 96.5 101.3 50.2 100.7 100.5 127.7 / 100.0 80.6 50.3 101.0 85.2 89.6 131.9 102.6 96.6 101.2 78.5 90.0 96.5 93.2 87.7 71.4 92.1 93.3 102.6 99.1 98.5 87.8 ...Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by state. /Not reported. aPopulation counts are based on the number of inmates held in custody of facilities operated by the jurisdiction. Excludes inmates held in local jails, other states, or private facilities unless noted. bDue to differences in the dates when data were extracted, the federal custody count reported for the calculation of capacity excludes 3,990 inmates compared to the yearend custody data reported in the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS). cState defines capacity in a way that differs from BJS’s definition. See Jurisdiction notes. dAlaska did not report 2014 capacity or custody population data to NPS. Estimates derived from a report to the state legislature. See Methodology. ePrivate facilities included in capacity and custody counts. fBoth capacity and custody counts exclude inmates in community-based work release facilities. gState did not report 2014 capacity counts to NPS. Data are from 2013. hCapacity counts include institution and camp net operating capacities and the population of community programs on December 31 because these programs do not have a fixed capacity. iState has changed reporting methodology, so 2014 capacity counts are not comparable to those published for earlier years. See Jurisdiction notes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 12 The number of prisoners held in private facilities declined in 2014 Of states with prison facilities operating at more than 100% maximum capacity, both Ohio and the BOP decreased the number of inmates held in private facilities. Illinois, Nebraska, and Massachusetts do not house any prisoners in private facilities. In 2014, 131,300 inmates were held in private prison facilities under the jurisdiction of 30 states and the BOP, a decrease of 2,100 prisoners from yearend 2013 (table 9). The federal prison system held 1,100 fewer prisoners in private prisons (down 3%), for a total of 40,000 or 19% of the BOP population. Idaho had the largest decline (down 77%) in private prisoners during 2014, as operations at a prison facility formerly run by a private entity were taken over by the state DOC. Seven states housed at least 20% of their inmate population in private facilities at yearend 2014, including New Mexico (44% of the total state prison population), Montana (39%), Oklahoma (26%), and Hawaii (24%). Since 1999, when BJS began tracking the number of prisoners in private facilities at yearend on an annual basis through the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), the size of this population has grown 90%, from 69,000 prisoners at yearend 1999 to 131,300 in 2014. The use of private prisons was at a maximum in 2012, when 137,200 (almost 9%) of the total U.S. prison population were housed in private facilities (figure 6). Between 5% and 7% of state prison inmates were held in private facilities each year, while the BOP increasingly relied on facilities not managed by a state, federal, or local government to house inmates in recent years, including both secure and nonsecure facilities, and home confinement. In 1999, almost 3% of federal prison inmates were held in secure private facilities. This grew to more than 13% in 2012 and 2013, before declining in 2014 to slightly less than 13%. In 2014, 13,000 (32%) of the BOP’s 40,000 privately supervised inmates were in nonsecure community corrections facilities or on home confinement, up from 6,100 in 2000, the first year the BOP reported this population to BJS (not shown). P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 Figure 6 Percent of total prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction in the custody of private prison facilities, December 31, 1999–2014 Percent 20 Federal 15 10 5 0 Total State '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 Note: Counts of private prisoners in the federal prison system include inmates held in nonsecure privately operated facilities, and prisoners on home confinement. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 1999–2014. In 2014, states held 4,100 fewer prisoners in local jails than in 2013 At yearend 2014, almost 82,000 prisoners were held in the custody of local jails for 35 states and the BOP. This represented a 5% decline (down 3,900) from the 85,700 prisoners held in jail facilities in 2013. Fourteen states and the BOP increased the number of prisoners housed in local jails during 2014, while Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas held at least 1,000 fewer prison inmates in jail facilities than in 2013. Louisiana housed the most prisoners in local facilities, with 19,300 (51%) of the state’s yearend 2014 prison population residing in jails. 13 Table 9 Prisoners held in the custody of private prisons and local jails, December 31, 2013 and 2014 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalb Statea Alabama Alaskac,d Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutc Delawarec Florida Georgia Hawaiic Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadae New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontc Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2013 133,363 41,159 92,204 554 27 6,405 0 2,026 3,898 725 0 11,801 7,900 1,421 2,745 0 4,438 0 95 0 3,158 0 29 0 0 0 4,394 0 1,459 0 / 0 2,735 2,984 0 30 319 5,487 7,051 0 546 0 15 16 5,103 14,538 0 499 1,554 0 0 0 252 Inmates held in private prisonsa Percent change Percent of total 2014 2013–2014 jurisdiction, 2014 131,261 -1.6% 8.4% 40,017 -2.8% 19.0% 91,244 -1.0% 6.8% 481 -13.2 1.5 28 3.7 : 6,955 8.6 16.5 0 ~ ~ 2,376 17.3 1.7 3,782 -3.0 18.3 647 -10.8 3.9 0 ~ ~ 12,395 5.0 12.0 7,901 0.0 14.9 1,425 0.3 24.3 639 -76.7 7.9 0 ~ ~ 4,420 -0.4 15.1 0 ~ ~ 105 10.5 1.1 0 ~ ~ 3,142 -0.5 8.3 0 ~ ~ 30 3.4 0.1 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 4,114 -6.4 21.9 0 ~ ~ 1,432 -1.9 38.7 0 ~ ~ 0 : ~ 0 ~ ~ 2,761 1.0 12.8 3,072 2.9 43.8 0 ~ ~ 30 0.0 0.1 371 16.3 21.6 5,370 -2.1 10.4 7,367 4.5 26.3 0 ~ ~ 636 16.5 1.3 0 ~ ~ 15 0.0 0.1 10 -37.5 0.3 5,116 0.3 17.8 14,368 -1.2 8.7 0 ~ ~ 431 -13.6 21.8 1,570 1.0 4.2 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 255 1.2% 10.7% 2013 85,662 788 84,874 2,090 0 0 2,916 0 187 0 0 1,175 4,887 0 662 0 1,418 0 3 8,213 20,505 65 130 329 55 963 6,378 0 497 47 / 41 119 0 10 0 9 0 2,406 5 857 0 364 53 7,790 12,527 1,626 0 6,974 163 1,116 11 16 Inmates held in local jails Percent change Percent of total 2014 2013–2014 jurisdiction, 2014 81,738 -4.6% 5.2% 939 19.2% 0.4% 80,799 -4.8% 6.0% 1,702 -18.6 5.4 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 2,600 -10.8 14.5 0 ~ ~ 176 -5.9 0.9 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 1,104 -6.0 1.1 4,946 1.2 9.3 0 ~ ~ 620 -6.3 7.6 0 ~ ~ 1,198 -15.5 4.1 0 ~ ~ 90 2,900.0 0.9 8,966 9.2 41.4 19,320 -5.8 50.8 26 -60.0 1.2 95 -26.9 0.5 279 -15.2 2.6 31 -43.6 0.1 997 3.5 9.4 5,568 -12.7 29.6 0 ~ ~ 515 3.6 13.9 212 351.1 3.9 97 : 0.8 69 68.3 2.3 110 -7.6 0.5 0 ~ ~ 8 -20.0 0.0 0 ~ ~ 12 33.3 0.7 0 ~ ~ 1,079 -55.2 3.8 0 -100.0 0.0 894 4.3 1.8 0 ~ ~ 298 -18.1 1.4 76 43.4 2.1 7,987 2.5 27.8 11,395 -9.0 6.9 1,668 2.6 23.7 0 ~ ~ 7,449 6.8 19.8 167 2.5 0.9 1,029 -7.8 14.9 7 -36.4 0.0 9 -43.8 0.4 :Not calculated. ~Not applicable. /Not reported. aIncludes prisoners held in the jurisdiction’s own private facilities, as well as private facilities in another state. bIncludes federal prisoners held in nonsecure privately operated facilities (9,480), as well as prisoners on home confinement (3,473). cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. dState did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. See Methodology. eState did not submit 2013 NPS data. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 14 2.7% of black males and 1.1% of Hispanic males were sentenced to more than 1 year in state or federal prison at yearend 2014 An estimated 516,900 black males were in state or federal prison at yearend 2014, accounting for 37% of the male prison population (table 10, appendix table 3). White males made up 32% of the male prison population (453,500 prison inmates), followed by Hispanics (308,700 inmates or 22%). White females (53,100 prisoners) in state or federal prison at yearend 2014 outnumbered both black (22,600) and Hispanic (17,800) females. As a percentage of residents of all ages at yearend 2014, 2.7% of black males (or 2,724 per 100,000 black male residents) and 1.1% of Hispanic males (1,090 per 100,000 Hispanic males) were serving sentences of at least 1 year in prison, compared to less than 0.5% of white males (465 per 100,000 white male residents). On December 31, 2014, black males had higher imprisonment rates than prisoners of other races or Hispanic origin within every age group. Imprisonment rates for black males were 3.8 to 10.5 times greater at each age group than white males and 1.4 to 3.1 times greater than rates for Hispanic males. The largest disparity between white and black male prisoners occurred among inmates ages 18 to 19. Black males (1,072 prisoners per 100,000 black male residents ages 18 to 19) were more than 10 times more likely to be in state or federal prison than whites (102 per 100,000). Imprisonment rates by race and Hispanic origin were highest for males ages 30 to 34 (6,412 per 100,000 black males, 2,457 per 100,000 Hispanic males, and 1,111 per 100,000 white males). More than 1% of white male residents ages 30 to 39 were in state or federal prison at yearend 2014. Black males exceeded 6% of their total U.S. population in prison for persons ages 30 to 39. Female prisoners ages 30 to 34 had the highest imprisonment rates among black (264 per 100,000 black females of the same age), white (163 per 100,000), and Hispanic inmates (174 per 100,000). Black females were between 1.6 and 4.1 times more likely to be imprisoned than white females of any age group. Table 10 Imprisonment rate of sentenced state and federal prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents, by demographic characteristics, December 31, 2014 Age group Totala All malea Totalc 471 890 18–19 169 317 20–24 746 1,365 25–29 1,055 1,912 30–34 1,161 2,129 35–39 1,067 1,982 40–44 904 1,689 45–49 758 1,417 50–54 567 1,081 55–59 358 698 60–64 212 422 65 or older 72 158 Number of sentenced prisonersd 1,508,636 1,402,404 Whiteb 465 102 584 958 1,111 1,029 942 815 633 400 252 109 453,500 Male Blackb 2,724 1,072 3,868 5,434 6,412 6,122 5,105 4,352 3,331 2,178 1,265 418 516,900 Hispanic 1,091 349 1,521 2,245 2,457 2,272 1,933 1,602 1,320 978 680 299 308,700 Otherb 968 542 1,755 2,022 2,193 1,878 1,619 1,444 1,112 832 483 208 123,300 All femalea 65 14 96 170 185 155 132 111 72 37 20 5 106,232 Whiteb 53 8 72 150 163 138 119 90 57 27 15 4 53,100 Female Blackb 109 32 152 244 264 229 213 203 128 72 37 8 22,600 Hispanic 64 17 94 165 174 137 107 94 67 42 25 7 17,800 Otherb 93 12 109 208 225 189 174 161 124 63 37 12 12,800 Note: Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities. Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of corresponding sex, age, and race or Hispanic origin. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1, 2015. Alaska did not submit 2014 data to the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), so totals include imputed counts for this state. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. cIncludes persons age 17 or younger. dRace totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2014; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2013; Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2004; and U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1, 2015. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 15 Compared to violent and property offenders, inmates serving time for drug offenses in state prisons showed little racial disparity More than half of all state prisoners on December 31, 2013 (the most recent date for which offense data are available) were serving sentences of at least 1 year for violent offenses on their current term of imprisonment (704,800 prisoners or 53%), including 165,600 persons for murder or nonnegligent manslaughter and 166,200 for rape or sexual assault (table 11, appendix table 4). A smaller percentage of females were sentenced for violent offenses (37%) than males (54%), although the proportion of those sentenced for murder was similar for males (13%) and females (11%) in state prisons. Almost 16% of state prisoners were convicted drug offenders (208,000 inmates), including 24% of all females in state prison (22,000 inmates) and 15% of all males in state prison (186,000 inmates). The percentage of white (15%), black (16%), and Hispanic (15%) state prisoners sentenced for drug offenses were similar, but a smaller percentage of whites were in prison for violent offenses (48%) than blacks (57%) and Hispanics (59%). The number of whites (78,500 prisoners) serving time for rape or another sexual offense at yearend 2013 was more than the total of both blacks (39,700 prisoners) and Hispanics (37,300 prisoners) in state prison for these crimes. Twenty-five percent of all white prisoners under state jurisdiction were serving time for property offenses, compared to 16% of black prisoners and 14% of Hispanic prisoners. Almost half (48% or 24,400 prisoners) of blacks imprisoned in state facilities for public order offenses were sentenced for weapons crimes, which include carrying, exhibiting, firing, possessing, or selling a weapon. State prisons held an additional 13,900 Hispanic and 11,200 white prisoners sentenced for weapons crimes. Table 11 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2013 Most serious offense Total Violent Murderc Manslaughter Rape/sexual assault Robbery Aggravated/simple assault Other Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other Drug Drug possession Otherd Public order Weapons Driving under the influence Othere Other/unspecifiedf Total number of sentenced inmatesg All inmatesa 100% 53.2% 12.5 1.4 12.5 13.7 10.0 3.1 19.3% 10.5 3.8 0.8 2.1 2.1 15.7% 3.6 12.1 11.0% 3.8 1.9 5.3 0.8% 1,325,305 Male 100% 54.4% 12.6 1.3 13.3 14.0 10.1 3.1 18.6% 10.7 3.4 0.8 1.6 2.0 15.1% 3.4 11.7 11.2% 4.0 1.9 5.3 0.8% 1,233,724 Female 100% 37.1% 11.2 2.5 2.4 8.8 8.5 3.7 28.4% 7.6 9.0 0.8 8.0 3.0 24.0% 6.2 17.8 9.2% 1.7 2.4 5.1 1.3% 91,581 Whiteb 100% 47.8% 9.6 1.5 16.7 8.0 8.8 3.2 25.1% 12.4 5.7 1.1 3.1 2.9 14.5% 3.8 10.7 11.9% 2.4 2.9 6.7 0.7% 468,600 Blackb 100% 56.8% 13.7 0.8 8.0 19.9 10.9 3.5 16.4% 9.7 3.5 0.5 1.5 1.3 16.1% 3.8 12.3 10.3% 4.9 0.7 4.7 0.4% 497,000 Hispanic 100% 59.2% 14.2 1.1 13.6 13.5 13.0 3.7 13.5% 8.3 2.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 14.5% 4.2 10.4 12.2% 5.1 2.4 4.7 0.5% 274,200 Note: Estimates are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state correctional officials. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes trafficking and other drug offenses. eIncludes court offenses; commercialized vice, morals, and decency offenses; and liquor law violations and other public-order offenses. fIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. gRace totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2013; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2013; and Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 16 59% of females in federal prison were serving time for drug crimes Fifty percent (95,800) of sentenced inmates in federal prison on September 30, 2014 (the most recent date for which federal offense data are available) were serving time for drug offenses (table 12, appendix table 5). In comparison to the 53% in state prisons, violent offenders represented 7% of the federal prison population (14,000 prisoners). Among female federal prisoners, 4% were convicted of violent crimes in 2014. Public order offenders made up 36% of the BOP population, and 9% of federal prisoners (17,000) were serving time for immigration offenses. Among Hispanics in federal prisons, 26% were sentenced for immigration offenses (16,100 inmates), and 57% were sentenced for drug crimes (36,000 inmates). Fifty-three percent of black federal prisoners were convicted drug offenders in 2014, and 25% served sentences for weapons offenses. Table 12 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under federal correctional authority, by most serious offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, September 30, 2014 Most serious offense Violent Homicidec Robbery Other violent Property Burglary Fraud Other property Drugd Public order Immigration Weapons Other Other/unspecifiede Total number of sentenced inmatesf All inmatesa 7.3% 1.5 3.8 2.1 6.0% 0.2 4.7 1.1 50.1% 35.9% 8.9 15.8 11.1 0.7% 192,663 Male 7.5% 1.5 3.9 2.2 5.2% 0.2 3.9 1.0 49.5% 37.1% 9.3 16.6 11.2 0.7% 180,140 Female 4.4% 1.3 1.7 1.4 18.3% 0.2 15.5 2.7 58.8% 17.9% 3.7 4.3 9.8 0.6% 12,523 Whiteb 7.1% 0.7 5.0 1.5 10.0% 0.2 7.8 2.0 40.3% 41.2% 1.2 14.8 25.3 1.4% 51,600 Blackb 9.9% 2.4 5.6 2.0 5.9% 0.4 4.4 1.1 52.5% 31.2% 0.4 24.8 6.1 0.5% 71,300 Hispanic 2.0% 0.3 0.9 0.8 2.7% 0.0 2.3 0.4 56.9% 38.0% 25.5 7.1 5.4 0.4% 63,700 Note: Counts are based on sentenced prisoners under federal jurisdiction, regardless of sentence length. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cIncludes murder, negligent, and nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. eIncludes offenses not classified. fIncludes sentenced inmates under federal jurisdiction, regardless of sentence length. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 17 More than 40% of personnel held under military jurisdiction had committed violent offenses The U.S. military held 1,100 persons sentenced to at least 1 year or 1,400 persons of all sentence lengths under the jurisdiction of military correctional authorities at yearend 2014 (table 13). The sentenced population increased by slightly more than 1% from 2013. More than half (54% or 580) of the prisoners had served in the U.S. Army before imprisonment. U.S. Air Force personnel made up an additional 18% of the sentenced military confined population (200 persons). The Army had custody of 67% of all military personnel sentenced to more than 1 year on December 31, 2014, with an additional 32% held in the custody of the U.S. Navy. Table 13 Prisoners under military jurisdiction, by branch of service, December 31, 2013 and 2014 Total number of prisoners Military branch of service Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Coast Guard In custody of— Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy 2013 1,421 Total populationa Percent change, 2014 2013–2014 1,409 -0.8% 2013 1,056 Sentenced populationb Percent change, 2014 2013–2014 1,070 1.3% 287 685 241 195 13 246 692 230 218 23 -14.3% 1.0 -4.6 11.8 76.9 215 552 139 145 5 194 576 134 152 14 -9.8% 4.3 -3.6 4.8 : 37 817 65 502 34 825 78 472 -8.1% 1.0 20.0 -6.0 4 690 2 360 5 714 13 338 : 3.5% : -6.1 : Not calculated. aIncludes all prisoners under military jurisdiction, regardless of conviction status or sentence length. bIncludes prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year under military jurisdiction. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, based on data from the Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness, U.S. Department of Defense, 2013–2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 18 Of military personnel with known offense data sentenced to any term of imprisonment under military jurisdiction, 43% had committed violent offenses, including 24% for violent sexual offenses and 8% each for murder and assault (table 14). An additional 37% had committed nonviolent sexual offenses, including sexual misconduct. The Navy had the highest percentage of violent offenders (including violent sexual offenders), making up 47% of all its convicted and imprisoned personnel, compared to 45% for the Army, 39% for the Air Force, and 31% for U.S. Marine personnel. More than 75% of convicted naval personnel were serving time for sexual offenses, including 34% for rape or sexual assault. Table 14 Percent of prisoners under military correctional authority with sentences of any length, by most serious offense and military branch of service, December 31, 2014 Most serious offense Total Sexual Violent Nonviolentb Other violent Murderc Manslaughter Robbery Aggravated/simple assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugd Public order Military offenses Other/unspecified Total number of prisoners Totala 100% 61.7% 24.4 37.2 18.2% 7.8 0.6 0.3 8.0 1.4 5.0% 0.6 3.1 0.0 0.2 1.2 6.5% 0.2% 2.8% 5.6% 1,268 Air Force 100% 68.6% 27.1 41.5 12.3% 3.8 0.4 0.0 7.6 0.4 2.5% 0.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 13.6% 0.0% 0.4% 2.5% 236 Army 100% 56.7% 22.0 34.6 23.4% 10.2 0.6 0.6 9.9 2.1 4.9% 0.9 2.8 0.0 0.4 0.7 4.2% 0.3% 2.4% 8.1% 667 Marine Corps 100% 55.5% 18.9 36.6 12.2% 6.7 0.6 0.0 4.3 0.6 14.0% 0.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 5.5 11.0% 0.0% 3.7% 3.7% 164 Navy 100% 75.8% 33.5 42.3 13.2% 6.0 1.1 0.0 4.9 1.1 0.5% 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6% 0.0% 6.0% 2.7% 182 Note: Counts based on prisoners sentenced to any length of time under military correctional authority. Does not include pretrial detainees. Coast Guard offense distribution not shown due to too few cases. aIncludes prisoners who served in the Coast Guard (not shown separately). bIncludes sexual harrassment, indecent exposure and other acts, prostitution, stalking, and other nonviolent sexual misconduct. cIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes possession, use, trafficking, and other drug crimes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, based on data from the Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness, U.S. Department of Defense, 2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 19 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program jurisdiction notes Alabama—Prisons have not been rated recently for official capacity, but the majority of Alabama prisons are operating in a state of overcrowding. Currently, 26,145 beds are in operation. This number represents the physical capacity for inmates but is not based on staffing, programs, and services. Operational capacity differs from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) definition. Alaska—Alaska did not submit 2014 NPS data. BJS based 2014 jurisdiction and custody counts on a state report, 2015 Recidivism Reduction Plan: Cost-Effective Solutions to Slow Prison Population Growth and Reduce Recidivism (http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_documents. asp?session=29&docid=1372), which indicated that the prison population on January 23, 2015, was 5,216 prisoners, which was 2.65% higher than the reported 2013 NPS total jurisdiction population. Alaska submitted total custody and jurisdiction counts and total admissions and releases for 2013 NPS data. None of the 2013 counts were broken down by sex, so the sex distribution from the 2012 NPS data submitted by Alaska was used in 2013. BJS assumed that the distribution of inmates under custody and jurisdiction across sentence lengths (e.g., more than 1 year, 1 year or less, or unsentenced) was the same in 2014 as in 2013. BJS assumed that the percentage of inmates in privately operated facilities, local facilities, federal facilities, and out-ofstate facilities was the same in 2014 as in 2013. BJS applied the racial distribution of offenders from the 2013 National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) custody records submitted by Alaska to 2014 counts to obtain the 2014 offender racial distribution. BJS assumed that the increase in the 2014 jurisdiction counts was due to an increase in admissions and that there was no change in the number of releases from 2013 to 2014. No information was available on the distribution by admission type, so BJS categorized all admissions as Other admissions. BJS assumed that the distribution by release type in 2014 was the same distribution that Alaska reported in the 2013 NCRP release records. BJS based 2014 operational capacity on the same 2015 state report, which indicated that the Department of Corrections (DOC) has 5,352 beds. BJS assumed that the percentage of beds for males and females in 2014 was the same as previously reported in the 2012 NPS survey. BJS also assumed that the percentages of offenders age 17 or younger and those who were not U.S. citizens were the same in 2014 as in 2013. Arizona—Jurisdiction counts are based on custody data and inmates in contracted beds, but do not include inmates held in other jurisdictions because Arizona receives an equal number of inmates to house from other jurisdictions. In 2014, Arizona classified persons returned to prison from deportation as transfer admissions. In 2013, these persons had been included in the Other admissions category. Other admissions include the return of an inmate erroneously released. Other unconditional P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 releases include inmates released by the court. Other conditional releases include releases onto other community supervision programs. Other releases include persons released to deportation. Arkansas—Other conditional releases include those made to boot camps. California—Due to a high-level data conversion project by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), the movement data used to report detailed counts of admissions and releases were not available for this report’s publication. CDCR was able to differentiate between new court commitment and parole violation admissions, but was not able to provide any other detailed breakdown of other admission types or any release types. Custody counts include California out-of-state correctional facility contracted beds (COCF), community correctional facility (CCF) private contract beds, and private work furlough inmates. Jurisdiction counts for inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year include felons who are temporarily absent, such as in court, in jail, or in a hospital. The majority of temporarily absent inmates are absent for fewer than 30 days. Jurisdiction counts for unsentenced inmates include civil addicts who are enrolled for treatment and are not serving a criminal conviction sentence, but are under the jurisdiction of CDCR. California is unable to differentiate between inmates held in federal facilities and those held in other states’ facilities. The sum of offenders by race reported by California in 2014 does not match the total jurisdiction count because of differences in the data systems from which the data were extracted. Changes in design capacity are based on information from an annual facilities planning and management report. Colorado—Jurisdiction and custody counts include a small, undetermined number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less, as well as 225 males and 8 females who are part of the Youthful Offender System. Admission and release data for inmates who are absent without leave (AWOL) or who have escaped are estimated. Other admissions include returns from the Colorado State Hospital. Other releases include discharges from both the probation and youthful offender systems. Design and operational capacities do not include the privately run facilities in Colorado. Connecticut—Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Connecticut changed the way it reports inmates under jurisdiction in 2014, excluding parolees who were counted in previous NPS data and including Connecticut inmates in the custody of another state. Jurisdiction, admission, and release counts from earlier years are not comparable to 2014 data. New court commitment admissions include inmates admitted on accused status, but who received a sentence later in 2014. Counts of other types of admissions and releases include persons with legitimate types of prison entries and exits that do not match BJS categories. Legislation in July 1995 abolished the capacity 20 law, making a facility’s capacity a fluid number based on the needs of the department. The needs are dictated by security issues, populations, court decrees, legal mandates, staffing, and physical plant areas of facilities that serve other purposes or have been decommissioned. The actual capacity of a facility is subject to change. Delaware—Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Capacity counts include the halfway houses under the DOC. Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)—Data reflect inmates under BOP jurisdiction on December 27, 2014. Jurisdiction counts include inmates housed in secure private facilities where the BOP had a direct contract with a private operator, and inmates housed in secure facilities where there was a subcontract with a private provider at a local government facility. Jurisdiction counts also include inmates housed in jail or short-term detention and others held in state-operated or other nonfederal secure facilities. Counts include 9,480 inmates (8,181 males and 1,299 females) held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections centers or halfway houses and 3,473 offenders on home confinement (3,006 males and 467 females). A total of 63 male and 4 female juveniles were held in contract facilities; these inmates were included in the jurisdiction totals but excluded from the counts of private, locally operated, or federally operated facilities. Some of these juveniles are under the jurisdiction of U.S. probation but are being housed in the custody of the BOP in contract facilities. Due to information system configuration, Asians and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are combined, and inmates of Hispanic origin are included in the race categories. On December 27, 2014, the BOP held 68,128 male and 4,363 female inmates of Hispanic origin. Other admissions include hospitalization and treatment. Parole violation counts combine those with and without a new sentence. Expirations of sentence include good-conduct releases that usually have a separate and distinct term of supervision, and releases from the residential drug abuse treatment program. Other releases include court-ordered terminations, compassionate release, and releases based on the amount of time served. The BOP population on December 31, 2014, was 169,840 inmates (excluding contracted and private facilities), and the rated capacity on that date was 132,731. The crowding rate was 28%. Florida—In 2014, three inmates received other unconditional releases through vacated sentences. Other conditional releases include provisional release supervision, conditional medical release, program supervision, mandatory conditional, and parole reinstatement. Other releases include exits due to fraudulent court orders. Because the count of noncitizen inmates is based on citizenship status, as opposed to the method employed prior to 2013 which made the determination based on country of birth, 2014 statistics are comparable only to 2013. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 Georgia—Females are not housed in privately operated correctional facilities in Georgia. Subtotals of race, sex, sentence length for jurisdiction, and custody counts were adjusted by the Georgia DOC using interpolation to match the overall totals. Counts of admissions and releases were adjusted using interpolation to balance the jurisdictional populations on January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014. Hawaii—Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. In custody and jurisdiction counts, sentenced felon probationers and probation violators are included with the counts of prisoners with a total maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Jurisdiction counts include dual-jurisdiction (state of Hawaii or federal) inmates currently housed in federal facilities and in contracted federal detention center beds. Hawaii does not have a rated capacity for its integrated prison and jail system. Information on foreign nationals held in correctional facilities was based on self-reports by inmates. Idaho—Due to improvements in data extraction methods, Idaho shows substantial changes in the counts of new court commitment, parole violation, and other conditional release violation admissions from previous years. Idaho defines rated capacity as 100% of maximum capacity. In 2014, the Idaho DOC took over operation of a prison that had previously been operated by a private corporation. Illinois—All population counts are based on jurisdiction. Jurisdiction and custody population and admission and release counts for inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number of inmates with a 1-year sentence. Counts of escape admissions and releases include one escape from a minimum security facility, with the remaining escapes occurring at adult transition centers. Other admission and release types include an undetermined number of transfers to other jurisdictions, and the net difference between long-term admissions and release movements not reported in other categories but required to balance yearend populations. Indiana—Other types of admissions include inmates on active supervision or who were admitted for prior charges. Indiana reported changes to its 2013 admissions counts during 2014. See the CSAT-Prisoners web tool (http://www.bjs.gov/index. cfm?ty=nps) for updated information. Iowa—In 2009, the Iowa DOC began including offenders on work release, the operating while intoxicated population, and Iowa inmates housed in out-of-state prisons in its jurisdiction counts. Iowa data included in BJS reports prior to 2009 were custody counts only. The admission and release data quality and methodology were updated in 2013; therefore, changes from previous years’ counts may reflect these updates. Counts of AWOL admissions and releases are of the work release and operating while intoxicated populations. Escape admissions and releases are of the prison population only. Transfer admissions include those entering from other jurisdictions with an Iowa prison sentence. Other conditional releases include sex offenders released to special sentences. 21 Kansas—Custody and jurisdiction counts reported for 2014 are not comparable to previous years’ counts. Prior to 2014, actual time of incarceration, instead of sentence length, was used to differentiate persons sentenced to 1 year or less from those sentenced to serve more than 1 year. The number of conditional releases will fluctuate from year to year. Kansas DOC considers releases to be any time an individual leaves a facility to return to the community, enter another program, or make a court appearance. Kentucky—Other types of admissions include special admissions. Other types of conditional prison releases include exits to home incarceration. Louisiana—Jurisdiction and capacity counts are correct as of December 30, 2014. Other types of unconditional releases include court orders and releases for good time with no supervision. Other conditional release types include reinstatement to probation. Other types of release include supervised and compassionate releases. Maine—Counts of inmates age 17 or younger reflect only those held in adult correctional facilities. Maryland—Due to an information systems upgrade, Maryland was able to provide only custody, jurisdiction, private prison, and local facility counts to BJS in 2014. BJS assumed that the percentage of offenders in federal facilities and in other states' facilities was the same in 2014 as in 2013. Likewise, BJS assumed that the offender distribution by race, prison capacity, percentage of offenders age 17 or younger, and the percentage of non-U.S. citizens were the same in 2014 as in 2013. Because the system used to report Maryland data in 2013 did not capture Hispanic origin, BJS could not impute the number of Hispanics under state jurisdiction. Based on the decrease in the jurisdiction population from 2013 to 2014, BJS assumed that the total number of admissions was the same in 2014 as in 2013 and adjusted the number of releases for 2014 to balance the population size change. The distribution of admission and release types were assumed to be the same in 2014 as in 2013. Because the system used to report Maryland data in 2013 did not distinguish between AWOL and escape releases, BJS could only impute the total of AWOL and escape releases for 2014. Massachusetts—By law, offenders in Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms of up to 2.5 years in locally operated jails and correctional institutions. This population is excluded from the state count but is included in published population counts and rates for local jails and correctional institutions. Jurisdiction counts exclude approximately 2,630 inmates (2,511 males and 119 females) in the county system (local jails and houses of correction) who are serving a sentence of more than 1 year, but these inmates are included in imprisonment rate calculations at the request of the Massachusetts DOC. Jurisdiction and custody counts may include a small but undetermined number of inmates who were remanded to court; transferred to the custody of another state, federal, or P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 locally operated system; or subsequently released. In 2014, there was a continued increase in inmates transferred to local jails prior to their release from prison as part of a step-down initiative for reentry. Other types of admissions include returns from court release. Other unconditional releases include court releases. Michigan—Due to an information systems upgrade, the Michigan DOC had to modify its statistical techniques to obtain much of the data reported in this survey. The numbers reported are solidly in line with previous trends which have remained stable over several years, but some detailed measures, including type of admission and race, were estimated based on previous trends. Michigan’s database system treats Hispanic as an ethnicity rather than a race. Because this is currently an optional field, the numbers for Hispanics are significantly underreported, and the state included them in the white race category. Releases to appeal or bond, and admissions of inmates returning from appeal or bond, are not disaggregated by length of time out to court. These counts represent the net difference between all movements to and from court. Operational capacity is institutional net capacity. Minnesota—Jurisdiction counts include inmates temporarily housed in local jails, on work release, or on community work crew programs. The count of inmates under the jurisdiction of the Minnesota DOC in the custody of federal and other states' facilities increased from 2013 to 2014 due to database upgrades. Admissions and releases due to AWOL or escape, returns from or releases to appeal or bond, and releases because of transfer are not included in Minnesota’s database file. Minnesota measures only operational capacity. Mississippi—Mississippi’s prison population decreased in 2014 because the state parole board released more nonviolent offenders and placed some on house arrest. These actions demonstrate that the Mississippi DOC is moving more toward community-based supervision rather than imprisonment. Jurisdiction counts of local facilities include both local county jails and county regional facilities. Violators of parole and conditional release are not distinguished by their sentence status in the Mississippi file. Other types of admission and release data include corrections to data because of a lag in processing. Total operational capacity on December 31, 2014, was 26,008. Missouri—Offenders reported to have a total maximum sentence of 1 year or less have a sentence of exactly 1 year. Other types of unconditional releases include resentenced completions, court-ordered discharges, and compensation. Other types of conditional releases include parole board holdover returns. The Missouri DOC does not have the design capacity of its older prisons, nor does it update design capacity for prison extensions or improvements. Missouri does not use a rated capacity. The state defines operational capacity as the number of beds available, including those temporarily offline. Noncitizen data are based on self-reported place of birth. 22 Nebraska—By statute, inmates are housed where they are sentenced by the judge and are not housed in local jails or by another state to ease prison crowding. Other admissions and other conditional releases reflect movements in the population of the reentry furlough program. Nebraska defines operational capacity as its stress capacity, which is 125% of design capacity for designated facilities. The total design and operational capacities for institutions that house females include one female multicustody facility. The department operates two coed facilities that represent a design capacity of 290 and are counted in the male design and operational capacities. Nevada—Other admission types in 2014 included safekeepers and inmates located out of state serving concurrent sentences for Nevada and another state. Nevada did not submit NPS data in 2013. See Methodology in Prisoners in 2013 (BJS web, September 2014, NCJ 247282) for a description of the 2013 data imputation procedure. New Hampshire—Other admission types include admissions from probation. Other conditional releases include releases to home confinement. New Hampshire’s operating capacity is defined as the inmate population on any given day. New Jersey—Population counts for inmates with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year include inmates with sentences of a year. The New Jersey DOC has no jurisdiction over inmates with sentences of less than 1 year or over unsentenced inmates. Reporting of other conditional releases includes those to an intensive supervision program, while other types of unconditional releases include vacated and amended sentences ordered by the courts. New Jersey data for escapes do not differentiate between inmates disappeared from confined walls and those who disappear while out of institutions. Other releases include inmates brought too soon from the county jails into the state prison system then released back to the county jails, and other transfers. New Mexico—New Mexico does not include its inmates housed in other states under the interstate compact agreement in its total jurisdiction count. According to BJS definitions, these inmates should be included in the total state jurisdiction and were in this report. The count of noncitizens includes inmates in both state-run and private facilities. New York—Other admissions include the return to prison of persons erroneously discharged. North Carolina—As of December 1, 2011, North Carolina prisons no longer house misdemeanor offenders with sentences of less than 180 days. Captured escapees are not considered a prison admission type in North Carolina, and escape is not considered a type of prison release. Supervised mandatory releases are post-release offenders. Post-release supervision is defined as a reintegration program for serious offenders who have served extensive prison terms. This form of supervision was created by the Structured Sentencing Act of 1993. Rated capacity is not available. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 North Dakota—In 2013, North Dakota erroneously added females housed in private facilities into their custody count. Data presented in this report have been updated. Ohio—Population counts for inmates with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number of inmates with a sentence of 1 year or less. Admissions of parole violators without a new sentence include only formally revoked violators. Other unconditional releases include vacated sentences. Escapes include nonconfinement escapes. Returns and conditional releases involving transitional-control inmates are reported only after movement from confinement to a terminal release status occurs. The count of noncitizens excludes inmates housed in privately operated facilities. Oklahoma—In March 2014, an initiative was made to relieve county jail backups and to house the offenders in DOC facilities, which has resulted in increases to the number of admissions and releases and to the prison population. Jurisdiction counts include offenders in a DOC jail program, those in court, escapees in the custody of local jails, and those sentenced to the DOC but not yet in custody. Prior to 2013, those not yet in custody were not included in the counts. Most inmates with sentences of less than 1 year were part of the Oklahoma Delayed Sentencing Program for Young Adults. Offenders in the custody of other states are mostly escapees. Only DOC facilities are included in the capacity counts. Noncitizen status is determined by country of birth. Oregon—Most offenders with a maximum sentence of less than 1 year remain under the custody of local counties rather than the Oregon DOC. Oregon does not recognize rated capacity. Pennsylvania—Other types of unconditional releases include vacated sentences and convictions. Other releases include releases to the state hospital. Rhode Island—Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Jurisdiction counts include inmates who have dual jurisdiction, or those serving Rhode Island sentences out of state while also serving that state’s sentence. The Rhode Island data system records Hispanic origin as a race rather than an ethnicity and does not capture Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders or persons identifying as two or more races, including those who may identify themselves as Hispanic second to another race. Prison admissions classified as escape returns include admissions under home confinement, serving out of state, and minimum-security facilities. Rhode Island DOC’s data system cannot differentiate between parole violation admissions with and without new sentences. Other types of unconditional releases consist of court-ordered discharges, while other types of conditional releases include discharge to the Institute for Mental Health. 23 South Carolina—The December 31, 2014, custody count of unsentenced individuals includes Interstate Compact Commission inmates. As of July 1, 2003, the South Carolina Department of Corrections (SCDC) began releasing inmates due for release and housed in SCDC institutions on the first day of each month. Since January 1, 2015, was a holiday, inmates eligible for release on January 1 were released on December 31, 2014. Therefore, the inmate count was at its lowest point for the month on December 31, 2014. All inmates in private facilities in South Carolina were housed in private medical facilities. The local facilities holding inmates on December 31, 2014, included designated facilities and persons AWOL to county or local facilities. South Carolina does not have a specific race code to designate persons identifying as two or more races. These individuals are included in other specific race groups or labeled as other race. Other types of unconditional releases consist of remands. Conditional release counts include inmates released under community supervision after serving 85% of their sentence under truth in sentencing. Other release types include persons who are resentenced. There are two paroling authorities within the adult correctional system in South Carolina. The Intensive Supervision Administrative Release Authority of SCDC assumed Youthful Offender Act (YOA) Parole Board duties on February 1, 2013; prior to that, the Youthful Offender Branch of SCDC handled YOA paroles. SCDC paroled 1,098 offenders sentenced under the YOA, and the South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services paroled 628 non-YOA sentenced offenders. South Carolina uses the operational capacity concept in its management reports and other requested surveys. South Dakota—Custody and jurisdiction counts of inmates serving a maximum sentence of 1 year or less include those under the sentence of probation who, as a condition of probation, must serve up to 180 days in state prison. In 2014, South Dakota updated its 2013 jurisdiction counts to include offenders serving concurrent sentences elsewhere. South Dakota does not separate discretionary and presumptive parole releases. Parole detainees are now included in the counts of other admission and other release types. Prior to 2014, these persons had not been included. The operational capacity reported is planned capacity. South Dakota does not have rated or design capacities. The reporting system for the South Dakota DOC does not have a category for inmates of two or more races. These inmates are included in the counts of other race prisoners. Texas—Offenders in custody were all offenders serving time in a facility owned and operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice at the time of data collection. Jurisdiction counts include offenders in custody and those held in privately operated prisons, intermediate-sanction facilities, substance abuse felony punishment facilities, and halfway houses; offenders temporarily released to a county for less than 30 days; and offenders awaiting paperwork for transfer to state-funded custody. Capacities exclude county jail beds because they do not have a minimum or maximum number of beds available for paper-ready and bench-warrant inmates. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 Admissions and releases include offenders received into an intermediate-sanction facility, which is a sanction in lieu of revocation. These offenders were counted in the parole violator category, although these were not revocations. Other conditional releases include discretionary mandatory releases. Other admission and other release types include transfers between divisions and adjustments. Executions are included in other releases. Utah—Other types of unconditional release include discharges of cases or inmate holds. Vermont—Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Vermont does not have the ability to record persons identifying as two or more races. Other types of conditional releases include furlough reintegration. Other releases include vacated sentences. Virginia—Jurisdiction counts were for December 31, 2014. As of September 1, 1998, the state is responsible for inmates with a sentence of 1 year or more, or a sentence of 12 months plus 1 day. Prior to September 1, 1998, the state had been responsible for a 1-year sentence, while local authorities were responsible for sentences of 12 months or less. Prior to 2013, the count of inmates housed in local facilities was taken from Compensation Board reports. Starting in 2013, these counts were obtained from DOC data. Pacific Islanders are included in the Asian race category. Admissions and releases are preliminary fiscal year 2014 figures. Other types of conditional releases include conditional pardons or clemency, conditional release of a sexually violent predator, and geriatric parole. Other releases include authorized temporary and court-ordered releases. In prior years, the Virginia DOC reported capacity under its definition of authorized capacity, which included aspects of both the BJS definition of rated capacity and took into account the number of inmates that could be accommodated based on staff, programs, services, and design. In 2014, the agency reviewed how it was reporting capacity and determined that for this survey, it would report capacity under the definitions of operational and design to be consistent with capacity figures reported in other documents. The figures do not include 35 beds assigned to institutional hospitals that cannot be designated as only male or only female and does not include Detention and Diversion Centers. Washington—The counting rule for offenders under Washington DOC custody changed in 2014 with the addition of several different facility codes that had previously been excluded, including those in violator facilities and work release programs. Jurisdiction counting methods did not change. Offenders sentenced to 1 year or less and unsentenced offenders generally reside in county jails, but revisions to law allow certain inmates with sentences of less than 1 year to be housed in prison. These inmates are included in the total jurisdiction counts. Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are included in the Asian race category. Admissions and releases increased due to the implementation of swift and certain sanctions for violation behavior, where an offender is arrested 24 on the spot for violations and is sanctioned to 1 to 3 days of confinement. Other unconditional releases include vacated sentences. West Virginia—Other types of admissions and releases included those to and from the Anthony Center for Young Adults and Diagnostics. Other types of unconditional releases included court-ordered releases. Wisconsin—Custody measures include inmates without Wisconsin sentences who were physically housed in a Wisconsin prison. Jurisdiction measures include inmates with Wisconsin sentences, regardless of where they are physically located. Counts for 2014 were calculated using the same methodology as in 2013, but because the data were extracted in January 2015 (compared to April 2014 for the 2013 data), the values are not comparable because there were more inmates with unknown sentence lengths earlier in the year. Sentence length for custody and jurisdiction counts was determined by calculating the time between an inmate’s admission date and the inmate’s maximum discharge date. If the maximum discharge date was not recorded, the inmate’s mandatory release date was used. This may not accurately reflect whether the inmate was initially sentenced to 1 year P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 or less or more than 1 year. Unsentenced inmates were those who had not yet had data entered reflecting their mandatory release date and maximum discharge date. Some of these unsentenced inmates may have been sentenced, but the DOC was unable to determine the sentence length at the time they responded to NPS. This mainly affected probation offenders in the Milwaukee facility on temporary hold. Sentence length for admissions was calculated as the time between an inmate’s admission date and the inmate’s maximum discharge date, or mandatory release date if the maximum discharge date was not available. Other admissions include temporary holds, alternatives to revocation, persons admitted under the corrections compact, and erroneous releases. Sentence length for prison releases was calculated as the time between an inmate’s admission date and the actual release date, so this may not accurately reflect whether the inmate was sentenced to more than 1 year. As with the custody and jurisdiction counts, the early extraction of the 2014 data compared to the 2013 data resulted in fewer inmates admitted and released with known sentence lengths; therefore, the numbers are not comparable between years. Other releases include temporary holds and release after erroneous admissions. Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander inmates are included in the Asian category. 25 Terms and definitions Adult imprisonment rate—The number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. Average annual change—Average (mean) annual change across a specific period. Capacity, design—The number of inmates that planners or architects intended for a facility. Capacity, highest—The maximum number of beds reported across the three capacity measures: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Capacity, lowest—The minimum number of beds across the three capacity measures: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Capacity, operational—The number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services. Capacity, rated—The number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within a jurisdiction. Conditional releases—Includes discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. Conditional release violators—Re-admission to prison of persons released to discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. Custody—Prisoners held in the physical custody of state or federal prisons or local jails, regardless of sentence length or the authority having jurisdiction. Imprisonment rate—The number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages. Inmate—A person incarcerated in a local jail, state prison, federal prison, or a private facility under contract to federal, state, or local authorities. Jail—A confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency that is intended for adults, but sometimes holds juveniles, for confinement before and after adjudication. Such facilities include jails and city or county correctional centers; special jail facilities, such as medical treatment or release centers; halfway houses; work farms; and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are part of the jail’s combined function. Inmates sentenced to jail facilities usually have a sentence of 1 year or less. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont operate integrated systems, which combine prisons and jails. Jurisdiction—The legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. New court commitments—Admissions into prison of offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by court-ordered probation or parole. Parole violators—All conditional release violators returned to prison for either violating conditions of release or for new crimes. Prison—A long-term confinement facility, run by a state or the federal government, that typically holds felons and offenders with sentences of more than 1 year. However, sentence length may vary by state. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont operate integrated systems, which combine prisons and jails. Prisoner—An individual confined in a correctional facility under the legal authority (jurisdiction) of state or federal correctional officials. Sentenced prisoner—A prisoner sentenced to more than 1 year. This excludes persons sentenced to 1 year or less and unsentenced inmates. Supervised mandatory releases—Conditional release with post-custody supervision generally occurring in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing statutes. Unconditional releases—Expirations of sentences, commutations, and other unspecified unconditional releases. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 26 Methodology Started in 1926 under a mandate from Congress, the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program collects annual data on prisoners at yearend. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) sponsors the survey, and the U.S. Census Bureau serves as the data collection agent. BJS depends entirely on voluntary participation by state departments of corrections (DOC) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for NPS data. The NPS distinguishes between inmates in custody and prisoners under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a state or the BOP must hold that inmate in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction over a prisoner, the state or BOP must have legal authority over that prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is incarcerated or supervised. Some states were unable to provide counts that distinguish between custody and jurisdiction. (See Jurisdiction notes to determine which states did not distinguish between custody and jurisdiction counts.) The NPS jurisdiction counts include persons held in prisons, penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals. Counts also include prisoners who were temporarily absent (less than 30 days), in court, or on work release; housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other state or federal facilities; and serving concurrent sentences for more than one correctional authority. The NPS custody counts include all inmates held within a respondent’s facilities, including inmates housed for other correctional facilities. The custody counts exclude inmates held in local jails and in other jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, the NPS custody counts exclude inmates held in privately operated facilities. Respondents to NPS surveys are permitted to update prior counts of prisoners held in custody and under jurisdiction. Some statistics on jurisdiction and sentenced prison populations for prior years have been updated in this report. All tables showing data based on jurisdiction counts, including tables of imprisonment rates, were based on the updated and most recently available data that respondents provided. Admissions include new court commitments, parole violator returns, and other conditional release violator returns; transfers from other jurisdictions; returns of prisoners who were absent without leave (AWOL), with or without a new sentence; escape returns, with or without a new sentence; returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. For reporting purposes, BJS admission counts exclude transfers from other jurisdictions, AWOL returns, and escape returns. Releases include unconditional releases (e.g., expirations of sentence or commutations), conditional releases (e.g., probations, supervised mandatory releases, or discretionary paroles), deaths, AWOLs, escapes from confinement, transfers to other jurisdictions, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. For reporting purposes, BJS release counts exclude AWOLs, escapes, and transfers to other jurisdictions. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 The NPS has historically included counts of inmates in the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has not operated a prison system since yearend 2001. Felons sentenced under the District of Columbia criminal code are housed in federal facilities. Jail inmates in the District of Columbia are included in the Annual Survey of Jails. Some previously published prisoner counts and the percentage change in population include jail inmates in the District of Columbia for 2001, the last year of collection. Additional information about the NPS, including the data collection instrument, is available on the BJS website. Data on prisoners under the jurisdiction of U.S. territorial correctional authorities is collected separately from the state and federal NPS data, and U.S. totals in this report do not include territorial counts. Two territories, American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands, did not provide 2014 data for NPS, so older years’ data are shown in appendix table 7. Nonreporting states The Alaska state DOC did not respond to the 2014 NPS survey. BJS based 2014 jurisdiction and custody counts on a state report—2015 Recidivism Reduction Plan: Cost-Effective Solutions to Slow Prison Population Growth and Reduce Recidivism (http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_documents. asp?session=29&docid=1372)—that indicated that the January 23, 2015, prison population was 5,216 prisoners. BJS assumed that the increase in the 2014 jurisdiction counts was due to an increase in admissions and that there was no change in the number of releases from 2013 to 2014. For more details, see Jurisdiction notes. Military correctional data BJS obtains an annual aggregate count of service personnel under military jurisdiction from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, along with limited demographic and offense data. The Department of Defense disaggregates these data by the branch in which inmates served, the branch having physical custody of the inmate, and whether the inmate was an officer or enlisted. Estimating yearend counts of prison population by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin National-level estimates of the number of persons by race under the jurisdiction of state prisons on December 31, 2014, were based on an adjustment of NPS counts to comply with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of race and Hispanic origin. OMB defines persons of Hispanic or Latino origin as a separate category. Race categories are defined exclusive of Hispanic origin. OMB adopted guidelines for collecting these data in 1997, requiring the collection of data on Hispanic origin in addition to data on race. 27 Not all NPS providers’ information systems categorize race and Hispanic origin in this way. In 1991, the earliest time point in the analysis, only a few states were able to report information on Hispanic origin separately from race. BJS adjusted the NPS data on race and Hispanic origin by the ratio of the relative distribution of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in self-report inmate surveys that use OMB categories for race to the relative distribution of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in the NPS data. For this report, the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities was used to calculate the ratio used for statistics on racial distributions in 2014. The ratio obtained by comparing the within-year relative distributions by race and Hispanic origin was then multiplied by the NPS distribution in a year to generate the estimate of persons by race and Hispanic origin. Estimates of the total number of sentenced prisoners by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin on December 31, 2014, were generated by creating separate totals for federal and state prisons. For the federal estimates, each sex and race count that BOP reported to the NPS was multiplied by the ratio of the age category count within the sex and race combination in the Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP) to the FJSP total count within the sex and race combination (e.g., FJSP white males ages 18 to 19 divided by FJSP white males). The resulting product yielded the FJSP-adjusted NPS counts for each sex and race combination by age group (e.g., white male prisoners ages 18 to 19 in the federal prison system). State prison age distributions for the NPS use a similar sex and race ratio adjustment based on individual-level data from the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP). State and federal estimates were added together to obtain national estimates for yearend prison populations. Estimating imprisonment rates by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin BJS calculated age-specific imprisonment rates for each age and sex and race group by dividing the estimated number of sentenced prisoners within each age group under jurisdiction on December 31, 2014, by the estimated number of U.S. residents in each age group on January 1, 2015. BJS multiplied the result by 100,000 and rounded to the nearest whole number. Totals by sex include all prisoners and U.S. residents, regardless of race or Hispanic origin. Estimating offense distribution in the state and federal prison populations by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin BJS employed a ratio adjustment method to weight the individual-level race and Hispanic origin or sex-specific offense data from the NCRP to the state prison control totals P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 for sex and the estimated race or Hispanic origin from the NPS, which yielded a national offense distribution for state prisoners. Inmates missing offense data were excluded from the analysis prior to the weighting. Because data submission for the NCRP typically lags behind that of the NPS, state offense distribution estimates are published for the previous calendar year. Data presented in table 12 and appendix table 5 are drawn from FJSP and are limited to inmates sentenced to more than 1 year in federal custody. The data are further limited to inmates sentenced on U.S. district court commitments, District of Columbia superior court commitments, and those returned to federal custody following violations of probation (both federal and District of Columbia), parole, supervised release, or mandatory release. Due to these methodological differences, the estimates in table 12 and appendix table 5 will differ from previously published federal offense distributions presented in the FJSP web tool (http://www.bjs.gov/fjsrc/) or Federal Justice Statistics bulletins and statistical tables (http://www.bjs.gov/ index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=6). Since FJSP is a custody collection, the total count of prisoners in table 12 and appendix table 5 will differ from the jurisdiction count of prisoners reported to NPS. Prison capacities State and federal correctional authorities provide three measures of their facilities’ capacity: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Estimates of the prison populations as a percentage of capacity are based on a state or federal custody population. In general, state capacity and custody counts exclude inmates held in private facilities, although five states include prisoners held in private facilities as part of the capacity of their prison systems: Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, and Mississippi. For these states, prison population as a percentage of capacity includes inmates held in the states’ private facilities. Noncitizen inmates BJS asks state DOCs and the BOP to report the number of persons in their custody who were not citizens of the United States on December 31. While the intention is for jurisdictions to report based on inmates’ current citizenship status, a number of jurisdictions cannot provide that information, and instead report country of birth to NPS. These states are noted in appendix table 6. As this is a custody count, noncitizens held in private prison facilities or local jails under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities are not included. 28 APPENDIX TABLE 1 Admissions to and releases from state prison, 2004-2014 APPENDIX TABLE 2 Admissions to and releases from federal prison, 2004-2014 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Admissions 644,084 674,084 689,536 689,257 684,987 672,533 649,677 610,917 552,504 576,298 575,779 Releases 625,578 653,309 661,954 672,397 683,303 679,029 656,190 635,833 580,679 569,205 581,817 Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014–2014. Admissions 52,982 56,057 57,495 53,618 53,662 56,153 54,121 60,634 55,938 53,664 50,865 Releases 46,624 48,323 47,920 48,764 52,348 50,720 52,487 55,239 56,037 54,785 54,529 Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014–2014. APPENDIX TABLE 3 Percent of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2014 Age group Totala All malea Totalc 100% 100% 18–19 1.0% 1.0% 20–24 11.3 11.4 25–29 15.5 15.4 30–34 16.6 16.5 35–39 14.2 14.2 40–44 12.2 12.2 45–49 10.5 10.4 50–54 8.5 8.5 55–59 5.1 5.2 60–64 2.7 2.7 65 or older 2.3 2.3 Number of sentenced prisonersd 1,508,636 1,402,404 Whiteb 100% 0.5% 8.3 13.5 15.2 13.1 12.6 11.8 10.5 6.6 3.7 3.9 453,500 Male Blackb 100% 1.3% 13.0 15.8 16.4 14.4 11.9 10.3 8.2 4.9 2.2 1.3 516,900 Hispanic 100% 1.1% 12.3 17.2 18.5 15.8 12.4 9.1 6.4 3.7 1.9 1.5 308,700 Otherb 100% 1.7% 14.8 16.9 17.4 13.5 11.4 9.1 6.7 4.4 2.1 1.9 123,300 All femalea 100% 0.6% 10.0 17.5 18.6 14.7 12.8 10.9 7.7 3.9 1.8 1.2 106,232 Whiteb 100% 0.4% 8.3 17.3 18.8 14.7 13.4 11.1 8.1 4.0 2.1 1.5 53,100 Female Blackb 100% 0.9% 11.5 16.8 16.8 13.7 12.8 12.4 8.4 4.4 1.8 0.9 22,600 Hispanic 100% 1.1% 12.4 19.7 20.8 15.7 11.2 9.0 5.6 2.8 1.1 0.6 17,800 Otherb 100% 0.0% 8.6 18.0 18.8 14.8 13.3 10.9 7.8 3.9 1.6 1.6 12,800 Note: Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Alaska did not submit 2014 data to the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), so totals include imputed counts for this state. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. cIncludes persons age 17 or younger. dRace totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2014; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2013; and Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2004. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 29 APPENDIX TABLE 4 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2013 All inmatesa 1,325,305 704,800 165,600 18,000 166,200 181,100 132,400 41,400 255,600 139,500 50,200 10,700 27,300 28,000 208,000 47,400 160,500 146,300 51,000 25,500 69,900 10,600 Most serious offense Totalc Violent Murderd Manslaughter Rape/sexual assault Robbery Aggravated or simple assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drug Drug possession Other druge Public order Weapons Driving under the influence Other public orderf Other/unspecifiedg Male 1,233,724 670,900 155,300 15,700 164,100 173,100 124,600 38,000 229,500 132,500 41,900 10,000 19,900 25,200 186,000 41,700 144,300 137,900 49,400 23,300 65,200 9,400 Female 91,581 34,000 10,300 2,300 2,200 8,100 7,800 3,400 26,000 7,000 8,200 700 7,300 2,800 22,000 5,700 16,300 8,400 1,600 2,200 4,600 1,200 Whiteb 468,600 223,900 45,100 6,800 78,500 37,500 41,100 14,800 117,700 58,100 26,500 4,900 14,400 13,800 67,800 17,700 50,000 56,000 11,200 13,500 31,300 3,300 Blackb 497,000 282,100 68,300 3,800 39,700 98,800 54,300 17,200 81,700 48,000 17,400 2,500 7,600 6,300 79,900 18,800 61,100 51,100 24,400 3,400 23,300 2,100 Hispanic 274,200 162,300 39,000 3,100 37,300 37,100 35,700 10,000 37,100 22,700 5,900 2,600 2,500 3,400 39,900 11,400 28,400 33,400 13,900 6,700 12,900 1,400 Note: Estimates are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state correctional officials. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. cRace totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. dIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. eIncludes trafficking and other drug offenses. fIncludes court offenses; commercialized vice, morals, and decency offenses; and liquor law violations and other public-order offenses. gIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2013; and Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004. APPENDIX TABLE 5 Estimated sentenced prisoners under federal correctional authority, by most serious offense, sex, and race, September 30, 2014 Most serious offense Totalc,d Violent Homicidee Robbery Other violent Property Burglary Fraud Other property Drugf Public order Immigration Weapons Other Other/unspecifiedg All inmatesa 192,663 14,100 2,800 7,300 4,000 11,600 400 9,000 2,200 96,500 69,100 17,200 30,500 21,400 1,400 Male 180,140 13,600 2,600 7,100 3,900 9,300 400 7,100 1,800 89,100 66,800 16,700 30,000 20,200 1,300 Female 12,523 600 200 200 200 2,300 0 1,900 300 7,400 2,200 500 500 1,200 100 Whiteb 51,600 3,700 400 2,600 800 5,100 100 4,000 1,000 20,800 21,300 600 7,600 13,000 700 Blackb 71,300 7,100 1,700 4,000 1,400 4,200 300 3,100 800 37,400 22,200 300 17,700 4,300 300 Hispanic 63,700 1,300 200 600 500 1,700 0 1,500 300 36,300 24,200 16,300 4,500 3,400 200 Note: Counts are based on sentenced prisoners under federal jurisdiction regardless of sentence length. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians; Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cIncludes all sentenced inmates under federal jurisdiction regardless of sentence length. dRace totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. eIncludes murder, negligent, and nonnegligent manslaughter. fIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. gIncludes offenses not classified. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2014. APPENDIX TABLE 6 Reported state and federal noncitizen inmates and inmates age 17 or younger, by jurisdiction, December 31, 2014 Jurisdiction U.S. totalb Federalc Stateb Alabama Alaskad,e Arizona Arkansas California Coloradof Connecticutd Delawared Florida Georgia Hawaiid,g Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marylandf,h Massachusettsg Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missourif,g Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New Yorkf North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahomaf Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandd South Carolina South Dakota Tennesseef Texas Utah Vermontd Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 67,837 23,532 44,305 80 / 4,743 118 / 1,525 523 330 7,199 2,450 145 216 1,813 633 152 337 255 149 0 623 699 490 634 37 510 18 220 0 96 1,335 142 4,142 1,370 18 495 0 0 1,051 65 484 80 274 8,682 202 18 601 775 23 500 53 Noncitizen inmatesa Male 64,565 21,667 42,898 77 / 4,609 114 / 1,473 511 312 6,937 2,335 140 210 1,767 623 150 331 237 143 0 600 672 485 599 29 475 18 219 0 90 1,307 136 4,022 1,342 15 480 0 0 1,025 64 465 77 263 8,423 200 17 582 760 22 490 52 Female 3,272 1,865 1,407 3 / 134 4 / 52 12 18 262 115 5 6 46 10 2 6 18 6 0 23 27 5 35 8 35 0 1 0 6 28 6 120 28 3 15 0 0 26 1 19 3 11 259 2 1 19 15 1 10 1 Total 1,035 0 1,035 0 / 56 11 0 3 84 3 126 96 0 0 18 42 5 1 0 18 0 22 0 90 10 19 12 1 22 9 0 7 0 97 85 0 24 7 0 29 2 24 0 13 69 1 0 9 1 0 18 1 Inmates age 17 or younger Male 1,005 0 1,005 0 / 55 11 0 3 83 3 122 94 0 0 17 40 4 1 0 18 0 18 0 89 10 19 11 1 22 9 0 7 0 94 82 0 23 7 0 29 2 23 0 13 66 1 0 9 1 0 17 1 Female 30 0 30 0 / 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Note: The definition of non-U.S. citizen varies across jurisdictions. Use caution when interpeting these statistics. See Methodology. /Not reported. aUnless otherwise noted, BJS assumes that noncitizens are identified by individual jurisdictions as persons with citizenship of a country other than the United States as of December 31, 2014. bTotal U.S. and state counts of noncitizen inmates for 2014 will be lower than expected due to the exclusion of California data. California was unable to report the number of noncitizen inmates in 2013 or 2014. cThe count of noncitizens for the federal Bureau of Prisons excludes noncitizen inmates housed in private contract facilities. The federal Bureau of Prisons holds inmates age 17 or younger in private contract facilities; 67 such inmates were housed in contract facilities in 2014. dPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. eState did not submit 2014 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. Counts could not be imputed because state did not submit data for these measures to NPS in 2013. fNon-U.S. citizens are defined as foreign-born. gCitizenship based on inmate self-report. hState did not submit 2014 NPS data for these measures. Counts imputed based on percentage of noncitizen inmates and inmates age 17 or younger in 2013. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014. APPENDIX TABLE 7 Prisoners under the jurisdiction or in the custody of U.S. territories and commonwealths and prison facility capacity, December 31, 2014 Jurisdiction Total American Samoab Guam Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth of Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islandsc Jurisdiction population Sentenced to Totala more than 1 yeara 12,257 10,634 / / 721 316 175 143 10,692 9,797 669 378 Custody population Total 14,045 212 754 175 12,327 577 Rated Capacity Operational Design / 443 559 13,832 468 / … 272 13,832 355 / 443 559 14,632 550 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Custody refers to the physical location where the prisoner is held. …Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by territory. /Not reported. aDoes not include counts for American Samoa. bAmerican Samoa has not submitted National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data since 2011. The data presented here were located in the 2013 American Samoa Statistical Yearbook (http://doc.as.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/2013-Statistical-Yearbook-Final-Draft.pdf) and represent the number of persons in custody as of December 2013. cThe U.S. Virgin Islands did not submit 2014 NPS data and had inconsistent 2013 data. Data used are from 2012. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2014. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 4 | S E P T E M B E R 2015 32 The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. William J. Sabol is director. This report was written by E. Ann Carson. Todd Minton, Danielle Kaeble, Zhen Zeng, and Jennifer Bronson verified the report. Lynne McConnell and Jill Thomas edited the report. Tina Dorsey produced the report. September 2015, NCJ 248955 Celebrating 35 years NCJ248955 Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov