World Prison Population List
twelfth edition

Roy Walmsley

Introduction
This twelfth edition of the World Prison Population List gives details of the
number of prisoners held in 223 prison systems in independent countries and
dependent territories. It shows the differences in the levels of imprisonment
across the world and makes possible an estimate of the world prison
population total. The figures include both pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners
and those who have been convicted and sentenced. The information is the
latest available at the end of September 2018.
The data are presented in two parts. Part one, tables 1-5, sets out prison
population totals, rates and trends for each individual country. Part two, tables
6-8, provides data on prison population totals, rates and trends by continent,
and shows that in recent years a number of countries have recorded substantial
changes in prison population levels (some increases and some decreases).
The World Prison Population List, like the World Female Imprisonment List
(the fourth edition of which was published in November 2017) and the World
Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List (third edition published in February 2017),
complements the information held on the World Prison Brief. This is an online
database available at www.prisonstudies.org, and is updated monthly. The
Institute for Criminal Policy Research (ICPR) at Birkbeck, University of London
(www.icpr.org.uk), hosts and maintains the World Prison Brief database and
publishes the Prison Lists1.
The World Prison Population List is compiled from a variety of sources. In almost
all cases the original source is the national prison administration of the country
concerned, or else the Ministry responsible for the prison administration. Most
of the figures are recent and efforts are continually made to update them and
to obtain information on the number of prisoners in the countries on which
figures are not currently available (Eritrea, Somalia and North Korea) or are
incomplete. We welcome the assistance of readers in notifying us of the latest
figures. Care has been taken to ensure that the List is as accurate as possible
but we cannot guarantee the reliability of every figure and readers are also
invited to draw attention to any errors they notice and, if possible, to supply
corrections.
It is hoped that this edition of the World Prison Population List will be useful
for policy makers, prison administrators, academic criminologists, nongovernmental organisations, other criminal justice experts and everyone who
is interested in the extent of imprisonment. The information may prompt fresh
thought about the size of prison populations, given the high costs and disputed
efficacy of imprisonment and the fact that prison overcrowding is widespread.
1	The first five editions of the World Prison Population List (1999-2004) were published by the Research and
Statistics Directorate of the United Kingdom Home Office and the next five (2005-13) by the International
Centre for Prison Studies.

1

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Key points
CC This report shows that more than 10.74 million
people are held in penal institutions throughout
the world, either as pre-trial detainees/remand
prisoners or having been convicted and
sentenced. Figures for Eritrea, Somalia and
the Democratic People’s Republic of (North)
Korea are not available and those for China and
Guinea Bissau are incomplete (see footnote to
Table 3 concerning China). Also missing are
prisoners held under authorities not recognised
internationally and those pre-trial prisoners who
are held in police facilities and not included in
published national prison population totals. The
full total is therefore higher than 10.74 million
and is likely to be well over 11 million.

•• in the Americas the median rate for south
American countries is 233 whereas for central
American countries it is 316;
•• in Asia the median rate for countries in
southern Asia (mainly the Indian subcontinent) is 88 whereas for central Asian
countries it is 160.5;
•• in Europe the median rate for western
European countries is 81 whereas for the
countries spanning Europe and Asia (e.g. the
Russian Federation and Turkey) it is 268;
•• in Oceania the median rate is 182.5.
CC Since about the year 2000 the world prison
population total has grown by 24%, which is
about the same as the estimated increase in
the world’s general population over the same
period. There are considerable differences
between the continents, and variation within
continents. The total prison population in
Oceania has increased by 86%, that in the
Americas by 41%, that in Asia by 38% and that
in Africa by 29%; in Europe, by contrast, the
total prison population has decreased by 22%.
The European figure reflects large falls in prison
populations in Russia (45%) and also in central
and eastern Europe; the prison population in
Europe other than Russia has increased by 3%.
Particularly large rises have been recorded in
south America (175%) and south-eastern Asia
(122%).

CC There are more than 2.1 million prisoners in the
United States of America, 1.65 million in China
(plus unknown numbers in pre-trial detention
and other forms of detention), 690,000 in Brazil,
583,000 in the Russian Federation, 420,000 in
India, 364,000 in Thailand, 249,000 in Indonesia,
233,000 in Turkey, 230,000 in Iran, 204,000 in
Mexico and 188,000 in the Philippines.
CC The countries with the highest prison
population rate – that is, the number of
prisoners per 100,000 of the national
population – are the United States (655 per
100,000), followed by El Salvador (604),
Turkmenistan (552), U.S. Virgin Islands (542),
Thailand (526), Cuba (510), Maldives (499),
Northern Mariana Islands – U.S.A. (482), British
Virgin Islands (470), Rwanda (464), Bahamas
(438), Seychelles (437), Grenada (435), St
Vincent and the Grenadines (426), Guam –
U.S.A. (404) and Russian Federation (402).

CC Over the three years since the previous
edition of the World Prison Population List
was published there has been little overall
change in world prison population levels. The
known prison population of the world has
grown by 386,500 (3.7%) but the national
populations have grown by almost as much
(3.0%). Thus, the prison population level per
head of population has risen by less than 1%.
However, the global figure masks substantial
changes – both upwards and downwards – in
some countries. There have been large rises
per head of population in Cambodia (68%),
Nicaragua (61%), Egypt (53%), Philippines
(48%), Indonesia (45%), Ecuador (37%), Jordan
and Turkey (both 31%). There have been large
falls per head of population in Mexico (23%),
Romania (22%), Kazakhstan (21%), Ukraine
(19%), Japan (15%), Vietnam (11%) and the
Russian Federation (10%).

CC However, more than half of all countries and
territories (53%) have rates below 150 per
100,000.
CC The world prison population rate, based on
United Nations estimates of national population
levels, is 145 per 100,000.
CC Prison population rates vary considerably
between different regions of the world, and
between different parts of the same continent.
For example:
•• in Africa the median rate for western African
countries is 53 whereas for southern African
countries it is 244;

2

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Part 1: Prison population totals, rates and trends per country
Table 1	

AFRICA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Northern Africa
Algeria

c. 60,000

9.17

41.20m

c. 146

2000
2005
2010
2015

33,992
43,797
58,000
62,150

108
131
161
155

Egypt

c. 106,000

8.16

91.35m

c. 116

2001
2006
2011

56,587
64,378
c. 66,000

84
87
c. 83

Libya

6,187

4.14

6.24m

99

2004
2010

9,763
13,242

178
220

82,512

2.18

35.50m

232

2000
2005
2010
2015

54,288
50,933
64,877
74,039

187
167
201
214

Sudan

c. 21,000

7.17

40.57m

c. 52

2002
2009
2013

12,809
19,144
19,101

44
57
52

Tunisia

20,755

10.17

11.49m

181

2004
2009
2013

c. 26,000
26,319
25,000

c. 261
250
226

Benin

7,890

12.17

11.59m

68

2000
2006
2010
2014

4,961
5,834
6,908
7,067

71
69
73
67

Burkina Faso

7,670

31.12.16

18.90m

41

2000
2005
2010
2014

2,204
3,315
5,198
6,827

19
24
33
38

Cape Verde

1,542

31.8.17

518,000

298

1999
2010
2013

755
1,226
1,428

172
251
285

Cote d’Ivoire

16,127

12.17

24.58m

66

2002
2008
2015

10,355
11,143
12,147

62
61
52

Gambia

1,121

11.14

1.93m

58

1999
2002
2009

478
450
780

40
34
47

Ghana

15,063

30.9.18

29.44m

51

2000
2005
2010
2015

9,507
12,371
13,507
14,355

51
58
56
53

c. 3,200

2.17

12.85m

c. 25

2002
2008
2014

3,070
2,780
c. 2,500

34
27
c. 21

196*

18.2.17

1.92m

10*

Liberia

2,211

26.7.17

4.73m

Mali

5,209

.14

Mauritania

1,920

Niger

Morocco

Western Africa

Guinea (Rep. of)
Guinea Bissau

not available

47

2007
2011
2015

1,022
1,601
2,203

29
39
49

15.77m

33

2002
2009

4,040
6,700

38
49

1.16

4.13m

46

2001
2005
2010
2014

1,413
c. 815
1,700
1,768

50
c. 26
47
44

10,383

31.12.15

19.65m

53

2002
2006
2010

c. 6,000
7,381
5,337

c. 51
53
33

Nigeria

73,631

16.7.18

199.27m

37

2000
2005
2010
2015

44,450
39,006
46,586
57,313

36
28
29
32

Senegal

12,500

3.18

16.39m

76

2000
2005
2010
2014

4,894
6,417
7,300
8,630

51
59
59
58

3

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 1 (continued)	

AFRICA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

c. 1,400
2,237
3,488

c. 26
34
48

Sierra Leone

4,519

11.9.18

7.75m

58

2004
2010
2015

Togo

4,859

1.10.17

7.57m

64

2003
2010
2015

3,200
4,116
4,427

61
65
62

Angola

24,000

4.16

25.70m

93

2001
2005
2009
2013

4,000
c. 8,300
16,183
21,634

26
c. 46
78
92

Cameroon

29,341

31.12.16

24.22m

121

2002
2005
2009
2013

20,000
22,734
23,368
25,914

119
127
115
115

764

.15

4.80m

16

2005
2010

c. 1,000
1,320

c. 25
c. 29

8,000

5.15

13.57m

59

2000
2005
2010

2,385
3,416
4,775

29
34
41

Congo (Republic of)

c. 1,240

8.9.14

4.58m

c. 27

2005
2009

1,550
2,410

44
60

Dem. Rep. of Congo

c. 20,550

.15

71.25m

c. 29

2004
2010

c. 30,000
c. 22,000

c. 58
c. 35

Equatorial Guinea

c. 500

.15

799,000

c. 63

Gabon

3,373

31.12.15

1.77m

251

10.17

6,504

Central Africa

Central African Republic
Chad

not available

191

2006
2013

c. 2,750
c. 3,500

c. 195
c. 210

214,000

117

2002
2006
2010
2014

130
160
305
201

90
101
171
101

28.9.15

12.45m

52

2011

c. 8,000

c. 77

10,093

10.17

12.05m

84

2001
2005
2010
2015

9,013
7,167
9,481
8,689

130
90
100
77

191

11.17

813,000

23

2009
2013

c. 150
206

c. 22
28

Djibouti

c. 600

.16

913,000

c. 66

2000
2009
2013

c. 200
525
550

c. 27
64
63

Ethiopia

113,727

2013-14

89.56m

127

2000-01
2005-06
2010-11

62,597
72,211
104,467

94
96
124

Kenya

54,000

9.18

49.95m

108

2000
2005
2010
2015

40,010
50,000
49,757
54,631

129
141
122
119

Madagascar

20,954

7.17

25.64m

82

1999
2005
2010
2015

20,109
20,294
18,647
20,595

131
109
89
85

Malawi

14,795

18.9.17

18.42m

80

2000
2005
2010
2015

7,728
9,656
11,672
12,129

69
75
78
70

2,499

13.8.18

1.285m

194

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,635
2,547
2,449
2,072

137
209
196
163

18,185

31.12.17

29.94m

61

1999
2004
2010
2015

8,812
c. 10,000
15,303
15,203

49
c. 48
62
54

Sao Tome e Principe

South Sudan

Eastern Africa
Burundi

Comoros

Mauritius

Mozambique

4

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 1 (continued)	

AFRICA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

c. 115,000**
c. 67,000**
55,000**
54,279**

c. 1,369**
c. 702**
507**
434**

61,000**

8.17

13.14m

464**

2000
2005
2010
2015

423

4.4.18

96,865

437

2000
2005
2010
2015

c. 166
162
415
752

c. 205
196
462
805

Tanzania

31,382

12.15

54.24m

58

2000
2005
2011

45,611
46,416
38,353

135
118
81

Uganda

54,059

10.17

41.99m

129

2000
2005
2010
2015

c. 21,700
26,126
30,312
45,092

c. 92
93
91
115

Zambia

25,000

5.17

17.17m

146

2000
2005
2010
2015

11,999
14,207
16,666
18,560

116
124
128
115

Zimbabwe

19,521

1.5.17

16.27m

120

2000
2005
2010
2015

20,567
18,033
13,361
18,857

164
138
96
122

Mayotte (France)

308

1.9.18

260,750

118

2003
2008
2013

163
198
188

98
103
82

Reunion (France)

1,148

1.9.18

884,000

130

2001
2006
2011
2015

1,079
962
1,078
1,046

144
120
129
121

Botswana

4,343

2.17

2.09m

208

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,742
6,259
c. 5,063
4,108

381
333
c. 256
199

Lesotho

2,073

30.8.14

2.26m

92

2000
2005
2010

2,908
2,712
2,498

147
130
115

Namibia

c. 7,400

.16

2.51m

c. 295

2000
2004
2010

4,883
4,442
4,251

254
218
191

South Africa

158,111

4.7.17

56.50m

280

2000
2005
2010
2015

171,462
187,394
163,312
159,241

394
400
328
292

3,610

3.15

1.28m

282

2000
2005
2011

2,745
2,667
3,764

257
242
311

Rwanda

Seychelles

Southern Africa

Swaziland/eSwatini

* The Guinea Bissau total is for three prisons only. Figures for pre-trial prisoners held in police custody are not available.
** The prison population of Rwanda still includes many thousands detained in connection with the genocide of 1994.
Figures are not available for:
	 Eastern Africa: Eritrea, Somalia.

5

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 2	

AMERICAS
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

41,145

2015-16

35.94m

2,121,600

31.12.16

Bermuda (UK)

209

Greenland (Denmark)

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

114

2000-01
2005-06
2010-11

35,533
35,436
39,916

115
110
117

323.90m

655

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,937,482
2,195,471
2,270,142
2,166,600

683
739
731
672

1.15

65,500

319

2000
2004
2010

298
364
277

473
569
426

126

1.12.16

55,900

225

2000
2005
2010
2014

88
114
171
131

157
200
302
234

1,297

30.6.17

364,000

356

2000
2005
2010
2015

765
1,234
1,420
1,443

320
454
460
410

Costa Rica

19,226

1.10.17

5.14m

374

2000
2005
2010
2015

7,575
9,053
12,110
19,003

193
210
259
380

El Salvador

38,714

13.8.18

6.41m

604

2000
2005
2010
2015

7,754
12,525
24,662
32,645

132
207
399
516

Guatemala

24,386

26.9.18

17.33m

141

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,974
8,247
11,148
19,834

62
65
78
121

Honduras

18,950

21.8.17

8.77m

216

2000
2005
2010
2015

11,500
11,545
11,846
15,914

184
166
154
188

204,422

31.3.18

124.43m

164

2000
2005
2010
2015

154,765
205,821
219,027
247,488

156
195
194
205

Nicaragua

17,196

9.17

6.23m

276

2000
2005
2010
2014

6,539
6,382
c. 6,500
10,569

128
117
c. 113
175

Panama

16,183

28.3.18

4.15m

390

2000
2005
2010
2015

8,652
11,571
12,293
16,485

283
344
336
414

305

17.6.18

95,000

321

2000
2005
2010
2015

c. 170
194
295
370

c. 218
234
339
401

Bahamas

1,746

12.17

399,000

438

2000
2005
2010
2014

c. 1,400
1,500
1,322
1,396

c. 470
453
367
363

Barbados

874

3.18

291,500

300

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,411
997
910
924

527
365
324
322

57,337

5.12

11.25m

510

2003
2006

c. 55,000
c. 60,000

c. 487
c. 531

211

7.16

73,000

289

1999
2005
2010

298
282
295

426
397
415

Northern America
Canada
U.S.A.

Central America
Belize

Mexico

Caribbean
Antigua & Barbuda

Cuba
Dominica

6

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 2 (continued)	

AMERICAS
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

26,286

31.8.18

11.03m

465

9.16

10,512

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

238

2000
2005
2010
2015

14,995
12,495
20,743
24,617

173
133
208
232

107,000

435

2002
2006
2010
2014

297
334
432
484

291
324
411
457

19.5.17

10.97m

96

2000
2005
2010
2015

4,219
3,670
5,331
11,046

49
39
53
102

3,866

23.11.16

2.81m

138

2003
2007
2011
2015

4,744
4,709
4,457
3,860

178
174
161
138

St Kitts & Nevis

220

6.17

56,000

393

1999
2005
2010
2014

135
209
256
334

300
422
488
607

St Lucia

527

8.17

188,000

280

1999
2005
2010
2015

373
503
526
628

241
303
296
339

St Vincent & the
Grenadines

469

20.9.18

110,000

426

1999
2005
2010
2014

405
364
413
412

375
334
379
378

3,667

9.12.15

1.36m

270

2000
2005
2010

4,633
3,683
3,766

365
283
283

Anguilla (UK)

55

30.8.18

15,000

367

2004
2007
2010
2015

41
56
58
46

342
431
414
307

Aruba (Neth)

170

23.10.14

103,000

165

2005
2011

231
246

232
241

Cayman Is. (UK)

253

20.6.18

64,400

393

2000
2005
2010
2015

227
190
212
190

565
393
382
320

Curacao (Neth)

377

7.12.16

159,800

236

1999
2006
2010
2014

434
578
541
348

306
412
365
221

Guadeloupe (France)

970

1.9.18

449,000

216

2001
2006
2011
2015

628
718
784
907

147
162
174
202

Martinique (France)

814

1.9.18

385,000

211

2001
2006
2011
2015

608
649
885
940

156
163
225
244

10,475

7.17

3.35m

313

2000
2005
2010
2015

14,691
14,263
10,878
12,074

384
364
294
349

62

7.18

40,550

153

2002
2006
2011
2014

129
141
138
161

396
362
319
347

Virgin Is. (UK)

134

11.14

28,500

470

1999
2005
2010

43
105
117

215
457
433

Virgin Is. (USA)

577

3.13

106,700

542

2000
2005
2010

518
596
577

475
554
544

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Haiti

Jamaica

Trinidad & Tobago

Puerto Rico (USA)

Sint Maarten (Neth)

7

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 2 (continued)	

AMERICAS
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

South America
Argentina

81,975

31.12.16

44.06m

186

1999
2005
2010
2015

38,604
63,357
65,095
75,769

105
161
157
174

Bolivia

17,946

4.18

11.53m

156

2000
2005
2010
2015

8,151
6,793
9,406
13,672

95
72
92
123

Brazil

690,722

9.18

213.27m

324

2000
2005
2010
2015

232,755
361,402
496,251
698,618

132
191
249
335

Chile

42,683

31.8.18

18.30m

233

2000
2005
2010
2015

33,050
37,033
54,628
42,954

215
228
320
240

Colombia

118,708

31.8.18

49.53m

240

2000
2005
2010
2015

51,518
66,829
84,444
120,444

128
154
183
249

Ecuador

37,497

28.3.18

16.89m

222

2000
2005
2010
2014

8,029
11,971
11,800
25,902

64
87
79
162

Guyana

2,200

8.18

778,500

283

2001
2005
2010
2015

1,507
1,524
2,160
1,944

205
204
286
253

Paraguay

13,607

10.17

6.84m

199

2000
2005
2010
2015

3,219
6,282
6,197
12,741

60
108
99
191

Peru

87,995

30.6.18

32.55m

270

2000
2005
2010
2015

27,734
33,010
45,464
75,003

107
119
155
239

Suriname

c. 1,000

11.14

547,000

c. 183

2000
2005
2009

786
820
915

168
164
175

Uruguay

11,078

31.8.17

3.45m

321

2000
2005
2010
2015

4,469
6,211
8,700
9,996

135
187
257
291

Venezuela

57,096

.17

32.16m

178

2000
2005
2010
2015

14,196
19,853
40,825
49,664

58
74
140
159

726

1.9.18

291,000

249

2001
2005
2010
2015

423
600
715
701

247
293
306
259

Fr. Guiana/ Guyane (Fr)

8

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 3	

ASIA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Western Asia
3,485

.17

1.49m

234

2003
2010
2015

437
1,100
c. 3,795

57
89
c. 281

Iraq

45,000

mid-15

35.77m

126

2004
2007
2010

c. 7,000
26,472
39,130

c. 26
91
125

Israel

19,325

19.10.17

8.18m

236

2000
2005
2010
2015

9,421
16,059
20,164
21,072

158
240
270
265

Jordan

15,700

3.18

7.95m

197

2001
2005
2010
2015

5,621
6,378
8,434
11,489

115
120
129
150

Kuwait

6,000

3.18

3.82m

157

2000
2005
2010
2015

c. 3,100
c. 3,500
4,179
c. 4,000

c. 162
c. 152
140
c. 112

Lebanon

6,330

8.17

5.03m

126

2000
2005
2010
2015

4,917
6,921
5,060
6,502

154
173
117
128

Oman

1,300

.13

3.63m

36

2000
2002

2,020
1,403

92
61

Qatar

c. 1,150

.13

2.17m

c. 53

2000
2004
2008

570
465
551

96
60
38

Saudi Arabia

61,000

6.17

30.92m

197

2000
2002
2009
2013

23,720
28,612
44,600
47,000

116
131
165
161

Syria

10,599

.04

17.68m

60

2003

11,829

68

9,826

.14

9.45m

104

2001
2006
2012

c. 11,000
11,193
9,824

c. 351
229
107

c. 14,000

7.13

26.23m

c. 53

2003
2006
2010

16,252
10,415
12,409

84
49
52

Kazakhstan

33,989

20.6.18

18.25m

186

2000
2005
2010
2015

78,029
52,608
63,643
47,939

520
342
393
274

Kyrgyzstan

10,574

31.1.18

6.18m

171

2000
2005
2010
2015

20,000
16,662
9,923
9,581

402
327
183
163

9,317

12.10

7.70m

121

2001
2006

c. 11,000
10,804

c. 175
157

30,452

9.17

5.52m

552

2000
2005
2010
2013

c. 22,000
13,462
c. 26,500
30,568

c. 488
283
c. 522
583

c. 43,900

.14

29.33m

c. 150

2000
2003
2009

63,900
48,000
c. 42,000

257
188
c. 153

Afghanistan

30,000

4.17

34.00m

88

2004
2007
2010
2015

5,262
10,590
18,283
27,527

22
41
65
85

Bangladesh

88,424

13.8.18

166.97m

53

2000
2005
2010
2015

62,669
74,766
69,650
69,719

47
52
46
43

1,119

12.14

772,000

145

2011

1,001

137

Bahrain

United Arab Emirates
Yemen

Central Asia

Tajikistan
Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Southern Asia

Bhutan

9

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 3 (continued)	

ASIA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

272,079
358,368
368,998

26
32
30

India

419,623

31.12.15

1,289.7m

33

2000
2005
2010

Iran

230,000

6.17

80.91m

284

2001
2005
2010
2014

158,000
134,384
204,365
225,624

237
192
275
287

1,852

9.17

371,000

499

2000
2005
2010
2015

2,166
983
830
1,513

793
330
255
421

Nepal

18,881

6.17

29.16m

65

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,000
7,135
10,739
17,486

25
28
40
61

Pakistan

83,718

.18

196.51m

43

2000
2005
2010
2015

78,938
89,370
75,586
80,169

56
57
43
43

Sri Lanka

20,598

12.17

21.99m

94

2000
2005
2010
2015

16,412
22,114
26,984
17,996

87
111
130
83

565

mid-15

423,000

134

2000
2005
2010

333
492
379

101
136
96

Cambodia

28,414

15.12.17

16.19m

176

2000
2005
2010
2015

5,502
8,160
14,043
17,522

45
61
97
111

Indonesia

248,765

24.8.18

266.77m

93

2000
2005
2010
2015

53,399
97,671
117,863
176,754

26
44
49
68

8,201

.16

6.88m

119

2004

4,020

70

Malaysia

55,413

9.17

31.27m

177

2000
2005
2010
2015

27,358
35,644
38,387
51,184

116
138
137
169

Myanmar

79,668

.17

54.84m

145

2001
2004
2009
2013

31,648
c. 60,000
60,053
c. 60,000

64
c. 120
117
c. 113

Philippines

188,278

31.5.18

105.21m

179

2000
2005
2010
2015

79,299
90,492
95,390
135,752

102
105
103
135

Singapore

11,691

31.12.17

5.83m

201

2000
2005
2010
2015

13,791
13,644
12,852
12,394

352
299
250
219

364,288

1.9.18

69.20m

526

2000
2005
2010
2015

223,406
162,293
210,855
310,399

354
248
313
452

659

4.17

1.29m

51

2003
2009
2013

c. 320
223
429

c. 35
21
36

130,002

10.17

95.17m

137

2005
2010
2015

88,414
108,557
136,245

104
122
146

Maldives

South-Eastern Asia
Brunei Darussalam

Laos

Thailand

Timor-Leste
Vietnam

10

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 3 (continued)	

ASIA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Eastern Asia
China

1,649,804*

mid-15

1,397.0m

118*

2000
2005
2010

1,427,407*
1,565,771*
1,656,773*

111*
118*
121*

Japan

51,805

31.7.18

126.52m

41

2000
2005
2010
2015

61,242
79,052
72,975
58,497

48
62
57
46

Korea (Republic of)

55,198

31.12.17

50.80m

109

2000
2005
2010
2015

62,959
52,403
47,471
53,892

136
110
97
107

3,099

mid-17

3.05m

102

2001
2005
2010
2015

6,656
6,998
7,044
5,471

275
277
260
184

62,634

31.7.18

23.65m

265

2000
2005
2010
2015

56,676
60,122
65,311
62,899

254
264
282
268

Hong Kong (China)

8,306

30.6.18

7.43m

112

2000
2005
2010
2015

12,017
11,311
9,988
8,438

180
165
142
115

Macau (China)

1,371

30.6.18

657,800

208

2000
2005
2010
2015

847
897
929
1,280

196
185
172
198

Mongolia

Taiwan

* The China figures are for sentenced prisoners only. Figures for pre-trial detention and other forms of detention are not available; more than
650,000 were so held in 2009 (Supreme People’s Procuratorate).
Figures are not available for:
Eastern Asia: Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea

Table 4	

EUROPE
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Northern Europe
Denmark

3,635

1.9.18

5.80m

63

2000
2005
2010
2015

3,382
4,041
3,965
3,422

63
75
71
60

Estonia

2,575

24.9.18

1.32m

195

2000
2005
2010
2015

4,712
4,565
3,555
2,921

343
337
267
222

Finland

2,842

1.9.18

5.52m

51

2000
2005
2010
2015

2,855
3,888
3,291
3,068

55
74
61
56

Iceland

131

1.9.18

355,180

37

2000
2005
2010
2015

78
119
165
146

28
40
52
44

Ireland

3,816

28.9.18

4.88m

78

2000
2005
2010
2015

2,948
3,151
4,290
3,722

77
76
94
79

Latvia

3,765

1.1.18

1.93m

195

2000
2005
2010
2015

8,815
7,646
7,055
4,745

370
340
333
239

Lithuania

6,544

1.9.18

2.78m

235

2000
2005
2010
2015

14,412
8,125
8,655
8,636

410
242
275
296

11

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 4 (continued)	

EUROPE
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

2,548
3,124
3,624
3,746

57
68
74
72

Norway

3,373

5.9.18

5.32m

63

2000
2005
2010
2015

Sweden

5,979

1.10.17

10.09m

59

2000
2005
2010
2015

5,326
7,008
6,902
5,920

60
78
74
60

83,014

28.9.18

59.20m

140

2000
2005
2010
2015

64,602
75,979
84,725
85,626

124
142
153
148

UK: Northern
Ireland

1,435

28.9.18

1.88m

76

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,068
1,301
1,465
1,661

64
76
81
90

UK: Scotland

7,771

28.9.18

5.45m

143

2000
2005
2010
2015

5,869
6,792
7,806
7,744

116
133
150
144

6

avrge 17

50,225

12

2000
2005
2010
2015

9
10
10
10

20
20
20
19

Guernsey (UK)

109

28.9.18

65,900

165

2000
2005
2010
2015

59
105
75
91

94
164
114
139

Isle of Man (UK)

106

31.8.18

85,000

125

2000
2005
2010
2015

54
60
97
78

70
75
115
93

Jersey (UK)

130

28.9.18

106,500

122

2000
2005
2010
2015

130
172
177
151

150
190
183
148

Albania

5,407

8.18

2.87m

188

2001
2005
2010
2015

3,053
4,356
4,750
5,934

99
139
148
205

Andorra

52

5.3.18

75,100

69

2001
2006
2010
2015

48
30
61
52

72
37
78
67

Bosnia & Herzegovina –
Federation

1,722

31.12.14

2.35m

73

2000
2005
2010

1,041
1,435
1,714

45
62
75

Bosnia & Herzegovina –
Republika Srpska

863

31.12.17

1.30m

66

2001
2005
2010
2015

849
955
1,046
877

61
68
75
67

3,190

1.1.18

4.11m

78

2000
2005
2010
2015

2,027
3,022
4,891
3,763

45
68
110
89

710

1.9.16

852,600

83

2000
2005
2010

312
536
900

45
70
108

Greece

10,409

17.9.18

10.72m

97

2000
2005
2010
2015

7,625
8,722
11,364
11,798

70
79
102
109

Italy

59,135

31.8.18

60.41m

98

2000
2005
2010
2015

53,165
59,523
67,961
52,164

93
101
112
86

1,648

31.12.16

1.74m

95

2000
2005
2010
2015

227
1,199
1,333
1,478

11
58
61
84

UK: England &
Wales

Faeroes
(Denmark)

Southern Europe

Croatia

Cyprus*

Kosovo

12

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 4 (continued)	

EUROPE
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

1,178
1,844
2,516
3,498

59
90
122
169

2,931

1.1.18

2.08m

141

2000
2005
2010
2015

588

31.10.17

442,440

133

2001
2005
2010
2015

257
294
583
569

65
73
141
131

1,123

31.12.16

622,400

180

2000
2005
2010
2015

664
812
1,457
1,131

110
132
235
182

13,065

15.9.18

10.28m

127

2000
2005
2010
2015

12,944
12,889
11,613
14,224

126
123
110
138

3

1.1.18

33,400

-

1999
2005
2010
2015

2
1
0
2

-

10,807

1.1.18

7.00m

154

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,160
8,078
11,211
10,067

82
109
155
142

1,333

1.9.18

2.07m

64

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,148
1,159
1,304
1,392

58
58
64
68

59,087

21.9.18

46.76m

126

2000
2005
2010
2015

45,309
60,707
76,701
65,472

113
139
165
141

56

12.12.16

33,950

165

2000
2005
2010

18
27
53

67
94
180

Austria

8,692

1.9.18

8.86m

98

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,862
8,869
8,597
8,743

86
108
102
101

Belgium

10,073

18.9.18

11.46m

88

2000
2005
2010
2015

8,688
9,375
10,561
11,891

85
90
97
106

France*

65,084

1.9.18

65.14m

100

2000
2005
2010
2015

48,049
55,302
61,430
61,714

82
91
98
96

Germany

62,194

31.3.18

82.93m

75

2000
2005
2010
2015

70,252
78,664
69,385
61,737

85
95
85
76

10

1.1.16

37,600

27

1999
2005
2010

24
10
14

74
29
39

650

1.9.18

609,500

107

2000
2005
2010
2015

394
693
690
668

90
149
136
117

29

1.1.18

38,300

76

2000
2005
2010
2015

18
26
12
28

51
74
34
74

Netherlands

10,464

30.9.17

17.11m

61

2000
2005
2010
2015

13,847
21,826
15,235
10,274

87
134
92
61

Switzerland

6,863

6.9.17

8.48m

81

2000
2005
2010
2015

5,760
6,137
6,181
6,884

80
82
79
83

Macedonia (FYROM)

Malta

Montenegro

Portugal

San Marino*

Serbia

Slovenia

Spain

Gibraltar (UK)

Western Europe

Liechtenstein*
Luxembourg

Monaco*

13

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 4 (continued)	

EUROPE
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Central & Eastern Europe
Belarus

34,600

1.10.16

9.50m

364

2000
2005
2010
2014

56,590
41,538
39,627
29,776

566
426
418
314

Bulgaria

9,028

10.14

7.21m

125

2000
2005
2010

10,147
10,871
9,896

124
140
131

Czech Republic

21,806

24.9.18

10.63m

205

2000
2005
2010
2015

21,538
18,937
21,900
20,866

210
185
209
198

Hungary

16,947

1.9.18

9.77m

173

2000
2005
2010
2015

15,539
15,720
16,328
17,449

152
156
163
178

Moldova*

7,510

1.4.18

3.55m

212

2000
2005
2010
2015

9,449
9,377
6,535
7,317

260
260
183
206

Poland

73,524

31.8.18

37.98m

194

2000
2005
2010
2015

70,544
82,955
80,728
70,836

184
217
210
186

Romania

21,527

28.9.18

19.43m

111

2000
2005
2010
2015

48,267
36,700
28,244
28,334

215
173
140
143

Slovakia

10,415

1.8.18

5.45m

191

2000
2005
2010
2015

6,941
8,897
10,031
9,913

129
165
186
183

Ukraine*

56,246

1.9.18

35.9m

c. 157

2000
2005
2010
2015

218,800
188,465
147,716
73,431

443
400
323
c. 201

3,536

1.1.18

2.97m

119

2000
2005
2010
2015

7,281
2,673
4,807
3,880

236
89
162
130

23,320

1.1.18

9.93m

235

2000
2005
2010
2015

23,504
18,656
21,971
24,197

291
221
241
250

9,990

31.8.18

3.73m

268

2000
2005
2010
2015

8,349
9,688
23,684
9,716

190
220
530
261

Russian Federation

582,889

1.9.18

144.9m

402

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,060,404
763,115
864,197
671,649

729
532
609
466

Turkey

232,886

1.1.18

80.89m

288

2000
2005
2010
2015

49,512
55,870
120,814
178,089

73
77
164
226

Europe/Asia
Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia*

14

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
*	The figures for Cyprus do not include prisoners in the internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). There were
443 prisoners in TRNC in September 2017.
The figures for France are those for Metropolitan France. Those for French departments and territories in Africa, the Americas and Oceania
are shown under those continents in tables 1, 2 and 5.
The figures for Georgia do not include prisoners in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which have declared internationally unrecognised
independence from Georgia.
By agreement with Austria and Switzerland, some persons imprisoned by Liechtenstein may be held in prisons in those countries.
The figures for Moldova do not include prisoners in the internationally unrecognised territory that has declared independence from Moldova
and is known variously as Transdniestria, Transnistria or Pridnestrovie. The territory is reported to have contained 2,840 prisoners in 2014.
By agreement with France, some persons imprisoned by Monaco may be held in French prisons.
The figures for San Marino do not show prison population rates because, by agreement with Italy, most persons imprisoned by San Marino
are held in Italian prisons and the number of such prisoners is not available.
The 2015 and 2018 figures for Ukraine do not include prisoners in Crimea and Sebastopol and those areas of Donetsk and Luhansk that are
not under the control of the Ukrainian authorities.

Table 5	

OCEANIA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

Oceania
42,942

6.18

24.98m

172

2000
2005
2010
2015

21,714
25,353
29,700
36,134

114
126
135
152

1,889

9.16

900,000

210

2000
2005
2010
2015

1,185
1,113
1,097
1,591

146
135
127
178

129

mid-16

114,000

113

2000
2005
2010
2014

57
74
90
120

68
80
87
109

35

9.14

53,000

66

2003
2006
2010

c. 20
47
43

c. 38
90
83

132

31.12.14

104,000

127

2000
2005
2010

91
72
100

85
68
97

14

11.14

10,000

140

2003
2005
2010

6
3
20

60
30
200

10,435

30.6.18

4.88m

214

2000
2005
2010
2015

5,720
7,100
8,604
8,821

148
171
198
192

87

.17

22,000

395

2001
2005
2010
2015

70
97
88
72

368
485
440
343

4,945

10.16

7.83m

63

2000
2005
2010
2014

3,531
4,056
4,268
4,480

65
67
61
61

Samoa

400

12.17

195,600

204

2000
2005
2011
2015

173
247
427
501

99
137
227
258

Solomon Is.

477

mid-17

611,000

78

1999
2005
2010
2015

134
295
268
271

33
63
51
46

Tonga

176

7.14

106,000

166

2000
2005
2010

106
128
159

108
127
152

Tuvalu

11

8.14

10,000

110

2000
2005
2010

6
7
8

67
70
80

Australia

Fiji

Kiribati

Marshall Is.
Federated States of
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand

Palau

Papua New Guinea

15

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Table 5 (continued)	

OCEANIA
Prison
population
total

Date

Estimated
national
population

Prison
population
rate

Trend information
year

total

rate

46
138
187
151

25
66
80
58

Vanuatu

192

9.16

271,000

71

1999
2005
2010
2014

American Samoa (USA)

193

27.9.17

56,000

345

2000
2005
2010
2015

140
222
188
197

241
376
337
352

48

6.16

21,000

229

2000
2005
2010
2014

23
27
40
37

128
142
200
176

French Polynesia (Fr)

569

1.9.18

286,500

199

2001
2004
2007
2013

275
327
404
427

114
129
155
156

Guam (USA)

667

15.11.17

165,000

404

2000
2005
2010
2015

684
505
559
756

440
320
352
465

New Caledonia (France)

543

1.9.18

280,650

193

2001
2006
2011
2015

329
316
438
448

154
136
171
166

Northern Mariana Is.
(USA)

270

6.17

56,000

482

2000
2005
2011
2014

97
149
162
175

141
235
304
319

Cook Is. (NZ)

Sources  The figures in the above tables originate almost always from the national prison administrations. Some
were obtained indirectly, via the Ministry responsible for prisons, via national statistical offices, via United Nations
surveys, via surveys for the annual meetings of the Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators,
via the Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics (SPACE) and via U.S. State Department human rights reports.

16

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Part 2: Prison population totals, rates and trends by continent
Table 6	

World prison population levels – continental totals and rates
Prison population
totals
(latest available
at 30.9.2018)

National
populations
(at dates of prison
population totals)

Prison
population rate
(per 100,000 of
national populations)

AFRICA

1,162,440

1,200.85m

97

AMERICAS

3,787,059

1,006.42m

376

ASIA

4,164,323

4,302.61m

97

EUROPE

1,565,643

835.09m

187

64,154

40.95m

157

10,743,619

7,385.92m

145

OCEANIA

WORLD

Table 7	

World prison population levels – change since about the year 2000*

AFRICA
without Rwanda

AMERICAS
without U.S.A.

ASIA
without China & India

EUROPE

Estimated
prison
population
total at about 2000**

Latest available
prison
population
total
(at 30.9.2018)

Change in
prison
population
total
since about 2000

Change in
national populations
mid-2000 to
mid-2018
(United Nations)

902,500

1,162,440

+28.8%

+ 57.5%

787,500

1,101,440

+39.9%

2,690,300

3,787,059

+40.8%

752,818

1,665,459

+121.2%

3,023,500

4,164,323

+37.7%

1,324,014

2,094,896

+58.2%

+ 21.1%
+ 21.8%

2,013,600

1,565,643

-22.0%

without Russia

953,196

982,754

+ 3.1%

OCEANIA

34,400

64,154

+86.5%

+ 32.1%

8,664,300

10,743,619

+24.0%

+ 24.2%

WORLD

+ 4.4%

*Does not include estimates in respect of the number of prisoners in Eritrea, Somalia and North Korea. For China only the numbers of
sentenced prisoners are included.
**Some of the figures on which the totals for about the year 2000 are based are estimates and so the continental totals have been rounded to
the nearest 100.

Since about the year 2000 the world prison population total has grown by 24%, which is about the same as the
estimated increase in the world’s general population over the same period. There are considerable differences
between the continents, and variation within continents.
The growth in the African prison population is considerably less than the increase in the continent’s general
population. However, this discrepancy is heavily influenced by the figures for Rwanda. Rwanda’s prison
population is still inflated by the many thousands detained in connection with the genocide in 1994, but the
numbers have almost halved since 2000. Without the figures for Rwanda the prison population in Africa has
increased by 40% since 2000.
The change in the prison population in the Americas since 2000 is greatly influenced by the trend in the United
States, whose prison population is by far the largest but has grown much less than that of many other countries
in the continent. Without the figures for the United States, the prison population in the Americas has increased by
121% since 2000, the increase being 67% in central America and 175% in south America.
Prison population change since 2000 in Asia has varied greatly between the different parts of the continent: the
totals in south-eastern Asia and in western Asia (Middle East) rose by 122% and 102% respectively while the total
in central Asia fell by 34%. China and India with their high national populations strongly influence the overall Asian
prison population level; the Chinese prison population rose by 16% while the Indian prison population rose by
54%. Excluding these two countries the Asian prison population rose by 58%.

17

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)
Europe is the only continent that has seen a fall in prisoner numbers since 2000. The scale of the decrease is heavily
influenced by the figures for the Russian Federation: Russia’s prison population is by far the largest in Europe and has
fallen by 45%. Excluding the Russian Federation, the prison population in Europe has risen by 3% since 2000. Russia
is not the only part of Europe that has seen a large fall in the prison population: prisoner numbers in central and
eastern Europe without Russia have fallen by 45% since 2000. By contrast there has been growth in the other regions
of Europe: 7% in western Europe and northern Europe and 27% in southern Europe.
The growth in the prison population of Oceania is higher than in any other continent. It is of course dominated by
the figures for Australia, whose prison population has risen by 98% since 2000, and New Zealand whose total has
risen by 82%.

Table 8	

World prison population levels –
change since about 2015 (continents and selected countries)
Prison
population total –
latest available
at 31.10.2015

Prison population
total – latest
available
at 30.9.2018

Percentage
change in
prison population
total

Prison population
rate per 100k
of nat’l pop’n
31.10.2015

Prison population
rate per 100k
of nat’l pop’n
30.9.2018

Percentage
change in
prison population
rate

Cote d‘Ivoire

10,850

16,127

+ 49%

52

66

+ 27%

Egypt

62,000

106,000

+ 71%

76

116

+ 53%

Morocco

76,000

82,512

+ 9%

222

232

+ 5%

Nigeria

56,620

73,631

+ 30%

31

37

+ 19%

Rwanda

54,279

61,000

+ 12%

434

464

+ 7%

Uganda

45,092

54,059

+ 20%

115

129

+ 12%

Zambia

18,560

25,000

+ 35%

125

146

+ 17%

1,038,735

1,162,440

+ 12%

94

97

+ 3%
+ 16%

AFRICA
Argentina
Brazil
Ecuador
El Salvador
Mexico
Nicaragua

69,060

81,975

+ 19%

160

186

607,731

690,722

+ 14%

301

324

+ 8%

25,902

37,497

+ 45%

162

222

+ 37%
+ 23%

31,686

38,714

+ 22%

492

604

255,138

204,422

- 20%

212

164

- 23%

10,569

17,196

+ 63%

171

276

+ 61%
+ 12%

Peru

75,379

87,995

+ 17%

242

272

USA

2,217,000

2,121,600

- 4%

698

655

- 6%

3,780,528

3,787,059

+ 0.02%

387

376

- 3%

Bangladesh

69,719

88,424

+ 27%

43

53

+ 23%

Cambodia

16,497

28,414

+ 72%

105

176

+ 68%

1,657,812

1,649,804

- 0.5%

119

118

- 0.8%
+ 45%

AMERICAS

China
Indonesia

161,692

248,765

+ 54%

64

93

Japan

60,486

51,805

- 14%

48

41

- 15%

Jordan

10,089

15,700

+ 56%

150

197

+ 31%

Kazakhstan

41,333

33,989

- 18%

234

186

- 21%

Myanmar

60,000

79,668

+ 33%

113

145

+ 28%

120,076

188,278

+ 57%

121

179

+ 48%

47,000

61,000

+ 30%

161

197

+ 22%

Thailand

311,036

364,288

+ 17%

461

526

+ 14%

Vietnam

142,636

130,002

- 9%

154

137

- 11%

3,897,797

4,164,323

+ 7%

92

97

+ 5%

Belarus

29,000

34,600

+ 19%

306

364

+ 19%

Italy

52,434

59,135

+ 13%

86

98

+ 14%

Romania

28,383

21,527

- 24%

143

111

- 22%

Russian Fed.

642,470

582,889

- 9%

445

402

- 10%

Turkey

172,562

232,886

+ 35%

220

288

+ 31%

Philippines
Saudi Arabia

ASIA

Ukraine

EUROPE
Australia

OCEANIA

WORLD

71,046

56,246

- 21%

195

157

- 19%

1,585,348

1,565,643

- 1%

192

187

- 2%

35,949

42,942

+ 19%

151

172

+ 14%

54,726

64,154

+ 17%

140

157

+ 12%

10,357,134

10,743,619

+ 3.7%

144.4

145.5

+ 0.7%

18

World Prison Population List (twelfth edition)

Table 7 showed the trend in prison population levels since about the year 2000. Table 8 shows the changes since
publication of the previous (11th) edition of the World Prison Population List in 2015.
From 2015 to 2018 the known prison population of the world has increased by 386,500 (3.7%). There has been an
aggregate increase of 3.0% in the world’s general population, based on each country’s figure for the dates to which
the prison populations apply. Thus, the world prison population rate (prisoners per 100,000 of the general population)
has remained quite stable, rising from 144 to 145.
At a national level, however, prison population numbers in many countries have changed significantly and have not
stayed in line with national population trends.
Table 8 sets out examples of this. It lists the 34 countries whose prison populations increased or decreased by
more than 5,000 over the three-year period. The table shows the percentage change in each country’s total prison
population, and the percentage change in the prison population rate. It is the latter that is best used for comparison
purposes because it takes account of changes in national populations. (The 5,000 cut-off means that there will be
some small countries that are not included in the table despite having registered proportionately large changes to
their prison population levels.)
In Africa the most substantial changes have been in Egypt, where the prison population rate has risen by 53%, and
Cote d’Ivoire (rise of 27%). Other large rises occurred in Nigeria (19%), Zambia (17%) and Uganda (12%).
In the Americas the most substantial changes have been in Nicaragua (rise of 61%) and Ecuador (rise of 37%). Other
large rises occurred in El Salvador (23%), Argentina (16%) and Peru (12%). A large fall (of 23%) was recorded in
Mexico.
In Asia the most substantial changes have been in Cambodia (rise of 68%), Philippines (rise of 48%) and Indonesia
(rise of 45%). Other large rises occurred in Jordan (31%), Myanmar (28%), Bangladesh (23%), Saudi Arabia (22%)
and Thailand (14%). Large falls were recorded in Kazakhstan (21%), Japan (15%) and Vietnam (11%).
In Europe the most substantial changes have been rises in Turkey (31%), Belarus (19%) and Italy (14%), and falls in
Romania (22%), Ukraine (19%) and the Russian Federation (10%).
Finally, in Oceania the prison population rate in Australia rose by 14%. (In the next largest country in Oceania, New
Zealand, the rate rose by 10%.)

Roy Walmsley is Director of ICPR’s World Prison Brief, a comprehensive online database of information on the prison systems of
the world, which can be accessed free of charge at www.prisonstudies.org. He also researches and compiles the World Female
Imprisonment List and the World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List.

Institute for Criminal Policy Research
www.prisonstudies.org
www.icpr.org.uk

19