2017 GOVERNMENT-IN-THE-SUNSHINE MANUAL

GOVERNMENT-INTHE-SUNSHINE
MANUAL

2017 Edition
A Reference For Compliance
with Florida’s Public Records
and Open Meetings Laws

Volume 39

government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Introduction..............................................................................................................................xi
2016 Legislative Highlights......................................................................................................xii
First Amendment Foundation, Inc.......................................................................................... xiv
PART I
GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE LAW
A.	SCOPE OF THE SUNSHINE LAW ...............................................................................1
B.

WHAT ENTITIES ARE COVERED BY THE SUNSHINE LAW? APPLICATION OF
THE SUNSHINE LAW TO:.............................................................................................1
1.	Advisory boards..........................................................................................................1
a.	Advisory boards created by a single public official...............................................2
b. Fact-finding committees.....................................................................................2
c.	Staff committees.................................................................................................3
2. Candidates or members-elect......................................................................................5
a. Candidates.........................................................................................................5
b.	Members-elect....................................................................................................5
3. Commissions created by the Florida Constitution......................................................5
4. Ex officio board members............................................................................................5
5. Federal entities...........................................................................................................6
6.	Governor and Cabinet................................................................................................6
7.	Individual board members..........................................................................................7
a. Delegation of authority to single individual........................................................7
b.	Individual board member meeting with a member of another public board........8
c.	Mayor meeting with city commissioner or city council member.........................9
d.	Use of nonboard members or staff to act as liaisons or to conduct a de facto
meeting of the board..........................................................................................9
8. Judiciary...................................................................................................................10
a. Criminal proceedings.......................................................................................11
b. Civil proceedings..............................................................................................11
c. Depositions......................................................................................................12
d. Florida Bar grievance proceedings.....................................................................12
e.	Grand juries.....................................................................................................12
f. Judicial nominating commissions/Judicial Qualifications Commission.............13
g.	Mediation proceedings.....................................................................................13
(1) Court-ordered mediation.........................................................................13
(2)	Other mediation proceedings...................................................................14
h.	Statutes providing for closed court proceedings................................................14
(1)	Adoption..................................................................................................14
(2) Dependency.............................................................................................14
(3)	Guardian advocate appointments.............................................................14
(4)	HIV test results........................................................................................14
(5) Pregnancy termination notice waiver........................................................14
(6)	Termination of parental rights..................................................................14
(7)	Victim and witness testimony in certain circumstances ............................15
9.	Legislature................................................................................................................15
10.	Married couple serving on the same board...............................................................16
11. Private organizations................................................................................................16
a. Private entities created pursuant to law or by public agencies............................16
b. Private entities providing services to public agencies.........................................16
c.	Application of the Sunshine Law to specific private entities..............................17
(1) Direct-support organizations....................................................................17
(2)	Economic development organizations......................................................18
(3)	Homeowners’ associations........................................................................18

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(4) Political parties.........................................................................................18
(5)	Volunteer fire departments.......................................................................18
12.	Staff member or public official also serving as member of public board....................19
C.

WHAT MEETINGS OF MEMBERS OF BOARDS ARE COVERED? APPLICATION
OF THE SUNSHINE LAW TO: ...................................................................................19
1. Board members attending meetings or serving as members of another
public board.............................................................................................................19
2. Board member meeting with his or her alternate......................................................20
3. Community forums sponsored by private organizations ..........................................20
4. Confidential records discussions ..............................................................................21
5.	E-mail, text messages, and other written communications between
board members.........................................................................................................21
6. Fact-finding or inspection trips.................................................................................23
7.	Informal discussions, workshops, organizational sessions, election of officers............23
8.	Investigative meetings...............................................................................................24
9. 	Litigation meetings...................................................................................................24
a.	Settlement negotiations or strategy sessions related to litigation expenditures...25
(1)	Strict compliance with statutory conditions..............................................25
(2) Permitted discussions during closed session..............................................26
(3)	Entity involved in pending litigation.........................................................27
(4) Persons authorized to attend closed session...............................................27
(5) Determination of “conclusion” of the litigation........................................28
b.	Risk management exemption...........................................................................29
10. Personnel matters.....................................................................................................29
a. Collective bargaining discussions......................................................................29
(1)	Strategy sessions.......................................................................................29
(2)	Negotiations.............................................................................................30
b. Disciplinary, grievance, and complaint review proceedings...............................30
c.	Evaluations.......................................................................................................31
d.	Selection and screening committees..................................................................32
11. Purchasing meetings.................................................................................................32
12. Quasi-judicial matters, proceedings, or hearings.......................................................33
13. 	Real property negotiations........................................................................................33
14. 	Security meetings.....................................................................................................34
15. 	Social events.............................................................................................................34
16. 	Telephone conversations and meetings.....................................................................34
a. Private telephone conversations........................................................................34
b.	Authorization to conduct and participate in public meetings via telephone,
video conferencing, or other electronic media...................................................35
(1)	State boards..............................................................................................35
(2) 	Local boards.............................................................................................35
(a) Meetings.....................................................................................35
(b) Workshops..................................................................................35

D.	NOTICE AND PROCEDURES ....................................................................................36
1.	Agenda.....................................................................................................................36
2.	Location of meetings................................................................................................37
a. Facilities that discriminate or unreasonably restrict access ................................37
b.	Luncheon meetings..........................................................................................37
c.	Out-of-town meetings......................................................................................37
d.	Size of meeting facilities...................................................................................38
3.	Minutes....................................................................................................................39
a.	Scope of minutes requirement..........................................................................39
b. Content of minutes..........................................................................................39

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c.	Tape recording or Internet archive as minutes..................................................39
d.	Use of transcript as minutes..............................................................................40
4.	Notice requirements.................................................................................................40
a.	Reasonable notice.............................................................................................40
b.	Notice requirements when meeting adjourned to a later date...........................41
c.	Notice requirements when board acting as quasi-judicial body or taking action
affecting individual rights.................................................................................41
d. Paid advertising requirements and additional notice provisions imposed by
other statutes, codes, or ordinances...................................................................41
5. Public comment.......................................................................................................42
6.	Restrictions on public attendance ............................................................................43
a. Cameras and tape recorders..............................................................................43
b.	Exclusion of certain members of the public......................................................43
c.	Inaudible discussions........................................................................................44
7. 	Time and length of meeting.....................................................................................44
8.	Use of codes or preassigned numbers in order to avoid identifying individuals.........44
9.	Voting......................................................................................................................45
a.	Abstention........................................................................................................45
b. Proxy votes.......................................................................................................45
c.	Roll call votes...................................................................................................45
d. Written or secret ballots....................................................................................46
E.	STATUTORY EXEMPTIONS........................................................................................46
1. Creation and review of exemptions...........................................................................46
2.	Exemptions are narrowly construed..........................................................................46
3.	Effect of statutory exemptions..................................................................................47
a.	Notice requirements.........................................................................................47
b.	Attendance at closed meetings..........................................................................47
c. Disclosure of matters discussed at closed meetings............................................48
4.	Special act exemptions..............................................................................................48
F.	REMEDIES AND PENALTIES......................................................................................48
1. Criminal penalties....................................................................................................48
2.	Removal from office.................................................................................................48
3.	Noncriminal infractions...........................................................................................48
4.	Attorney’s fees..........................................................................................................49
5. Civil actions for injunctive or declaratory relief........................................................50
6.	Validity of action taken in violation of the Sunshine Law and subsequent
corrective action.......................................................................................................51
7. Damages..................................................................................................................53
PART II
PUBLIC RECORDS
A.	SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT.................................................................53
B.

WHAT ENTITIES ARE COVERED? APPLICATION OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS
ACT TO:.........................................................................................................................54
1.	Advisory boards........................................................................................................54
2. Private organizations................................................................................................55
a. Private entities created pursuant to law or by public agencies............................55
b. Private entities contracting with public agencies or receiving public funds........55
(1) “Totality of factors” test ...........................................................................56
(2) “Delegation of function” test....................................................................57
c. Private company delegated authority to keep certain records............................59

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d.	Subcontractors.................................................................................................59
e.	Other statutory provisions governing records of private entities........................59
(1) Contract requirements..............................................................................59
(2)	Legislative appropriation..........................................................................60
(3) Public funds used for dues........................................................................60
3. Judiciary...................................................................................................................60
a. Public Records Act inapplicable to judicial records...........................................60
b. Public access to and protection of judicial branch records, Fla. R. Jud.
	Admin. 2.420...................................................................................................60
(1)	Scope of the rule......................................................................................60
(2) Confidential judicial records.....................................................................61
(3) Procedures for accessing judicial branch records under rule 2.420............61
c. Discovery material............................................................................................62
d. Florida Bar.......................................................................................................63
e. Judicial Qualifications Commission and judicial nominating commissions......63
f. Jury records......................................................................................................63
(1)	Grand jury...............................................................................................63
(2)	Trial jury..................................................................................................64
g.	Sunshine in Litigation Act................................................................................64
4.	Legislature................................................................................................................65
5.	Governor and Cabinet..............................................................................................65
6. Commissions created by the Constitution................................................................66
C.

WHAT RECORDS ARE COVERED? APPLICATION OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS
ACT TO:.........................................................................................................................66
1.	Adoption and birth records......................................................................................67
2.	Autopsy and death records.......................................................................................67
a.	Autopsy reports................................................................................................67
b.	Autopsy photographs and recordings................................................................67
c. Photographs, video, and audio recordings that depict or record the killing of a
law enforcement officer....................................................................................68
d. Death certificates..............................................................................................68
3. Child and vulnerable adult abuse and protection records..........................................68
a. Department of Children and Families abuse records.........................................68
(1) Confidentiality of abuse records...............................................................68
(2)	Release of abuse records............................................................................69
b. Foster home, licensure, and quality assurance records.......................................70
c.	Guardians ad litem and court monitors............................................................70
d.	Status of abuse records held by law enforcement agencies.................................70
4. Direct-support organizations....................................................................................70
5. Domestic violence and stalking records....................................................................71
6. Drafts and notes.......................................................................................................72
7.	Education records.....................................................................................................74
a. Charter schools................................................................................................74
b.	Student records................................................................................................74
c. Children in government-sponsored recreation programs...................................75
d.	Testing materials..............................................................................................75
8.	Election records........................................................................................................75
a. Ballots..............................................................................................................75
b.	Voter registration and voter records..................................................................76
9.	Electronic and computer records..............................................................................76
a. 	Electronic databases and files............................................................................76
b. Consideration of public access in design of electronic recordkeeping system.....77
c.	E-mail..............................................................................................................77
d. Facebook..........................................................................................................78

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e.	Text messages...................................................................................................78
f.	Twitter.............................................................................................................78
10.	Emergency records...................................................................................................78
a.	Emergency “911” records.................................................................................78
b.	Emergency evacuation plans.............................................................................79
c.	Emergency medical services records..................................................................79
d.	Emergency notification....................................................................................79
e.	Emergency planning information furnished to Division of Emergency
Management....................................................................................................79
f.	Special needs registry........................................................................................80
11. Financial records......................................................................................................80
a.	Audit reports....................................................................................................80
(1)	Auditor General audits.............................................................................80
(2)	Local government audits..........................................................................80
(3)	State agency inspector general audits........................................................81
b. Bids, proposals, and financial statements..........................................................81
c. Budgets............................................................................................................82
d.	Economic development records........................................................................82
(1) Business location or expansion plans........................................................82
(2) Convention center booking business records............................................83
e.	Ownership records for registered public obligations.........................................83
f. Personal financial records..................................................................................83
(1) Bank account, debit, and credit card numbers..........................................84
(2) Consumer financial information...............................................................84
(3) Financial information submitted by state licensure applicants..................84
(4)	Temporary cash assistance program participant........................................84
(5)	Toll payment personal identifying information.........................................84
(6)	Utility payment records............................................................................84
g.	Taxpayer records...............................................................................................84
12. Firearms records.......................................................................................................85
13.	Hospital and medical records...................................................................................85
a. Communicable or infectious disease reports.....................................................85
b.	Hospital records...............................................................................................86
(1) Public hospitals........................................................................................86
(2) Private hospitals/private organizations operating public hospitals.............87
c. Patient and clinical records...............................................................................87
(1) Patient and clinical records generally........................................................87
(2) Disclosure of patient records....................................................................87
d.	Emergency medical services..............................................................................88
e.	Hospital employees..........................................................................................88
14.	Investigative records of non-law enforcement agencies..............................................88
a.	Investigative records generally...........................................................................88
b.	Statutory exemptions........................................................................................89
(1) Discrimination investigations...................................................................89
(2)	Employee misconduct investigations........................................................90
(3)	Ethics investigations.................................................................................90
(4)	Local government inspector general investigations....................................90
(5)	State inspector general investigations........................................................91
(6)	State licensing investigations.....................................................................91
(7) Whistle-blower investigations...................................................................91
(a) Whistle-blower identity....................................................................91
(b)	Active investigations.........................................................................92
15.	Law enforcement records..........................................................................................93
a.	Arrest and crime reports and the exemption for active criminal investigative
and intelligence information ............................................................................93

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(1)	Arrest and crime reports...........................................................................93
(2) Purpose and scope of exemption...............................................................93
(3) Definition of active criminal investigative or intelligence information......94
(4)	Information that is not considered to be criminal investigative or
intelligence information and must be released unless some other
exemption applies.....................................................................................94
(5)	Records released to the defendant.............................................................95
(6)	Active versus inactive criminal investigation or intelligence information...97
(a)	Active criminal investigative information..........................................97
(b)	Active criminal intelligence information...........................................98
(c) Pending prosecutions or appeals.......................................................98
(7) Criminal defendant’s public records request .............................................99
(8) Disclosure of active criminal investigative information to the public........99
(9) Disclosure of active criminal investigative information to another
criminal justice agency.............................................................................99
(10)	Records containing both active criminal investigative information and
non-exempt information........................................................................101
(11) Criminal investigative or intelligence information received from other
states or the federal government.............................................................101
(12) Criminal investigative or intelligence information received prior to
January 25, 1979....................................................................................101
b. “Baker Act” reports prepared by law enforcement officers...............................101
c. Body camera recordings..................................................................................102
d. Confessions....................................................................................................102
e. Confidential informants.................................................................................103
f. Criminal history information.........................................................................103
(1) Criminal history information generally..................................................103
(2)	Sealed and expunged records..................................................................104
g. Fingerprint records.........................................................................................105
h. Forensic behavioral health evaluations............................................................105
i. Juvenile offender records................................................................................105
(1) Confidentiality and authorized disclosure..............................................105
(2)	Exceptions to confidentiality..................................................................106
(a) Child traffic violators......................................................................106
(b) Felony arrests and adult system transfers.........................................106
(c)	Mandatory notification to schools..................................................106
(d) Criminal history information relating to juveniles..........................107
(e)	Victim access..................................................................................107
j.	Motor vehicle records.....................................................................................107
(1)	Automated license plate recognition system records................................107
(2) Crash reports..........................................................................................107
(3) Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles motor vehicle
records...................................................................................................108
(4)	Law enforcement agency records............................................................108
k. Pawnbroker records........................................................................................109
l.
Polygraph records...........................................................................................109
m. Prison and inmate records..............................................................................109
n.	Resource inventories and emergency response plans.......................................110
o.	Surveillance techniques, procedures, or personnel...........................................110
p.	Undercover personnel.....................................................................................110
q.	Victim information........................................................................................111
(1)	Amount of stolen property.....................................................................111
(2) Commercial solicitation of victims.........................................................111
(3) Documents regarding victims which are received by an agency................111
(4)	Home or employment address, telephone number, assets.......................112

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(5)	Information identifying or depicting victims of sex offenses and of
child abuse.............................................................................................112
(a)	Law enforcement and prosecution records......................................112
(b) Court records.................................................................................114
(c) Department of Children and Families abuse records.......................114
(6)	Homicide victims...................................................................................114
(7)	Human trafficking victims......................................................................115
(8)	Relocated victim or witness information.................................................115
16.	Litigation records...................................................................................................115
a.	Attorney-client communications....................................................................115
b.	Attorney work product...................................................................................116
(1)	Scope of exemption................................................................................117
(a)	Attorney bills and payments...........................................................117
(b)	Records prepared prior to litigation or for other purposes...............117
(c)	Settlement records..........................................................................118
(2) Duration of exemption...........................................................................119
c.	Other statutory exemptions relating to litigation records................................119
d.	Attorney notes................................................................................................120
17. Personal records not made or received in the course of official business..................121
18. Personnel records....................................................................................................122
a.	Annuity or custodial account activities...........................................................123
b.	Applications for employment, references, and resumes...................................123
c. Collective bargaining......................................................................................123
(1)	Relationship of collective bargaining agreement to personnel records.....123
(2) Collective bargaining work product exemption......................................123
d. Complaints against employees........................................................................124
(1)	Law enforcement and correctional officers..............................................124
(a)	Scope of exemption and duration of confidentiality.......................124
(b)	Limitations on disclosure................................................................125
(c)	Unauthorized disclosure penalties ..................................................126
(2) Public school system employees..............................................................126
(3)	State university and Florida College System institution employees.........127
e. Conditions for inspection of personnel records...............................................127
(1) Privacy issues..........................................................................................127
(2)	Sealed records.........................................................................................128
f. Criminal history information.........................................................................128
g. Deferred compensation..................................................................................128
h. Direct deposit.................................................................................................128
i. Drug test results.............................................................................................129
j.	Employee assistance program.........................................................................129
k.	Employment search or consultant records......................................................129
l.	Evaluations of employee performance.............................................................129
(1)	Hospital employees................................................................................130
(2) Public school employees.........................................................................130
(3)	State university and Florida College System institution employees.........130
m.	Examination questions and answer sheets.......................................................131
n.	Home addresses, telephone numbers, and other personal information............131
(1) Listing of public officers and employees covered by exemptions...............131
(a) 	Abuse investigators.........................................................................132
(b) Code enforcement officers..............................................................132
(c) County tax collectors......................................................................132
(d) Domestic violence and specified other crime victims......................133
(e) 	Emergency medical technicians or paramedics................................133
(f ) Firefighters.....................................................................................133
(g) 	Guardians ad litem.........................................................................133

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(h)	Hospital employees........................................................................133
(i) 	Human resources managers (local governments).............................133
(j) 	Impaired practitioner consultants...................................................134
(k) 	Inspectors General and internal audit personnel.............................134
(l) 	Investigators and inspectors of the Department of Business and
Professional Regulation..................................................................134
(m) 	Investigators of the Department of Financial Services with
specified duties...............................................................................134
(n) Judges, magistrates, and hearing officers (state)...............................135
(o) Juvenile Justice juvenile probation and detention officers and
counselors......................................................................................135
(p) 	Law enforcement and correctional personnel..................................136
(q) Personnel of the Department of Health with specified duties..........136
(r) Prosecutors and judges (federal).....................................................136
(s) Prosecutors (state)..........................................................................136
(t) Public defenders and other specified counsel..................................137
(u) 	Revenue collection and enforcement or child support
enforcement...................................................................................137
(v) 	U.S. military servicemembers.........................................................137
(2)	Authority to release protected information.............................................137
(3)	Records held by agencies that are not the employer of the designated
officers or employees..............................................................................138
(4)	Application of exemption to...................................................................139
(a)	Telephone numbers of cellular telephones issued by agencies..........139
(b)	List of names of designated officers and employees.........................139
(c) Prior home addresses......................................................................139
(d)	Maps showing physical location of homes......................................139
(e)	Homes addresses of persons who are not
the owner of the property...............................................................139
(f ) Booking photographs.....................................................................140
o.	Medical information and health insurance participant information................140
(1)	Medical information and medical claims records....................................140
(2)	Health insurance participant information...............................................140
p. Payroll deduction records...............................................................................141
q.	Retiree lists.....................................................................................................141
r.	Salary records.................................................................................................141
s.	Travel records.................................................................................................141
t.	Undercover personnel of criminal justice agencies..........................................141
19.	Security system information and blueprints............................................................141
a. Blueprints.......................................................................................................141
b.	Security system records...................................................................................142
(1) Security system (alarm) permits and applications .....................................142
(2) Surveillance video recordings....................................................................142
c.	Security issues relating to electronic records....................................................143
20.	Social security numbers..........................................................................................143
21.	Telephone records..................................................................................................144
22.	Trade secrets and proprietary confidential business information.............................144
a.	Trade secrets...................................................................................................144
(1)	Statutory exemptions for specific trade secrets........................................144
(a)	Trade secrets held by specified agencies...........................................144
(b) Computer systems and software trade secrets..................................144
(2)	Trade secrets identified as confidential and submitted to an agency........145
b. Proprietary confidential business information ................................................145
D. PROVIDING PUBLIC RECORDS..............................................................................146

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1.	Validity of agency conditions on access...................................................................146
2.	Individuals authorized to inspect and receive copies of public records....................147
3. Purpose of request..................................................................................................147
4.	Role of the records custodian..................................................................................148
5.	Requests for copies versus requests to inspect public records...................................149
6.	Records maintained by more than one agency........................................................149
7.	Records not in physical possession of agency..........................................................149
8. “Overbroad” public records requests.......................................................................150
9. Written request or form requirements......................................................................15
10.	Identification of requester.......................................................................................151
11.	Remote access........................................................................................................151
12.	Requests to create new records, answer questions about the records, or reformat
existing records.......................................................................................................152
13. 	Records available in more than one medium..........................................................153
14.	Amount of time allowed for response to public records requests.............................153
a. Duty to acknowledge requests promptly.........................................................153
b.	Automatic delay impermissible.......................................................................154
c.	Unjustified delay............................................................................................154
d.	Arbitrary time for inspection..........................................................................155
e.	Standing requests...........................................................................................156
15. Confidentiality agreements.....................................................................................156
16.	Redaction of confidential or exempt information ..................................................157
17. Privacy rights..........................................................................................................159
18.	Liability for disclosure ...........................................................................................159
E. STATUTORY EXEMPTIONS.......................................................................................160
1. Creation of exemptions..........................................................................................160
2.	Strict construction..................................................................................................161
3.	Retroactive application of new exemptions.............................................................161
4.	Retroactive application of statutes eliminating confidentiality.................................162
5. Difference between exempt and confidential records..............................................162
a. Confidential records.......................................................................................162
b.	Exempt records...............................................................................................162
6. Discovery of exempt or confidential records...........................................................163
F.

FEDERAL LAW AND THE FLORIDA PUBLIC RECORDS LAW............................164
1.	Application of federal confidentiality requirements to Florida public records..........164
2. Copyrighted records...............................................................................................164
a. Copyrights held by agencies...........................................................................164
b. Copyrighted material obtained by agencies.....................................................165

G.

FEES FOR INSPECTING AND COPYING PUBLIC RECORDS.............................166
1.	Inspection of public records...................................................................................166
2. Copies of public records.........................................................................................166
3.	Special service charge for extensive use of clerical or supervisory labor or extensive
information technology resources...........................................................................167
a.	Meaning of the term “extensive”.....................................................................167
b.	Meaning of the term “information technology resources”..............................168
c. Cost to review records for exempt information..............................................168
d. Calculation of labor cost.................................................................................168
e.	Reasonable deposit or advance payment.........................................................168
4.	Requests for information regarding costs to obtain public records..........................169
5.	Requests for free copies of public records................................................................169
6.	Authority to charge for development, overhead, or travel costs...............................170
7. Fees to obtain agency records held by private companies.......................................170

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8.	Sales tax..................................................................................................................171
9. Confidential records...............................................................................................171
10.	Requester makes his/her own copies.......................................................................171
11. Fee issues relating to specific records.......................................................................171
a. Clerk of court records.....................................................................................171
(1) County records.......................................................................................171
(2) Judicial records.......................................................................................172
b. Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles crash reports..................172
H.	REMEDIES AND PENALTIES....................................................................................172
1.	Voluntary mediation program................................................................................172
2. Civil action............................................................................................................172
a.	Remedies........................................................................................................172
(1)	Mandamus.............................................................................................173
(2)	Injunction..............................................................................................173
(3) Declaratory relief sought by agencies......................................................174
b. Procedural issues............................................................................................174
(1) Discovery...............................................................................................174
(2)	Hearing..................................................................................................175
(3)	In camera inspection..............................................................................175
(4)	Mootness................................................................................................176
(5)	Stay........................................................................................................177
c.	Attorney’s fees and costs.................................................................................177
3. Criminal and noncriminal infraction penalties.......................................................179
I.	MAINTENANCE, STORAGE, AND RETENTION REQUIREMENTS..................180
1.	Maintenance and storage of records........................................................................180
2. Delivery of records to successor..............................................................................180
3.	Transition records of certain officers-elect...............................................................180
4.	Retention and disposal of records...........................................................................181
a.	Retention schedules........................................................................................181
b. Disposal of records.........................................................................................181
c.	Exempt records...............................................................................................181
d.	Evidence obtained by law enforcement agencies.............................................182
e. Duplicate records...........................................................................................182
A.

APPENDICES
PUBLIC RECORDS AND MEETINGS CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT......182

B.	GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE LAW AND RELATED STATUTES.............183
C.	THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT...................................................................................188
D.	EXEMPT, CONFIDENTIAL, AND LIMITED ACCESS PUBLIC RECORDS AND
MEETINGS - EXEMPTION SUMMARIES...............................................................220
E.	SECTION 11.0431, FLORIDA STATUTES-LEGISLATIVE RECORDS;
EXEMPTIONS FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE........................................................291
F. 	TABLE OF APPELLATE CASES..................................................................................292
INDEX TO MANUAL AND EXEMPTIONS.....................................................................312

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A Public Policy of Open Government
INTRODUCTION
Upon learning that the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had begun the
proceedings by adopting a secrecy requirement, Thomas Jefferson decried their decision as an
“abominable precedent” and added: “Nothing can justify this example but the innocence of their
intentions, and ignorance of the value of public discussions.”
Florida’s constitution and laws unambiguously reflect the open government philosophy
underlying Jefferson’s comments. In our state, transparency is not up to the whim or grace of
public officials. Instead, it is an enforceable right of the people.
The benefits of open government are frequently acknowledged---transparency promotes
accountability, aids the search for truth, and fosters consistency and fairness in governmental
decision making. Fortunately, though, Florida’s laws do not require that open government
be justified by reference to these desirable consequences. We live in a state that values open
government for its own sake, and for that we should all be thankful.
This year’s edition of the Government in the Sunshine Manual incorporates laws, judicial
decisions, and Attorney General opinions in place as of October 1, 2016. Additional information
about Florida’s Sunshine Laws, including answers to frequently asked questions, is available
through the Office of the Attorney General’s Internet homepage, which may be reached at www.
myfloridalegal.com.
Suggestions from those who use this Manual are welcome and appreciated. Please forward
comments to: Office of the Attorney General, The Capitol, PL-01, Tallahassee, Florida 32399.
Pam Bondi
Attorney General

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Legislative Highlights
The following are some of the more significant actions which occurred during the 2016 legislative
session relating to the public’s right of access to meetings and records.
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services investigations—Creates an exemption
for information held by the Department as part of a joint or multiagency examination or
investigation with another state or federal regulatory, administrative, or criminal justice agency
which is confidential or exempt under the laws or regulations of that state or federal agency.
Chapter 16-161, Laws of Florida, creating s. 570.077, F.S.
Home addresses, telephone numbers, etc., of specified employees and their families—
Creates exemptions for certain personal information pertaining to Department of Financial
Services nonsworn investigators performing listed duties; agency inspector general or internal
audit personnel performing listed duties; and emergency medical technicians or paramedics
certified under Ch. 401, F.S. Chs. 16-159 and 164, Laws of Florida, amending s. 119.071(4)
(d), F.S.
Juvenile offender records/Disclosure—Amends exceptions to the juvenile confidentiality laws.
Chapter 16-78, Laws of Florida, amending s. 985.04, F.S.
Law enforcement officer/Depiction or recording of killing—Amends existing law to provide
confidentiality for the photograph, video, or audio recording of the killing of a law enforcement
officer who was acting in accordance with his or her official duties. The prior statute applied the
exemption to the photograph, video, or audio recording of the killing of a “person.” Chapter
16-214, Laws of Florida, amending s. 406.136, F.S.
Local government utility technology systems security information--Creates an exemption
for information related to the security of information technology systems or industrial control
technology systems of a utility owned or operated by a local government. Chapter 16-95, Laws
of Florida, amending s. 119.0713, F.S.
Nurse licensure compact—Creates an exemption for certain records obtained from the
coordinated licensure health information system established in s. 494.0095 and for portions
of meetings of the Interstate Commission of Nurse Licensure Compact Administrators where
exempt records are discussed. Chapter 16-97, Laws of Florida, creating s. 464.0096, F.S.
Office of Insurance Regulation reports—Creates an exemption for certain reports and records
submitted to the Office related to an own-risk and solvency assessment by an insurer, as well
as certain corporate governance reports. Chapter 16-205, Laws of Florida, amending s.
624.4212, F.S.
Proprietary confidential business information/State Boxing Commission—Provides
confidentiality for proprietary confidential business information provided by a promoter to the
State Boxing Commission. Chapter 16-21, Laws of Florida, amending s. 548.062, F.S.
Public/private partnerships/Unsolicited proposals—Provides exemptions from the open
government laws for unsolicited proposals received as part of the public-private partnership
process for public facilities and infrastructure. Chapter 16-154, Laws of Florida, creating s.
255.065, F.S.
Security system plans—Amends existing law to authorize additional circumstances for release
of security system plans and information relating to security systems. Chapter 16-178, Laws of
Florida, amending ss. 119.071(3)(a) and 281.301, F.S.

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State agency information technology security—Adds a new exemption for records held by
a state agency which identify detection, investigation, or response practices for suspected or
confirmed information technology breaches, if the disclosure of such records would facilitate
unauthorized access to or unauthorized modification, disclosure, or destruction of data or
information technology resources. Chapter 16-114, Laws of Florida, amending s. 282.318,
F.S.
State infrastructure bank—Creates a new exemption for financial information of a private
entity required by the Department of Transportation as part of the state infrastructure bank
application process. Chapter 16-38, amending s. 339.55, F.S.
Trade secrets/Financial information—Modifies the definition of “trade secret” to include
“financial information.” Chapter 16-05, Laws of Florida, amending s. 812.081, F.S.

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2017 first amendment foundation
board of trustees
DAVE WILSON, CHAIRMAN
Senior Editor
THE MIAMI HERALD
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INNOVATION NEWS CENTER
College of Journalism & Communications
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Phone: (352)294-1502
E-mail: ggreen@jou.ufl.edu

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CAROL JEAN LOCICERO
Attorney
THOMAS & LOCICERO
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Tampa, FL 33606
Phone: (813)984-3060
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PETE WEITZEL
1121 Crandon Blvd.,F603
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(202)251-6672
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CHARLEY WILLIAMS
Past State Voter Services Chair
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS
OF FLORIDA
Director, Business Development, GEC
P.O. Box 2126
Winter Park, FL 32790
Phone: (321)352-8967
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Editor of Editorials
TAMPA BAY TIMES
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THE DAYTONA BEACH NEWSJOURNAL
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President & CEO
INTERSECT MEDIA SOLUTIONS/
FLORIDA PRESS ASSOCIATION
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Phone: (321)283-5277
Fax:(850)577-3600
E-mail: deanr@intersectmediasolutions.com

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PART I
GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE LAW
A.

SCOPE OF THE SUNSHINE LAW

Florida’s Government in the Sunshine Law, s. 286.011, F.S., commonly referred to as
the Sunshine Law, provides a right of access to governmental proceedings of public boards or
commissions at both the state and local levels. The law is equally applicable to elected and
appointed boards, and applies to any gathering of two or more members of the same board to
discuss some matter which will foreseeably come before that board for action. Members-elect to
such boards or commissions are also subject to the Sunshine Law, even though they have not yet
taken office. There are three basic requirements of s. 286.011, F.S.:
(1) meetings of public boards or commissions must be open to the public;
(2) reasonable notice of such meetings must be given; and
(3) minutes of the meetings must be taken and promptly recorded.
The complete text of the Government in the Sunshine Law and related statutes may be
found in Appendix B.
A constitutional right of access to meetings of collegial public bodies is recognized in
Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const. See Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company v. Magaha, 769 So. 2d
1012, 1021 (Fla. 2000), noting that the Sunshine Law “is of both constitutional and statutory
dimension.” Virtually all collegial public bodies are covered by the open meetings mandate of
this constitutional provision with the exception of the judiciary and the state Legislature, which
has its own constitutional provision requiring access. The only exceptions are those established
by law or by the Constitution. The complete text of Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., may be found in
Appendix A of this manual.
The Government in the Sunshine Law applies to “any board or commission of any state
agency or authority or of any agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or
political subdivision.” The statute thus applies to public collegial bodies within this state, at
the local as well as state level. City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1971). “All
governmental entities in Florida are subject to the requirements of the Sunshine Law unless
specifically exempted.” Sarasota Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d
755, 762 (Fla. 2010).
The Sunshine Law is equally applicable to elected and appointed boards or commissions.
AGO 73-223. Special district boards (AGO 74-169) and boards created by interlocal agreement
(AGO 84-16) are also included. And see Inf. Op. to Martelli, July 20, 2009 (State Fair Authority,
created by statute as a public corporation, subject to Sunshine Law). Cf. Turner v. Wainwright,
379 So. 2d 148, 155 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980), affirmed and remanded, 389 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. 1980)
(legislative requirement that certain board meetings must be open to the public does not imply
that the board could meet privately to discuss other matters).
B.
1.

WHAT ENTITIES ARE COVERED BY THE SUNSHINE LAW? APPLICATION OF
THE SUNSHINE LAW TO:
Advisory boards

Advisory boards and committees created by public agencies may be subject to the Sunshine
Law, even though their recommendations are not binding upon the entities that create them.
The “dispositive question” is whether the committee has been delegated “decision-making
authority,” as opposed to mere “information-gathering or fact-finding authority.” Sarasota
Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755, 762 (Fla. 2010). “Where

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the committee has been delegated decision-making authority, the committee’s meetings must be
open to public scrutiny, regardless of the review procedures eventually used by the traditional
governmental body.” Id.
For example, in Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974), a citizen
planning committee appointed by a city council to assist in revision of zoning ordinances was
found to be subject to the Sunshine Law. The Gradison court, concluding that the committee
served as the alter ego of the council in making tentative decisions, stated that “any committee
established by the Town Council to act in any type of advisory capacity would be subject to
the provisions of the government in the sunshine law.” Id. at 476. See also Spillis Candela &
Partners, Inc. v. Centrust Savings Bank, 535 So. 2d 694, 695 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) (committee
which compiled a report that was perfunctorily accepted by the board made a significant ruling
affecting decision-making process and was subject to s. 286.011; an “ad hoc advisory board, even
if its power is limited to making recommendations to a public agency and even if it possesses
no authority to bind the agency in any way, is subject to the Sunshine Law”); and Lyon v. Lake
County, 765 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000) (Sunshine Law applies to site plan review committee
created by county ordinance to serve in an advisory capacity to the county manager). Accord
AGOs 98-13 (citizen advisory committee appointed by city council to make recommendations
to the council regarding city government and city services), and 01-84 (school advisory council
created pursuant to former s. 229.58 [now s. 1001.452], F.S).
The Sunshine Law does not establish a lesser standard for members of advisory committees
that are subject to the Sunshine Law. See Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc.,
647 So. 2d 857, 869 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (“[T]he Sunshine Law equally binds all members of
governmental bodies, be they advisory committee members or elected officials”). Accordingly, in
the absence of statutory exemption, any gathering of two or more members to discuss any matter
on which foreseeable action may be taken must be open to the public, noticed to the public, and
minutes kept.
a.

Advisory boards appointed by a single public official

The Sunshine Law applies to advisory committees appointed by a single public official
as well as those appointed by a collegial board. For example, in Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d
934 (Fla. 1983), the Florida Supreme Court determined that the Sunshine Law applied to
an ad hoc advisory committee appointed by a university president to screen applications and
make recommendations for the position of law school dean, because the committee, in deciding
which applicants to reject from further consideration, performed a policy-based, decision-making
function. See also Silver Express Company v. District Board of Lower Tribunal Trustees, 691 So. 2d
1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (committee established by agency purchasing director to consider and
rank various contract proposals subject to Sunshine Law). Accord AGOs 05-05 (fact that advisory
group was created by chief of police and not city commission and its recommendations were
made to police chief would not remove group from ambit of the Sunshine Law); 85-76 (ad hoc
committee appointed by mayor for purpose of making recommendations concerning legislation);
87-42 (ad hoc committee appointed by mayor to meet with Chamber of Commerce and draft
proposal for transfer of city property); and Inf. Op. to Lamar, August 2, 1993 (transition team
appointed by mayor to make recommendations regarding governmental reorganization).
b.

Fact-finding committees

A limited exception to the applicability of the Sunshine Law to advisory committees has
been recognized for advisory committees established for fact-finding only. “[A] committee is not
subject to the Sunshine Law if the committee has only been delegated information-gathering
or fact-finding authority and only conducts such activities.” Sarasota Citizens for Responsible
Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755, 762 (Fla. 2010). See also Cape Publications, Inc.
v. City of Palm Bay, 473 So. 2d 222 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985). Accord AGO 95-­06 (when a group,
on behalf of a public entity, functions solely as a fact-finder or information gatherer with no
decision-making authority, no “board or commission” subject to the Sunshine Law is created).

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“In determining whether a committee is subject to the Sunshine Law, the actual function
of the committee must be scrutinized to determine whether it is exercising part of the decisionmaking function by sorting through options and making recommendations to the governmental
body.” Inf. Op. to Randolph, June 10, 2010. Thus, if an advisory committee has a decisionmaking function in addition to fact-finding, the Sunshine Law is applicable. See Wood v. Marston,
442 So. 2d 934, 938 (Fla. 1983), recognizing that while a “search and screen” committee had a
fact-gathering role in soliciting and compiling applications, the committee also “had an equally
undisputed decision-making function in screening the applicants” by deciding which of the
applicants to reject from further consideration, and thus was subject to the Sunshine Law.
Similarly, in AGO 94-21, the Attorney General’s Office advised that the Sunshine Law
governed the meetings of a negotiating team (composed of the mayor, the city manager’s
designee, and a person designated by the sports authority) that was created by a city commission
to negotiate with a sports organization on behalf of the city. Even though the resolution creating
the team provided that the negotiations were subject to ratification and approval by the city
commission, the team was authorized to do more than mere fact-finding in that it would be
“participating in the decision-making process by accepting some options while rejecting others
for presentment of the final negotiations to the city commission.” Id.
Moreover, the “fact-finding exception” applies only to advisory committees and not to
boards that have “ultimate decision-making governmental authority.” Finch v. Seminole County
School Board, 995 So. 2d 1068, 1071-1072 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008). In Finch, the court held that
the “fact-finding exception” did not apply to a school board as the ultimate decision-making
body; thus the board could not take a fact-finding bus tour without complying with the Sunshine
Law even though school board members were separated from each other by several rows of seats,
did not discuss their preferences or opinions, and no vote was taken during the trip. And see Inf.
Op. to Sugarman, August 5, 2015 (pension board not authorized to travel out of state to meet
with financial consultants).
c.

Staff committees

The Sunshine Law applies to meetings of elected or appointed boards; it does not ordinarily
apply to staff committees or meetings. See, e.g., Occidental Chemical Company v. Mayo, 351 So.
2d 336 (Fla. 1977), disapproved in part on other grounds, Citizens v. Beard, 613 So. 2d 403 (Fla.
1992); School Board of Duval County v. Florida Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d 99, 101 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1996); and AGO 89-39.
Thus, a committee composed of staff that is responsible for advising and informing the
decision-maker through fact-finding consultations is not subject to the Sunshine Law. Bennett
v. Warden, 333 So. 2d 97 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976) (meetings of committee appointed by public
college president to report on employee working conditions not subject to Sunshine Law). Cf.
AGO 08-63 (although Sunshine Law does not apply to orientation sessions held by counties for
special magistrates hired to hear value adjustment board petitions, “nothing would preclude a
county from allowing the public to attend such orientations in order to enhance the knowledge
of citizens who appear before value adjustment boards”).
Accordingly, a state agency did not violate the Sunshine Law when agency employees
conducted an investigation into a licensee’s alleged failure to follow state law, and an assistant
director made the decision to file a complaint as “[c]ommunication among administrative staff
in fulfilling investigatory, advisory, or charging functions does not constitute a ‘Sunshine’ Law
violation.” Baker v. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 937 So. 2d 1161
(Fla. 4th DCA 2006), review denied, 954 So. 2d 27 (Fla. 2007). And see Knox v. District School
Board of Brevard, 821 So. 2d 311, 315 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), holding that the Sunshine Law did
not apply to a group of school board employees meeting with an area superintendent to review
applications, which were then sent by the area superintendent to the school superintendent with
her recommendation: “[A] Sunshine violation does not occur when a governmental executive

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uses staff for a fact-finding and advisory function in fulfilling his or her duties.”
Similarly, the court in Lyon v. Lake County, 765 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), ruled
that the Sunshine Law did not apply to informal meetings of staff where the discussions were
“merely informational,” where none of the individuals attending the meetings had any decisionmaking authority during the meetings, and where no formal action was taken or could have
been taken at the meetings. See also Molina v. City of Miami, 837 So. 2d 462, 463 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2002) (police discharge of firearms committee not subject to Sunshine Law because the
committee “is nothing more than a meeting of staff members who serve in a fact-finding advisory
capacity to the chief ”); and J.I. v. Department of Children and Families, 922 So. 2d 405 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2006) (Sunshine Law not applicable to Department of Children and Families permanency
staffing meetings conducted to determine whether to file a petition to terminate parental rights).
However, if a staff committee has been delegated decision-making authority as opposed
to mere fact-finding or information-gathering, the Sunshine Law applies to the committee. See
Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d 934, 938 (Fla. 1983). It is the nature of the act performed, not
the makeup of the committee or the proximity of the act to the final decision, which determines
whether a committee composed of staff is subject to the Sunshine Law. Id. See News-Press
Publishing Company, Inc. v. Carlson, 410 So. 2d 546, 548 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982), concluding that
it would be “ludicrous” to hold that “a certain committee is governed by the Sunshine Law when
it consists of members of the public, who are presumably acting for the public, but hold that a
committee may escape the Sunshine Law if it consists of individuals who owe their allegiance
to, and receive their salaries from, the governing authority;” and Evergreen the Tree Treasurers
of Charlotte County, Inc. v. Charlotte County Board of County Commissioners, 810 So. 2d 526,
531-532 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (staff committee members delegated decision-making authority
from public officials no longer function as staff members but “stand in the shoes of such public
officials” insofar as the Sunshine Law is concerned).
Thus, in Silver Express Company v. District Board of Lower Tribunal Trustees, 691 So. 2d
1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997), the district court determined that a committee composed primarily
of staff that was created by a college purchasing director to assist and advise her in evaluating
contract proposals was subject to the Sunshine Law. The committee’s job to “weed through
the various proposals, to determine which were acceptable and to rank them accordingly” was
sufficient to bring the committee within the scope of the Sunshine Law. See also Roscow v. Abreu,
No. 03-CA-1833 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. August 6, 2004) (committee created by the state department
of transportation and composed of officials from state, local, and federal agencies was subject to
the Sunshine Law because the committee was responsible for screening and evaluating potential
corridors and alignments for a possible expansion of the Suncoast Parkway); AGO 05-06 (city
development review committee, composed of several city officials and representatives of various
city departments to review and approve development applications, is subject to the Sunshine
Law); and AGO 86-51 (land selection committee appointed by water management district and
delegated decision-making authority to consider projects for inclusion on a list of proposed
acquisition projects must comply with Sunshine Law “even though such committee may be
composed entirely of district staff and its decisions and recommendations are subject to further
action by the district’s governing board”).
Similarly, in Dascott v. Palm Beach County, 877 So. 2d 8 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), the court
held that a meeting of a pre-termination conference panel established pursuant to a county
ordinance and composed of a department head, personnel director, and equal opportunity
director should have been held in the Sunshine. Even though the county administrator had the
sole authority to discipline employees, that authority had been delegated to the department head
who in turn chose to share that authority with the other members of the panel.
By contrast, in Sarasota Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d
755, 763 (Fla. 2010), the Court found that a county administrator’s discussions with staff and

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consultants while negotiating a memorandum of understanding with a baseball team did not
violate the Sunshine Law because the administrator’s “so-called negotiations team only served an
informational role.” According to the Court, “[t]his is not a situation where [the administrator]
and the individuals he consulted made joint decisions. Cf. Dascott v. Palm Beach County, [supra].”
See also McDougall v. Culver, 3 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) and Jordan v. Jenne, 938 So. 2d
526 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006).
2.
a.

Candidates or members-elect
Candidates

The Sunshine Law does not apply to candidates for office, unless the candidate is an
incumbent seeking reelection. AGO 92-05.
b.

Members-elect

The requirements of the Sunshine Law apply not only to meetings of covered boards or
commissions but also to “meetings with or attended by any person elected to such board or
commission, but who has not yet taken office.” Section 286.011(1), F.S. Thus, members-elect
are subject to the Sunshine Law in the same manner as board members who are currently in
office. See also Hough v. Stembridge, 278 So. 2d 288, 289 (Fla. 3d DCA 1973) (individual, upon
election to public office, loses his or her status as a private individual and acquires a position more
akin to that of a public trustee and therefore is subject to s. 286.011, F.S.). Cf. Inf. Op. to Lamar,
August 2, 1993 (Sunshine Law applies to transition team made up of citizens appointed by the
mayor to make recommendations on city government reorganization).
A candidate who is unopposed is not considered to be a member-elect subject to the
Sunshine Law until the election has been held. AGO 98-60. Accord Inf. Op. to Popowitz, August
12, 2016. The Popowitz opinion references a 2010 opinion from the Division of Elections (Div.
of Elections Op. 10-09, July 26, 2010), finding that the date of a candidate’s election to office
could be deemed to be either the date specified by a court in an election case, election day itself,
the date the final canvassing board certifies the election results, or some other date, depending
upon the particular factual situation involved.
3.

Commissions created by the Florida Constitution

Boards or commissions created by the Constitution which prescribes the manner of the
exercise of their constitutional powers are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S., when carrying out such
constitutionally prescribed duties. See Kanner v. Frumkes, 353 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977)
(judicial nominating commissions are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S.). Cf. In re Advisory Opinion
of the Governor, 334 So. 2d 561 (Fla. 1976) (clemency power does not exist by virtue of legislative
enactment; rather Constitution sufficiently prescribes rules for the manner of exercise of the
power); and AGO 77-65 (Ch. 120, F.S., inapplicable to Constitution Revision Commission
established by Art. XI, s. 2, Fla. Const.). Compare Turner v. Wainwright, 379 So. 2d 148 (Fla. 1st
DCA), affirmed and remanded, 389 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. 1980), holding that the Parole Commission
[now known as the Florida Commission on Offender Review, see s. 1, Ch. 14-191, Laws of
Florida] which Art. IV, s. 8(c), Fla. Const., recognizes may be created by law, is subject to s.
286.011, F.S.
However, Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., establishes a constitutional right of access to meetings
of any collegial public body of the executive branch of state government by providing that such
meetings must be open and noticed to the public unless exempted by the Legislature pursuant to
Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., or specifically closed by the Constitution.
4.

Ex officio board members

An ex officio board member is subject to the Sunshine Law regardless of whether he or she
is serving in a voting or non-voting capacity. AGO 05-18.

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5.

Federal entities

Federal agencies, i.e., agencies created under federal law, operating within the state, do not
come within the purview of the state Sunshine Law. AGO 71-191. Thus, meetings of a federallycreated council are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S. AGO 84-16.
However, if a board is created pursuant state law, the Sunshine Law applies even if federal
officials serve on the board. See Inf. Op. to Markham, September 10, 1996 (technical oversight
committee established by state agencies as part of settlement agreement in federal lawsuit subject
to Sunshine Law); and Inf. Op. to Green, December 11, 1998 (tri-state river commission
established pursuant to state and federal law is subject to the Sunshine Law). See also Inf. Op. to
Knox, January 6, 2005 (St. Johns River Alliance, Inc., a non-profit corporation formed to help
carry out the federal American Heritage Rivers Initiative and the associated intergovernmental
Partnership Agreement among state, local and federal governmental entities, is subject to s.
286.011, F.S., requirements); and Roscow v. Abreu, No. 03-CA-1833 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. August 6,
2004) (committee created by the state department of transportation and composed of officials
from state, local, and federal agencies was subject to the Sunshine Law because the committee
was responsible for screening and evaluating potential corridors and alignments for a possible
expansion of the Suncoast Parkway). Cf. Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d 8 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014),
review denied, No. SC14-2490 (Fla. February 24, 2016) (closed-door federal mediation sessions
which resulted in changes to pension benefits of city employees in certain unions constituted
collective bargaining negotiations which should have been held in the Sunshine).
6.

Governor and Cabinet

Article IV, s. 4 of the Florida Constitution, establishes “a cabinet composed of an attorney
general, a chief financial officer, and a commissioner of agriculture.” The Governor and Cabinet
serve as the head of certain departments within the executive branch. In addition, the Governor
and Cabinet have responsibilities that arise under the Constitution. See Art. IV, s. 8, Fla. Const.
(clemency).
The Sunshine Law does not apply to those powers of the Governor and Cabinet which
derive from the Constitution; thus, the Governor and Cabinet in dispensing pardons and the
other forms of clemency authorized by Art. IV, s. 8(a), Fla. Const., are not subject to s. 286.011,
F.S. Cf. In re Advisory Opinion of the Governor, 334 So. 2d 561 (Fla. 1976) (Constitution
sufficiently prescribes rules for the manner of exercise of gubernatorial clemency power; legislative
intervention is, therefore, unwarranted).
Section 286.011, F.S., however, does apply to those functions of the Governor and Cabinet
which are statutory responsibilities as opposed to duties arising under the Constitution. Thus,
the Governor and Cabinet are subject to the Sunshine Law when sitting in their capacity as a
board created by the Legislature or whose powers are prescribed by the Legislature, such as the
Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund or the Florida Department of Law
Enforcement. In such cases, the Governor and Cabinet are not exercising powers derived from
the Constitution but are subject to the “dominion and control” of the Legislature.
Moreover, Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., requires that meetings of “any collegial public body
of the executive branch of state government” be open and noticed to the public. The only
exceptions to this constitutional right of access are those meetings which have been exempted
by the Legislature pursuant to Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., or which are specifically closed by
the Constitution. And see Article III s. 4(e), Fla. Const., providing, in relevant part that “all
prearranged gatherings, between . . . the governor, the president of the senate, or the speaker
of the house of representatives, the purpose of which is to agree upon formal legislative action
that will be taken at a subsequent time, or at which formal legislative action is taken, regarding
pending legislation or amendments, shall be reasonably open to the public.”

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
7.

Individual board members

Section 286.011, F.S., applies to public boards and commissions, i.e., collegial bodies, and
has been applied to meetings of “two or more members” of the same board or commission when
discussing some matter which foreseeably will come before the board or commission. Therefore,
the statute does not ordinarily apply to an individual member of a public board or commission
or to public officials who are not board or commission members. Inf. Op. to Dillener, January
5, 1990 (Sunshine Law not normally applicable to meeting of town council member with private
citizens). See City of Sunrise v. News and Sun-Sentinel Company, 542 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 4th DCA
1989); Deerfield Beach Publishing, Inc. v. Robb, 530 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988) (requisite
to application of the Sunshine Law is a meeting between two or more public officials); and
Mitchell v. School Board of Leon County, 335 So. 2d 354 (Fla. 1st DCA 1976). Cf. Jennings v.
Dade County, 589 So. 2d 1337 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991), review denied, 598 So. 2d 75 (Fla. 1992),
stating that ex parte (i.e., from one side only) communications in quasi-judicial proceedings raise
a presumption that the contact was prejudicial to the decision-making process; and s. 286.0115,
F.S., enacted in response to the Jennings case, relating to access to local public officials in quasijudicial proceedings.
However, if a board has delegated its decision-making authority to a single individual, or
a nonboard member is being used a liaison between or to conduct a de facto meeting of board
members, the Sunshine Law may apply. Each of these situations is discussed more fully below.
As stated by the Supreme Court, the Sunshine Law is to be construed “so as to frustrate all evasive
devices.” Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473, 477 (Fla. 1974). And see AGO 8939 (aides to county commissioners are not subject to the Sunshine law unless they have been
delegated decision-making functions outside of the ambit of normal staff functions, are acting
as liaisons between board members, or are acting in place of the board or its members at their
direction).
a.

Delegation of authority to single individual

“The Sunshine Law does not provide for any ‘government by delegation’ exception; a
public body cannot escape the application of the Sunshine Law by undertaking to delegate the
conduct of public business through an alter ego.” IDS Properties, Inc. v. Town of Palm Beach, 279
So. 2d 353, 359 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973), certified question answered sub nom., Town of Palm Beach
v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974). See also News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Carlson,
410 So. 2d 546, 547-548 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (when public officials delegate de facto authority
to act on their behalf in the formulation, preparation, and promulgation of plans on which
foreseeable action will be taken by those public officials, those delegated that authority stand in
the shoes of such public officials insofar as the Sunshine Law is concerned).
Thus, the Attorney General’s Office has concluded that a single member of a board who
has been delegated the authority to negotiate the terms of a lease on behalf of the board “is subject
to the Sunshine Law and, therefore, cannot negotiate for such a lease in secret.” AGO 74-294.
Accord AGO 84-54. Similarly, when an individual member of a public board, or a board member
and the executive director of the board, conducts a hearing or investigatory proceeding on behalf
of the entire board, the hearing or proceeding must be held in the sunshine. AGOs 75-41 and
74-84. And see AGO 10-15 (special magistrate subject to the Sunshine Law when exercising the
delegated decision-making authority of the value adjustment board).
However, when a board member or designee has been authorized only to gather information
or function as a fact-finder, the Sunshine Law does not apply. AGO 95-06. And see AGO 9378 (if public board member is authorized only to explore various contract proposals, with such
proposals being related back to the governing body for consideration, the discussions between
the board member and the applicant are not subject to the Sunshine Law). Cf. State, Department
of Management Services v. Lewis, 653 So. 2d 467 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995) (issuance of an order of
reconsideration by a board chair does not violate the Sunshine Law where the purpose of the order
is to provide notice to the parties and allow them an opportunity to provide argument on the issue).

7

government-in-the-sunshine-manual
On the other hand, if the board member has been delegated the authority to reject certain
options from further consideration by the entire board, the Attorney General’s Office has advised
that the board member is performing a decision-making function that must be conducted in the
sunshine. See AGOs 95-06 and 93-78. See also AGO 90-17 (while Sunshine Law not violated
by a city council member meeting with private contractor for information gathering purposes, if
the board member has been authorized, formally or informally, to exercise any decision-making
authority on behalf of the board, such as approving or rejecting certain contract provisions, the
board member is acting on behalf of the board and the meetings are subject to s. 286.011, F.S.).
And see Broward County v. Conner, 660 So. 2d 288, 290 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), review denied,
669 So. 2d 250 (Fla. 1996) (since Sunshine Law provides that actions of a public board are
not valid unless they are made at an open public meeting, a county’s attorneys would not be
authorized to enter into a contract on the commission’s behalf “without formal action by the
county commission at a meeting as required by the statute”). Compare Lee County v. Pierpont,
693 So. 2d 994 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997), affirmed, 710 So. 2d 958 (Fla. 1998) (authorization to
county attorney to make settlement offers to landowners not to exceed appraised value plus 20%,
rather than a specific dollar amount, did not violate the Sunshine Law).
Thus, the applicability of the Sunshine Law relates to the discussions of a single individual
who has been delegated decision-making authority on behalf of a board or commission. If the
individual, rather than the board, is vested by law, charter, or ordinance with the authority to
take action, such discussions are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S. See City of Sunrise v. News and
Sun-Sentinel Company, 542 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989) (since the mayor was responsible
under the city charter for disciplining city employees and since the mayor was not a board or
commission and was not acting for a board, meetings between the mayor and a city employee
concerning the employee’s duties were not subject to s. 286.011, F.S.). Cf. AGO 13-14 (where
contract terms regarding the police chief ’s employment have been discussed and approved at a
public city commission meeting, Sunshine Law does not require that the written employment
contract drafted by the town attorney as directed by the commission be subsequently presented
to and approved at another commission meeting).
b.

Individual board member meeting with a member of another public board

The Sunshine Law does not apply to a meeting between individuals who are members of
different boards unless one or more of the individuals has been delegated the authority to act on
behalf of his or her board. Rowe v. Pinellas Sports Authority, 461 So. 2d 72 (Fla. 1984). Accord
AGO 84-16 (meeting between the chair of a private industry council created pursuant to federal
law and the chair of a five-county employment and training consortium created pursuant to state
law is not subject to Sunshine Law, unless there is a delegation of decision-making authority to the
chair of the consortium); and Inf. Op. to McClash, April 29, 1992 (Sunshine Law generally not
applicable to county commissioner meeting with individual member of metropolitan planning
organization). And see News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Lee County, Florida, 570 So. 2d
1325 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990) (Sunshine Law not applicable to mediation proceeding attended by
individual members of city and county boards who were in litigation because only one member
of each board was present at the proceedings and no final settlement negotiations could be made
during the mediation conference).
An individual city council member may, therefore, meet privately with an individual
member of the municipal planning and zoning board to discuss a recommendation made by that
board since two or more members of either board are not present, provided that no delegation
of decision-making authority has been made and neither member is acting as a liaison. AGO
87-34. Accord AGOs 99-55 (school board member meeting with member of advisory committee
established by school board), and 97-52 (discussions between individual member of community
college board of trustees and school board member regarding acquisition of property by school
board).

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
c.

Mayor meeting with individual city commissioner or city council member

If the mayor is a member of the council or has a voice in decision-making through the
power to break tie votes, meetings between the mayor and a member of the city council to
discuss some matter which will come before the city council are subject to the Sunshine Law.
AGOs 83-70 and 75-210. However, if a decision falls within the administrative functions of
the mayor and would not come before the city council for consideration, discussions between an
individual member of the city council and the mayor are not subject to the Sunshine Law since
such discussions do not relate to a matter which will foreseeably come before the city council for
action. Id.
On the other hand, if the mayor is not a member of the city council and does not possess
any power to vote even in the case of a tie vote but possesses only the power to veto legislation,
the mayor may privately meet with an individual member of the city council without violating
the Sunshine Law, provided the mayor is not acting as a liaison between members and neither
individual has been delegated the authority to act on behalf of the council. AGOs 90-26 and
85-36. And see Inf. Op. to Cassady, April 7, 2005 (mayor who is not a member of the city
council and cannot vote even in the event of a tie, may meet with an individual council member
to discuss the mayor’s recommendations to the council concerning prospective appointees). Cf.
City of Sunrise v. News and Sun-Sentinel Company, 542 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989) (since
mayor was responsible under the city charter for disciplining city employees, mayor in carrying
out this function was not subject to s. 286.011, F.S.).
d.

Use of nonboard members or staff to act as liaisons or to conduct a de facto meeting
of the board

As a general rule, individual board members “may call upon staff members for factual
information and advice without being subject to the Sunshine Law’s requirements.” Sarasota
Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755, 764 (Fla. 2010). And see
AGO 81-42 (the fact that a city council member has expressed his or her views or voting intent
on an upcoming matter to a news reporter prior to the scheduled public meeting does not violate
the Sunshine Law so long as the reporter is not being used by the member as an intermediary
in order to circumvent the requirements of s. 286.011, F.S.). Compare, State v. Dorworth, No.
14-MM-5841 (Fla. Orange Co. Ct. October 21, 2014), affirmed, No. 14-AP-48 (Fla. 9th Cir.
Ct. August 19, 2015), dismissing a misdemeanor charge against a lobbyist who was accused of
violating the Sunshine Law by relaying information between board members and thereby aiding
the members to meet without complying with the Sunshine Law. The trial judge determined that
by charging the lobbyist, the state attorney “expanded the reach of the Sunshine Law to private
citizens; and, the Legislature did not intend for the statute to apply to private citizens.”
However, the Sunshine Law is applicable to meetings between a board member and an
individual who is not a board member when that individual is being used as a liaison between,
or to conduct a de facto meeting of, board members. See AGO 74-47 (city manager is not a
member of the city council and thus may meet with individual council members; however, the
manager may not act as a liaison for board members by circulating information and thoughts of
individual council members). See also Inf. Op. to Goren, October 28, 2009 (while individual
city commissioners may seek advice or information from staff, city should be cognizant of the
potential that commissioners seeking clarification by follow-up with staff when staff responses
are provided to all commissioners could be considered to have participated in a de facto meeting
of the commissioners by using staff as a conduit between commissioners). Compare Sarasota
Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, supra at 765 (private staff meetings
with individual county commissioners in preparation for a public hearing on a proposed
memorandum of understanding [MOU] did not violate the Sunshine Law because the meetings
were “informational briefings regarding the contents of the MOU” and “[t]here is no evidence
that [county] staff communicated what any commissioner said to any other commissioner”).

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Therefore, a city manager should refrain from asking each commissioner to state his or
her position on a specific matter which will foreseeably be considered by the commission at a
public meeting in order to provide the information to the members of the commission. AGO
89-23. See also AGO 75-59 (director should refrain from calling each member of the board
separately and asking each member to state his or her position on a matter which will foreseeably
be presented for consideration to the entire board in open session).
Additionally, in Blackford v. School Board of Orange County, 375 So. 2d 578 (Fla. 5th
DCA 1979), the court held that a series of scheduled successive meetings between the school
superintendent and individual members of the school board were subject to the Sunshine Law.
While normally meetings between the school superintendent and an individual school board
member would not be subject to s. 286.011, F.S., these meetings were held in “rapid­-fire succession”
in order to avoid a public airing of a controversial redistricting problem. Thus, even though the
superintendent was “adamant that he did not act as a go-between during these discussions and
[denied] that he told any one board member the opinions of the others,” the one-to-one meetings
amounted to a de facto meeting of the school board in violation of s. 286.011, F.S. Id. at 580.
See also State v. Foster, 12 F.L.W. Supp. 1194a (Fla. Broward Co. Ct. September 26, 2005), in
which the court rejected the argument that the Sunshine Law permitted city commissioners to
attend a private breakfast meeting at which the sheriff spoke and the commissioners individually
questioned the sheriff but did not direct comments or questions to each other. The court denied
the commissioners’ motion for summary judgment and ruled that the discussion should have
been held in the Sunshine because the sheriff was a “common facilitator” who received comments
from each commissioner in front of the other commissioners.
Similarly, in Citizens for a Better Royal Palm Beach, Inc. v. Village of Royal Palm Beach, No.
CL 9114417 AA (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. May 14, 1992), the court invalidated a contract for the sale
of municipal property when it determined that after the proposal to sell the property which had
been discussed and approved at a public meeting collapsed, the city manager met individually
with council members and from those discussions the property was sold to another group. The
circuit court found that these meetings resulted in a substantial change in the terms of sale
and that the execution of the contract, therefore, violated the Sunshine Law. See also Sentinel
Communications Company v. School Board of Osceola County, No. CI92-0045 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct.
April 3, 1992) (series of private meetings between school superintendent and individual school
board members to consider staff recommendations concerning administrative structure of the
school system and to privately address any of the board’s concerns, should have been held in the
sunshine; while individual board members are not prohibited from meeting privately with staff
or the superintendent for informational purposes or on an ad hoc basis, the Sunshine Law “shall
be construed to prohibit the scheduling of a series of such meetings which concern a specific
agenda”); and AGO 93-90 (board that is responsible for assessing the performance of its chief
executive officer [CEO] should not use a review procedure in which individual board members
evaluate the CEO’s performance and send their individual written comments to the board chair
for compilation and subsequent discussion with the CEO).
Not all staff decisions, however, are required to be made or approved by a board. Thus,
the district court concluded in Florida Parole and Probation Commission v. Thomas, 364 So. 2d
480 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978), that the decision to appeal made by legal counsel to a public board
after discussions between the legal staff and individual members of the board was not subject to
the Sunshine Law. And see Inf. Op. to Biasco, July 2, 1997 (administrative officers or staff who
serve public boards should not poll board members on issues which will foreseeably come before
the board although an administrative officer is not precluded from contacting individual board
members for their views on a matter when the officer, and not the board, has been vested with
the authority to take action).
8.

Judiciary
The open meetings provision found in Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., does not include meetings

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
of the judiciary. In addition, separation of powers principles make it unlikely that the Sunshine
Law, a legislative enactment, could apply to the courts established pursuant to Art. V, Fla.
Const. AGO 83-97. Thus, questions of access to judicial proceedings usually arise under other
constitutional guarantees relating to open and public judicial proceedings, Amend. VI, U.S.
Const., and freedom of the press, Amend. I, U.S. Const.
However, a circuit conflict committee established by the Legislature to approve attorneys
handling conflict cases is subject to the Sunshine Law, even though the chief judge or his or her
designee is a member, because the “circuit conflict committees are created by the Legislature,
subject to its dominion and control.” AGO 83-97. And see Canney v. Board of Public Instruction
of Alachua County, 278 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 1973) (Sunshine Law applies to quasi-judicial functions;
a board exercising quasi-judicial functions is not a part of the judicial branch of government).
a.

Criminal proceedings

A court possesses the inherent power to control the conduct of proceedings before it.
Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Lewis, 426 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1982); and State ex rel. Miami
Herald Publishing Company v. McIntosh, 340 So. 2d 904 (Fla. 1976). A three-pronged test for
criminal proceedings has been developed to provide “the best balance between the need for open
government and public access, through the media, to the judicial process, and the paramount
right of a defendant in a criminal proceeding to a fair trial before an impartial jury.” Lewis, supra
at 7. And see Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 136 So. 3d 770, 779 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). As
stated in Lewis, closure in criminal proceedings is acceptable only when:
1)

it is necessary to prevent a serious and imminent threat to the administration of justice;

2)

no alternatives are available, other than change of venue, which would protect the
defendant’s right to a fair trial; and

3)

closure would be effective in protecting the defendant’s rights without being broader
than necessary to accomplish that purpose.

And see Bundy v. State, 455 So. 2d 330, 339 (Fla. 1984), noting that the trial court properly
used a combination of alternative remedies for possible prejudicial effects of pretrial publicity
instead of barring public access to pretrial proceedings.
Article I, s. 16(b), Fla. Const., provides that victims of crime or their lawful representatives,
including the next of kin of homicide victims, are entitled to be informed, to be present, and to
be heard when relevant, at all crucial stages of criminal proceedings, to the extent that these rights
do not interfere with the constitutional rights of the accused. See Sireci v. State, 587 So. 2d 450
(Fla. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 1500 (1992) (court did not err by allowing the wife and son
of the victim to remain in the courtroom after their testimony). See also s. 960.001(1)(e), F.S.,
restricting exclusion of victims, their lawful representatives, or their next of kin.
b.

Civil proceedings

Stressing that all trials, civil and criminal, are public events and that there is a strong
presumption of public access to these proceedings, the Supreme Court in Barron v. Florida
Freedom Newspapers, Inc., 531 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 1988), set forth the following factors which must
be considered by a court in determining a request for closure of civil proceedings:
1)

a strong presumption of openness exists for all court proceedings;

2)

both the public and news media have standing to challenge any closure order with the
burden of proof being on the party seeking closure;

3)

closure should occur only when necessary
a)

to comply with established public policy as set forth in the Constitution,
statutes, rules or case law;

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
b)

to protect trade secrets;

c)

to protect a compelling governmental interest;

d)

to obtain evidence to properly determine legal issues in a case;

e)

to avoid substantial injury to innocent third parties; or

f)

to avoid substantial injury to a party by disclosure of matters protected by a
common law or privacy right not generally inherent in the specific type of civil
proceeding sought to be closed.

4)

whether a reasonable alternative is available to accomplish the desired result and if none
exists, the least restrictive closure necessary to accomplish its purpose is used;

5)

the presumption of openness continues through the appellate review process and the party
seeking closure continues to have the burden to justify closure.

And see Amendments to the Florida Family Law Rules of Procedure, 723 So. 2d 208, 209
(Fla. 1998), reiterating support for the Barron standards and stating that “public access to court
proceedings and records [is] important to assure testimonial trustworthiness; in providing a
wholesome effect on all officers of the court for purposes of moving those officers to a strict
conscientiousness in the performance of duty; in allowing nonparties the opportunity of learning
whether they are affected; and in instilling a strong confidence in judicial remedies, which would
be absent under a system of secrecy;” and Lake v. State, 193 So. 3d 932, 934 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016)
(trial court did not depart from essential requirements of law by refusing to close Jimmy Ryce Act
civil commitment review proceeding; statutory provision requiring that certain treatment records
introduced into evidence be maintained under seal unless opened by the judge “does not require
that the press and public be barred from any discussion of treatment or treatment records during
a review hearing”).
c.

Depositions

While the courts have recognized that court proceedings are public events and the public
generally has access to such proceedings, the general public and the press do not have a right
under the First Amendment or the rules of procedure to attend discovery depositions. See Palm
Beach Newspapers, Inc. v. Burk, 504 So. 2d 378, 380 (Fla. 1987), cert. denied, 108 S.Ct. 346
(1987), stating that while discovery depositions in criminal cases are judicially compelled for
the purpose of allowing parties to investigate and prepare, they are not judicial proceedings.
Accord Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida, Inc. v. State, 510 So. 2d 896 (Fla. 1987) (media not
entitled to notice and opportunity to attend pretrial discovery depositions in criminal cases); and
SCI Funeral Services of Florida, Inc. v. Light, 811 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (upholding
protective order closing depositions to the media based on privacy concerns). Cf. Lewis v. State,
958 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (while Burk applied to unfiled depositions made during
an ongoing, active criminal prosecution, materials related to defendant’s prosecution, including
depositions, are subject to disclosure after the case becomes final).
d.

Florida Bar grievance proceedings

An attorney’s claim that the Florida Bar violated the Sunshine Law by refusing to allow him
to attend a grievance committee meeting of the Bar was rejected in Florida Bar v. Committee, 916
So. 2d 741, 744-745 (Fla. 2005): “The grievance committee meetings of the Bar are private, and
therefore the Bar is justified in prohibiting [the attorney] from attendance.” The Court reiterated
its statement from The Florida Bar: In re Advisory Opinion, 398 So. 2d 446, 447 (Fla. 1981), that
“[n]either the legislature nor the governor can control what is purely a judicial function.”
e.

Grand juries

Section 905.24, F.S., provides that “[g]rand jury proceedings are secret”; thus, these
proceedings are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S. See Clein v. State, 52 So. 2d 117, 120 (Fla. 1950)
(it is the policy of the law to shield the proceedings of grand juries from public scrutiny); and In

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
re Getty, 427 So. 2d 380, 383 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (public disclosure of grand jury proceedings
“could result in a myriad of harmful effects”). The grand jury has also been referred to as a
“coordinate branch of the judiciary, and as an arm, appendage, or adjunct of the circuit court.”
State ex rel. Christian v. Rudd, 302 So. 2d 821, 828 (Fla. 1st DCA 1974). Cf. Butterworth v. Smith,
110 S.Ct. 1376 (1990), striking down a Florida statute to the extent that it prohibited a witness
from disclosing his own testimony before a grand jury after the grand jury’s term has ended.
In addition, hearings on certain grand jury procedural motions are closed. The procedural
steps contemplated in s. 905.28(1), F.S., for reports or presentments of the grand jury relating to
an individual which are not accompanied by a true bill or indictment, are cloaked with the same
degree of secrecy as is enjoyed by the grand jury in the receipt of evidence, its deliberations, and
final product. Therefore, a newspaper has no right of access to grand jury procedural motions and
to the related hearing. In re Grand Jury, Fall Term 1986, 528 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988). And
see Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., v. Doe, 460 So. 2d 406 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984) (hearing ancillary
or related to a grand jury session constitutes a proceeding which comes within the protection of
s. 905.24); and In re Subpoena to Testify Before Grand Jury Directed to Custodian of Records, 864
F.2d 1559 (11th Cir. 1989) (while a court must hold a hearing and give reasons for closure of
criminal court proceedings, a court is not required to give newspapers a hearing and give reasons
for closure of grand jury proceedings).
f.

Judicial nominating commissions/Judicial Qualifications Commission

Judicial nominating commissions for the Supreme Court of Florida, the district courts
of appeal, or for a judicial circuit for the trial courts within the circuit are not subject to the
Sunshine Law. Kanner v. Frumkes, 353 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977). Article V, s. 11(d),
Fla. Const., however, requires that except for its deliberations, the proceedings of a judicial
nominating commission and its records are open to the public. While the deliberations of a
commission are closed, such a limitation appears to be applicable to that point in the proceedings
when the commissioners are weighing and examining the reasons for and against a choice. Inf.
Op. to Russell, August 2, 1991.
The statewide judicial nominating commission for workers’ compensation judges,
however, is not a judicial nominating commission as contemplated by the Constitution; thus,
such a commission created pursuant to the workers’ compensation law is subject to s. 286.011,
F.S. AGO 90-76.
Proceedings of the Judicial Qualifications Commission are confidential. However, upon
a finding of probable cause and the filing of formal charges against a judge or justice by the
commission with the Clerk of the Supreme Court, all further proceedings of the commission are
public. Article V, s. 12(a)(4), Fla. Const.
g.

Mediation proceedings

(1)

Court-ordered mediation

Court-ordered mediation and arbitration are to be conducted according to the rules of
practice and procedure adopted by the Florida Supreme Court. Sections 44.102(1) and 44.103(1),
F.S. And see rule 10.360(a), Florida Rules For Certified and Court-Appointed Mediators (“A
mediator shall maintain confidentiality of all information revealed during mediation except where
disclosure is required or permitted by law or is agreed to by all parties.”). (e.s.)
Public access to court-ordered mediation proceedings between two cities and a county
was raised in News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Lee County, Florida, 570 So. 2d 1325 (Fla.
2d DCA 1990). Initially, the judge required the parties to have present a representative “with
full authority to bind them”; however, after the media objected to the closure of the mediation
proceeding, the judge amended the order to limit the representatives’ authority so that no final
settlement decisions could be made during the mediation conference. On appeal, the district

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
court noted that no two members of any of the public boards would be present at the mediation
proceedings and that the mediation’s narrow scope did not give rise to a substantial delegation
affecting the boards’ decision-making function so as to require the mediation to be open to the
public. 570 So. 2d at 1327. Cf. Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d 8 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014), review
denied, No. SC14-2490 (Fla. February 24, 2016) (closed-door federal mediation sessions which
resulted in changes to pension benefits of city employees in certain unions constituted collective
bargaining negotiations which should have been held in the Sunshine; “[w]e cannot condone
hiding behind federal mediation, whether intentionally or unintentionally, in an effort to thwart
the requirements of the Sunshine Law.”).
Similarly, in O’Connell v. Board of Trustees, 1 F.L.W. Supp. 285 (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct. Feb. 9,
1993), the court noted that as to public agencies, mediation is subject to the Sunshine Law; thus,
no more than one member of a collegial body should attend the mediation conference. And
see Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.720(d), stating that “[i]f a party to mediation is a public entity required to
operate in compliance with chapter 286, Florida Statutes, that party shall be deemed to appear
at a mediation conference by the physical presence of a representative with full authority to
negotiate on behalf of the entity and to recommend settlement to the appropriate decisionmaking body of the entity.” Accord Fla. R. App. P. 9.720(a).
(2)

Other mediation proceedings

Mediation meetings conducted pursuant to the Florida Governmental Conflict Resolution
Act, ss. 164.101-164.1061, F.S., which involve officials or representatives of local governmental
entities who have the authority to negotiate on behalf of that governmental entity are subject
to the Sunshine Law. Inf. Op. to McQuagge, February 13, 2002. Similarly, a closed attorneyclient session may not be held to discuss settlement negotiations on an issue that is the subject of
ongoing mediation pursuant to a partnership agreement between a water management district
and others. AGO 06-03.
h.

Statutes providing for closed court proceedings
Certain court proceedings may be closed in accordance with Florida Statutes as follows:

(1)

Adoption: Hearings held under the Florida Adoption Act are closed. Section 63.162(1),
F.S. See In re Adoption of H.Y.T., 458 So. 2d 1127 (Fla. 1984) (statute providing that all
adoption hearings shall be held in closed court is not unconstitutional).

(2)

Dependency: Except as provided in s. 39.507, F.S., dependency adjudicatory hearings are
open to the public unless, by special order, the court determines that the public interest
or welfare of the child is best served by closing the hearing. Section 39.507(2), F.S. And
see Mayer v. State, 523 So. 2d 1171 (Fla. 2d DCA), review dismissed, 529 So. 2d 694
(Fla. 1988) (former version of statute requiring hearings to be closed did not violate First
Amendment).

(3)

Guardian advocate appointments: Hearings for appointment of guardian advocates are
confidential. Section 39.827(4), F.S.

(4)

HIV test results: Court proceedings in cases where a person is seeking access to human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test results are to be conducted in camera unless the person
tested agrees to a hearing in open court or the court determines that a public hearing is
necessary to the public interest and proper administration of justice. Section 381.004(2)
(e)9., F.S.

(5)

Pregnancy termination notice waiver: Hearings conducted in accordance with a petition
for a waiver of the notice requirements pertaining to a minor seeking to terminate her
pregnancy shall remain confidential and closed to the public, as provided by court rule.
Section 390.01114(4)(f ), F.S.

(6)

Termination of parental rights: Hearings involving termination of parental rights are

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confidential and closed to the public. Section 39.809(4), F.S. See Natural Parents of J.B.
v. Florida Department of Children and Family Services, 780 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 2001), upholding
the constitutionality of the statute. And see J.I. v. Department of Children and Families,
922 So. 2d 405 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (Sunshine Law does not apply to Department of
Children and Families permanency staffing meetings conducted to determine whether to
file petition to terminate parental rights). Cf. Stanfield v. Florida Department of Childen
and Families, 698 So. 2d 321 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (trial court may not issue “gag” order
preventing a woman from discussing a termination of parental rights case because “[t]he
court cannot prohibit citizens from exercising their First Amendment right to publicly
discuss knowledge that they have obtained independent of court documents even though
the information may mirror the information contained in court documents”).
(7)

Victim and witness testimony in certain circumstances: Except as provided in s.
918.16(2), F.S., if any person under 16 years of age or any person with an intellectual disability is testifying in any civil or criminal trial concerning any sex offense, the judge shall
clear the courtroom, except for listed individuals. Section 918.16(1), F.S. If the victim
of a sex offense is testifying concerning that offense, the court shall clear the courtroom,
except for listed individuals, upon request of the victim, regardless of the victim’s age or
mental capacity. Section 918.16(2), F.S. Cf. Pritchett v. State, 566 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 2d DCA),
review denied, 570 So. 2d 1306 (Fla. 1990) (where a trial court failed to make any findings
to justify closure, application of s. 918.16, F.S., to the trial of a defendant charged with
capital sexual battery violates the defendant’s constitutional right to a public trial). Accord
Kovaleski v. State, 854 So. 2d 282 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003), cause dismissed, 860 So. 2d 978
(Fla. 2003).
For a more complete listing of statutory exemptions, please see Appendix D and the Index.

9.

Legislature

Article I, s. 24, Fla. Const., requires that meetings of the Legislature be open and noticed
as provided in Art. III, s. 4(e), Fla. Const., except with respect to those meetings exempted by
the Legislature pursuant to Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., or specifically closed by the Constitution.
And see Art. III, s. 4(c), Fla. Const. (votes of members during final passage of legislation pending
before a committee and, upon request of two members of a committee or subcommittee, on any
other question, must be recorded).
Pursuant to Art. III, s. 4(e), Fla. Const., the rules of procedure of each house of the
Legislature must provide that all legislative committee and subcommittee meetings of each house
and joint conference committee meetings be open and noticed. Such rules must also provide:
[A]ll prearranged gatherings, between more than two members
of the legislature, or between the governor, the president of the
senate, or the speaker of the house of representatives, the purpose
of which is to agree upon formal legislative action that will be
taken at a subsequent time, or at which formal legislative action
is taken, regarding pending legislation or amendments, shall be
reasonably open to the public. All open meetings shall be subject
to order and decorum. This section shall be implemented and
defined by the rules of each house, and such rules shall control
admission to the floor of each legislative chamber and may,
where reasonably necessary for security purposes or to protect a
witness appearing before a committee, provide for the closure of
committee meetings. Each house shall be the sole judge for the
interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of this section.
In accordance with Article III, s. 4(e), both the Senate and the House of Representatives
have adopted rules implementing this section. Senate Rules may be found online at www.
flsenate.gov. Rules of the House of Representatives may be found at www.myfloridahouse.gov.

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10.

Married couple serving on the same board

There is no per se violation of the Sunshine Law for a husband and wife to serve on the same
public board or commission so long as they do not discuss board business without complying
with the requirements of s. 286.011, F.S. AGO 89-06.
11.

Private organizations

The Attorney General’s Office has recognized that private organizations generally are not
subject to the Sunshine Law unless the private organization has been created by a public entity,
has been delegated the authority to perform some governmental function, or plays an integral
part in the decision-making process of a public entity. AGO 07-27.
However, as discussed below, the Sunshine Law applies to private entities created by law or
by public agencies, and to private entities providing services to governmental agencies and acting
on behalf of those agencies in the performance of their public duties.
a.

Private entities created pursuant to law or by public agencies

The Supreme Court has stated that “[t]he Legislature intended to extend application of the
‘open meeting’ concept so as to bind every ‘board or commission’ of the state, or of any county or
political subdivision over which [the Legislature] has dominion or control.” City of Miami Beach
v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38, 40 (Fla. 1971).
Thus, if a private entity has been created by law or by a public agency to perform a public
function, the Sunshine Law generally applies. See AGO 00-08 (“a board or commission created
by a public agency or entity is subject to section 286.011, Florida Statutes”). For example, in
AGO 04-44, the Attorney General advised that a nonprofit corporation established by state
law to manage corrections work programs of the Department of Corrections, was subject to
the Sunshine Law. And see AGOs 98-42 (association legislatively designated as the governing
organization of athletics in Florida public schools), 97-17 (not-for-profit corporation created by a
city redevelopment agency to assist in the implementation of its redevelopment plan), and 16-01
and 98-01 (board of trustees of an insurance trust fund created pursuant to collective bargaining
agreement between a city and the employee union). Cf. s. 20.41(6) and (8), F.S., providing that
area agencies on aging, described as “nongovernmental, independent, not-for-profit corporations”
are “subject to [the Public Records Act], and, when considering any contracts requiring the
expenditure of funds, are subject to ss. 286.011-286.012, relating to public meetings.”
b.

Private entities providing services to public agencies

Much of the litigation regarding the application of the open government laws to private
organizations doing business with public agencies has been in the area of public records, and the
courts have often looked to Ch. 119, F.S., in determining the applicability of the Sunshine Law.
See Cape Coral Medical Center, Inc. v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 390 So. 2d 1216,
1218n.5 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980) (inasmuch as the policies behind Ch. 119, F.S., and s. 286.011,
F.S., are similar, they should be read together); Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d 934, 938 (Fla. 1983);
and Krause v. Reno, 366 So. 2d 1244, 1252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979).
As the courts have emphasized in analyzing the application of Ch. 119, F.S., to entities doing
business with governmental agencies, the mere receipt of public funds by private corporations, is
not, standing alone, sufficient to bring the organization within the ambit of the open government
requirements. See, e.g., News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural
Group, Inc., 596 So. 2d 1029 (Fla. 1992) (records of private architectural firm not subject to Ch.
119, F.S., merely because firm contracted with school board).
Similarly, a private corporation performing services for a public agency and receiving
compensation for such services is not by virtue of this relationship alone subject to the Sunshine
Law unless the public agency’s governmental or legislative functions have been delegated to it.

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McCoy Restaurants, Inc. v. City of Orlando, 392 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 1980) (airlines are not by virtue
of their lease with the aviation authority public representatives subject to the Sunshine Law); and
AGO 98-47 (Sunshine Law does not apply to private nongovernmental organization when the
organization counsels and advises private business concerns on their participation in a federal loan
program made available through a city). Cf. AGO 80-45 (the receipt of Medicare, Medicaid,
government grants and loans, or similar funds by a private nonprofit hospital does not, standing
alone, subject the hospital to the Sunshine Law); and Inf. Op. to Gaetz and Coley, December 17,
2009 (mere receipt of federal grant does not subject private economic development organization
to Sunshine Law).
However, although private entities are generally not subject to the Sunshine Law simply
because they do business with public agencies, the Sunshine Law can apply if a public entity has
delegated “the performance of its public purpose” to a private entity. Memorial Hospital-West
Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 729 So. 2d 373, 382-383 (Fla. 1999).
Thus, in Keesler v. Community Maritime Park Associates, Inc., 32 So. 3d 659, 660 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1289 (Fla. 2010), the court deemed it “undisputed” that
a not-for-profit corporation charged by the City of Pensacola with overseeing the development
of public waterfront property “is subject to the requirements of the Sunshine Law.” Compare
Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 927 So. 2d 961 (Fla. 5th DCA
2006), in which the Fifth District applied the “totality of factors” test set forth in News and SunSentinel Co. v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., supra, and determined that
a private corporation that purchased a hospital it had previously leased from a public hospital
authority was not “acting on behalf of ” a public agency and therefore was not subject to the
Public Records Act or the Sunshine Law.
In accordance with these principles, the Attorney General’s Office has found meetings
of the following entities to be subject to the Sunshine Law: Family Services Coalition, Inc.,
board of directors, performing services for the Department of Children and Families which
services would normally be performed by the department, AGO 00-03; Astronauts Memorial
Foundation when performing duties funded under the General Appropriations Act, AGO 9643; nonprofit organization designated by county to fulfill role of county’s dissolved cultural
affairs council, AGO 98-49; nonprofit corporation specifically created to contract with county
for operation of a public golf course on county property acquired by public funds, AGO 02-53;
downtown redevelopment task force which, although not appointed by city commission, stood
in place of the city commission when considering downtown improvement issues, AGO 8555; and a private nonprofit corporation, if the county accepts the corporation’s offer to review,
recodify, and prepare draft amendments to the county zoning code, AGO 83-95. Cf. Inf. Op.
to Bedell, December 28, 2005 (private nonprofit organization which entered into an agreement
with a city to operate a theater, received city funding in the form of a loan for this purpose, and
leased property from the city, should comply with the Sunshine Law when holding discussions or
making decisions regarding the theater).
c.

Application of the Sunshine Law to specific private entities

(1)

Direct-support organizations

In AGO 05-27, after reviewing the responsibilities of a nonprofit corporation created
pursuant to statute as a direct-support organization and the organization’s relationship to the
public agency, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that the organization was subject to
the Sunshine Law. See also Inf. Op. to Chiumento, June 27, 1990 (Sunshine Law applies to
school district direct-support organizations created pursuant to statute; although the directsupport organizations “constitute private nonprofit corporations, they seek to assist the district
school board in carrying out its functions of meeting the educational needs of the students in
the county”). And see AGOs 92-53 (John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Foundation, Inc.,
established pursuant to statute as a not-for-profit corporation to assist the museum in carrying

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out its functions subject to Sunshine Law), and 11-01 (Sunshine Law applies to Biscayne Park
Foundation, Inc., created as a nonprofit foundation to act as an instrumentality on behalf of
the Village of Biscayne Park and intended to enhance the Village’s opportunities to raise monies
through special events, sponsorships, donations, and grants for the Village).
The Legislature has specifically exempted portions of meetings of some direct-support
organizations. For example, any portion of a meeting of the board of directors of a university
direct-support organization, or of the executive committee or other committee of the board, at
which any proposal seeking research funding from the organization or a plan or program for
either initiating or supporting research is discussed is exempt from s. 286.011, F.S. Section
1004.28(5)(c), F.S. See also s. 292.055(9), F.S. (portions of meetings of Department of Veterans’
Affairs direct-support organization during which the identity of a donor or potential donor who
wishes to remain anonymous is discussed are exempt).
(2)

Economic development organizations

Several Attorney General Opinions have considered whether the Sunshine Law applies to
private economic development organizations. These opinions have concluded that the Sunshine
Law applies when there has been a delegation of a public agency’s authority to conduct public
business such as carrying out the terms of the county’s economic development strategic plan.
AGO 10-30. See also AGO 10-44 (Sunshine Law applies to nonprofit corporation delegated
authority to carry out the terms of the county’s green economic development plan). Compare
Inf. Op. to Gaetz and Coley, December 17, 2009 (open government laws did not apply to
private economic development corporation since no delegation of a public agency’s governmental
function was apparent and the corporation did not appear to play an integral part in the decisionmaking process of the agency). Cf. Economic Development Commission v. Ellis, 178 So. 3d 118,
123 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (trial court erred by using the “delegation of function” test to conclude
that a private entity under contract with a county to provide economic development services was
subject to the Public Records Act because there was “not a clear, compelling, complete delegation
of a governmental function” to the entity; instead, the court should have used the “totality of
factors” test to make this determination). For more information on the “delegation of function”
and “totality of factors” tests, please refer to the discussion on pages 56-59.
(3)

Homeowners’ associations

The Sunshine Law does not generally apply to meetings of a homeowners’ association
board of directors. Inf. Op. to Fasano, June 7, 1996. Other statutes govern access to records
and meetings of these associations. See, e.g., s. 720.303(2), F.S. (homeowners’ association board
of directors); s. 718.112(2)(c), F.S. (condominium board of administration); s. 719.106(1)
(c), F.S. (cooperative board of administration); and s. 723.078(2)(c), F.S. (mobile home park
homeowners’ association board of directors). Cf. AGOs 99-53 (an architectural review committee
of a homeowners’ association is subject to the Sunshine Law where that committee, pursuant
to county ordinance, must review and approve applications for county building permits), and
07-44 (property owners association subject to open government laws when acting on behalf of a
municipal services taxing unit).
(4)

Political parties

Meetings of political parties are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S. Inf. Op. to Armesto,
September 18, 1979.
(5)

Volunteer fire departments

In AGO 04-32, the Attorney General advised that boards of directors of volunteer fire
departments that provide firefighting services to the county and use facilities and equipment
acquired with county funds are subject to the Sunshine Law. Cf. AGO 00-08 (meetings of Lee
County Fire Commissioner’s Forum, a nonprofit corporation created by fire districts operating in
Lee County, at which two or more members of the same district board discuss matters that may

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foreseeably come before the board for official action are subject to the Sunshine Law). And see
Schwartzman v. Merritt Island Volunteer Fire Department, 352 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977),
cert. denied, 358 So. 2d 132 (Fla. 1978) (private nonprofit volunteer fire department, which
had been given stewardship over firefighting, which conducted its activities on county-owned
property, and which was funded in part by public money, was an “agency” for purposes of the
Public Records Act, and its membership files, minutes of its meetings and charitable activities
were subject to disclosure).
12.

Staff member or public official also serving as member of public board

In some cases, staff members or public officials also serve as members of public boards.
If so, discussions between those board members that involve matters which foreseeably could
come before the board must be held in the Sunshine. For example, a 1993 Attorney General
Opinion concluded that communications between the sheriff and the state attorney, as members
of the county’s criminal justice commission, would be subject to the Sunshine Law when such
discussions involve matters which foreseeably would come before the commission. AGO 93-41.
Cf. AGO 11-04, noting that if the state attorney and sheriff elect to appoint individuals to serve
on a county criminal justice commission in the place of each officer, as authorized by county
ordinance, neither the state attorney nor the sheriff would be a member of the commission so
as to make these communications subject to the Sunshine Law. See now, s. 286.01141, F.S.
(2013), creating a Sunshine Law exemption for that portion of a meeting of a duly constituted
local advisory criminal justice commission at which members of the commission discuss active
criminal intelligence or investigative information that is currently being considered by or which
may foreseeably come before the commission, provided that public disclosure of the discussion is
made at any public meeting of the commission at which the matter is being considered.
However, the Sunshine Law is applicable only to discussions of matters which may
foreseeably come before the board. For example, the Sunshine Law would not apply to meetings
between the mayor and city commissioners where a mayor performs the duties of city manager
and the city commissioners individually serve as the head of a city department when the meeting is
held solely by these officers in their capacity as department heads for the purpose of coordinating
administrative and operational matters between executive departments of city government for
which no formal action by the governing body is required or contemplated. Those matters which
normally come before, or should come before, the city commission for discussion or action,
however, must not be discussed at such meetings. AGO 81-88. Accord AGOs 83-70 and 75210 (mayor may discuss matters with individual city council member which concern his or her
administrative functions and would not come before the council for consideration and further
action).
Similarly, the Sunshine Law would not apply to a school faculty meeting simply because two
or more members of school advisory council who are also faculty members attend the faculty meeting
as long as council members refrain from discussing matters that may come before the council for
consideration. Inf. Op. to Hughes, February 17, 1995; and Inf. Op. to Boyd, March 14, 1994.
C.

WHAT MEETINGS OF MEMBERS OF BOARDS ARE COVERED? APPLICATION
OF THE SUNSHINE LAW TO:

1.

Board members attending meetings or serving as members of another public board

a.

Board members attending meetings of another public board

Several Attorney General Opinions have considered whether one or more members of a
board may attend or participate in a meeting of another public board. For example, in AGO 9955, the Attorney General’s Office said that a school board member could attend and participate
in the meeting of an advisory committee appointed by the school board without prior notice of
his or her attendance. However, the opinion cautioned that “if it is known that two or more
members of the school board are planning to attend and participate, it would be advisable to note

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their attendance in the advisory committee meeting notice.”
Moreover, while recognizing that commissioners may attend meetings of a second public
board and comment on agenda items that may subsequently come before the commission for final
action, the Attorney General Opinions have also advised that if more than one “commissioner is
in attendance at such a meeting, no discussion or debate may take place among the commissioners
on those issues.” AGO 00-68. Accord AGO 98-79 (city commissioner may attend a public
community development board meeting held to consider a proposed city ordinance and express
his or her views on the proposed ordinance even though other city commissioners may be in
attendance; however, the city commissioners in attendance may not engage in a discussion or
debate among themselves because “the city commission’s discussions and deliberations on the
proposed ordinance must occur at a duly noticed city commission meeting”). See also AGOs
05-59 and 77-138.
b.

Board members serving as members of another public board

Board members who also serve on a second public board may participate in the public
meetings of the second board held in accordance with s. 286.011, F.S., and express their
opinions without violating the Sunshine Law. AGO 07-13. In other words, “when two county
commissioners are presently serving on [a regional planning] council this does not turn a
meeting of the planning council into a county commission meeting, and the Sunshine Law
does not require any additional or different notice of planning council meetings because of the
presence of these county commission members.” Id. Cf. AGO 98-14, stating that members of
a metropolitan planning organization (MPO) who also serve as city council members are not
required to separately notice an MPO meeting when they plan to discuss MPO matters at an
advertised city council meeting, “provided the agenda reflects that the purpose of such a meeting
is to discuss MPO matters.”
Similarly, in AGO 91-95, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that a county
commissioner may attend and participate in the discussion at a public meeting held by the
governing board of a county board on which another commissioner serves. However, “in an
effort to satisfy the spirit of the Sunshine Law,” the opinion also recommended that the published
notice of the county board “include mention of the anticipated attendance and participation of
county commission members in board proceedings.” Id.
2.

Board member meeting with his or her alternate

Since the alternate is authorized to act only in the absence of a board or commission
member, there is no meeting of two individuals who exercise independent decision-making
authority at the meeting. There is, in effect, only one decision-making official present. Therefore,
a meeting between a board member and his or her alternate is not subject to the Sunshine Law.
AGO 88-45.
3.

Community forums sponsored by private organizations

A “Candidates’ Night” sponsored by a private organization at which candidates for
public office, including several incumbent city council members, will speak about their political
philosophies, trends, and issues facing the city, is not subject to the Sunshine Law unless the
council members discuss issues coming before the council among themselves. AGO 92-05.
Compare Inf. Op. to Jove, January 12, 2009, concluding that a public forum hosted by a city
council member with city council members invited to attend and participate in the discussion
would be subject to s. 286.011, F.S.
Similarly, in AGO 94-62, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that the Sunshine
Law does not apply to a political forum sponsored by a private civic club during which
county commissioners express their position on matters that may foreseeably come before the
commission, so long as the commissioners avoid discussions among themselves on these issues.
And see AGO 08-18 (participation by two city council members in a citizens police academy does

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not violate the Sunshine Law; “[t]he educational course is not changed into a meeting of a board
or commission . . . by the attendance and participation of members of the city council in the
course work of the academy”).
However, caution should be exercised to avoid situations in which private political or
community forums may be used to circumvent the statute’s requirements. AGO 94-62. See Town
of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473, 477 (Fla. 1974) (Sunshine Law must be construed “so
as to frustrate all evasive devices”). For example, in State v. Foster, 12 F.L.W. Supp. 1194a (Fla.
Broward Co. Ct. September 26, 2005), the court rejected the argument that the Sunshine Law
permitted city commissioners to attend a private breakfast meeting at which the sheriff spoke and
the commissioners individually questioned the sheriff but did not direct comments or questions
to each other. The court denied the commissioners’ motion for summary judgment and ruled
that the discussion should have been held in the Sunshine because the sheriff was a “common
facilitator” who received comments from each commissioner in front of the other commissioners.
4.

Confidential records discussions

The Florida Supreme Court has stated that in the absence of a statute exempting a meeting
in which privileged material is discussed, s. 286.011, F.S., should be construed as containing no
exceptions. City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1971).
The Public Records Act was amended in 1991 after several district courts held that certain
proceedings could be closed when considering confidential material. Section 119.07(7), F.S.,
provides that an exemption from s. 119.07, F.S., “does not imply an exemption from s. 286.011.
The exemption from s. 286.011 must be expressly provided.” Thus, exemptions from the Public
Records Act do not by implication allow a public agency to close a meeting where exempt records
are to be discussed in the absence of a specific exemption from the Sunshine Law. See AGOs
10-04 and 91-75 (school board), 04-44 (PRIDE), 93-41 (county criminal justice commission),
and 91-88 (pension board).
For example, while s. 288.075(2), F.S., allows a private corporation to request confidentiality
for certain records relating to a planned corporate relocation to Florida, this exemption “applies
only to records and does not constitute an exemption from the provisions of the Government in
the Sunshine Law . . . .” AGO 04-19. Accord AGO 80-78 and Inf. Op. to Rooney, June 8, 2011.
Similarly, in AGO 05-03, the Attorney General advised that a federal law prohibiting
disclosure of certain identifying information did not authorize a state committee to close its
meetings, although the committee should take steps to ensure that identifying information is
not disclosed at such meetings. See also AGOs 96-75 (since transcript of a closed attorney-client
session is open to public inspection once the litigation is concluded, city and its attorney should
be sensitive to any discussions of confidential medical reports during such a meeting and take
precautions to protect the confidentiality of such medical reports so that when the transcript
is opened for inspection, the privacy of the employee will not be breached) and 12-20 (county
transportation board designated as “appropriate local official” authorized by statute to receive
and investigate whistle-blower complaints must comply with the open meetings requirements
in the Sunshine Law; however, the board must also “protect the confidential information it is
considering at a meeting and must not disclose the name of the whistle-blower unless one of the
specific circumstances listed in the statute is present”). Cf. AGO 96-40 (a town may not require
a complainant to sign a waiver of confidentiality before accepting a whistle-blower’s complaint for
processing since the Legislature has provided for confidentiality of the whistle-blower’s identity).
5.

E-mail, text messages, and other written communications between board members

The Sunshine Law requires boards to meet in public; boards may not take action on or
engage in private discussions of board business via written correspondence, e-mails, text messages,
or other electronic communications. See AGO 89-39 (members of a public board may not use
computers to conduct private discussions among themselves about board business).

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Similarly, city commissioners may not use an electronic newsletter to communicate among
themselves on issues that foreseeably may come before the commission. Inf. Op. to Syrkus,
October 31, 2000. And see AGO 09-19 (members of a city board or commission may not
engage on the city’s Facebook page in an exchange or discussion of matters that foreseeably will
come before the board or commission for official action); and Inf. Op. to Martelli, July 20,
2009 (authority should discuss business at publicly noticed meetings “rather than in a series of
letters between authority members”). Cf. Inf. Op. to Galaydick, October 19, 1995 (school board
members may share laptop computer even though computer’s hard drive contains information
reflecting ideas of an individual member as long as computer is not being used as a means of
communication between members).
Thus, a procedure whereby a board takes official action by circulating a memorandum for
each board member to sign whether the board member approves or disapproves of a particular
issue, violates the Sunshine Law. Inf. Op. to Blair, May 29, 1973. And see Leach-Wells v. City
of Bradenton, 734 So. 2d 1168, 1171 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (selection committee created by city
council to evaluate proposals violated the Sunshine Law when the city clerk unilaterally ranked
the proposals based on the committee members’ individual written evaluations; the court held
that “the short-listing was formal action that was required to be taken at a public meeting”);
Schweickert v. Citrus County Port Authority, No. 12-CA-1339 (Fla. 5th Cir. Ct. September 30,
2013) (ad hoc committee appointed by board violated the Sunshine Law when the members
submitted individual written evaluations of the proposals to the staff, which then compiled the
scores and ranked the proposals for submission to the board; the committee should have ranked
the proposals at a public meeting); and AGO 93-90 (board not authorized to use employee
evaluation procedure whereby individual board members send their individual written comments
to the board chair for compilation and subsequent private discussion with the employee).
However, a commissioner may send a written report to other commissioners on a subject
that will be discussed at a public meeting without violating the Sunshine Law, if prior to the
meeting, there is no interaction related to the report among the commissioners and the report,
which must be maintained as a public record, is not being used as a substitute for action at a
public meeting. AGO 89-23. And see AGO 01-20 (e-mail communication of information from
one council member to another is a public record but does not constitute a meeting subject
to the Sunshine Law when it does not result in the exchange of council members’ comments
or responses on subjects involving foreseeable action by the council). Cf. Inf. Op. to Kessler,
November 14, 2007 (procedural rule requiring county commissioner to make a written request
to commission chair to withdraw an item from the consent agenda does not violate the Sunshine
Law).
If, on the other hand, the report is circulated among board members for comments with
such comments being provided to other members, there is interaction among the board members
which is subject to s. 286.011, F.S. AGO 90-03. Similarly, in AGO 96-35, the Attorney General’s
Office concluded that while a school board member may prepare and circulate an informational
memorandum or position paper to other board members, the use of a memorandum to solicit
comments from other board members or the circulation of responsive memoranda by other board
members would violate the Sunshine Law. “Such action would be equivalent to private meetings
discussing the public business through the use of memoranda without allowing an opportunity
for public input.” Id.
In addition, the Attorney General’s Office stated that while it is not a “direct violation” of
the Sunshine Law for members to circulate their own written position papers on the same subject
as long as the board members avoid any discussion or debate among themselves except at an open
public meeting, this practice is “strongly discourage[d].” AGO 07-35. See also AGO 01-21 (city
council’s discussions and deliberations on matters coming before the council must occur at a
duly noticed city council meeting and the circulation of position statements must not be used to
circumvent the requirements of the statute); AGO 08-07 (city commissioner may post comment

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regarding city business on blog or message board; however, any subsequent postings by other
commissioners on the subject of the initial posting could be construed as a response subject to
the Sunshine Law); and Inf. Op. to Jove, January 22, 2009 (posting of anticipated vote on blog).
6.

Fact-finding or inspection trips

The Sunshine Law does not prohibit advisory boards from conducting inspection trips
provided that the board members do not discuss matters which may come before the board for
official action. See Bigelow v. Howze, 291 So. 2d 645 (Fla. 2d DCA 1974); and AGO 02-24 (two
or more members of an advisory group created by a city code to make recommendations to the
city council or planning commission on proposed development may conduct vegetation surveys
without subjecting themselves to the requirements of the Sunshine Law, provided that they do
not discuss among themselves any recommendations or comments the committee may make).
The “fact-finding exception” to the Sunshine Law, however, does not apply to a board with
“ultimate decision-making authority.” See Finch v. Seminole County School Board, 995 So. 2d
1068 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008), holding that a district school board, as the ultimate decision-making
body, violated the Sunshine Law when the board, together with school officials and members
of the media, took a bus tour of neighborhoods affected by the board’s proposed rezoning even
though board members were separated from each other on the bus, did not express any opinions
or their preference for any of the rezoning plans, and did not vote during the trip. See also
Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. School Board of Martin County, 125 So. 3d 184 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)
(three school board members violated the Sunshine Law when they visited an adult education
school and talked with a school administrator, teachers, and students, because the “undisputed
evidence showed that the defendant board members, without providing notice, conducted a
meeting at the adult education school relating to matters on which foreseeable action would have
been taken.”).
7.

Informal discussions, workshops, organizational sessions, election of officers

The Sunshine Law extends to the discussions and deliberations as well as the formal action
taken by a public board or commission. There is no requirement that a quorum be present or
that an item be listed on a board agenda in order for a meeting of members of a public board
or commission to be subject to s. 286.011, F.S. As the Florida Supreme Court said, “collective
inquiry and discussion stages” are embraced within the terms of the statute. Town of Palm Beach
v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 474, 477 (Fla. 1974).
Accordingly, the law is applicable to any gathering, whether formal or casual, of two or
more members of the same board or commission to discuss some matter on which foreseeable
action will be taken by the public board or commission. Sarasota Citizens for Responsible
Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755, 764 (Fla. 2010). And see City of Miami Beach v.
Berns, 245 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1971); and Board of Public Instruction of Broward County v. Doran, 224
So. 2d 693 (Fla. 1969).
It is the how and the why officials decided to so act which interests the public, not merely
the final decision. As the court recognized in Times Publishing Company v. Williams, 222 So.
2d 470, 473 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969), disapproved in part on other grounds, Neu v. Miami Herald
Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 1985):
Every thought, as well as every affirmative act, of a public official
as it relates to and is within the scope of his official duties, is a
matter of public concern; and it is the entire decision-making
process that the legislature intended to affect by the enactment of
the statute before us.
Thus, two members of a civil service board violated the Sunshine Law when they held
a private discussion about a pending employment appeal during a recess of a board meeting.
Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. City of Sarasota, No. 2010CA4387NC (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. February

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27, 2012). Similarly, the Attorney General’s Office advised that the following gatherings are
subject to the Sunshine Law: a public forum hosted by a city council member with city council
members invited to attend and participate in the discussion, Inf. to Jove, January 12, 2009;
“executive work sessions” held by a board of commissioners of a housing authority to discuss
policy matters, AGO 76-102; “workshop meetings” of a planning and zoning commission, AGO
74-94; and “conference sessions” held by a town council before its regular meetings, AGO 7462. Cf. AGO 04-58 (“coincidental unscheduled meeting of two or more county commissioners
to discuss emergency issues with staff” during a declared state of emergency is not subject to s.
286.011 if the issues do not require action by the county commission); and Inf. Op. to Spencer,
April 23, 2003 (where city charter provides that special meeting of the council may be called
by three members of the council, Sunshine Law is not violated if three members call a special
meeting; “[t]he members must, however, be mindful not to discuss substantive issues which may
come before the council in their consideration of whether a special meeting is necessary”).
Similarly, the Sunshine Law applies to an organizational session of a board. Ruff v. School
Board of Collier County, 426 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983). Discussions between two
members of a three-member complaint review board regarding their selection of a third member
are subject to s. 286.011, F.S. AGO 93-79. Additionally, the Sunshine Law is applicable to
meetings held to elect officers of the board. AGOs 72-326 and 71-32 (boards may not use secret
ballots to elect officers).
The Sunshine Law is, therefore, applicable to all functions of covered boards and
commissions, whether formal or informal, which relate to the affairs and duties of the board
or commission. “[T]he Sunshine Law does not provide that cases be treated differently based
upon their level of public importance.” Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc., 647
So. 2d 857, 868 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). See, e.g., Inf. Op. to Nelson, May 19, 1980 (meeting
with congressman and city council members to discuss “federal budgetary matters which vitally
concern their communities” should be held in the sunshine because “it appears extremely likely
that discussion of public business by the council members [and perhaps decision making] will
take place at the meeting”).
8.

Investigative meetings

The Sunshine Law is applicable to investigative inquiries of public boards or commissions.
The fact that a meeting concerns alleged violations of laws or regulations does not remove it from
the scope of the law. AGO 74-84; and Canney v. Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County,
278 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 1973).
A number of statutory exemptions to the Sunshine Law have been enacted to close
meetings of some agencies (usually state agencies) when those agencies are making investigatory
determinations. For example, s. 112.324(2)(c)(d) and (e), F.S., provides that any proceeding
related to a complaint, referral, or preliminary investigation conducted by the Commission on
Ethics or other specified entities is exempt from open meetings requirements until the complaint
is dismissed as legally insufficient, the alleged violator requests in writing that the proceedings be
made public, the Commission on Ethics determines that it will not investigate a referral, or until
the Commission or other specified entity determines whether probable cause exists to believe that
a violation has occurred. Compare ss. 455.225(4) and 456.073(4), F.S. (meetings of probable
cause panels of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation and Department of
Health exempt from Sunshine Law until 10 days after probable cause is found to exist or until
confidentiality waived by subject of investigation).
9.

Litigation meetings

In the absence of a legislative exemption, discussions between a public board and its attorney
are subject to s. 286.011, F.S. Neu v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821 (Fla.
1985) (s. 90.502, F.S., providing for the confidentiality of attorney-client communications under
the Florida Evidence Code, does not create an exemption for attorney-client communications at

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public meetings; application of the Sunshine Law to such discussions does not usurp Supreme
Court’s constitutional authority to regulate the practice of law, nor is it at odds with Florida Bar
rules providing for attorney-client confidentiality). Cf. s. 90.502(6), F.S., stating that a discussion
or activity that is not a meeting for purposes of s. 286.011, F.S., shall not be construed to waive
the attorney-client privilege. And see Florida Parole and Probation Commission v. Thomas, 364 So.
2d 480 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978), stating that all decisions taken by legal counsel to a public board
need not be made or approved by the board; thus, the decision to appeal made by legal counsel
after private discussions with the individual members of the board did not violate s. 286.011, F.S.
There are statutory exemptions, however, which apply to some discussions of pending
litigation between a public board and its attorney.
a.

Settlement negotiations or strategy sessions related to litigation expenditures
Section 286.011(8), F.S., provides:

Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), any board or commission of any state
agency or authority or any agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or political
subdivision, and the chief administrative or executive officer of the governmental entity, may
meet in private with the entity’s attorney to discuss pending litigation to which the entity is
presently a party before a court or administrative agency, provided that the following conditions
are met:
(a)

The entity’s attorney shall advise the entity at a public meeting that he or she desires advice
concerning the litigation.

(b)

The subject matter of the meeting shall be confined to settlement negotiations or strategy
sessions related to litigation expenditures.

(c)

The entire session shall be recorded by a certified court reporter. The reporter shall record
the times of commencement and termination of the session, all discussion and proceedings,
the names of all persons present at any time, and the names of all persons speaking. No
portion of the session shall be off the record. The court reporter’s notes shall be fully
transcribed and filed with the entity’s clerk within a reasonable time after the meeting.

(d)

The entity shall give reasonable public notice of the time and date of the attorney-client
session and the names of persons who will be attending the session. The session shall
commence at an open meeting at which the persons chairing the meeting shall announce
the commencement and estimated length of the attorney-client session and the names of
the persons attending. At the conclusion of the attorney-client session, the meeting shall
be reopened, and the person chairing the meeting shall announce the termination of the
session.

(e)

The transcript shall be made part of the public record upon conclusion of the litigation.
(e.s.)

(1)

Strict compliance with statutory conditions

It has been held that the Legislature intended a strict construction of s. 286.011(8), F.S.
City of Dunnellon v. Aran, 662 So. 2d 1026 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995). “The clear requirements of
the statute are neither onerous nor difficult to satisfy.” Id. at 1027. Accord School Board of Duval
County v. Florida Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d 99 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996).
While section 286.011(8), F.S., does not specify who calls the closed attorney-client meeting,
it requires that the governmental entity’s attorney “shall advise the entity at a public meeting
that he or she desires advice concerning the litigation.” Thus, the exemption merely provides
a governmental entity’s attorney an opportunity to receive necessary direction and information
from the governmental entity regarding pending litigation. AGO 04-35. Accordingly, one of
the conditions that must be met prior to holding a closed attorney-client meeting is that the city

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attorney must indicate to the city council at a public meeting that he or she wishes the advice of
the city council regarding the pending litigation to which the city is presently a party before a
court or administrative agency. Inf. Op. to Vock, July 11, 2001. “If the city attorney does not
advise the city council at a public meeting that he or she desires the council’s advice regarding the
litigation, the city council is not precluded from providing such advice to the city attorney but it
must do so at a public meeting.” Id.
The requirement that the board’s attorney advise the board at a public meeting that he or
she desires advice concerning litigation is not satisfied by a previously published notice of the
closed session; such an announcement must be made at a public meeting of the board. AGO
04-35. The request may be made during a special meeting provided that the special meeting at
which the request is made is open to the public, reasonable notice has been given, and minutes
are taken. AGO 07-31.
In City of Dunnellon v. Aran, supra, the court said that a city council’s failure to announce
the names of the lawyers participating in a closed attorney-client session violated the Sunshine
Law. The court rejected the city’s claim that when the mayor announced that attorneys hired by
the city would attend the session (but did not give the names of the individuals), his “substantial
compliance” was sufficient to satisfy the statute. Cf. Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d at
901, noting that deviation from the agenda at an attorney-client session is not authorized; while
such deviation is permissible if a public meeting has been properly noticed, “there is no case law
affording the same latitude to deviations in closed door meetings.”
(2)

Permitted discussions during closed session

Section 286.011(8)(b), F.S., states that the subject matter of the meeting shall be confined
to settlement negotiations or strategy sessions related to litigation expenditures. If a board goes
beyond the “strict parameters of settlement negotiations and strategy sessions related to litigation
expenditures” and takes “decisive action,” a violation of the Sunshine Law results. Zorc v. City of
Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d at 900. And see AGO 99-37 (closed-meeting exemption may be used only
when the attorney for a governmental entity seeks advice on settlement negotiations or strategy
relating to litigation expenditures; such meetings should not be used to finalize action or discuss
matters outside these two narrowly prescribed areas). Accord AGO 04-35.
Section 286.011(8), F.S., “simply provides a governmental entity’s attorney an opportunity
to receive necessary direction and information from the government entity. No final decisions
on litigation matters can be voted on during these private, attorney-client strategy meetings.
The decision to settle a case, for a certain amount of money, under certain conditions is a
decision which must be voted upon in a public meeting.” School Board of Duval County v. Florida
Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d 99, 100 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996), quoting Staff of Fla. H.R. Comm.
on Gov’t Operations, CS/HB 491 (1993) Final Bill Analysis & Economic Impact Statement 2
(Fla. State Archives), at 3.
Thus, “[t]he settlement of a case is exactly that type of final decision contemplated by the
drafters of section 286.011(8) which must be voted upon in the sunshine.” Zorc v. City of Vero
Beach, 722 So. 2d at 901. Accord AGO 08-17 (any action to approve a settlement or litigation
expenditures must be voted on in a public meeting).
Accordingly, a court found that a city did not comply with s. 286.011(8), F.S., when it
held closed meetings that “covered a wide range of political and policy issues not connected
to” settlement of pending litigation regarding a comprehensive plan amendment or litigation
expenses relating to the pending cases which at that point were on appeal. “While some of the
discussion at these meetings did in fact involve the costs associated with the pending litigation, by
and large the meetings pertained to finding a way to readopt the comprehensive plan amendment
that had been invalidated by the court and to avoid future litigation regarding the readopted
amendment.” Anderson v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d 548, 553 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014). See

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also Freeman v. Times Publishing Company, 696 So. 2d 427 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (discussion of
methods or options to achieve continuing compliance with a long-standing federal desegregation
mandate [such as whether to modify the boundaries of a school zone to achieve racial balance]
must be held in the sunshine). Compare Bruckner v. City of Dania Beach, 823 So. 2d 167,
172 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (closed city commission meeting to discuss various options to settle
a lawsuit involving a challenge to a city resolution, including modification of the resolution,
authorized because the commission “neither voted, took official action to amend the resolution,
nor did it formally decide to settle the litigation”).
(3)

Entity involved in pending litigation

Section 286.011(8) permits an entity to use the exemption if the entity “is presently a party
before a court or administrative agency . . . .” For example, a city council and its attorney may
hold a closed-door meeting pursuant to this statute to discuss settlement negotiations or strategy
related to litigation expenditures for pending litigation involving a workers’ compensation suit
against the city because the system prescribed in ch. 440, F.S., “operates as a means of adjudicating
workers’ compensation claims and would be considered litigation before an administrative
agency.” AGO 96-75.
In Brown v. City of Lauderhill, 654 So. 2d 302 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), the court said it
could “discern no rational basis for concluding that a city is not a ‘party’ to pending litigation in
which it is the real party in interest.” And see Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d at 900 (city
was presently a party to ongoing litigation by virtue of its already pending claims in bankruptcy
proceedings); and AGOs 09-15 (exemption applicable when city is real party in interest of a
pending lawsuit despite not being a named party at the time of the meeting), and 08-17 (health
care district may hold a closed attorney-client meeting to discuss settlement negotiations and
strategies related to litigation expenditures for pending litigation in which its wholly-owned
subsidiary holding company is the named party).
Although the Brown decision established that the exemption could be used by a city that
was a real party in interest on a claim involved in pending litigation, that decision does not mean
that an agency may meet in executive session with its attorney where there is only the threat
of litigation. See AGOs 04-35 and 98-21 (s. 286.011[8] exemption “does not apply when no
lawsuit has been filed even though the parties involved believe litigation is inevitable”).
Similarly, s. 286.011(8), F.S. “may not be used to conduct a closed meeting during a
mandatory arbitration proceeding, when there is no pending legal proceeding in a court or before
an administrative agency.” AGO 13-17. And see AGOs 06-03 (exemption not applicable to
pre-litigation mediation proceedings), 09-14 (exemption not applicable to discussion of terms
of mediation in conflict resolution proceedings under the “Florida Governmental Conflict
Resolution Act,” ss. 164.101-164.1061, F.S.), and 09-25 (town council which received pre-suit
notice letter under the Bert J. Harris Act, s. 70.001, F.S., is not a party to pending litigation for
purposes of s. 286.011[8], F.S.).
(4)

Persons authorized to attend closed session

Only those persons listed in the statutory exemption, i.e., the entity, the entity’s attorney,
the chief administrative officer of the entity, and the court reporter are authorized to attend a
closed attorney-client session. Thus, other staff members, consultants, or officials are not allowed
to be present. School Board of Duval County v. Florida Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d at 101.
See Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d 891, 898 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998), review denied, 735 So.
2d 1284 (Fla. 1999) (city charter provision requiring that city clerk attend all council meetings
does not authorize clerk to attend closed attorney-client session; municipality may not authorize
what the Legislature has expressly forbidden); AGO 01-10 (clerk of court not authorized to
attend); and AGO 09-52 (attorneys representing superintendent not authorized to attend closed
session to discuss settlement of administrative action in which school board is the named party).

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Cf. AGO 15-13 (mayor who is a voting member of the city council not precluded from attending
closed session relating to pending litigation in which city council is a party, even though plaintiffs
have also sued the mayor in his individual capacity).
Since the entity’s attorney is permitted to attend the closed session, if the school board
hires outside counsel to represent it in pending litigation, both the school board attorney and the
litigation attorney may attend a closed session. AGO 98-06. See Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722
So. 2d at 898 (attendance of special counsel authorized).
In rejecting the argument that the exemption should be construed so as to allow staff to
attend closed attorney-client sessions, the courts have noted that individual board members are
free to meet privately with staff at any time since “staff members are not subject to the Sunshine
Law.” Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d at 899; School Board of Duval County v. Florida
Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d at 101. Cf. AGO 95-06 (s. 286.011[8], F.S., does not authorize
the temporary adjournment and reconvening of meetings in order for members who are attending
such a session to leave the room and consult with others outside the meeting).
However, as the Attorney General’s Office recognized in AGO 08-42, qualified interpreters
for the deaf are treated by the Americans with Disabilities Act as auxiliary aids in the nature of
hearing aids and other assistive devices and may attend litigation strategy meetings of a board
or commission to interpret for a deaf board member without violating section 286.011(8), F.S.
(5)

Determination of “conclusion” of the litigation

Section 286.011(8)(e), F.S., provides that transcripts of closed meetings “shall be made part
of the public record upon conclusion of the litigation.” See AGO 15-03 (transcript of a litigation
strategy session which was closed to the public while the litigation was ongoing became a public
record once the litigation was concluded). Cf. AGO 97-75 (disclosure of medical records to a
city council during a closed-door meeting under s. 286.011[8], F.S., does not affect requirement
that the transcript of such meeting be made a part of the public record at the conclusion of the
litigation).
The statute does not recognize a continuation of the exemption for “derivative claims”
made in separate, subsequent litigation. AGO 13-13. For example, a transcript of a closed
meeting to discuss settlement of a quiet title lawsuit became a public record upon the entry of
a final judgment in that case, even though the same parties were now embroiled in an inverse
condemnation lawsuit. Chmielewski v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d 521 (Fla. 2d DCA
2014). Similarly, a claim for payment of attorney’s fees does not extend the application of the
exemption after a final judgment has been entered and a mandate issued. Inf. Op. to Boutsis,
December 13, 2012.
Accordingly, a dismissal with prejudice pursuant to a settlement agreement that confers
continuing jurisdiction on the court to enforce the terms of the settlement agreement operates as
a conclusion of the litigation. AGO 15-03. By contrast, litigation that is ongoing but temporarily
suspended pursuant to a stipulation for settlement has not been concluded for purposes of s.
286.011(8), F.S., and a transcript of meetings held between the city and its attorney to discuss
such litigation may be kept confidential until conclusion of the litigation. AGO 94-64. And see
AGO 94-33 (public agency may maintain the confidentiality of a record of a strategy or settlement
meeting between a public agency and its attorney until the suit is dismissed with prejudice or
the applicable statute of limitations has run); and Inf. Op. to Boutsis, supra (legislative history of
s. 286.011[8], F.S., indicates “that the Legislature intended the exemption to continue through
the appeals segment of the litigation”). Cf. Wagner v. Orange County, 960 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2007), concluding that the phrase “conclusion of the litigation or adversarial administrative
proceedings” for purposes of the attorney work product exemption from the public records law
found in s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., encompasses postjudgment collection efforts such as a legislative
claims bill.

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In AGO 13-21, the Attorney General’s Office observed that s. 286.011(8)(e), F.S., “should
be seen as a tool which governmental boards or commissions may employ in their discretion
but the statute should not be read as a prohibition against the release of such records prior to
the conclusion of . . . litigation.” Therefore, a city council, as the collegial body to which the
exemption applies, may waive the exemption and release transcripts of meetings held pursuant to
s. 286.011(8), F.S., prior to the conclusion of litigation. Id.
b.

Risk management exemption

Section 768.28(16)(c), F.S., states that portions of meetings and proceedings relating solely
to the evaluation of claims or to offers of compromise of claims filed with a risk management
program of the state, its agencies and subdivisions, are exempt from s. 286.011, F.S. The minutes
of such meetings and proceedings are also exempt from public disclosure until the termination of
the litigation and settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident. Section 768.28(16)
(d), F.S.
This exemption is limited and applies only to tort claims for which the agency may be
liable under s. 768.28, F.S. AGO 04-35. The exemption is not applicable to meetings held
prior to the filing of a tort claim with the risk management program. AGO 92-82. Moreover, a
meeting of a city’s risk management committee is exempt from the Sunshine Law only when the
meeting relates solely to the evaluation of a tort claim filed with the risk management program or
relates solely to an offer of compromise of a tort claim filed with the risk management program.
AGO 04-35.
Unlike s. 286.011(8), F.S., s. 768.28(16), F.S., does not specify the personnel who are
authorized to attend the meeting. See AG0 00-20, advising that personnel of the school district
who are involved in the risk management aspect of the tort claim being litigated or settled may
attend such meetings without jeopardizing the confidentiality provisions of the statute.
10.

Personnel matters

In the absence of a specific statutory exemption, meetings of a public board or commission
to discuss personnel matters are subject to the Sunshine Law. Times Publishing Company v.
Williams, 222 So. 2d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969), disapproved in part on other grounds, Neu v. Miami
Herald Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 1985).
a.

Collective bargaining discussions

(1)

Strategy sessions

A limited exemption from s. 286.011, F.S., exists for discussions between the chief
executive officer of the public employer, or his or her representative, and the legislative body of the
public employer relative to collective bargaining. Section 447.605(1), F.S. A similar exemption
is contained in s. 110.201(4), F.S., for discussions between the Department of Management
Services and the Governor, between the department and the Administration Commission or
agency heads, or between any of their respective representatives, relative to collective bargaining.
A duly-appointed labor negotiating committee of a city that does not have a city manager
or city administrator qualifies as the “chief executive officer” for purposes of s. 447.605(1), F.S.,
and may use the exemption when meeting with the city council to discuss collective bargaining.
AGO 85-99. And see AGO 99-27, concluding that a committee formed by the city manager to
represent the city in labor negotiations may participate in closed executive sessions conducted
pursuant to s. 447.605(1), F.S. The exemption also extends to meetings of the negotiating
committee itself which are held to discuss labor negotiation strategies, including when the
committee adjourns during negotiations to hold a caucus among its members to determine the
strategy to be employed in ongoing negotiations. Id.
If a school superintendent’s responsibility to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of

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the school board has been completely delegated to a separate labor negotiating committee and
the superintendent does not participate in the collective bargaining negotiations, the exemption
afforded by s. 447.605(1), F.S., applies to discussions between the committee and the school
board only and does not encompass discussions among the committee, school board and
superintendent. AGO 98-06.
The exemption afforded by s. 447.605(1), F.S., applies only in the context of actual and
impending collective bargaining negotiations. AGO 85-99. It does not allow private discussions
of a proposed “mini-PERC ordinance” or the stance a public body intends to adopt in regard
to unionization and/or collective bargaining. AGO 75-48. Moreover, a public body may not
conduct an entire meeting outside the Sunshine Law merely by discussing one topic during the
course of that meeting which may be statutorily exempt from s. 286.011, F.S. AGO 85-99.
Section 447.605(1), F.S., does not directly address the dissemination of information that
may be obtained at the closed meeting, but there is clear legislative intent that matters discussed
during such meetings are not to be open to public disclosure. AGO 03-09.
(2)

Negotiations

The collective bargaining negotiations between the chief executive officer and a bargaining
agent are not exempt and pursuant to s. 447.605(2), F.S., must be conducted in the sunshine.
Once the collective bargaining process begins, when one side or its representative, whether
before or after the declaration of an impasse, meets with the other side or its representative to
discuss anything relevant to the terms and conditions of the employer-employee relationship, the
meeting is subject to the Sunshine Law. City of Fort Myers v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc.,
514 So. 2d 408, 412 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987). Accord Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d 8 (Fla. 1st DCA
2014), review denied, No. SC 16-2490 (Fla. February 24, 2016). See also AGO 99-27. As with
other meetings subject to s. 286.011, F.S., minutes of the negotiation meeting must be kept. Inf.
Op. to Fulwider, June 14, 1993.
The Legislature has, therefore, divided Sunshine Law policy on collective bargaining for
public employees into two parts: when the public employer is meeting with its own side, it is
exempt from the Sunshine Law; when the public employer is meeting with the other side, it is
required to comply with the Sunshine Law. City of Fort Myers v. News-Press Publishing Company,
Inc., 514 So. 2d at 412. And see Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d at 12 (By holding closed-door
negotiations that resulted in changes to public employee pension benefits, “the [city and pension
board] ignored an important party who also had the right to be in the room -- the public.”).
Cf. Palm Beach County Classroom Teachers’ Association v. School Board of Palm Beach County, 411
So. 2d 1375, 1376 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982) (collective bargaining agreement cannot be used “to
circumvent the requirements of public meetings” in s. 286.011, F.S.).
b.

Disciplinary, grievance, and complaint review proceedings

Meetings of a board or commission to conduct disciplinary proceedings are subject to
the Sunshine Law. See, e.g., AGO 92-65 (employee termination hearing conducted by housing
authority commission). And see News-Press Publishing Company v. Wisher, 345 So. 2d 646, 647648 (Fla. 1977), in which the Court disapproved of a county’s use of “pseudonyms or cloaked
references” during a county commission meeting held to reprimand an unnamed department head.
Thus, two members of a civil service board violated the Sunshine Law when they held
a private discussion about a pending employment appeal during a recess of a board meeting.
Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. City of Sarasota, No. 2010CA4387NC (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. February
27, 2012). And see Barfield v. City of West Palm Beach, No. CL94-2141-AC (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct.
May 6, 1994) (complaint review board of a city police department is subject to the Sunshine
Law; AGO 80-27 (sheriff civil service board created by special act). Cf. AGO 93-79 (discussions
between two members of a three-member complaint review board regarding their selection of the
third member of the board must be conducted in accordance with s. 286.011, F.S.).

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Similarly, in Dascott v. Palm Beach County, 877 So. 2d 8 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), the court
held that a meeting of a pre-termination conference panel established pursuant to county
ordinance and composed of a department head, personnel director, and equal opportunity
director should have been held in the Sunshine. Even though the county administrator had
the sole authority to discipline employees, that authority had been delegated to the department
head who in turn chose to share that authority with the other members of the panel. See also
AGO 10-14 (team created by charter school board of directors to review employment decisions
is subject to the Sunshine Law). Cf. AGO 77-132 (personnel council composed of citizens
appointed by members of county commission to hear appeals from county employees who have
been disciplined not authorized to deliberate in secret).
A grievance committee established as “the final hearing body for all matters determined
to be grievances and [authorized] to uphold, modify, or deny any grievance” is subject to the
Sunshine Law “because the [committee] clearly exercises decision-making authority.” Dascott v.
Palm Beach County, supra at 13. And see AGO 84-70 (Sunshine Law applies to staff grievance
committee created to make nonbinding recommendations to a county administrator regarding
disposition of employee grievances). Cf. Palm Beach County Classroom Teacher’s Association v.
School Board of Palm Beach County, 411 So. 2d 1375 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), in which the court
affirmed the lower tribunal’s refusal to issue a temporary injunction to exclude a newspaper
reporter from a grievance arbitration hearing. A collective bargaining agreement cannot be used
“to circumvent the requirements of public meetings” in s. 286.011, F.S. Id. at 1376.
By contrast, in Jordan v. Jenne, 938 So. 2d 526, 530 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006), the court
determined that the Sunshine Law did not apply to a professional standards committee responsible
for reviewing charges against a sheriff’s deputy and making recommendations to the inspector
general, because the inspector general made the “ultimate decision” on discipline and did not
deliberate with the committee. See also McDougall v. Culver, 3 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009)
(Internal Affairs memorandum containing findings and recommendations circulated to senior
officials for review and comment before submission to the sheriff for a decision on disciplinary
action did not constitute a meeting under the Sunshine Law since officials only provided a
recommendation but did not deliberate with the sheriff or have decision-making authority).
Similarly, if the mayor as chief executive officer, rather than the city council, is responsible
under the city charter for disciplining city employees, meetings between the mayor and a city
employee concerning discipline of the employee are not subject to the Sunshine Law. City of
Sunrise v. News and Sun-Sentinel Company, 542 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989). And see AGO
07-54 (while post-termination hearings before city manager are not subject to the Sunshine Law,
hearings before a three-member panel appointed by the city manager should be open).
c.

Evaluations

The Sunshine Law applies to meetings of a board of county commissioners when
interviewing applicants for county positions appointed by the board, when conducting job
evaluations of county employees answering to and serving at the pleasure of the board, and when
conducting employment termination interviews of county employees who serve at the pleasure
of the board. AGO 89-37.
A board that is responsible for assessing the performance of its chief executive officer
(CEO) should conduct the review and appraisal process in a proceeding open to the public as
prescribed by s. 286.011, F.S., instead of using a review procedure in which individual board
members evaluate the CEO’s performance and send their individual written comments to the
board chair for compilation and subsequent discussion with the CEO. AGO 93-90. However,
meetings of individual school board members with the superintendent to discuss the individual
board members’ evaluations do not violate the Sunshine Law when such evaluations do not
become the board’s evaluation until they are compiled and discussed at a public meeting by the
school board for adoption by the board. AGO 97-23.

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d.

Selection and screening committees

The Sunshine Law applies to advisory committees created by an agency to assist in the
selection process. In Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d 934 (Fla. 1983), a committee created to
screen applications and make recommendations for the position of a law school dean was held
to be subject to s. 286.011, F.S. By screening applicants and deciding which applicants to reject
from further consideration, the committee performed a policy-based, decision-making function
delegated to it by the president of the university. See also Krause v. Reno, 366 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1979) (Sunshine Law governs advisory group created by city manager to assist in screening
applications and to recommend several applicants for the position of chief of police), and AGO
77-43 (Sunshine Law applies to committee selected by a county bar association on behalf of the
school board to screen applicants and make recommendations for the position of school board
attorney). Cf. Dore v. Sliger, No. 90-1850 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. July 11, 1990) (faculty of university
law school prohibited from conducting secret ballots on personnel hiring matters).
However, if the sole function of the screening committee is simply to gather information
for the decision-maker, rather than to accept or reject applicants, the committee’s activities are
outside the Sunshine Law. See Cape Publications, Inc. v. City of Palm Bay, 473 So. 2d 222 (Fla.
5th DCA 1985), holding that the Sunshine Law was not violated when the city manager, who
was responsible for selecting the new police chief, asked several people to sit in on the interviews,
as the only function of this group was to assist the city manager in acquiring information on
the applicants he had chosen by asking questions during the interviews and then discussing
the qualifications of each candidate with the city manager after the interview. And see Knox v.
District School Board of Brevard, 821 So. 2d 311, 314 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), holding that an
interview team composed of staff was not subject to s. 286.011, F.S., even though the team made
recommendations since “all the applications went to the superintendent and he decided which
applicants to interview and nominate to the school board.”
11.

Purchasing meetings

a.

Application of Sunshine Law

A committee appointed by a public college’s purchasing director to consider proposals
submitted by contractors was held to be subject to the Sunshine Law because its function was
to “weed through the various proposals, to determine which were acceptable and to rank them
accordingly.” Silver Express Company v. District Board of Lower Tribunal Trustees, 691 So. 2d
1099, 1100 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997). Accord Inf. Op. to Lewis, March 15, 1999 (panels established
by state agency to create requests for proposals and evaluate vendor responses are subject to the
Sunshine Law), and AGO 80-51 (Sunshine Law applicable to city selection committee screening
proposals from consultants and audit firms). And see Leach-Wells v. City of Bradenton, 734 So.
2d 1168, 1171 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (selection committee created by city council to evaluate
proposals violated the Sunshine Law when the city clerk unilaterally ranked the proposals based
on the committee members’ individual written evaluations; the court held that “the shortlisting was formal action that was required to be taken at a public meeting”); and Schweickert
v. Citrus County Port Authority, No. 12-CA-1339 (Fla. 5th Cir. Ct. September 30, 2013) (ad
hoc committee appointed by board violated the Sunshine Law when the members submitted
individual written evaluations of the proposals to the staff, which then compiled the scores
and ranked the proposals for submission to the board; the committee should have ranked the
proposals at a public meeting).
In Port Everglades Authority v. International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1922-1, 652
So. 2d 1169, 1170 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), the court ruled that a board’s selection and negotiation
committee violated the Sunshine Law when competing bidders were requested to excuse
themselves from the public committee meeting during presentations by competitors. Cf. Pinellas
County School Board v. Suncam, Inc., 829 So. 2d 989 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (school board violated
the Sunshine Law when it refused to permit videotaping of a public meeting held to evaluate
general contractor construction proposals). See now s. 286.0113(2)(b), F.S., discussed below,

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providing an exemption from the Sunshine Law for certain competitive solicitation meetings and
requiring a complete recording of the exempt meeting.
b.

Recording requirement for exempt meetings

Section 286.0113(2)(b)1. and 2., F.S., provide that any portion of a meeting at which a
negotiation with a vendor is conducted pursuant to a competitive solicitation, at which a vendor
makes an oral presentation as part of a competitive solicitation, or at which a vendor answers
questions as part of a competitive solicitation, is exempt from the Sunshine Law. In addition,
any portion of a team meeting at which negotiation strategies are discussed is also exempt. Cf.
s. 255.0518, F.S. (sealed bids received pursuant to a competitive solicitation for construction or
repairs of a public building or public work must be opened at a public meeting conducted in
compliance with the Sunshine Law).
The term “[c]ompetitive solicitation” means “the process of requesting and receiving sealed
bids, proposals, or replies in accordance with the terms of a competitive process, regardless of the
method of procurement.” Section 286.0113(2)(a)1., F.S.
The term “team” means a group of members established by an agency for the purpose of
conducting negotiations as part of a competitive solicitation. Section 286.0113(2)(a)2., F.S.
A complete recording must be made of the exempt meeting; no portion of the exempt
meeting may be held off the record. Section 286.0113(1)(c), F.S. Cf. AGO 10-42 (where statute
required that closed proceedings of state committee be recorded and that no portion be off the
record, audio recording of the proceedings “would appear to be the most expedient and costefficient manner to ensure that all discussion is recorded”).
The recording and any records presented at the exempt meeting are exempt from public
disclosure until the agency provides notice of an intended decision or until 30 days after opening
the bids, proposals, or final replies, whichever occurs earlier. Section 286.0113(2)(c)1. and 2.,
F.S. And see s. 286.0113(2)(c)3., F.S. (exempt status of recording if the agency rejects all bids,
proposals, or replies, and concurrently provides notice of its intent to reissue a competitive
solicitation). Cf. s. 255.065(15), F.S. (recording requirement for the portion of a meeting to
discuss an exempt unsolicited proposal received as part of the public-private partnership process
authorized under s. 255.065, F.S.).
12.

Quasi-judicial matters, proceedings or hearings

The Sunshine Law does not authorize boards to conduct closed-door hearings or
deliberations simply because the board is acting in a “quasi-judicial” capacity. Canney v. Board
of Public Instruction of Alachua County, 278 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 1973). And see Occidental Chemical
Company v. Mayo, 351 So. 2d 336, 340n.7 (Fla. 1977), disapproved in part on other grounds,
Citizens v. Beard, 613 So. 2d 403 (Fla. 1992) (characterization of the Public Service Commission’s
decision-making process as “quasi-judicial” did not exempt it from s. 286.011, F.S.); and Palm
Beach County Classroom Teacher’s Association v. School Board of Palm Beach County, 411 So. 2d
1375 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), affirming the lower court’s refusal to issue a temporary injunction to
exclude a newspaper reporter from a grievance hearing.
Thus, in the absence of statutory exemption, “[t]he fact that a board or commission is
acting in a quasi-judicial capacity does not remove it from the reach of section 286.011, Florida
Statutes.” AGO 10-04. And see AGOs 92-65, 83-43 and 77-132. Cf. AGO 10-15 (special
magistrate subject to the Sunshine Law when exercising the delegated decision-making authority
of the value adjustment board).
13.

Real property negotiations

In the absence of a statutory exemption, the negotiations by a public board or commission
for the sale or purchase of property must be conducted in the sunshine. See City of Miami Beach

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v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38, 40 (Fla. 1971) (city commission not authorized to hold closed sessions
to discuss condemnation issues). In addition, if the authority of the public board or commission
to acquire or lease property has been delegated to a single member, that member is subject to s.
286.011, F.S., and is prohibited from negotiating the acquisition or lease of the property in secret.
AGO 74-294. Cf. AGO 95-06 (statutory exemption from Ch. 119, F.S., for certain records
relating to the proposed purchase of real property does not authorize a city or its designee to
conduct negotiations for purchase of property outside the Sunshine Law).
Advisory committees charged with land acquisition responsibilities are also subject to
the Sunshine Law. See AGOs 87-42 (ad hoc committee appointed by mayor to meet with the
Chamber of Commerce to discuss a proposed transfer of city property), and 86-51 (land selection
committee appointed by water management district to evaluate and recommend projects for
acquisition). Cf. Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc., 647 So. 2d 857 (Fla. 3d DCA
1994) (committee established by county commission to negotiate lease agreement subject to s.
286.011).
14.

Security meetings

While there is no general exemption from open meetings requirements that applies to all
discussions relating to “security,” s. 281.301(1), F.S., provides an exemption for meetings relating
directly to or that would reveal the security systems for any property owned by or leased to the
state or any of its political subdivisions or for any privately owned or leased property which is in
the possession of an agency.
The statute does not merely close such meetings; it exempts the meetings from the
requirements of s. 286.011, F.S., such as notice. AGO 93-86. And see s. 286.0113(1), F.S.,
stating that the portion of a meeting that would reveal a security system plan or portion thereof
made confidential and exempt by s. 119.071(3)(a), F.S. (providing an exemption from the Public
Records Act for a “security system plan”) is exempt from open meetings requirements.
15.

Social events

Members of a public board or commission are not prohibited under the Sunshine Law from
meeting together socially, provided that matters which may come before the board or commission
are not discussed at such gatherings. AGO 92-79. Accord Inf. Op. to Batchelor, May 27, 1982.
Therefore, a luncheon meeting held by a private organization for members of a public
board or commission at which there is no discussion among such officials on matters relating
to public business would not be subject to the Sunshine Law merely because of the presence
of two or more members of a covered board or commission. AGO 72-158. Cf. AGO 71-295,
cautioning that “[p]ublic bodies should avoid secret meetings, from which the public and the
press are effectively excluded, preceding official meetings, even though such secret meetings are
held ostensibly for purely social purposes only and with the understanding that the members of
the public body will, in good faith, attempt to avoid any discussion of official business.”
16.

Telephone conversations and meetings

a.

Private telephone conversations

Private telephone conversations between board members to discuss matters which
foreseeably will come before that board for action violate the Sunshine Law. See State v. Childers,
No. 02-21939-MMC; 02-21940-MMB (Escambia Co. Ct. June 5, 2003), per curiam affirmed,
886 So. 2d 229 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (private telephone conversation during which two county
commissioners and the supervisor of elections discussed redistricting violated the Sunshine Law).
See also the discussion on pages 21-23 regarding the application of the Sunshine Law to emails,
text messages and other written communications between board members.

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b.

Authorization to conduct and participate in public meetings via telephone, video
conferencing, or other electronic media

(1)

State boards

In AGO 98-28, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that s. 120.54(5)(b)2., F.S.,
authorizes state boards to conduct public meetings via entirely electronic means provided
that the board complies with uniform rules of procedure adopted by the state Administration
Commission. These rules contain notice requirements and procedures for providing points of
access for the public. See Rule 28-109, F.A.C.
(2)

Local boards

(a)

Meetings

As to local boards, the Attorney General’s Office has noted that the authorization in s.
120.54(5)(b)2., to conduct meetings entirely through the use of electronic media technology
applies only to state agencies. AGO 98-28.
The Attorney General’s Office has observed that a local board’s use of electronic media
technology to increase public participation in meetings and the use of such media to allow
members of a board or commission to participate in a duly noticed public meeting does not
necessarily raise Sunshine Law issues, “but rather implicates the ability of a board or commission
to conduct public business with a quorum.” See Inf. Op. to Stebbins, December 1, 2015.
For example, since s. 1001.372(2)(b), F.S., requires a district school board to hold its
meetings at a “public place in the county,” a quorum of the board must be physically present
at the meeting of the school board. Id. And see AGOs 09-56 (where a quorum is required and
absent a statute to the contrary, the requisite number of members must be physically present
at a meeting in order to constitute a quorum), and 10-34 (city may not adopt an ordinance
allowing members of a city board to appear by electronic means to constitute a quorum). Cf. s.
163.01(18), F.S., authorizing certain entities created by interlocal agreement to conduct public
meetings and workshops by means of communications media technology.
However, if a quorum of a local board is physically present, “the participation of an absent
member by telephone conference or other interactive electronic technology is permissible when
such absence is due to extraordinary circumstances such as illness[;] . . . [w]hether the absence
of a member due to a scheduling conflict constitutes such a circumstance is a determination that
must be made in the good judgment of the board.” AGO 03-41.
For example, if a quorum of a local board is physically present at the public meeting site,
a board may allow a member with health problems to participate and vote in board meetings
through the use of such devices as a speaker telephone that allow the absent member to participate
in discussions, to be heard by other board members and the public and to hear discussions
taking place during the meeting. AGO 94-55. And see AGOs 92-44 (participation and voting
by ill county commissioner), and 02-82 (physically-disabled city advisory committee members
participating and voting by electronic means).
(b)

Workshops

The physical presence of a quorum has not been required where electronic media technology
(such as video conferencing and digital audio) is used to allow public access and participation at
workshop meetings where no formal action will be taken. The use of electronic media technology,
however, does not satisfy quorum requirements necessary for official action to be taken. See
Inf. Op. to Stebbins, December 1, 2015 (approval of board meeting minutes constitutes official
action; vote to approve minutes not exempted from quorum requirements).

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For example, the Attorney General’s Office advised that airport authority members may
conduct informal discussions and workshops over the Internet, provided proper notice is given,
and interactive access by members of the public is provided. AGO 01-66. Such interactive access
must include not only public access via the Internet but also at designated places within the
authority boundaries where the airport authority makes computers with Internet access available
to members of the public who may not otherwise have Internet access. Id. For meetings, however,
where a quorum is necessary for action to be taken, the physical presence of the members making
up the quorum would be required in the absence of a statute providing otherwise. Id. Internet
access to such meetings, however may still be offered to provide greater public access. Id. Cf.
AGO 08-65, noting that a city’s plan to provide additional public access to on-line workshop
meetings by making computers available at a public library “should ensure that operating-type
assistance is available at the library where the computers are located.”
However, the use of an electronic bulletin board to discuss matters over an extended period
of days or weeks, which does not permit the public to participate online, violates the Sunshine Law
by circumventing the notice and access provisions of that law. AGO 02-32. And see Inf. Op. to
Ciocchetti, March 23, 2006 (even though the public would be able to participate online, a town
commission’s proposed use of an electronic bulletin board to discuss matters that foreseeably may
come before the commission over an extended period of time would not comply with the spirit or
letter of the Sunshine Law because the burden would be on the public to constantly monitor the
site in order to participate meaningfully in the discussion). Compare AGO 08-65 (city advisory
boards may conduct workshops lasting no more than two hours using an on-line bulletin board if
proper notice is given and interactive access to members of the public is provided).
	Moreover, there is no apparent authority for the use of electronic media technology
to allow board members to remove a workshop or meeting from within the jurisdiction in which
the board is empowered to carry out its functions and claim compliance with the Sunshine Law
by providing the public electronic access to the remote meeting. Inf. Op. to Sugarman, August 5,
2015.
D.
1.

NOTICE AND PROCEDURES
Agenda

The Sunshine Law does not mandate that an agency provide notice of each item to be
discussed via a published agenda although the Attorney General’s Office has recommended the
publication of an agenda, if available. The courts have rejected such a requirement because it
could effectively preclude access to meetings by members of the general public who wish to
bring specific issues before a governmental body. See Hough v. Stembridge, 278 So. 2d 288 (Fla.
3d DCA 1973); and Yarbrough v. Young, 462 So. 2d 515 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (posted agenda
unnecessary and public body not required to postpone meeting due to inaccurate press report
which was not part of the public body’s official notice efforts).
Thus, the Sunshine Law does not require boards to consider only those matters on a
published agenda. “[W]hether to impose a requirement that restricts every relevant commission
or board from considering matters not on an agenda is a policy decision to be made by the
legislature.” Law and Information Services, Inc. v. City of Riviera Beach, 670 So. 2d 1014, 1016
(Fla. 4th DCA 1996). And see Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010),
review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (Sunshine Law does not prohibit use of consent agenda
procedure).
Even though the Sunshine Law does not prohibit a board from adding topics to the agenda
of a regularly noticed meeting, the Attorney General’s Office has advised boards to postpone
formal action on any added items that are controversial. See AGO 03-53, stating that “[i]n the
spirit of the Sunshine Law, the city commission should be sensitive to the community’s concerns
that it be allowed advance notice and, therefore, meaningful participation on controversial issues
coming before the commission.”

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While the Sunshine Law requires notice of meetings, not of the individual items which may
be considered at that meeting, other statutes, codes, or ordinances may impose such a requirement
and agencies subject to those provisions must follow them. See Inf. Op. to Mattimore, February
6, 1996.
For example, s. 120.525(2), F.S., requires that agencies subject to the Administrative
Procedure Act must prepare an agenda in time to ensure that a copy may be received at least 7
days before the event by any person in the state who requests a copy and who pays the reasonable
cost of the copy. The agenda, along with any meeting materials available in electronic form
excluding confidential and exempt information, shall be published on the agency’s website. Id.
After the agenda has been made available, changes may be made only for good cause. Id.
2.

Location of meetings

a.

Facilities that discriminate or unreasonably restrict access to the facility

Section 286.011(6), F.S., prohibits boards or commissions subject to the Sunshine Law
from holding their meetings at any facility which discriminates on the basis of sex, age, race,
creed, color, origin, or economic status, or which operates in such a manner as to unreasonably
restrict public access to such a facility. And see s. 286.26, F.S., relating to accessibility of public
meetings to the physically handicapped.
Public boards or commissions, therefore, are advised to avoid holding meetings at places
where the public and the press are effectively excluded. AGO 71-295. Thus, a police pension
board should not hold its meetings in a facility where the public has limited access and where
there may be a “chilling” effect on the public’s willingness to attend by requiring the public to
provide identification, to leave such identification while attending the meeting, and to request
permission before entering the room where the meeting is held. AGO 96-55. And see Inf. Op.
to Galloway, August 21, 2008, in which the Attorney General’s Office expressed concerns about
holding a public meeting in a private home in light of the possible “chilling effect” on the public’s
willingness to attend.
While a city may not require persons wishing to attend public meetings to provide
identification as a condition of attendance, it may impose certain security measures on members
of the public entering a public building, such as requiring the public to go through metal
detectors. AGO 05-13.
b.

Luncheon meetings

Public access to meetings of public boards or commissions is the key element of the Sunshine
Law, and public agencies are advised to avoid holding meetings in places not easily accessible to
the public. The Attorney General’s Office has suggested that public boards or commissions
avoid the use of luncheon meetings to conduct board or commission business. These meetings
may have a “chilling” effect upon the public’s willingness or desire to attend. People who would
otherwise attend such a meeting may be unwilling or reluctant to enter a public dining room
without purchasing a meal and may be financially or personally unwilling to do so. Inf. Op. to
Campbell, February 8, 1999; and Inf. Op. to Nelson, May 19, 1980. In addition, discussions at
such meetings by members of the board or commission which are audible only to those seated at
the table may violate the “openness” requirement of the law. AGO 71-159. Cf. City of Miami
Beach v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38, 41 (Fla. 1971), in which the Florida Supreme Court observed: “A
secret meeting occurs when public officials meet at a time and place to avoid being seen or heard
by the public.”
c.

Out-of-town meetings

The fact that a meeting is held in a public room does not make it public within the meaning
of the Sunshine Law; for a meeting to be “public,” the public must be given advance notice and
provided with a reasonable opportunity to attend. Bigelow v. Howze, 291 So. 2d 645, 647-648

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(Fla. 2d DCA 1974). See also the discussion on page 23 relating to inspection and fact-finding
trips.
Accordingly, a school board workshop held outside county limits over 100 miles away
from the board’s headquarters violated the Sunshine Law where the only advantage to the board
resulting from the out-of-town gathering (elimination of travel time and expense due to the fact
that the board members were attending a conference at the site) did not outweigh the interests
of the public in having a reasonable opportunity to attend. Rhea v. School Board of Alachua
County, 636 So. 2d 1383 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994). The court refused to adopt a rule prohibiting any
board workshops from being held at a site more than 100 miles from its headquarters, instead
applying a balancing of interests test to determine which interest predominates in a given case.
As stated by the court, “[t]he interests of the public in having a reasonable opportunity to attend
a Board workshop must be balanced against the Board’s need to conduct a workshop at a site
beyond the county boundaries.” Id. at 1385. And see Inf. Op. to Sugarman, August 5, 2015 (no
apparent authority for use of electronic media technology to allow board members to remove
a workshop or meeting from within the jurisdiction in which the board is empowered to carry
out its functions and claim compliance with the Sunshine Law by providing the public with
electronic access to the remote meeting).
In addition, there may be other statutes which limit where board meetings may be held.
See, e.g., s. 125.001, F.S. (meetings of the board of county commissioners may be held at any
appropriate public place in the county); s. 1001.372, F.S. (school board meetings may be held at
any appropriate public place in the county). And see AGOs 08-01 and 03-03 (municipality may
not hold commission meetings at facilities outside its boundaries). See now ss. 166.0213(1),
F.S. (governing body of municipality with 500 or fewer residents may hold meetings within 5
miles of the exterior jurisdictional boundary of the municipality at such time and place as may
be prescribed by ordinance or resolution); 166.0213(2), F.S. (governing body of a municipality
may hold joint meetings to receive, discuss, and act upon matters of mutual interest with the
governing body of the county within which the municipality is located or the governing body of
another municipality at such time and place as shall be prescribed by ordinance or resolution);
and 125.001(2), F.S. (authorizing boards of county commissioners to hold joint public meetings
with governing boards of adjacent counties or municipalities upon due public notice within
the jurisdiction of all participating counties and municipalities; provided that an authorizing
resolution is adopted, no official vote is taken at the joint meeting, and the joint meeting may not
take the place of a public hearing required by law).
Conduct which occurs outside the state which would constitute a knowing violation of
the Sunshine Law is a second degree misdemeanor. Section 286.011(3), F.S. Such violations
are prosecuted in the county in which the board or commission normally conducts its official
business. Section 910.16, F.S.
d.

Size of meeting facilities

The Sunshine Law requires that meetings of a public board or commission be “open to
the public.” If a large turnout is expected for a particular meeting, the Attorney General’s Office
has recommended that public boards and commissions take reasonable steps (such as moving
the meeting to a larger room) to accommodate those who wish to attend. Inf. Op. to Galloway,
August 21, 2008. If the largest available public meeting room cannot accommodate all of those
who are expected to attend, the use of video technology (e.g., a television screen outside the
meeting room) may be appropriate. See Kennedy v. St. Johns River Water Management District,
No. 2009-0441-CA (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct. September 27, 2010), per curiam affirmed, 84 So. 3d
331 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (even though not all members of the public were able to enter the
meeting room, board did not violate the Sunshine Law when it held a meeting at the board’s usual
meeting place and in the largest available room; the court noted, however, that the board set up a
computer with external speakers so that those who were not able to enter the meeting room could
view and hear the proceedings).

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3.

Minutes

a.

Scope of minutes requirement

Section 286.011(2), F.S., requires that minutes of a meeting of a public board or commission
be promptly recorded and open to public inspection. Workshop meetings are not exempted
from this requirement. AGOs 08-65 and 74-62. And see Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, No.
502007CA007552XXXXMBAN (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. June 9, 2009), per curiam affirmed, 46 So.
3d 573 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (minutes required for city council’s agenda review meetings).
Because the term “promptly” is not defined in the statute, it “should be construed in
its plain and ordinary sense.” Inf. Op. to Board of Trustees, January 27, 2009. The informal
advisory opinion notes that Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary (2003) defines
“prompt” as done, performed, delivered, etc., at once or without delay.
Draft minutes of a board meeting may be circulated to individual board members for
corrections and studying prior to approval by the board, so long as any changes, corrections,
or deletions are discussed and adopted during the public meeting when the board adopts the
minutes. AGOs 02-51 and 74-294. Cf. Inf. Op. to Stebbins, December 1, 2015 (vote to approve
minutes constitutes official action of a board; no authority to exempt a vote to approve minutes
from quorum requirements).
The minutes are public records when the person responsible for preparing the minutes
has performed his or her duty even though they have not yet been sent to the board members or
officially approved by the board. AGO 91-26. And see Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193
(Fla. 1st DCA 2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (city violated both the language
and the purpose of s. 286.011[2] by denying public access to its minutes until after approval).
Section 286.011, F.S., does not specify who is responsible for taking the minutes of public
meetings. This appears to be a procedural matter which the individual boards or commissions
must resolve. Inf. Op. to Baldwin, December 5, 1990.
b.

Content of minutes

The term “minutes” as used in s. 286.011, F.S., contemplates a brief summary or series of
brief notes or memoranda reflecting the events of the meeting; accordingly a verbatim transcript is
not required. AGO 82-47. And see State v. Adams, No. 91-175-CC (Fla. Sumter Co. Ct. July 15,
1992) (no violation of Sunshine Law where minutes failed to reflect brief discussion concerning a
proposed inspection trip). Cf. s. 20.052(5)(c), F.S., requiring that minutes, including a record of
all votes cast, be maintained for all meetings of an advisory body, commission, board of trustees,
or other collegial body adjunct to an executive agency.
c.

Tape recording or Internet archive as minutes

The Sunshine Law does not require that public boards and commissions tape record their
meetings. See AGO 86-21. However, other statutes may require that certain proceedings be
recorded. Cf. AGO 10-42 (where statute requires that all closed proceedings of child abuse
death review committee be recorded and that no portion be off the record, audio recording of the
proceedings “would appear to be the most expedient and cost-efficient manner to ensure that all
discussion is recorded”).
However, while a board is authorized to tape record the proceedings if it chooses to do
so, the Sunshine Law also requires written minutes. AGO 75-45. Similarly, while a board may
archive the full text of all workshop discussions conducted on the Internet, written minutes of the
workshops must also be prepared and promptly recorded. AGO 08-65.
Moreover, the tape recordings are public records and their retention is governed by
schedules established by the Division of Library and Information Services of the Department of

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State in accordance with s. 257.36(6), F.S. AGO 86-21. Accord AGO 86-93 (tape recordings
of school board meetings are subject to Public Records Act even though written minutes are
required to be prepared and made available to the public).
d.

Use of transcript as minutes

Although a written transcript is not required, a board may use a written transcript of the
meeting as the minutes, if it chooses to do so. Inf. Op. to Fulwider, June 14, 1993.
4.

Notice requirements

a.

Reasonable notice required

A vital element of the Sunshine Law is the requirement that boards subject to the law
provide “reasonable notice” of all meetings. See s. 286.011(1), F.S. Even before the statutory
amendment in 1995 expressly requiring notice, the courts had stated that in order for a public
meeting to be in essence “public,” reasonable notice of the meeting must be given. See Hough v.
Stembridge, 278 So. 2d 288, 291 (Fla. 3d DCA 1973); Yarbrough v. Young, 462 So. 2d 515, 517
(Fla. 1st DCA 1985).
Reasonable public notice is required for all meetings subject to the Sunshine Law and is
required even though a quorum is not present. AGO 90-56. And see Baynard v. City of Chiefland,
Florida, No. 38-2002-CA-000789 (Fla. 8th Cir. Ct. July 8, 2003) (reasonable notice required
even if subject of meeting is “relatively unimportant”). Notice is required even though meetings
of the board are “of general knowledge” and are not conducted in a closed door manner. TSI
Southeast, Inc. v. Royals, 588 So. 2d 309, 310 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). “Governmental bodies who
hold unnoticed meetings do so at their peril.” Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc.,
647 So. 2d 857, 869 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994).
The Sunshine Law does not define the term “reasonable notice.” Therefore, the type of
notice is variable and depends upon the facts of the situation and the board involved. In each
case, an agency must give notice at such time and in such a manner as to enable the media and
the general public to attend the meeting. AGOs 04-44, 80-78 and 73-170. And see Rhea v. City
of Gainesville, 574 So. 2d 221, 222 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (purpose of the notice requirement is
to apprise the public of the pendency of matters that might affect their rights, afford them the
opportunity to appear and present their views, and afford them a reasonable time to make an
appearance if they wish). Cf. Lyon v. Lake County, 765 So. 2d 785, 790 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000)
(where county attorney provided citizen with “personal due notice” of a committee meeting
and its function, it would be “unjust to reward” the citizen by concluding that a meeting lacked
adequate notice because the newspaper advertisement failed to correctly name the committee).
See also Suncam, Inc. v. Worrall, No. CI97-3385 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct. May 9, 1997) (Sunshine Law
requires notice to the general public; agency not required to provide “individual notice” to
company that wished to be informed when certain meetings were going to occur).
While the Attorney General’s Office cannot specify the type of notice which must be given
in all cases, the following notice guidelines are suggested:
1.

The notice should contain the time and place of the meeting and, if available, an agenda,
or if no agenda is available, a statement of the general subject matter to be considered.
2.
The notice should be prominently displayed in the area in the agency’s offices set aside for
that purpose, e.g., for cities, in city hall, and on the agency’s website, if there is one.
3.	Except in the case of emergency or special meetings, notice should be provided at least 7
days prior to the meeting. Emergency sessions should be afforded the most appropriate
and effective notice under the circumstances.
4.	Special meetings should have no less than 24 and preferably at least 72 hours reasonable
notice to the public. See Yarbrough v. Young, 462 So. 2d 515 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (three
days notice of special meeting deemed adequate) and Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, No.

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5.

502008CA027882 (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. December 8, 2010), per curiam affirmed, 79 So. 3d
36 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (no violation of Sunshine Law where notice of special meeting
held on Monday September 15 was posted at city hall and faxed to the media on Friday
September 12, and members of the public [including the media] attended the meeting).
The use of press releases, faxes, e-mails, and/or phone calls to the local news media is highly
effective in providing notice of upcoming meetings.

The notice procedures set forth above should be considered as suggestions which will
vary depending upon the circumstances of each particular situation. See AGO 73-170 (“If the
purpose for notice is kept in mind, together with the character of the event about which notice is
to be given and the nature of the rights to be affected, the essential requirements for notice in that
situation will suggest themselves”). See also AGOs 00-08, 94-62 and 90-56.
Thus, in Rhea v. City of Gainesville, 574 So. 2d 221 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991), the court held
that a complaint alleging that members of the local news media were contacted about a special
meeting of the city commission one and one-half hours before the meeting stated a sufficient
cause of action that the Sunshine Law had been violated. Compare News and Sun-Sentinel
Company v. Cox, 702 F. Supp. 891 (S.D. Fla. 1988) (no Sunshine Law violation occurred when
on March 31, a “general notice” of a city commission meeting scheduled for April 5 was posted
on the bulletin board outside city hall).
The determination as to who will actually prepare the notice or agenda is essentially “an
integral part of the actual mechanics and procedures for conducting that meeting and, therefore,
aptly relegated to local practice and procedure as prescribed by . . . charters and ordinances.”
Hough, 278 So. 2d at 291.
b.

Notice requirements when meeting adjourned to a later date

If a meeting is to be adjourned and reconvened later to complete the business from the
agenda of the adjourned meeting, the second meeting should also be noticed. AGO 90-56.
c.

Notice requirements when board acting as quasi-judicial body or taking action
affecting individual rights
Section 286.0105, F.S., requires:
Each board, commission, or agency of this state or of any political
subdivision thereof shall include in the notice of any meeting or
hearing, if notice of the meeting or hearing is required, of such
board, commission, or agency, conspicuously on such notice,
the advice that, if a person decides to appeal any decision made
by the board, agency, or commission with respect to any matter
considered at such meeting or hearing, he or she will need a
record of the proceedings, and that, for such purpose, he or she
may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is
made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon
which the appeal is to be based.

Where a public board or commission acts as a quasi-judicial body or takes official action on
matters that affect individual rights of citizens, in contrast with the rights of the public at large,
the board or commission is subject to the requirements of s. 286.0105, F.S. AGO 81-06.
d.

Paid advertising requirements and additional notice provisions imposed by other
statutes, codes, or ordinances

While the Sunshine Law requires only that reasonable public notice be given, a public
agency may be subject to additional notice requirements imposed by other statutes, charters or
codes. In such cases, the requirements of that statute, charter, or code must be strictly observed.

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Inf. Op. to Mattimore, February 6, 1996.
For example, while the Sunshine Law does not mandate that an agency use a paid
advertisement to provide public notice of a meeting, other statutes may specify publication
requirements for certain actions. See Yarbrough v. Young, 462 So. 2d 515, 517n.1 (Fla. 1st DCA
1985) (Sunshine Law does not require city council to give notice “by paid advertisements” of
its intent to take action regarding utilities system improvements, although the Legislature “has
required such notice for certain subjects,” e.g., 166.041[3][c], F.S.). See also s. 189.015(1), F.S.
(notice requirements for meetings of the governing bodies of special districts); and s. 1001.372(2)
(c), F.S. (school board meetings).
Similarly, a board or commission subject to Ch. 120, F.S., the Administrative Procedure
Act, must comply with the notice and publication requirements of that act. See, e.g., s. 120.525,
F.S. Those requirements, however, are imposed by Ch. 120, F.S., not s. 286.011, F.S., although
the notice of a board or commission meeting published pursuant to Ch. 120, F.S., also satisfies
the notice requirements of s. 286.011, F.S. Florida Parole and Probation Commission v. Baranko,
407 So. 2d 1086 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982).
5.

Public comment

Prior to the adoption of s. 286.0114, F.S. (2013), Florida courts had determined that s.
286.011, F.S., provides a right to attend public meetings, but does not provide a right to be heard.
See Herrin v. City of Deltona, 121 So. 3d 1094, 1097 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013) (phrase “open to the
public” as used in s. 286.011, F.S., means that “meetings must be properly noticed and reasonably
accessible to the public, not that the public has the right to be heard at such meetings”). See also
Keesler v. Community Maritime Park Associates, Inc., 32 So. 3d 659 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), review
denied, 47 So. 3d 1289 (Fla. 2010); and Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010).
However, as the court observed in Herrin, s. 286.0114(2), F.S., now mandates that
“[m]embers of the public shall be given a reasonable opportunity to be heard on a proposition
before a board or commission.” The opportunity to be heard does not have to occur at the
same meeting at which the board or commission takes official action if the opportunity “occurs
at a meeting that is during the decisionmaking process and is within reasonable proximity in
time before the meeting at which the board or commission takes the official action.” Section
286.0114(2), F.S.
The terms “proposition” or “official action” are not defined in the statute, nor is there a
distinction between official action taken at a formal meeting versus an informal setting, such as a
workshop. Inf. Op. to Jacquot, April 25, 2014. “In light of the purpose of the statute to allow
public participation during the decisionmaking process on a proposition, it should be liberally
construed to facilitate that purpose.” Id.
Section 286.0114(3), F.S., states that the “opportunity to be heard” requirement does not
apply to:
1. 	An official act that must be taken to deal with an emergency situation affecting the public
health, welfare, or safety, if compliance with the requirements would cause an unreasonable
delay in the ability of the board or commission to act;
2. 	An official act involving no more than a ministerial act, including, but not limited to,
approval of minutes and ceremonial proclamations;
3. 	A meeting that is exempt from s. 286.011; or
4. 	A meeting during which the board or commission is acting in a quasi-judicial capacity.
However, this does not affect “the right of a person to be heard as otherwise provided by
law.”

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The statute does not prohibit a board or commission from “maintaining orderly conduct
or proper decorum in a public meeting.” Section 286.0114(2), F.S. In addition, the opportunity
to be heard is “subject to rules or policies adopted by the board or commission” as provided in s.
286.0114(4), F.S. These rules or policies are limited to those that:
1.
2.
3.

4.

Provide guidelines regarding the amount of time an individual has to address the board or
commission;
Prescribe procedures for allowing representatives of groups or factions on a proposition to
address the board or commission, rather than all members of such groups or factions, at
meetings in which a large number of individuals wish to be heard;
Prescribe procedures or forms for an individual to use in order to inform the board or
commission of a desire to be heard; to indicate his or her support, opposition, or neutrality
on a proposition; and to indicate his or her designation of a representative to speak for him
or her or his or her group on a proposition if he or she so chooses; or
Designate a specified period of time for public comment.

If a board or commission adopts such rules or policies and thereafter complies with them,
it is deemed to be acting in compliance with the statute. Section 286.0114(5), F.S. And see Jones
v. Heyman, 888 F.2d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 1989) (mayor’s actions in attempting to confine
the speaker to the agenda item in the city commission meeting and having the speaker removed
when the speaker appeared to become disruptive constituted a reasonable time, place and manner
regulation and did not violate the speaker’s First Amendment rights).
A circuit court is authorized to issue injunctions for the purpose of enforcing s. 286.0114,
F.S. Section 286.0114(6), F.S. However, an action taken by a board or commission which is
found to be in violation of that statute is not void as a result of the violation. Section 286.0114(8),
F.S.
6.

Restrictions on public attendance

a.

Cameras and tape recorders

A board or commission may adopt reasonable rules and policies which ensure the orderly
conduct of a public meeting and require orderly behavior on the part of those persons attending
a public meeting. A board, however, may not ban the use of nondisruptive recording devices.
Pinellas County School Board v. Suncam, Inc., 829 So. 2d 989 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (school board’s
ban on unobtrusive videotaping invalid). Accord AGO 91-28. And see AGO 77-122 (silent
nondisruptive tape recording of district meeting permissible).
The Legislature in Ch. 934, F.S., appears to implicitly recognize the public’s right to silently
record public meetings. AGO 91-28. Chapter 934, F.S., the Security of Communications Act,
regulates the interception of oral communications. Section 934.02(2), F.S., however, defines
“[o]ral communication” to specifically exclude “any public oral communication uttered at a
public meeting . . . .” See also Inf. Op. to Gerstein, July 16, 1976, stating that public officials
may not complain that they are secretly being recorded during public meetings in violation of s.
934.03, F.S.
b.

Exclusion of certain members of the public

The term “open to the public” as used in the Sunshine Law means open to all persons who
choose to attend. AGO 99-53. Cf. Ribaya v. Board of Trustees of City Pension Fund for Firefighters
and Police Officers in City of Tampa, 162 So. 3d 348, 356 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (although there
appears to be no case law “squarely resolving” whether a wrongful exclusion of one person would
void all actions taken at the meeting, “there is legal support for that proposition”).
Thus the court in Port Everglades Authority v. International Longshoremen’s Association, Local
1922-1, 652 So. 2d 1169, 1170 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), ruled that a procurement committee

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violated the Sunshine Law by requesting that bidders voluntarily excuse themselves from each
other’s presentations. See now s. 286.0113(2), F.S., providing an exemption from the Sunshine
Law for any portion of a meeting at which a vendor makes an oral presentation or answers
questions as part of a competitive solicitation, and requiring a complete recording of the exempt
portion of the meeting.
Staff of a public agency clearly are members of the public as well as employees of the agency;
they cannot, therefore, be excluded from public meetings. AGO 79-01. Section 286.011, F.S.,
however, does not preclude the reasonable application of ordinary personnel policies, for example,
the requirement that annual leave be used to attend meetings, provided that such policies do not
frustrate or subvert the purpose of the Sunshine Law. Id.
Although not directly addressing the open meetings laws, courts of other states have
ruled that in the absence of a compelling governmental interest, agencies may not single out
and exclude a particular news organization or reporter from press conferences. See, e.g., TimesPicayune Publishing Corporation v. Lee, 15 Media L. Rep. 1713 (E.D. La. 1988); Borreca v. Fasi,
369 F. Supp. 906 (D. Hawaii 1974); Quad-City Community News Service, Inc. v. Jebens, 334 F.
Supp. 8 (S.D. Iowa 1971); and Southwestern Newspapers Corporation v. Curtis, 584 S.W.2d 362
(Tex. Ct. App. 1979).
c.

Inaudible discussions

In AGO 71-159, the Attorney General’s Office advised that discussions of public business
which are audible only to “a select few” who are at the table with the board members may
violate the “openness” requirement of the law. Cf. Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. City of Sarasota,
No. 2010CA4387NC (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. February 27, 2012) (two members of a civil service
board violated the Sunshine Law when they held a private discussion concerning a pending
employment appeal during a recess of a board meeting).
7.

Time and length of meeting

In Greenbarg v. Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners, 618 So. 2d 760
(Fla. 3d DCA 1993), the court held that there was “no impropriety” when a county commission
continued to meet until the “early morning hours.”
8.

Use of codes or preassigned numbers in order to avoid identifying individuals

Section 286.011, F.S., requires that meetings of public boards or commissions be “open
to the public at all times . . . .” See Neu v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821,
823 (Fla. 1985), disapproving a procedure permitting representatives of the media to attend a
city council meeting provided that they agreed to “respect the confidentiality” of certain matters:
“Under the Sunshine Law, a meeting is either fully open or fully closed; there are no intermediate
categories.”
The use of preassigned numbers or codes at public meetings to avoid identifying the
names of applicants violates s. 286.011, F.S., because “to permit discussions of applicants for the
position of a municipal department head by a preassigned number or other coded identification
in order to keep the public from knowing the identities of such applicants and to exclude the
public from the appointive or selection process would clearly frustrate or defeat the purpose of
the Sunshine Law.” AGO 77-48. Accord AGO 76-240 (Sunshine Law prohibits the use of coded
symbols at a public meeting in order to avoid revealing the names of applicants for the position of
city manager). And see News-Press Publishing Company v. Wisher, 345 So. 2d 646, 648 (Fla. 1977)
(“public policy of this state as expressed in the public records law and the open meetings statute
eliminate any notion that the commission was free to conduct the county’s personnel business by
pseudonyms or cloaked references”).

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9.

Voting

a.

Abstention
Section 286.012, F.S., provides:
A member of a state, county, or municipal governmental board,
commission, or agency who is present at a meeting of any such
body at which an official decision, ruling, or other official act is
to be taken or adopted may not abstain from voting . . . and a
vote shall be recorded or counted for each such member present,
unless, with respect to any such member, there is, or appears to be,
a possible conflict of interest under s. 112.311, s. 112.313, or s.
112.3143, or additional or more stringent standards of conduct,
if any, adopted pursuant to s. 112.326. If there is or appears to be
a possible conflict under s. 112.311, s. 112.313, or s. 112.3143,
the member shall comply with the disclosure requirements of s.
112.3143. If the conflict is one arising from the additional or
more stringent standards adopted pursuant to s. 112.326, the
member shall comply with any disclosure requirements adopted
pursuant to s. 112.326. If the official decision, ruling, or act
occurs in the context of a quasi-judicial proceeding, a member
may abstain from voting on such matter if the abstention is to
assure a fair proceeding free from potential bias or prejudice. (e.s.)

A member of a state, county, or municipal board who is present at a meeting is thus
prohibited from abstaining from voting except as authorized in s. 286.012, F.S. See AGO 02-40
(s. 286.012, F.S., applies to advisory board appointed by a county commission).
Failure of a member to vote, however, does not invalidate the entire proceedings. City of
Hallandale v. Rayel Corporation, 313 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 4th DCA 1975), cause dismissed sua sponte,
322 So. 2d 915 (Fla. 1975) (to rule otherwise would permit any member to frustrate official
action merely by refusing to participate).
Section 286.012, F.S., applies only to state, county, and municipal boards. AGO 04-21.
Special district boards are not subject to its provisions and may adopt their own rules regarding
abstention, subject to s. 112.3143, F.S. AGOs 04-21, 85-78 and 78-11.
Questions as to what constitutes a conflict of interest and when board members are
prohibited from voting under the above statutes should be referred to the Florida Commission
on Ethics.
b.

Proxy votes

In the absence of statutory authority, proxy voting by board members is not allowed.
AGO 78-117.
c.

Roll call vote

While s. 286.012, F.S., requires that each member present cast a vote either for or against
the proposal under consideration by the public board or commission, it is not necessary that a
roll call vote of the members present and voting be taken so that each member’s specific vote on
each subject is recorded. The intent of the statute is that all members present cast a vote and that
the minutes so reflect that by either recording a vote or counting a vote for each member. Ruff v.
School Board of Collier County, 426 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983) (roll call vote so as to record
the individual vote of each such member is not necessary). Cf. s. 20.052(5)(c), F.S., requiring
that minutes, including a record of all votes cast, be maintained for all meetings of an advisory
body, commission, board of trustees, or other collegial body adjunct to an executive agency.

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d.

Written or secret ballot

A secret ballot violates the Sunshine Law. See AGO 73-264 (members of a personnel board
may not vote by secret ballot during a hearing concerning a public employee). Accord AGOs 72326 and 71-32 (board may not use secret ballots to elect the chair and other officers of the board).
However, board members are not prohibited from using written ballots to cast a vote as
long as the votes are made openly at a public meeting, the name of the person who voted and his
or her selection are written on the ballot, and the ballots are maintained and made available for
public inspection in accordance with the Public Records Act. See AGO 73-344.
In addition, because the Sunshine Law expressly requires that public meetings be open
to the public “at all times,” after the ballots are marked, it may be advisable for the person who
tallies the votes to announce the names of the persons who voted and their votes. For example,
a judge found that a board violated the Sunshine Law when the board members’ individual votes
for each applicant were not announced at the public meeting. According to the court, “[t]he fact
that the ballots are preserved as public records available for public inspection does not satisfy the
requirement of openness.” Schweickert v. Citrus County Port Authority, No. 12-CA-1339 (Fla. 5th
Cir. Ct. September 30, 2013). See also AGO 71-32 (if at any time during a public meeting, the
proceedings become “covert, secret or not wholly exposed to the view and hearing of the public,”
that portion of the meeting is not “open to the public at all times”).
E.
1.

STATUTORY EXEMPTIONS
Creation and review of exemptions

Article I, s. 24(b), Fla. Const., requires that all meetings of a collegial public body of the
executive branch of state government or of local government, at which official acts are to be taken
or at which the public business of such body is to be transacted or discussed, be open and noticed
to the public. All laws in effect on July 1, 1993, that limit access to meetings remain in force until
they are repealed. Article I, s. 24(d), Fla. Const.
The Legislature is authorized to provide by general law passed by two-thirds vote of each
house for the exemption of meetings, provided such law states with specificity the public necessity
justifying the exemption and is no broader than necessary to accomplish the stated purpose of
the law. Article I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const. See s. 119.011(8), F.S., defining the term “exemption” to
include a provision of general law which provides that a “specified . . . meeting, or portion thereof,
is not subject to the access requirements” in s. 286.011, F.S., or Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const. And see
Halifax Hospital Medical Center v. News-Journal Corporation, 724 So. 2d 567 (Fla. 1999) (open
meetings exemption for certain hospital board meetings unconstitutional because it did not meet
the constitutional standard of specificity as to stated public necessity and limited breadth to
accomplish that purpose). Compare Baker County Press, Inc. v. Baker County Medical Services, Inc.,
870 So. 2d 189, 195 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004), upholding a more recent public meetings exemption
because “the constitutional concerns expressed by the Florida Supreme Court in Halifax” were
met due to a more specific legislative justification accompanied by adequate findings to support
the breadth of the exemption.
Section 119.15, F.S., the Open Government Sunset Review Act, provides for legislative
review of exemptions from the open government laws. Pursuant to the Act, in the fifth year
after enactment of a new exemption or expansion of an existing exemption, the exemption shall
be repealed on October 2 of the fifth year, unless the Legislature acts to reenact the exemption.
Section 119.15(3), F.S. The two-thirds vote requirement for enactment of exemptions set forth
in Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const., applies to re-adoption of exemptions as well as initial creation of
exemptions. AGO 03-18.
2.

Exemptions are narrowly construed
As a statute enacted for the public benefit, the Sunshine Law should be liberally construed

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to give effect to its public purpose, while exemptions should be narrowly construed. See, e.g.,
Board of Public Instruction of Broward County v. Doran, 224 So. 2d 693 (Fla. 1969); Wood v.
Marston, 442 So. 2d 934 (Fla. 1983). And see Turner v. Wainwright, 379 So. 2d 148, 155 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1980), affirmed and remanded, 389 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. 1980) (rejecting a board’s argument
that a legislative requirement that certain board meetings must be open to the public implies that
the board could meet privately to discuss other matters).
The courts have recognized that the Sunshine Law should be construed so as to frustrate all
evasive devices. City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1971); Blackford v. School Board
of Orange County, 375 So. 2d 578 (Fla. 5th DCA 1979); Wolfson v. State, 344 So. 2d 611 (Fla.
2d DCA 1977). As the Florida Supreme Court stated in Canney v. Board of Public Instruction of
Alachua County, 278 So. 2d 260, 264 (Fla. 1973):
Various boards and agencies have obviously attempted to read
exceptions into the Government in the Sunshine Law which
do not exist. Even though their intentions may be sincere,
such boards and agencies should not be allowed to circumvent
the plain provisions of the statute. The benefit to the public far
outweighs the inconvenience of the board or agency. If the board
or agency feels aggrieved, then the remedy lies in the halls of the
Legislature and not in efforts to circumvent the plain provisions
of the statute by devious ways in the hope that the judiciary will
read some exception into the law.
If a board member is unable to determine whether a meeting is subject to the Sunshine
Law, he or she should either leave the meeting or ensure that the meeting complies with the
Sunshine Law. See City of Miami Beach v. Berns, supra at 41; Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296
So. 2d 473, 477 (Fla. 1974) (“The principle to be followed is very simple: When in doubt, the
members of any board, agency, authority or commission should follow the open-meeting policy
of the State.”).
3.

Effect of statutory exemptions

a.

Notice requirements

If a statute exempts meetings from the requirements of s. 286.011, F.S., the meetings are
also exempt from the notice provisions in that statute that would otherwise apply. AGO 93-86.
Accord AGO 07-28.
b.

Attendance at closed meetings

In some cases, a statutory exemption specifies the persons who are permitted to attend a
closed session. For example, s. 286.011(8), F.S., establishing an open meetings exemption for
certain discussions pertaining to pending litigation, provides that only the entity, the entity’s
attorney, the entity’s chief administrative officer, and a court reporter may attend the closed
meeting. See AGO 01-10 (clerk of court not authorized to attend).
However, where an exemption for certain public hospital board meetings relating to a
“written strategic plan” did not specify who may attend (other than a court reporter), the Attorney
General’s Office recommended that the board “strictly limit attendance to only those individuals
who are essential to the purpose of the meeting, i.e., to discuss, receive a report on, modify, or
approve a strategic plan, in order to avoid what the courts might consider to be a disclosure to
the public.” AGO 07-28. And see AGO 06-34 (members of a local advocacy council, who are
attending a closed session of the statewide advocacy council during the discussion of one of the
local council’s cases, may not remain in the closed session when the statewide advocacy council
is considering cases from other advocacy councils which are unrelated to the local advocacy
council’s cases).

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c.

Disclosure of matters discussed at closed meeting

In a recent informal opinion, the Attorney General’s Office considered whether the
unauthorized disclosure by a council member of information discussed during a closed “shade
meeting” held pursuant to s. 286.011(8), F.S., would violate the Sunshine Law or have other
legal consequences. The opinion concluded that the prohibitions and penalties for violation of
the Sunshine Law that are set forth in s. 286.011(3), F.S., appear to be directed only at persons
who attend closed meetings that should have been open to the public. See Inf. Op. to Pritt,
November 26, 2014. Accordingly, the Attorney General’s Office was unable to conclude that
unauthorized disclosure of matters disclosed at a valid closed session would violate the Sunshine
Law. Id. However, other statutory provisions, such as ss. 112.313(8), 112.51, or 839.26, F.S.,
relating to disclosure of privileged information could apply to this situation. Id. And see AGO
03-09 (exemption for collective bargaining strategy sessions in s. 447.605[1], F.S., does not
directly address the dissemination of information that may be obtained at the closed meeting,
but there is clear legislative intent that matters discussed during such meetings are not to be open
to public disclosure).
4.

Special act exemptions

Prior to July 1, 1993, exemptions from the Sunshine Law could be created by special act.
Article I, s. 24, Fla. Const., however, now limits the Legislature’s ability to enact an exemption from
the constitutional right of access to open meetings established thereunder. While exemptions in
effect on July 1, 1993, remain in force until repealed, the Constitution requires that exemptions
enacted after that date must be by general law. Such law must state with specificity the public
necessity for the exemption and be no broader than necessary to accomplish that stated purpose.
F.
1.

REMEDIES AND PENALTIES
Criminal penalties

A knowing violation of the Sunshine Law is a misdemeanor of the second degree. Section
286.011(3)(b), F.S. A person convicted of a second degree misdemeanor may be sentenced to a
term of imprisonment not to exceed 60 days and/or fined up to $500. Sections 775.082(4)(b)
and 775.083(1)(e), F.S. The criminal penalties apply to members of advisory councils subject
to the Sunshine Law as well as to members of elected or appointed boards. AGO 01-84 (school
advisory council members).
Conduct which occurs outside the state which constitutes a knowing violation of the
Sunshine Law is a second degree misdemeanor. Section 286.011(3)(c), F.S. Such violations
are prosecuted in the county in which the board or commission normally conducts its official
business while violations occurring within the state may be prosecuted in that county. Section
910.16, F.S.
2.

Removal from office

When a method for removal from office is not otherwise provided by the Florida
Constitution or by law, the Governor may suspend an elected or appointed public officer who is
indicted or informed against for any misdemeanor arising directly out of his or her official duties.
Section 112.52(1), F.S. If convicted, the officer may be removed from office by executive order of
the Governor. Section 112.52(3), F.S. A person who pleads guilty or nolo contendere or who is
found guilty is, for purposes of s. 112.52, F.S., deemed to have been convicted, notwithstanding
the suspension of sentence or the withholding of adjudication. Id. Cf. s. 112.51, F.S. (municipal
officers) and Art. IV, s. 7, Fla. Const. (state and county officers).
3.

Noncriminal infractions

Section 286.011(3)(a), F.S., imposes noncriminal penalties for violations of the Sunshine
Law by providing that any public officer violating the provisions of the Sunshine Law is guilty
of a noncriminal infraction, punishable by a fine not exceeding $500. The state attorney may
pursue such actions on behalf of the state. State v. Foster, 12 F.L.W. Supp. 1194a (Fla. Broward

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Co. Ct. September 26, 2005). Accord AGO 91-38. Cf. State v. Foster, 13 F.L.W. Supp. 385a (Fla.
17th Cir. Ct. January 25, 2006) (no right to jury trial is triggered when an individual faces a
noncriminal violation of the Sunshine Law).
If a nonprofit corporation is subject to the Sunshine Law, its board of directors constitute
“public officers” for purposes of s. 286.011(3)(a), F.S. AGO 98-21. See Goosby v. State, No.
GF05-(001122-001130,001135)-BA (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. December 22, 2006), cert. denied, No.
2D07-281 (Fla. 2d DCA May 25, 2007) (members of the Polk County Opportunity Council,
which had assumed and exercised a delegated governmental function, were “public officers” for
purposes of the Sunshine Law and subject to the imposition of the noncriminal infraction fine).
Compare, State v. Dorworth, No. 14-MM-5841 (Fla. Orange Co. Ct. October 21, 2014), affirmed,
No. 14-AP-48 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct. August 19, 2015), dismissing a misdemeanor charge against a
lobbyist who was accused of violating the Sunshine Law by relaying information between board
members and thereby aiding the members to meet without complying with the Sunshine Law.
The trial judge determined that by charging the lobbyist, the state attorney “expanded the reach
of the Sunshine Law to private citizens; and, the Legislature did not intend for the statute to apply
to private citizens.”
4.

Attorney’s fees

Reasonable attorney’s fees will be assessed against a board or commission found to have
violated the Sunshine Law. Section 286.011(4), F.S. See Indian River County Hospital District v.
Indian River Memorial Hospital, Inc., 766 So. 2d 233, 235 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000), concluding that
the trial court erred by failing to assess attorney’s fees against a nonprofit hospital corporation
found to have violated the Sunshine Law. And see s. 286.011(5), F.S., authorizing the assessment
of attorney fees if a board appeals an order finding the board in violation of the Sunshine Law
and the order is affirmed.
While s. 286.011(4), F.S., authorizes an award of appellate fees if a person successfully
appeals a trial court order denying access, the statute “does not supersede the appellate rules,
nor does it authorize the trial court to make an initial award of appellate attorney’s fees.” School
Board of Alachua County v. Rhea, 661 So. 2d 331 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995), review denied, 670 So. 2d
939, 332 (Fla. 1996). Thus, a person prevailing on appeal must file an appropriate motion in the
appellate court in order to receive appellate attorney’s fees. Id. If a board appeals an order finding
the board in violation of the Sunshine Law, and the order is affirmed, “the court shall assess a
reasonable attorney’s fee for the appeal” against the board. Section 286.011(5), F.S.
Attorney’s fees may be assessed against the individual members of the board except in those
cases where the board sought, and took, the advice of its attorney. Section 286.011(4) and (5),
F.S.
If a member of a board or commission charged with a violation of s. 286.011, F.S., is
subsequently acquitted, the board or commission is authorized to reimburse that member for any
portion of his or her reasonable attorney’s fees. Section 286.011(7), F.S. Cf. AGO 86-35, stating
that this subsection does not authorize the reimbursement of attorney’s fees incurred during an
investigation of alleged sunshine violations when no formal charges were filed, although common
law principles may permit such reimbursement.
Reasonable attorney’s fees may be assessed against the individual filing an action to enforce
the provisions of s. 286.011, F.S., if the court finds that it was filed in bad faith or was frivolous.
Section 286.011(4), F.S. The fact that a plaintiff may be unable to prove that a secret meeting
took place, however, does not necessarily mean that attorney’s fees will be assessed. See Bland
v. Jackson County, 514 So. 2d 1115, 1116 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987), concluding that although the
plaintiff was unable to prove that a meeting in violation of the Sunshine Law took place, the
evidence showed that the county commission unanimously voted on the issue in an open public
meeting without identifying what they were voting on and without any discussion and under

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these circumstances an inference might reasonably be drawn that the commissioners had no need
to discuss the action being taken because they had already discussed and decided the issue before
the public meeting.
5.

Civil actions for injunctive or declaratory relief

Section 286.011(2), F.S., states that the circuit courts have jurisdiction to issue injunctions
upon application by any citizen of this state. See Allen v. United Faculty of Miami-Dade College,
197 So. 3d 604 (Fla. 3rd DCA 2016) (Public Employees Relations Commission [PERC] properly
dismissed unfair labor practice charge alleging a violation of the Sunshine Law, as s. 286.011, F.S.,
is enforceable only by the courts, not by PERC).
While normally irreparable injury must be proved by the plaintiff before an injunction
may be issued, in Sunshine Law cases the mere showing that the law has been violated constitutes
“irreparable public injury.” Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974); and
Times Publishing Company v. Williams, 222 So. 2d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969), disapproved in part
on other grounds, Neu v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 1985). The
plaintiff’s burden is to “establish by the greater weight of the evidence” that a meeting which
should have been held in the sunshine took place on the date alleged. Lyon v. Lake County, 765
So. 2d 785, 789 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000).
A complaint for injunctive relief must allege by name or sufficient description the identity
of the public official with whom the defendant public official has violated the Sunshine Law.
Deerfield Beach Publishing, Inc. v. Robb, 530 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988). And see Forehand
v. School Board of Gulf County, Florida, 600 So. 2d 1187 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (plaintiff was not
denied a fair and impartial hearing because the board only briefly deliberated in public before a
vote was taken as there was no evidence that the board had privately deliberated on this issue);
and Law and Information Services v. City of Riviera Beach, 670 So. 2d 1014 (Fla. 4th DCA
1996) (patent speculation, absent any allegation that a nonpublic meeting in fact occurred, is
insufficient to state a cause of action).
Although a court cannot issue a blanket order enjoining any violation of the Sunshine
Law based upon a finding that the law was violated in particular respects, a court may enjoin a
future violation that bears some resemblance to the past violation. See Board of Public Instruction
of Broward County v. Doran, 224 So. 2d 693, 699-700 (Fla. 1969), Port Everglades Authority v.
International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1922-1, 652 So. 2d 1169, 1173 (Fla. 4th DCA
1995), and Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. Martin County School Board, 125 So. 3d 184 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2013). See also Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d 934 (Fla. 1983) (trial court’s permanent
injunction affirmed). Compare Leach-Wells v. City of Bradenton, 734 So. 2d 1168, 1170n. 1
(Fla. 2d DCA 1999), in which the court noted that had a citizen appealed the trial court’s denial
of her motion for temporary injunction based on a selection committee’s alleged violation of
the Sunshine Law, the appellate court “would have had the opportunity to review this matter
before the project was completed and to direct that the City be enjoined from entering into a
final contract with the developer until after such time as the ranking of the proposals could be
accomplished in compliance with the Sunshine Law.”
The future conduct must be “specified, with such reasonable definiteness and certainty
that the defendant could readily know what it must refrain from doing without speculation and
conjecture.” Port Everglades Authority v. International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1922-1,
supra, quoting from Board of Public Instruction v. Doran, 224 So. 2d 693, 699 (Fla. 1969). And
see Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, No. 502007CA007552XXXXMB (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. June
9, 2009), per curiam affirmed, 46 So. 3d 573 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (injunctive relief against
future violations of city to record minutes of certain meetings appropriate in light of city’s past
conduct and consistent refusal to record such minutes even after being advised to do so by the city
attorney and because the city “has continuously taken the legal position that local governments
are not required by the Sunshine Law to record minutes”).

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Declaratory relief is not appropriate where no present dispute exists but where governmental
agencies merely seek judicial advice different from that advanced by the Attorney General and
the state attorney or an injunctive restraint on the prosecutorial discretion of the state attorney.
Askew v. City of Ocala, 348 So. 2d 308 (Fla. 1977).
6.

Validity of action taken in violation of the Sunshine Law and subsequent corrective
action

Section 286.011, F.S., provides that no resolution, rule, regulation or formal action shall
be considered binding except as taken or made at an open meeting.
Recognizing that the Sunshine Law should be construed so as to frustrate all evasive devices,
the courts have held that action taken in violation of the law is void ab initio. Town of Palm Beach
v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974). See Silver Express Company v. District Board of Lower
Tribunal Trustees, 691 So. 2d 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (selection committee rankings resulting
from a meeting held in violation of the Sunshine Law are void ab initio and agency enjoined from
entering into contract based on such rankings); TSI Southeast, Inc. v. Royals, 588 So. 2d 309 (Fla.
1st DCA 1991) (contract for sale and purchase of real property voided because board failed to
properly notice the meeting under s. 286.011, F.S.); Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193
(Fla. 1st DCA 2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (by failing to open its minutes
to public inspection and copying in a timely and reasonable manner, prejudice is presumed and
therefore city’s approval of minutes is null and void ab initio); and Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d 8
(Fla. 1st DCA 2014), review denied, No. SC14-2490 (Fla. February 24, 2016) (upholding trial
court ruling that voided an agreement reached after closed-door mediation sessions which resulted
in changes to pension benefits of city employees in certain unions). Compare s. 286.0114(8), F.S.
(an action taken by a board or commission which is found to be in violation of s. 286.0114, F.S.
[providing a right to be heard on a proposition before a state or local board or commission] “is
not void as a result of that violation”).
Similarly, a circuit judge found that where two members of civil service board held a private
discussion about a pending case during a recess, the board’s subsequent findings in the case were
“null and void” and city must reconvene the board and hear the evidence de novo. Citizens for
Sunshine, Inc. v. City of Sarasota, No. 2010CA4387NC (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. February 27, 2012).
And see Ribaya v. Board of Trustees of City Pension Fund for Firefighters and Police Officers in City
of Tampa, 162 So. 3d 348, 356 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (although there appears to be no case law
“squarely resolving” whether a wrongful exclusion of one person would void all actions taken at
the meeting, “there is legal support for that proposition”).
A violation need not be “clandestine” in order for a contract to be invalidated because “the
principle that a Sunshine Law violation renders void a resulting official action does not depend
upon a finding of intent to violate the law or resulting prejudice.” Port Everglades Authority v.
International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1922-1, 652 So. 2d 1169, 1171 (Fla. 4th DCA
1995). But see Killearn Properties, Inc. v. City of Tallahassee, 366 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 1st DCA 1979),
cert. denied, 378 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 1979) (city which had received benefits under contract was
estopped from claiming contract invalid as having been entered into in violation of the Sunshine
Law).
Where, however, a public board or commission does not merely perfunctorily ratify or
ceremoniously accept at a later open meeting those decisions which were made at an earlier secret
meeting but rather takes “independent final action in the sunshine,” the decision of the board or
commission will not be disturbed. Tolar v. School Board of Liberty County, 398 So. 2d 427, 429
(Fla. 1981). Accord Bruckner v. City of Dania Beach, 823 So. 2d 167, 171 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002)
(Sunshine violations “can be cured by independent, final action completely in the Sunshine”).
And see Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc., 647 So. 2d 857, 861 (Fla. 3d DCA
1994) (adoption of the open government constitutional amendment, Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., did
not overrule the Tolar “standard of remediation”). Cf. Board of County Commissioners of Sarasota

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County v. Webber, 658 So. 2d 1069 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (no evidence suggesting that board
members met in secret during a recess to reconsider and deny a variance and then perfunctorily
ratified this decision at the public hearing held a few minutes later); B.M.Z. Corporation v. City
of Oakland Park, 415 So. 2d 735 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982) (where no evidence that any decision was
made in private, subsequent formal action in sunshine was not merely perfunctory ratification of
secret decisions or ceremonial acceptance of secret actions).
Thus, in a case involving the validity of a lease approved by a board of county commissioners
after an advisory committee held two unnoticed meetings regarding the lease, a court held that
the Sunshine Law violations were cured when the board of county commissioners held open
public hearings after the unnoticed meetings, an effort was made to make available to the public
the minutes of the unnoticed meetings, the board approved a lease that was markedly different
from that recommended by the advisory committee, and most of the lease negotiations were
conducted after the advisory committee had concluded its work. Monroe County v. Pigeon Key
Historical Park, Inc., 647 So. 2d 857, 860-861 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994).
Similarly, a school board remedied an inadvertent violation of the Sunshine Law when it
subsequently held full, open and independent public hearings prior to adopting a redistricting
plan. Finch v. Seminole County School Board, 995 So. 2d 1068, 1073 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008). And
see Sarasota Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755 (Fla. 2010)
(any possible violations that occurred when county commissioners circulated e-mails among each
other were cured by subsequent public meetings). Cf. Anderson v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So.
3d 548, 553-554 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014), noting that “even when an illicit action is ‘cured’ it does
not absolve a public body of its responsibility for violating the Sunshine Law in the first instance;
it simply provides a way to salvage a void act by reconsidering it in Sunshine”).
It must be emphasized, however, that only a full open hearing will cure the defect; a
violation of the Sunshine Law will not be cured by a perfunctory ratification of the action taken
outside of the sunshine. Spillis Candela & Partners, Inc. v. Centrust Savings Bank, 535 So. 2d 694
(Fla. 3d DCA 1988). See also Anderson v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d at 553 (city failed
to cure Sunshine Law violation since it merely perfunctorily ratified in public session what had
already been decided in closed meetings).
For example, in Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d 891, 903 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998),
review denied, 735 So. 2d 1284 (Fla. 1999), the Fourth District explained why a subsequent city
council meeting did not cure the council’s prior violation of the Sunshine Law:
It is evident from the record that the meeting was not a full
reexamination of the issues, but rather, was merely the perfunctory
acceptance of the City’s prior decision. This was not a full, open
public hearing convened for the purpose of enabling the public to
express its views and participate in the decision-making process.
Instead, this was merely a Council meeting which was then
opened to the public for comment at the City’s request. There
was no significant discussion of the issues or a discourse as to
the language sought to be included. The City Councilmen were
provided with transcripts of the hearings, but none reviewed the
language previously approved, and the Council subsequently
voted to deny reconsideration of the wording.
Similarly, a public hearing held by a county commission following an advisory committee’s
violation of the Sunshine Law failed to cure the “Sunshine Law problem” because the county
commission did not “review the complete deliberative process fully in the sunshine.” Florida
Keys Aqueduct Authority v. Board of County Commissioners, Monroe County, Florida, No. CAK-00-1170 (Fla. 16th Cir. Ct. May 16, 2001). And see Gateway Southeast Properties, Inc. v.
Town of Medley, 14 F.L.W. Supp. 20a (Fla. 11th Cir. Ct. October 24, 2006) (subsequent public

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meeting did not cure the defects of earlier closed meeting where no evidence was presented and
no questions asked or discussion pursued by council members at subsequent open meeting); Cf.
AGO 12-31 (audit committee’s statutorily prescribed function to create a request for proposals
may not be delegated to a subordinate entity; the committee may not, therefore, ratify a defective
request for proposals which was created and issued by the county’s financial officer contrary to
the requirements of the law).
Moreover, an appellate court warned that while subsequent public board meetings may
have “cured” a Sunshine Law violation, “if a pattern of Sunshine Law violations existed before this
violation, then perhaps we may have found that any subsequent school board actions were merely
‘perfunctory ratification[s] of secret actions and decisions.’” Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. Martin
County School Board, 125 So. 3d 184, 189 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013). See Bert Fish Foundation v.
Southeast Volusia Hospital District, No. 2010-20801-CINS (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct. February 24, 2011)
(series of public meetings did not “cure” Sunshine Law violations that resulted from 21 closed
door meetings over 16 months; “[t]here was so much darkness for so long, that a giant infusion
of sunshine might have been too little or too late”).
7.

Damages

The only remedies provided for in the Sunshine Law are a declaration of the wrongful
action as void and reasonable attorney fees. Dascott v. Palm Beach County, 988 So. 2d 47 (Fla.
4th DCA 2008), review denied, 6 So. 3d 51 (Fla. 2009) (equitable recovery of back pay not
authorized for employment termination conducted in violation of Sunshine Law).
PART II
PUBLIC RECORDS
A.

SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT

Florida’s Public Records Law, Ch. 119, F.S., provides a right of access to the records of the
state and local governments as well as to private entities acting on their behalf. In the absence of
a statutory exemption, this right of access applies to all materials made or received by an agency in
connection with the transaction of official business which are used to perpetuate, communicate
or formalize knowledge. Access to public records has been described as a “cornerstone of our
political culture.” In re Report & Recommendations of Judicial Mgmt. Council of Fla. on Privacy &
Elec. Access to Court Records, 832 So. 2d 712, 713 (Fla. 2002)
Section 119.011(2), F.S., defines “agency” to include:
any state, county, district, authority, or municipal officer,
department, division, board, bureau, commission, or other separate
unit of government created or established by law including, for the
purposes of this chapter, the Commission on Ethics, the Public
Service Commission, and the Office of Public Counsel, and any
other public or private agency, person, partnership, corporation,
or business entity acting on behalf of any public agency.
A right of access to records is also recognized in Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., which applies to
virtually all state and local governmental entities, including the legislative, executive and judicial
branches of government. The only exceptions are those established by law or by the Constitution.
Section 119.011(12), F.S., defines “public records” to include:
all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs,
films, sound recordings, data processing software, or other

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material, regardless of the physical form, characteristics, or means
of transmission, made or received pursuant to law or ordinance
or in connection with the transaction of official business by any
agency.
The Florida Supreme Court has interpreted this definition to encompass all materials
made or received by an agency in connection with official business which are used to perpetuate,
communicate or formalize knowledge. Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates,
Inc., 379 So. 2d 633, 640 (Fla. 1980). All such materials, regardless of whether they are in final
form, are open for public inspection unless the Legislature has exempted them from disclosure.
Wait v. Florida Power & Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 1979). The text of Ch. 119, F.S.,
the Public Records Act, is found in Appendix C and summaries of exemptions not included in
Ch. 119, F.S., are contained in Appendix D.
The term “public record” is not limited to traditional written documents. As the statutory
definition states, “tapes, photographs, films, sound recordings, data processing software, or
other material, regardless of the physical form, characteristics, or means of transmission” can all
constitute public records. And see National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18
So. 3d 1201 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010) (“public records law
is not limited to paper documents but applies, as well, to documents that exist only in digital
form”). Cf. Church of Scientology Flag Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, No. 97-688CI-07 (Fla. 6th
Cir. Ct. February 27, 1997) (physical specimens relating to an autopsy are not public records
because in order to constitute a “public record” for purposes of Ch. 119, “the record itself must
be susceptible of some form of copying . . . .”).
Clearly, as technology changes the means by which agencies communicate, manage, and
store information, public records will take on increasingly different forms. Yet, the comprehensive
scope of the term “public records” will continue to make the information open to public
inspection unless exempted by law.
Article I, s. 24, Fla. Const., establishes a constitutional right of access to any public record
made or received in connection with the official business of any public body, officer, or employee
of the state, or persons acting on their behalf, except those records exempted pursuant to Art. I,
s. 24, Fla. Const., or specifically made confidential by the Constitution. See State ex rel. Clayton
v. Board of Regents, 635 So. 2d 937 (Fla. 1994) (“[O]ur Constitution requires that public officials
must conduct public business in the open and that public records must be made available to all
members of the public.”); and Rhea v. District Board of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d 851,
855 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (“A citizen’s access to public records is a fundamental constitutional
right in Florida”). The complete text of Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., the Public Records and Meetings
Amendment, may be found in Appendix A.
B.
1.

WHAT ENTITIES ARE COVERED? APPLICATION OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS
ACT TO:
Advisory boards

The definition of “agency” for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S., is not limited to governmental
entities. A “public or private agency, person, partnership, corporation, or business entity acting
on behalf of any public agency” is also subject to the requirements of the Public Records Act. See
also Art. I, s. 24(a), Fla. Const., providing that the constitutional right of access to public records
extends to “any public body, officer, or employee of the state, or persons acting on their behalf . .
. .” (e.s.)
Thus, the Attorney General’s Office has concluded that the records of an employee
advisory committee, established pursuant to special law to make recommendations to a public
hospital authority, are subject to Ch. 119, F.S., and Art. I, s. 24(a), Fla. Const. AGO 96-32.

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And see Inf. Op. to Nicoletti, November 18, 1987, stating that the Loxahatchee Council of
Governments, Inc., formed by eleven public agencies to study and make recommendations on
local governmental issues was an “agency” for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S.
2.

Private organizations

A more complex question is presented when a private corporation or entity provides
services for, or receives funds from, a governmental body. The term “agency,” as used in the
Public Records Act, includes private entities “acting on behalf of any public agency.” Section
119.011(2), F.S. The Florida Supreme Court has stated that this broad definition of “agency”
ensures that a public agency cannot avoid disclosure by contractually delegating to a private
entity that which would otherwise be an agency responsibility. News and Sun-Sentinel Company
v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., 596 So. 2d 1029 (Fla. 1992). Cf. Booksmart
Enterprises, Inc. v. Barnes & Noble College Bookstores, Inc., 718 So. 2d 227, 229n.4 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1998) (private company operating state university bookstores is an “agency” as defined
in s. 119.011[2], F.S., “[n]otwithstanding the language in its contract with the universities that
purports to deny any agency relationship”); and Schwartzman v. Merritt Island Volunteer Fire
Department, 352 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977), cert. denied, 358 So. 2d 132 (Fla. 1978)
(private nonprofit volunteer fire department, which had been given stewardship over firefighting,
which conducted its activities on county-owned property, and which was funded in part by
public money, was an “agency” for purposes of the Public Records Act, and its membership files,
minutes of its meetings and charitable activities were subject to disclosure).
While the mere act of contracting with, or receiving public funds from, a public agency is
not sufficient to subject a private entity to Ch.119, F.S., the following discussion considers when
the statute has been held applicable to private entities.
a.

Private entities created pursuant to law or by public agencies

The fact that a private entity is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation is not dispositive as
to its status under the Public Records Act, but rather the issue is whether the entity is “acting on
behalf of” a public agency. The Attorney General’s Office has issued numerous opinions advising
that if a private entity is created by law or by a public agency, it is subject to Ch. 119 disclosure
requirements. The following are some examples of such entities: Pace Property Finance Authority,
Inc., created as a Florida nonprofit corporation by Santa Rosa County to provide assistance in
the funding and administration of certain governmental programs, AGO 94-34; South Florida
Fair and Palm Beach County Expositions, Inc., created pursuant to Ch. 616, F.S., AGO 95-17;
rural health networks established as nonprofit legal entities to plan and deliver health care services
on a cooperative basis pursuant to s. 381.0406, F.S., Inf. Op. to Ellis, March 4, 1994. And see s.
20.41(8), F.S., providing that area agencies on aging, described as “nongovernmental, independent,
not-for-profit corporations” are “subject to [the Public Records Act], and, when considering any
contracts requiring the expenditure of funds, are subject to ss. 286.011-286.012, relating to public
meetings.”
b.

Private entities contracting with public agencies or receiving public funds

There is no single factor which is controlling on the question of when a private corporation,
not otherwise connected with government, becomes subject to the Public Records Act. However,
the courts have held that the mere act of contracting with a public agency is not dispositive. See,
e.g., News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., supra
(private corporation does not act “on behalf of ” a public agency merely by entering into a contract
to provide architectural services to the agency); Parsons & Whittemore, Inc. v. Metropolitan Dade
County, 429 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983); Stanfield v. Salvation Army, 695 So. 2d 501, 503
(Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (contract with county to provide services does not in and of itself subject
the organization to Ch. 119 disclosure requirements). And see Weekly Planet, Inc. v. Hillsborough
County Aviation Authority, 829 So. 2d 970 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (fact that private development is
located on land the developer leased from a governmental agency does not transform the leases

55

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between the developer and other private entities into public records).
Similarly, the receipt of public funds, standing alone, is not dispositive of the organization’s
status for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S. See Sarasota Herald-Tribune Company v. Community Health
Corporation, Inc., 582 So. 2d 730 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (mere provision of public funds to the
private organization is not an important factor in this analysis, although the provision of a
substantial share of the capitalization of the organization is important); and Times Publishing
Company v. Acton, No. 99-8304 (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. November 5, 1999) (attorneys retained by
individual commissioners in a criminal matter were not “acting on behalf of ” a public agency for
purposes of Ch. 119, F.S., even though county commission subsequently voted to pay the legal
expenses in accordance with a county policy providing for reimbursement of legal expenses to
officers successfully defending charges filed against them arising out of the performance of their
official duties). Cf. Inf. Op. to Cowin, November 14, 1997 (fact that nonprofit medical center
is built on property owned by the city would not in and of itself be determinative of whether the
medical center’s meetings and records are subject to open government requirements).
The courts have relied on “two general sets of circumstances” in determining when a
private entity is “acting on behalf of ” a public agency and must therefore produce its records
under Ch. 119, F.S. See Weekly Planet, Inc. v. Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, 829 So.
2d 970, 974 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002); B & S Utilities, Inc. v. Baskerville-Donovan, Inc., 988 So.
2d 17 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008), review denied, 4 So. 3d 1220 (Fla. 2009); and County of Volusia v.
Emergency Communications Network, Inc., 39 So. 3d 1280 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010). Each of these
circumstances or tests is discussed below.
(1)

“Totality of factors” test

Recognizing that “the statute provides no clear criteria for determining when a private
entity is ‘acting on behalf of ’ a public agency,” the Supreme Court adopted a “totality of factors”
test to serve as a guide for evaluating whether a private entity is subject to Ch. 119, F.S. News
and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., 596 So. 2d 1029,
1031 (Fla. 1992). See New York Times Company v. PHH Mental Health Services, Inc., 616 So. 2d
27 (Fla. 1993); Wells v. Aramark Food Service Corporation, 888 So. 2d 134 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004).
Accordingly, when a public agency contracts with a private entity to provide goods or
services to facilitate the agency’s performance of its duties, the courts have considered the “totality
of factors” in determining whether there is a significant level of involvement by the public agency
so as to subject the private entity to Ch. 119, F.S. See Weekly Planet, Inc. v. Hillsborough County
Aviation Authority, supra at 974.
The factors listed by the Supreme Court in Schwab include the following:
1)

the level of public funding;

2)

commingling of funds;

3)

whether the activity was conducted on publicly-owned property;

4)

whether the contracted services are an integral part of the public agency’s chosen decisionmaking process;

5)

whether the private entity is performing a governmental function or a function which the
public agency otherwise would perform;

6)

the extent of the public agency’s involvement with, regulation of, or control over the
private entity;

7)

whether the private entity was created by the public agency;

8)

whether the public agency has a substantial financial interest in the private entity;

9)

for whose benefit the private entity is functioning.

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Thus, the application of the totality of factors test will often require an analysis of the
statutes, ordinances or charter provisions which establish the function to be performed by the
private entity as well as the contract, lease or other document between the governmental entity
and the private organization.
For example, in AGO 92-37 the Attorney General’s Office, following a review of the
Articles of Incorporation and other materials relating to the establishment and functions of the
Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center, Inc., concluded that the center was an “agency” subject to
the Public Records Act, noting that the center was governed by a board of trustees composed
of a number of city and county officials or appointees of the mayor, utilized city property in
carrying out its goals to benefit the public, and performed a governmental function. See also
AGOs 97-27 (documents created or received by the Florida International Museum after the date
of its purchase/lease/option agreement with city subject to disclosure under Ch. 119, F.S.), 92-53
(John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Foundation, Inc., subject to Public Records Act), and
11-01. Cf. Inf. Op. to Goodman, September 26, 2016 (in the absence of a request from the chief
of the volunteer fire department or additional information making the relationship between the
town and the fire department clearer, the Attorney General’s Office may not respond formally to
town attorney’s inquiry about the application of the Public Records Act to the town’s volunteer
fire department).
By contrast, an architectural firm providing architectural services associated with
construction of school facilities was found to be outside the scope of the Public Records Act. See
News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., supra. See
also Sipkema v. Reedy Creek Improvement District, No. CI96­114 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct. May 29, 1996),
per curiam affirmed, 697 So. 2d 880 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997), review dismissed, 699 So. 2d 1375
(Fla. 1997) (private security force providing services on Walt Disney World property, including
traffic control and accident reports is not subject to Ch. 119); Trepal v. State, 704 So. 2d 498
(Fla. 1997) (soft drink company cooperating with law enforcement in the testing of soda bottles
during an investigation of a poisoning death is outside the scope of the Public Records Act); and
Inf. Op. to Michelson, January 27, 1992 (telephone company supplying cellular phone services
to city officials for city business is not an “agency” since the company was not created by the city,
did not perform a city function, and did not receive city funding except in payment for services
rendered).
(2)

Delegation of function test

While the mere act of contracting with a public agency is not sufficient to bring a private
entity within the scope of the Public Records Act, there is a difference between a party contracting
with a public agency to provide services to the agency and a contracting party which provides
services in place of the public body. News-Journal Corporation v. Memorial Hospital-West Volusia,
Inc., 695 So. 2d 418 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997), approved, 729 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999). And see Weekly
Planet, Inc. v. Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, 829 So. 2d 970, 974 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002).
For example, if a private entity contracts to relieve the public body from the operation of a
public obligation such as operating a jail or providing fire protection, the open government laws
apply. News-Journal Corporation v. Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc., 695 So. 2d 418 (Fla. 5th
DCA 1997), approved, 729 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999). And see Dade Aviation Consultants v. Knight
Ridder, Inc., 800 So. 2d 302, 307 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (consortium of private businesses created to
manage a massive renovation of an airport was an “agency” for purposes of the Public Records Act
because it was created for and had no purpose other than to work on the airport contract; “when
a private entity undertakes to provide a service otherwise provided by the government, the entity
is bound by the Act, as the government would be”); and Fox v. News-Press Publishing Company,
545 So. 2d 941, 943 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (upholding a trial court decision finding that business
records maintained by a towing company in connection with its contract with a city were public
records, as the company “was clearly performing what is essentially a governmental function, i.e.,
the removal of wrecked and abandoned automobiles from public streets and property”). See also

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AGOs 08-66 (Public Records Act applies to not-for-profit corporation contracting with city to
carry out affordable housing responsibilities and screening applicant files for such housing); 99-53
(while not generally applicable to homeowners associations, Ch. 119 applies to an architectural
review committee of a homeowners association which is required by county ordinance to review
and approve applications for county building permits as a prerequisite to consideration by the
county building department); and 07-44 (property owners association, delegated performance
of services otherwise performed by municipal services taxing unit, subject to Public Records Act
when acting on behalf of the taxing unit). Compare AGO 87-44 (records of a private nonprofit
corporation pertaining to a fund established for improvements to city parks were not public
records since the corporation raised and disbursed only private funds and had not been delegated
any governmental responsibilities or functions).
Thus, in Stanfield v. Salvation Army, 695 So. 2d 501 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997), the Fifth
District recognized that the delegation of function test was the appropriate standard to use to
determine that records generated by the Salvation Army in performing a contract to provide
misdemeanor services for a county were subject to Ch. 119, F.S. As stated by the court: “Because
we find the statutory and contractual delegation of governmental responsibility so compelling
in this case, it is unnecessary to engage in the factor-by-factor analysis outlined in Schwab.”
Stanfield, 695 So. 2d at 503. B & S Utilities v. Baskerville-Donovan Inc., 988 So. 2d. 17, 21
(Fla. 1st DCA 2008), citing to Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corp., 729
So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999). In Baskerville, the court recognized that while the “totality of factors”
test favored a private engineering firm’s position that it was not an agency, “the fact that the City
delegated its municipal engineering functions” to [the firm] “is dispositive.” Baskerville, 988 So.
2d at 22. (e.s.)
The following are other examples of private businesses and nonprofit entities which were
delegated a governmental function and thus determined to be subject to the Public Records Act
in carrying out that function:
Corrections company operating county jail: Times Publishing
Company v. Corrections Corporation of America, No. 91-429 CA 01
(Fla. 5th Cir. Ct. December 4, 1991), affirmed per curiam, 611 So.
2d 532 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993). And see Prison Health Services, Inc. v.
Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company, 718 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2d DCA
1998), review denied, 727 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 1999) (medical services).
Employment search firm: Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid
and Associates, Inc. 379 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1980). Accord AGO 9280 (materials made or received by recruitment company in the
course of its contract with a public agency to seek applicants and
make recommendations to the board regarding the selection of an
executive director, subject to Ch. 119).
Humane society investigating animal abuse for county: Putnam
County Humane Society, Inc. v. Woodward, 740 So. 2d 1238 (Fla.
5th DCA 1999).
However, the “delegation of function” test should not be used unless there is a “clear,
compelling, complete delegation of a governmental function” to the private entity. Economic
Development Commission v. Ellis, 178 So. 3d 118, 123 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015). In Ellis, the Fifth
District found that the trial judge should not have used the delegation test to determine whether
a private economic development entity (EDC) under contract with the county to provide
services was an “agency.” The appellate court explained that the EDC was the county’s “primary”
but not its “sole” agency for economic development activity. Id. The county “continued to
carry out economic development activities itself through its own paid county employees and in
conjunction with other entities to the exclusion of EDC.” Id. In other words, “EDC did not
take over the county’s role or completely assume the county’s provision of economic development

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services.” Id. Because “EDC provided services to, not in place of, the county,” the trial judge
should have applied the “totality of factors” test instead of the “delegation of function” test. Id.
c.

Private company delegated authority to keep certain records

If a public agency has delegated its responsibility to maintain records necessary to perform
its functions, such records have been deemed to be accessible to the public. See, e.g., Harold v.
Orange County, 668 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996) (where county hired a private company to
be the construction manager on a county project and delegated to the company the responsibility
of maintaining records necessary to show compliance with a “fairness in procurement ordinance,”
the company’s records for this purpose were public records). See also Booksmart Enterprises, Inc.
v. Barnes & Noble College Bookstores, Inc., 718 So. 2d 227 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998), review denied,
729 So. 2d 389 (Fla. 1999) (private company operating a campus bookstore pursuant to a
contract with a state university is the custodian of public records made or received by the store in
connection with university business).
d.

Subcontractors

A circuit court has addressed whether a subcontractor may be subject to the Public
Records Act if both the subcontractor and contractor have been delegated a public function. In
Multimedia Holdings Corporation v. CRSPE, Inc., No 03-3474-G (Fla. 20th Cir. Ct. December
3, 2003), the court required a consulting firm to disclose its timesheets and internal billing
records generated pursuant to a subcontract with another firm (CRSPE) which had entered into
a contract with a town to prepare a traffic study required by the Department of Transportation.
Rejecting the subcontractor’s argument that Ch. 119, F.S., did not apply to it because it was a
subcontractor, not the contractor, the court found that the study was prepared and submitted
jointly by both consultants; both firms had acted in place of the town in performing the tasks
required by the department: “[T]he Public Records Act cannot be so easily circumvented simply
by CRSPE delegating its responsibilities to yet another private entity.”
e.

Other statutory provisions governing records of private entities

(1)

Contract requirements

Section 119.0701, F.S., mandates that all agency contracts for services must contain specific
provisions requiring the contractor to comply with public records laws, including retention
and public access requirements. The term “contractor” is defined to mean “an individual,
partnership, corporation or business entity that enters into a contract for services with a public
agency and is acting on behalf of the public agency as provided under s. 119.011(2), [F.S.].”
Section 119.0701(1)(a), F.S. (e.s.). “Thus, based on the terms of section 119.0701(1)(a), Florida
Statutes, the nature and scope of the services provided by a private contractor determine whether
he or she is ‘acting on behalf of ’ an agency and thus, would be subject to the requirements of the
statute.” AGO 14-06. For more information on when a private entity is determined to be “acting
on behalf of ” a public agency for purposes of s. 119.011(2), F.S., please refer to the preceding
discussion on pages 55-58.
In 2016, the Legislature revised the requirements for public agency contracts for services
entered into or amended on or after July 1, 2016. See Ch. 2016-20, Laws of Florida, amending
s. 119.0701, F.S. The statute now requires that the contract contain a statement, in the form
prescribed by the statute, providing the contact information for the public agency’s custodian
of public records in the event that the contractor has questions about its duty to provide public
records relating to the contract. Section 119.0701(2)(a), F.S. In addition, a request for records
relating to the contract must be made directly to the public agency. Section 119.0701(3)(a), F.S.
If the public agency does not possess the requested records, the public agency shall immediately
notify the contractor of the request, and the contractor must provide the records to the public
agency or allow the records to be inspected or copied within a reasonable time. Id. Sections
119.0701(3) and (4), F.S., establish consequences in the event of a contractor’s noncompliance.

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The definition of “contractor” in s. 119.0701(1)(a), F.S., was not changed, however.
Section 287.058(1)(c), F.S., provides, with limited exceptions, that every procurement for
contracted services by a state agency be evidenced by a written agreement containing a provision
allowing unilateral cancellation by the agency for the contractor’s refusal to allow public access
to “all documents, papers, letters, or other material made or received by the contractor in
conjunction with the contract, unless the records are exempt” from disclosure.
(2)

Legislative appropriation

Section 11.45(3)(e), F.S., states that all records of a nongovernmental agency, corporation,
or person with respect to the receipt and expenditure of an appropriation made by the Legislature
to that entity “shall be public records and shall be treated in the same manner as other public
records are under general law.” Cf. AGO 96-43 (Astronauts Memorial Foundation, a nonprofit
corporation, is subject to the Sunshine Law when performing those duties funded under the
General Appropriations Act).
(3)

Public funds used for dues

Section 119.01(3), F.S., provides that if an agency spends public funds in payment of
dues or membership contributions to a private entity, then the private entity’s financial, business
and membership records pertaining to the public agency are public records and subject to the
provisions of s. 119.07, F.S.
3.

Judiciary

a.

Public Records Act inapplicable to judicial records

Relying on separation of powers principles, the courts have consistently held that the
judiciary is not an “agency” for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S. See, e.g., Times Publishing Company
v. Ake, 660 So. 2d 255 (Fla. 1995) (the judiciary, as a coequal branch of government, is not
an “agency” subject to supervision or control by another coequal branch of government); and
Locke v. Hawkes, 595 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1992). Cf. s. 119.0714(1), F.S., stating that “[n]othing
in this chapter shall be construed to exempt from [s. 119.07(1), F.S.] a public record that was
made a part of a court file and that is not specifically closed by order of court . . . .” (e.s.) And see
Tampa Television, Inc. v. Dugger, 559 So. 2d 397 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990) (Legislature has recognized
the distinction between documents sealed under court order and those not so sealed, and has
provided for disclosure of the latter only).
However, the Florida Supreme Court has expressly recognized that “both civil and criminal
proceedings in Florida are public events” and that it will “adhere to the well established common
law right of access to court proceedings and records.” Barron v. Florida Freedom Newspapers, 531
So. 2d 113, 116 (Fla. 1988). See also Russell v. Miami Herald Publishing Co., 570 So. 2d 979, 982
(Fla. 2d DCA 1990), in which the court stated: “[W]e recognize that the press has a general right
to access of judicial records.”
b.

Public access to and protection of judicial branch records, Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.420

(1)

Scope of the rule

Although the judiciary is not an “agency” for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S., there is
a constitutional right of access to judicial records established by Art. I, s. 24, of the Florida
Constitution. In accordance with this directive, access to records of the judicial branch is governed
by Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.420 (formerly 2.051), entitled “Public Access to
and Protection of Judicial Branch Records.” See 2.420(a), Fla. R. Jud. Admin., providing that
“[t]he public shall have access to all records of the judicial branch of government except as
provided [in the rule].”
According to the Florida Supreme Court, rule 2.420 is “intended to reflect the judiciary’s

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responsibility to perform both an administrative function and an adjudicatory function.” In
re Amendments to the Florida Rules of Judicial Administration--Public Access to Judicial Records,
608 So. 2d 472 (Fla. 1992). In its administrative role, the judiciary is a governmental entity
expending public funds and employing government personnel. Thus, “records generated while
courts are acting in an administrative capacity should be subject to the same standards that
govern similar records of other branches of government.” Id. at 472-473. See also Media General
Convergence, Inc. v. Chief Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, 840 So. 2d 1008, 1016 (Fla.
2003) (when an individual complains to a chief circuit judge about judicial misconduct involving
sexual harassment or sexually inappropriate behavior by a judge, the records made or received
by the chief judge “constitute ‘judicial records’ subject to public disclosure absent an applicable
exemption”).
An online version of Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.420 is also available at: http://www.floridabar.org.
(2)

Confidential judicial records

Rule 2.420(c) contains a list of confidential and exempt judicial branch records. Examples
include trial and appellate court memoranda, complaints alleging misconduct against judges
and other court personnel until probable cause is established, periodic evaluations implemented
solely to assist judges in improving their performance, information (other than names and
qualifications) about persons seeking to serve as unpaid volunteers unless made public by the
court based upon a showing of materiality or good cause, and copies of arrest and search warrants
until executed or until law enforcement determines that execution cannot be made. Fla. R. Jud.
Admin. 2.420(c)(1) through (6).
Although Rule 2.420(c)(1)-(6) lists specific confidential and exempt records, subdivision (c)
(8) of the rule provides a general exemption from disclosure for records deemed to be confidential
by court rule, Florida Statutes, prior Florida case law, and by rules of the Judicial Qualifications
Commission. Thus, an executed search warrant could be withheld from disclosure pursuant to
the statutory exemption for active criminal investigative material even though subdivision (c)(6)
of the rule exempts only unexecuted search warrants. Florida Publishing Company v. State, 706
So. 2d 54 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998), review dismissed, 717 So. 2d 531 (Fla. 1998). Accord State v.
Buenoano, 707 So. 2d 714, 718 (Fla. 1998) (documents that are exempt from public access under
Ch. 119, F.S., are likewise exempt under rule 2.420). In addition, Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.420(c)
(7) provides an exemption for “all records made confidential under the Florida and United States
Constitutions and Florida and federal law.”
Subdivision (c)(9) of rule 2.420 incorporates the holdings in Barron v. Florida Freedom
Newspapers, 531 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 1988), and Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Lewis, 426
So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1982) by “establishing that confidentiality [of court records] may be required to
protect the rights of defendants, litigants, or third parties; to further the administration of justice;
or to otherwise promote a compelling governmental interest.” Commentary, In re Amendments
to Rule of Judicial Administration 2.051.--Public Access to Judicial Records, 651 So. 2d 1185, 1191
(Fla. 1995). The degree, duration, and manner of confidentiality ordered by the court shall be
no broader than necessary to protect these interests. Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.420(c)(9)(B). “The
burden of proof . . . shall always be on the party seeking closure.” Barron, supra at 118.
In addition, rule 2.420(d)(1)(B) identifies information described in designated statutory
exemptions which the clerk of court is required to designate and maintain as confidential. See also
Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.425, governing the filing of sensitive personal information, and establishing
categories of personal information that must not be filed or must be truncated or redacted before
filing. Cf. s. 119.0714, F.S.
(3)

Procedures for accessing judicial branch records under rule 2.420

“Requests and responses to requests for access to records under this rule shall be made in
a reasonable manner.” Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.420(m). Requests must be in writing and directed

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to the custodian. Id. See Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 13 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 1st DCA
2009), in which the court denied a Florida newspaper’s records request for an audio tape related
to a shooting since the request was made orally instead of in writing as required by the rule. In
a commentary to the decision incorporating the written request provision, the Court cautioned
that the “writing requirement is not intended to disadvantage any person who may have difficulty
writing a request; if any difficulty exists, the custodian should aid the requestor in reducing the
request to writing.” Commentary, In re Report of the Supreme Court Workgroup on Public Records,
825 So. 2d 889, 898 (Fla. 2002).
A public records request “shall provide sufficient specificity to enable the custodian to
identify the requested records. The reason for the request is not required to be disclosed.” Fla.
R. Jud. Admin. 2.420(m)(1).
The custodian “is required to provide access to or copies of records but is not required
either to provide information from records or to create new records in response to a request.”
Commentary, In re Report of the Supreme Court Workgroup on Public Records, 825 So. 2d 889, 898
(Fla. 2002).
The custodian shall determine whether the requested records are subject to the rule,
whether there are any exemptions, and the form in which the record is provided. Fla. R. Jud.
Admin. 2.420(m)(2). If the request is denied, the custodian shall state in writing the basis for
the denial. Id.
Expedited review of denials of access to administrative records of the judicial branch shall
be provided through an action for mandamus, or other appropriate relief. Fla. R. Jud. Admin.
2.420(l). See Jacobs Keeley, PLLC v. Chief Judge of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, 169 So. 3d 192
(Fla. 4th DCA 2015).
c.

Discovery material

The Florida Supreme Court has ruled that there is no First Amendment right of access
to unfiled discovery materials. Palm Beach Newspapers v. Burk, 504 So. 2d 378 (Fla. 1987)
(discovery in criminal proceedings); and Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Gridley, 510 So. 2d
884 (Fla. 1987), cert. denied, 108 S.Ct. 1224 (1988) (civil discovery). Cf. Lewis v. State, 958 So.
2d 1027 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (Burk applies to a request for unfiled depositions made during an
ongoing, active criminal prosecution but does not extend to a defendant’s request for deposition
transcripts after the conviction becomes final; such transcripts must be produced in accordance
with Ch. 119, F.S.). And see SCI Funeral Services of Florida, Inc. v. Light, 811 So. 2d 796, 798
(Fla. 4th DCA 2002), noting that even though there is no constitutional right of access to prefiled
discovery materials, “it does not necessarily follow that there is a constitutional right to prevent
access to discovery.” (emphasis supplied by the court).
Even though unfiled discovery material is not accessible under the First Amendment, it
may be open to inspection under Ch. 119, F.S., if the document is a public record which is
otherwise subject to disclosure under that law. See, e.g., Tribune Company v. Public Records, 493
So. 2d 480, 485 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), review denied sub nom., Gillum v. Tribune Company, 503
So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1987), in which the court reversed a trial judge’s ruling limiting inspection
of police records produced in discovery to those materials which were made part of an open
court file because “this conflicts with the express provisions of the Public Records Act.” And see
Smithwick v. Television 12 of Jacksonville, Inc., 730 So. 2d 795 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) (trial court
properly required defense counsel to return discovery documents once it realized that its initial
order permitting removal of the documents from the court file had been entered in error because
the requirements of rule 2.420 had not been met).
Thus, in Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. McCrary, 520 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1988), the Court
noted that where pretrial discovery material developed for the prosecution of a criminal case

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had reached the status of a public record under Ch. 119, F.S., the material was subject to public
inspection as required by that statute in the absence of a court order finding that release of the
material would jeopardize the defendant’s right to a fair trial. See also Rameses, Inc. v. Demings, 29
So. 3d 418 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010) (government not precluded from asserting applicable statutory
exemptions to public records that have been disclosed during discovery to a criminal defendant).
And see Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida, Inc. v. Doe, 612 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 1992) (public’s statutory
right of access to pretrial discovery information in a criminal case must be balanced against a
nonparty’s constitutional right to privacy).
d.

Florida Bar

“Given that The Florida Bar is ‘an official arm of the court,’ see R. Regulating Fla. Bar,
Introduction, [the Florida Supreme] Court has previously rejected the Legislature’s power to
regulate which Florida Bar files were subject to public records law . . . .” The Florida Bar v.
Committee, 916 So. 2d 741, 745 (Fla. 2005). See also The Florida Bar, In re Advisory Opinion
Concerning the Applicability of Ch. 119, Florida Statutes, 398 So. 2d 446, 448 (Fla. 1981) (Ch.
119, F.S., does not apply to unauthorized practice of law investigative files maintained by the
Bar). Cf. Florida Board of Bar Examiners Re: Amendments to the Rules of the Supreme Court of
Florida Relating to Admissions to the Bar, 676 So. 2d 372 (Fla. 1996) (no merit to argument that
under Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., all records in possession of Board of Bar Examiners should be
open for inspection by applicant and the public).
e.

Judicial Qualifications Commission and judicial nominating commissions

Proceedings by or before the Judicial Qualifications Commission are confidential until
formal charges against a justice or judge are filed by the Commission with the clerk of the Florida
Supreme Court; upon a finding of probable cause and the filing of formal charges with the clerk,
the charges and all further proceedings before the Commission are public. See Art. V, s. 12(a)(4),
Fla. Const; Media General Convergence, Inc. v. Chief Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, 840
So. 2d 1008 (Fla. 2003).
With regard to judicial nominating commissions, Art. V, s. 11(d), Fla. Const., provides
that “[e]xcept for deliberations of the . . . commissions, the proceedings of the commissions and
their records shall be open to the public.” See Inf. Op. to Frost, November 4, 1987, concluding
that correspondence between a member of a judicial nominating commission and persons
wishing to obtain an application for a vacant seat on a District Court of Appeal is a public record
subject to disclosure.
However, records pertaining to voting, including vote sheets, ballots, and ballot tally sheets
“are clearly part of the deliberation process” and, therefore, are not subject to public disclosure.
Justice Coalition v. The First District Court of Appeal Judicial Nominating Commission, 823 So.
2d 185, 192 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). In addition, personal notes of individual commission
members made during the deliberation process are not subject to disclosure because they are
mere “precursors” of governmental records, and thus fall outside the definition of “public record.”
Id., citing Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates Inc., 379 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1980).
f.

Jury records

(1)

Grand jury

Proceedings before a grand jury are secret; therefore, records prepared for use of the grand
jury during the regular performance of its duties are not subject to s. 119.07(1), F.S. See Buchanan
v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 206 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 3d DCA 1968), modified, 230 So. 2d
9 (Fla. 1969) (grand jury proceedings are “absolutely privileged”); and In re Grand Jury, Fall Term
1986, 528 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988), affirming a trial court order barring public disclosure
of motions filed in accordance with s. 905.28, F.S., to repress or expunge stemming from a grand
jury presentment not accompanied by a true bill or indictment. See also AGO 90-48 (as an
integral part of the grand jury proceeding to secure witnesses, grand jury subpoenas would fall

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under the “absolute privilege” of the grand jury and not be subject to disclosure under Ch. 119,
F.S.).
Thus, a letter written by a city official to the grand jury is not subject to public inspection.
AGO 73-177. Similarly, a circuit court held that the list of grand jurors is confidential. Wood v.
Childers, No. 13-CA-000877 (Fla. 1st Cir. Ct. April 16, 2013), per curiam affirmed, 130 So. 3d
1282 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). Accord Inf. Op. to Alexander, September 8, 1995. However, the clerk
of court is not authorized to redact the name of a grand jury foreperson or the acting foreperson
from an indictment after it has been made public. AGO 99-09.
It is important to emphasize, however, that the exemption from disclosure for grand jury
records does not apply to those records which were prepared by a public agency independent
of a grand jury investigation. Thus, public records which are made or received by an agency
in the performance of its official duties do not become confidential simply because they are
subsequently viewed by the grand jury as part of its investigation. As the court stated in In re
Grand Jury Investigation, Spring Term 1988, 543 So. 2d 757, 759 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989):
Nor can we allow the grand jury to become a sanctuary for records
which are otherwise accessible to the public. The mere fact that
documents have been presented to a grand jury does not, in and
of itself, cloak them in a permanent state of secrecy.
Accordingly, a state attorney and sheriff must provide public access to investigative records
regarding a judge that were compiled independently of and prior to a grand jury’s investigation
of the judge. In re Grand Jury Investigation, Spring Term 1988, supra. See also In re Subpoena To
Testify Before Grand Jury, 864 F.2d 1559 (11th Cir. 1989) (trial court’s authority to protect grand
jury process enabled court to prevent disclosure of materials prepared for grand jury proceedings;
however, court not empowered to prohibit disclosure of documents assembled independent of
grand jury proceedings).
There are a number of statutes which relate to secrecy of grand jury proceedings. See ss.
905.24-905.28, F.S., and s. 905.395, F.S. (statewide grand jury). But see Butterworth v. Smith,
110 S.Ct. 1376 (1990) (provisions of s. 905.27, F.S., which prohibit “a grand juror . . . reporter
. . . or any other person” appearing before a grand jury from ever disclosing testimony before
the grand jury except pursuant to a court order were unconstitutional insofar as they prohibit a
grand jury witness from disclosing his own testimony after the term of the grand jury has ended).
(2)

Trial jury

In Kever v. Gilliam, 886 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004), the appellate court ruled that
the clerk of court was required to comply with appellant’s public records request for names and
addresses of trial court jurors empanelled in his trial. Accord AGO 05-61 (statute requiring
Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles to provide driver license information to
courts for purposes of establishing jury selection lists does not operate to exempt from public
disclosure jurors’ names and addresses appearing on a jury list compiled by the clerk of court).
Cf. Sarasota Herald-Tribune v. State, 916 So. 2d 904, 909 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (while “[t]here are
unquestionably times when it might be necessary for a trial judge to impose media restrictions
on the publication of juror information, . . .” trial court order prohibiting news media from
publishing names and addresses of prospective or seated jurors in the high profile murder trial
constituted a prior restraint on speech); and WPTV-TV v. State, 61 So. 3d 1191 (Fla. 5th DCA
2011) (given exceptional media coverage and public interest in upcoming criminal trial, trial
court’s decision to withhold location of jury selection until a time proximate to the start of the
trial was not a material departure from essential requirements of law).
g.

Sunshine in Litigation Act

The Sunshine in Litigation Act, s. 69.081, F.S., provides, with limited exceptions, that no
court shall enter an order or judgment which has the purpose or effect of concealing a public

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hazard or which has the purpose or effect of concealing any information which may be useful
to members of the public in protecting themselves from injury which may result from a public
hazard. See State v. American Tobacco Company, No. CL 95-1466-AH (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. July 28,
1997) (upholding constitutionality of Sunshine in Litigation Act).
Additionally, s. 69.081(8), F.S., provides, subject to certain exceptions, that any portion of
an agreement which has the purpose or effect of concealing information relating to the settlement
or resolution of any claim or action against an agency is void, contrary to public policy, and may
not be enforced. Settlement records must be maintained in compliance with Ch. 119, F.S. See
Inf. Op. to Barry, June 24, 1998 (agency not authorized to enter into a settlement agreement
authorizing the concealment of information relating to an adverse personnel decision from the
remainder of a personnel file.
A governmental entity, except a municipality or county, settling a claim in tort which
requires the expenditure of more than $5,000 in public funds, is required to provide notice
pursuant to Ch. 50, F.S., of the settlement in the county in which the claim arose within 60 days
of entering into the settlement. No notice is required if the settlement has been approved by a
court of competent jurisdiction. Section 69.081(9), F.S.
4.

Legislature

The Public Records Act does not apply to the legislative branch. Locke v. Hawkes, 595
So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1992) (definition of “agency” in the Public Records Act does not include the
Legislature or its members). There is, however, a constitutional right of access to legislative
records provided in Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., which provides that “[e]very person has the right
to inspect or copy any public record made or received in connection with the official business
of any public body . . . .” This right of access specifically includes the legislative branch. Article
I, s. 24(a), Fla. Const. The Legislature, however, may provide by general law for the exemption
of records provided that such law must state with specificity the public necessity justifying the
exemption and be no broader than necessary to accomplish the stated purpose of the law. Article
I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const. Each house of the Legislature is authorized to adopt rules governing the
enforcement of this section for records of the legislative branch. Id. Any statutes providing
limitations on access which were in effect on July 1, 1993, continue in force and apply to records
of the legislative branch until repealed. Article I, s. 24(d), Fla. Const.
In accordance with Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const., the Senate and House of Representatives
have adopted rules relating to records of the legislative branch. These rules may be accessed
online at www.flsenate.gov (Florida Senate) and www.myfloridahouse.gov (Florida House of
Representatives).
In addition, s. 11.0431(2), F.S., lists legislative records which are exempt from inspection
and copying. The text of s. 11.0431, F.S., is set forth in Appendix E. See League of Women Voters v.
Florida House of Representatives, 132 So. 3d 135, 153 (Fla. 2013) (“We agree that the first issue to
be decided is whether the draft [apportionment] plans fall within the scope of the public records
exemption in section 11.0431[2][e], Florida Statutes [2012], and that this exemption should
be strictly construed in favor of disclosure”). And see s. 11.26(1), F.S. (legislative employees are
forbidden from revealing to anyone outside the area of their direct responsibility the contents or
nature of any request for services made by any member of the Legislature except with the consent
of the legislator making the request); and s. 15.07, F.S. (the journal of the executive session of the
Senate shall be kept free from inspection or disclosure except upon order of the Senate itself or
some court of competent jurisdiction).
5.

Governor and Cabinet

The Governor and Cabinet have duties which derive from both the Constitution and the
Legislature. Because of separation of powers principles, the legislatively created Public Records
Act does not apply to records gathered in the course of carrying out a specific duty or function

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which has been assigned to the Governor and Cabinet by the Constitution rather than by statute.
See AGO 86-50, stating that materials collected by the former Parole and Probation Commission
[now known as the Florida Commission on Offender Review] pursuant to direction of the
Governor and Cabinet for pardons or other forms of clemency authorized by Art. IV, s. 8(a), Fla.
Const., are not subject to Ch. 119, F.S.
The Public Records Act, however, does apply to the Governor and Cabinet when sitting
in their capacity as a board created by the Legislature or whose powers are prescribed by the
Legislature, such as the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. In such
cases, the Governor and Cabinet are not exercising powers derived from the Constitution but are
subject to the “dominion and control” of the Legislature.
In addition, Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., establishes a constitutional right of access by
providing that “every person” shall have a right of access to public records of the executive branch
and of “each constitutional officer, board, and commission, or entity created pursuant to law or
this Constitution” except as otherwise provided in this section or specifically made confidential
in the Constitution.
6.

Commissions created by the Constitution

A board or commission created by the Constitution is not subject to Ch. 119, F.S.,
inspection requirements when such board or commission is carrying out its constitutionally
prescribed duties. Cf. Kanner v. Frumkes, 353 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977) (judicial
nominating commissions are not subject to s. 286.011, F.S.); and AGO 77-65 (Ch. 120, F.S.,
is inapplicable to Constitution Revision Commission established by Art. XI, s. 2, Fla. Const.,
because the commission is authorized in that section to adopt its own rules of procedure).
Accordingly, the Public Records Act does not apply to the clemency investigative files
and reports produced by the Florida Commission on Offender Review [formerly the Parole
Commission] on behalf of the Governor and Cabinet relating to the granting of clemency; release
of such materials is governed by the Rules of Executive Clemency adopted by the Governor and
Cabinet, sitting as the clemency board. Parole Commission v. Lockett, 620 So. 2d 153 (Fla. 1993).
Accord Jennings v. State, 626 So. 2d 1324 (Fla. 1993). And see AGO 86-50.
There is, however, a difference between the status of a commission created by the
Constitution which exercises constitutional duties and a commission whose creation is merely
authorized by the Constitution and whose duties are established by law. While the former is
not subject to the Public Records Act, it has been held that a commission performing duties
assigned to it by the Legislature must comply with the open government laws. See Turner v.
Wainwright, 379 So. 2d 148 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980), affirmed and remanded, 389 So. 2d 1181 (Fla.
1980), holding that the Parole Commission [now known as the Florida Commission on Offender
Review] which Art. IV, s. 8(c), Fla. Const., recognizes may be created by law, is subject to s.
286.011, F.S., in carrying out its statutory duties and responsibilities relating to parole.
Moreover, Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., provides a constitutional right of access for public
records of each branch of government, and “each constitutional officer, board, and commission,
or entity created pursuant to law or this Constitution.” The only exceptions to the right of
access are those records exempted pursuant to s. 24 or specifically made confidential by the
Constitution. Article I, s. 24(a), Fla. Const. See King v. State, 840 So. 2d 1047 (Fla. 2003)
(clemency records exempt pursuant to s. 14.28, F.S., providing that records made or received
by any state entity pursuant to a Board of Executive Clemency investigation are not subject to
public disclosure).
C.

WHAT RECORDS ARE COVERED? APPLICATION OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS
ACT TO:
This section discusses the application of the Public Records Act to various records made

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or received by agencies in the course of official business. Many, but not all of the statutory
exemptions to disclosure for particular records or information are also referenced. For a more
complete listing of statutory exemptions, please refer to Appendices C and D and the Index.
1.

Adoption and birth records

Except for birth records over 100 years old which are not under seal pursuant to court order,
all birth records are considered to be confidential documents and exempt from public inspection;
such records may be disclosed only as provided by law. Section 382.025(1), F.S.; AGO 74-70.
Cf. s. 383.51, F.S. (the identity of a parent who leaves a newborn infant at a hospital, emergency
medical services station, or fire station in accordance with s. 383.50, F.S., is confidential).
Adoption records are also confidential and may not be disclosed except as provided in s.
63.162, F.S. An unadopted individual, however, has the right to obtain his or her birth records
which include the names of the individual’s parents from the hospital in which he or she was
born. Atwell v. Sacred Heart Hospital of Pensacola, 520 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 1988).
In the absence of court order issued for good cause shown, the name and identity of a birth
parent, an adoptive parent, or an adoptee may not be disclosed unless the birth parent authorizes
in writing the release of his or her name; the adoptee, if 18 or older, authorizes in writing the
release of his or her name; or, if the adoptee is less than 18, written consent is obtained from an
adoptive parent to disclose the adoptee’s name; or the adoptive parent authorizes in writing the
release of his or her name. Section 63.162(4), F.S. And see s. 63.165(1), F.S. (state adoption
registry); and s. 63.0541, F.S. (putative father registry).
2.

Autopsy and death records

a.

Autopsy reports

Autopsy reports made by a district medical examiner pursuant to Ch. 406, F.S., are public
records and are open to the public for inspection in the absence of an exemption. AGO 78-23.
And see Bludworth v. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d 775, 777 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985),
review denied, 488 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1986), noting that a former statutory exemption precluding
release of autopsy reports had been repealed. Cf. Church of Scientology Flag Service Org., Inc. v.
Wood, No. 97-688CI-07 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. February 27, 1997) (physical specimens relating to an
autopsy are not public records).
Although autopsy reports are subject to Ch. 119, F.S., “[d]ocuments or records made
confidential by statute do not lose such status upon receipt by the medical examiner.” AGO 7823. See Church of Scientology Flag Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, supra (predeath medical records in
the possession of the medical examiner are not subject to public inspection).
In addition, statutory exemptions from disclosure, such as the exemption for active
criminal investigative information, may apply to an autopsy report. AGO 78-23. See Williams
v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 5th DCA), review denied, 589 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1991),
noting the application of the active criminal investigative information exemption to information
contained in autopsy records.
b.

Autopsy photographs and recordings

Section 406.135(2), F.S., provides that a photograph or video or audio recording of an
autopsy held by a medical examiner is confidential and may not be released except as provided by
court order or as otherwise authorized in the exemption. See AGOs 03-25 and 01-47, discussing
the circumstances under which autopsy photographs and recordings may be viewed or copied.
And see Inf. Op. to Lynn, July 25, 2007 (exemption applies to photographs and recordings taken
or made by the medical examiner as a part of the autopsy process, including those taken before,
during, and after the medical examiner performs the actual autopsy procedure). Cf. Campus
Communications, Inc. v. Earnhardt, 821 So. 2d 388 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), review denied, 848 So.

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2d 1153 (Fla. 2003) (upholding trial court finding that newspaper failed to establish good cause
for release of autopsy photographs of race car driver). Compare Sarasota Herald-Tribune v. State,
924 So. 2d 8, 14 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), review denied, 918 So. 2d 293 (Fla. 2005), cert. dismissed,
126 S. Ct. 1139 (2006), in which the district court reversed a trial court order that had barred
the media from viewing autopsy photographs that were admitted into evidence in open court
during a murder trial; according to the appellate court, s. 406.135, F.S., “does not render these
court exhibits confidential.” (e.s.)
c.

Photographs, video and audio recordings that depict or record the killing of a law
enforcement officer

A photograph or video or audio recording that depicts or records the killing of a law
enforcement officer acting in accordance with his or her official duties is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), F.S., and may not be disclosed except as authorized in the exemption. Section
406.136, F.S. For more information on this exemption, please refer to the discussion on pages
114-115.
d.

Death certificates

Information relating to cause of death in all death and fetal death records, and the parentage,
marital status, and medical information of fetal death records are confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1), F.S., except for health research purposes as approved by the Department of Health.
Section 382.008(6), F.S. And see s. 28.2221(5)(a), F.S. (clerk of court not authorized to place
certain records, including death certificates, on a publicly available Internet website). Cf. Yeste v.
Miami Herald Publishing Co., 451 So. 2d 491 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984), review denied, 461 So. 2d 115
(Fla. 1984) (medical certification of the cause of death in the death certificate is confidential).
Section 382.025(2)(a), F.S., provides for the Department of Heath to authorize the issuance
of a certified copy of all or part of a death or fetal death certificate, excluding the portion that
is confidential pursuant to s. 382.008, F.S., upon payment of the fee prescribed by that section.
The statute also specifies those persons and governmental agencies authorized to receive a copy of
a death certificate that includes the confidential portions. All portions of a death certificate cease
to be exempt 50 years after the death. Section 382.025(2)(b), F.S.
3.

Child and vulnerable adult abuse and protection records

a.

Department of Children and Families abuse records

(1)

Confidentiality of abuse records

Generally, reports of abused children or vulnerable adults which are received by the
Department of Children and Families (DCF) are confidential and exempt from disclosure, except
as expressly provided by statute. See ss. 39.202(1) and 415.107(1), F.S.
Thus, a union representative may not attend that portion of an investigatory interview
between the DCF inspector general and an employee requiring the discussion of information
taken from a child abuse investigation that is confidential under s. 39.202, F.S. AGO 99-42. And
see s. 383.412(2)(b), F.S., providing that any information held by the State Child Abuse Death
Review Committee or a local committee which reveals the identity of a deceased child whose
death has been reported to the central abuse hotline but determined not to be the result of abuse
or neglect, or which reveals the identity of the surviving siblings, family members, or others living
in the home of such deceased child is confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements. In
addition, the identity of the surviving siblings of a deceased child whose death occurred as the
result of a verified report of abuse or neglect is confidential. Section 383.412(2)(a), F.S.
All records and reports of the child protection team of the Department of Health are
confidential and exempt, and shall not be disclosed, except, upon request, to the state attorney,
law enforcement, DCF, and necessary professionals in furtherance of the treatment or additional

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evaluative needs of the child, by court order, or to health plan payors, limited to that information
used for insurance reimbursement purposes. Section 39.202(6), F.S.
(2)

Release of abuse records

Section 39.2021(1), F.S., authorizes any person or organization, including DCF, to
petition the court to make public DCF records relating to its investigation into alleged abuse,
neglect, exploitation or abandonment of a child. The court shall determine if good cause exists
for public access to the records and is required to balance the best interest of the child and the
interests of the child’s siblings, together with the privacy rights of other persons identified in the
reports against the public interest. Id.
This “balancing process” thus “requires the trial court to weigh the harm to the child
against the benefit to the public that would potentially result from the disclosure of the records
at issue.” In re Records of the Department of Children and Family Services, 873 So. 2d 506, 513
(Fla. 2d DCA 2004). To perform this function, the trial court must conduct an in camera
review because “[i]t is impossible to judge the potential impact of the disclosure of information
contained in records without knowing what that information is.” Id. at 514. But see Department
of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Gainesville Sun Publishing Company, 582 So. 2d 725 (Fla.
1st DCA 1991), holding that the trial court was not required to hold a hearing before finding
good cause to release the department’s records relating to a child abuse investigation, where
shortly after the department’s investigation, the individual who had been investigated killed the
victim, the victim’s family, and himself. Cf. Records of the Children’s Advocacy Center of Southwest
Florida Relating to Michele Fontanez, No. 06-DR-001850 (Fla. 20th Cir. Ct. June 16, 2006)
(newspaper granted access to records of child protection team relating to child in care of DCF
who died from injuries sustained from a sexual battery allegedly committed by her stepfather).
In cases involving serious bodily injury to a child, DCF may petition the court for immediate
public release of records pertaining to the protective investigation. Section 39.2021(2), F.S. The
court has 24 hours to determine if good cause exists for public release of the records. If no action
is taken by the court in that time, DCF may, subject to specified exceptions, release summary
information including a confirmation that an investigation has been conducted concerning the
victim, the dates and a brief description of procedural activities undertaken in the investigation,
and information concerning judicial proceedings. Id.
Similar procedures are established in Ch. 415, F.S., for access to DCF records relating to
investigations of alleged abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult. See s. 415.1071, F.S.
The petitioner seeking public access to the records must formally serve DCF with the
petition. Florida Department of Children and Families v. Sun-Sentinel, 865 So. 2d 1278 (Fla.
2004). A “very narrow” exception to the home venue privilege applies when a petition is filed
seeking to make DCF records public. See Sun-Sentinel, supra, at 1289, adopting the exception in
cases “where a party petitions the court for an order to gain access to public records, and where
the records sought are by law confidential and cannot be made public without a determination
by the court, pursuant to the petition, that good cause exists for public access.”
Section 39.202(2)(o), F.S., provides that access to child abuse records shall be granted to
any person in the event of the child’s death due to abuse, abandonment, or neglect. However, any
information identifying the person reporting abuse, abandonment, or neglect, or any information
that is otherwise made confidential or exempt by law shall not be released. Id. Section 415.107(3)
(l), F.S., provides for similar release of records in the event of the death of a vulnerable adult. And
see s. 39.202(4), F.S., authorizing DCF and the investigating law enforcement agency to release
certain identifying information to the public in order to help locate or protect a missing child
under investigation or supervision of the department or its contracted service providers.

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In addition, “it is the intent of the Legislature to provide prompt disclosure of the basic
facts of all deaths of children from birth through 18 years of age which occur in this state and
which are reported to the [DCF] central abuse hotline.” Section 39.2022(1), F.S. Disclosure
shall be posted on the DCF public website. Id. Section 39.2022(2), F.S., lists the information
about the child which must be posted.
b.

Foster home, licensure and quality assurance records

Records relating to licensure of foster homes, or assessing how the Department of Children
and Families is carrying out its duties, including references to incidents of abuse, abandonment,
or neglect, contained in such records, do not fall within the parameters of s. 39.202, F.S. AGO
01-54. Such reports are in the nature of quality assurance reports that do not substitute for the
protective investigation of child abuse, abandonment, or neglect; to the extent that such incident
reports reference an occurrence of abuse, abandonment, or neglect, identifying information
that reveals the identity of the victim contained in the reference should be redacted. Id. Cf. s.
409.175(16), F.S., providing an exemption for certain personal information about licensed foster
parents, foster parent applicants, and their families. And see Boyles v. Mid-Florida Television Corp.,
431 So. 2d 627, 637 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983), approved, 467 So. 2d 282 (Fla. 1985) (summary
report compiled during a licensing investigation of a residential facility for developmentally
disabled persons, subject to disclosure pursuant to statute [now found at s. 393.067(9), F.S.]
providing for public access to inspection reports of such facilities).
c.

Guardians ad litem and court monitors

Section 39.0132(4)(a)2., F.S., establishes confidentiality for specified information held by
a guardian ad litem. And see s. 744.2104(2), F.S. (confidentiality of records held by the Office of
Public and Professional Guardians relating to the medical, financial, or mental health of vulnerable
adults, persons with a developmental disability, or persons with a mental illness); s. 744.1076(1)
(b), F.S. (except as provided in the exemption, reports of court monitors or emergency court
monitors which relate to the medical condition, financial affairs, or mental health of the ward are
confidential); s. 744.2103 (2), F.S. (no disclosure of the personal or medical records of a ward of
a public guardian shall be made, except as authorized by law); and s. 744.3701, F.S. (court records
relating to settlement of a ward or minor’s claim).
d.

Status of abuse records held by law enforcement agencies

For information regarding the status of abuse records held by law enforcement agencies
in the course of a criminal investigation, please refer to the discussion in s. C. 15 relating to law
enforcement records.
4.

Direct-support organizations

Direct-support organizations established by or pursuant to law to support the efforts of
public agencies have been found to be subject to the open government laws. See AGOs 92-53
(John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Foundation, Inc., established pursuant to statute as a
not-for-profit corporation to assist the museum in carrying out its functions must comply with
open government laws), 11-01 (nonprofit corporation created by municipality and described
as its “fundraising arm” subject to open government laws); and 05-27 (Sunshine Law applies to
Florida College System institution [formerly community college] direct-support organization
as defined in s. 1004.70, F.S.). Cf. s. 20.058, F.S., requiring that citizen support organizations
or direct-support organizations created or authorized by law or executive order and created,
approved, or administered by an agency must submit specified information to the agency which
shall then post the information on the agency’s website.
However, the Legislature has enacted exemptions for information identifying donors to
certain direct-support organizations. For example, the identity of donors to a direct-support
organization of a district school board, and all information identifying such donors and
prospective donors, are confidential and exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1), F.S.; that

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anonymity is required to be maintained in the auditor’s report. See s. 1001.453(4), F.S.
More commonly, however, the statutory exemption applies only to the identity of donors
who wish to remain anonymous. See, e.g., s. 570.691(6), F.S. (identity of a donor or prospective
donor to the direct-support organizations authorized to support programs in the Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Services “who desires to remain anonymous and all information
identifying such donor or prospective donor” is confidential). Cf. s. 265.7015, F.S. (if the donor
or prospective donor of a donation made for the benefit of a publicly owned performing arts
center desires to remain anonymous, information that would identify the name, address, or
telephone number of that donor or prospective donor is confidential and exempt).
In addition to donor records, other records of certain direct-support organizations are
made confidential by statute. All records of university direct-support organizations, other than
the auditor’s report, management letter, and any supplemental data requested by the Board of
Governors, the Auditor General, board of trustees, and the Office of Program Policy Analysis
and Government Accountability [OPPAGA] are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S.
Section 1004.28(5), F.S. See Environmental Turf, Inc. v. University of Florida Board of Trustees, 83
So. 3d 1012 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (s. 1004.28[5] “exempts all documents that are created by a
[university] DSO except for listed exceptions . . . .”).
By contrast, s. 1004.70(6), F.S., provides that records of the Florida College System
institution direct-support organizations other than the auditor’s report, any information necessary
for the auditor’s report, any information related to the expenditure of funds, and any supplemental
data requested by the board of trustees, the Auditor General, and OPPAGA, are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S. See Palm Beach Community College Foundation, Inc. v. WFTV,
611 So. 2d 588 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993) (direct-support organization’s expense records are public
records subject to deletion of donor-identifying information).
For more information on exemptions for particular direct-support or citizen-support
organizations, please consult Appendix D or the Index.
5.

Domestic violence and stalking records

Information about clients received by the Department of Children and Families or by
authorized persons employed by or volunteering services to a domestic violence center, through
files, reports, inspection or otherwise, is confidential and exempt from disclosure except as
provided by statute. Section 39.908, F.S. Information about the location of domestic violence
centers and facilities is also confidential. Id.
A petitioner seeking an injunction for protection against domestic violence may furnish
the petitioner’s address to the court in a separate confidential filing for safety reasons. Section
741.30(3)(b), F.S. And see ss. 741.30(8)(c)5. and 784.046(8)(c)5., F.S.
A victim of domestic violence or aggravated stalking may file a written request, accompanied
by official verification that a crime has occurred, to have his or her home or employment
address, home or employment telephone number, or personal assets exempted from disclosure.
119.071(2)(j)1., F.S. For more information on this exemption, please refer to the discussion on
pages 111-112. And see s. 741.313(7), F.S. (personal identifying information contained in records
documenting an act of domestic violence or sexual violence that is submitted to an agency by
an employee seeking to take leave under the requirements of s. 741.313, F.S., is confidential and
exempt; a written request for leave submitted by an employee and an agency time sheet reflecting
such request are confidential and exempt until 1 year after the leave has been taken). See also s.
787.03(6)(c), F.S. (current address and telephone number of the person taking the minor or
incompetent person when fleeing from domestic violence and the current address and telephone
number of the minor or incompetent person which are contained in the report made to a sheriff
or state attorney under s. 787.03[6][b], F.S., are confidential and exempt from disclosure).

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The addresses, telephone numbers, and social security numbers of participants in the
Address Confidentiality Program for Victims of Domestic Violence Program [Program] are
exempt from disclosure, except as provided in the exemption. Section 741.465(1), F.S. A similar
exemption is provided for the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of program participants
contained in voter registration and voting records. Section 741.465(2), F.S. And see s. 741.4651,
F.S. (names, addresses, and telephone numbers of persons who are victims of stalking or
aggravated stalking are exempt from public disclosure requirements in the same manner that
the names, addresses and telephone numbers of participants in the Program which are held by
the Attorney General under s. 741.465, F.S, are exempt, provided that the victim files a sworn
statement of stalking with the Office of the Attorney General and otherwise complies with the
procedures in ss. 741.401-741.409. F.S.).
Any information in a record created by a domestic violence fatality review team that reveals
the identity of a domestic violence victim or the identity of the victim’s children is confidential
and exempt from disclosure. Section 741.3165, F.S.
6.

Drafts and notes

There is no “unfinished business” exception to the public inspection and copying
requirements of Ch. 119, F.S. As the Florida Supreme Court stated in Shevin v. Byron, Harless,
Schaffer, Reid and Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633, 640 (Fla. 1980), the term “public record”
means “any material prepared in connection with official agency business which is intended to
perpetuate, communicate, or formalize knowledge of some type.” Such material is a “public
record” regardless of whether it is in final form or the ultimate product of an agency. Id.
Thus, “[i]nteroffice memoranda and intra-office memoranda communicating information
from one public employee to another or merely prepared for filing, even though not a part of
an agency’s later, formal public product, would nonetheless constitute public records inasmuch
as they supply the final evidence of knowledge obtained in connection with the transaction of
official business.” 379 So. 2d at 640. See also Booksmart Enterprises, Inc. v. Barnes & Noble College
Bookstores, Inc., 718 So. 2d 227, 229 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998) (book selection forms completed by
state university instructors and furnished to campus bookstore “are made in connection with
official business, for memorialization and communication purposes” and are public records);
and National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201, 1207 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010) (transcript and response prepared as part
of NCAA disciplinary proceeding involving state university were public records because the
“the purpose of the transcript was to perpetuate the information presented to the infractions
committee” and the response “was designed to communicate information to the body that would
hear the appeal within the NCAA”). Compare Rogers v. Hood, 906 So. 2d 1220, 1223 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2005), review denied, 919 So. 2d 436 (Fla. 2005) (unused or unvoted Florida punch card
ballots from 2000 election do not constitute public records because they do not “perpetuate,
communicate, or formalize knowledge,” but a ballot becomes a public record once it is voted
because at that point “the voted ballot, as received by the supervisor of elections in a given county,
has memorialized the act of voting”).
Accordingly, any agency record, if circulated for review, comment or information, is a
public record regardless of whether it is an official expression of policy or marked “preliminary”
or “working draft” or similar label. Examples of such materials include interoffice memoranda,
preliminary drafts of agency rules or proposals which have been submitted for review to anyone
within or outside the agency, and working drafts of reports which have been furnished to a
supervisor for review or approval.
In each of these cases, the fact that the records are part of a preliminary process does not
remove them from the definition of “public record.” When material falls within the statutory
definition of “public record” in s. 119.011(12), F.S., and has been prepared to “perpetuate,
communicate or formalize knowledge,” the record is subject to disclosure even if the agency

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believes that release of the nonfinal product could be detrimental. See, e.g., Gannett Corporation,
Inc. v. Goldtrap, 302 So. 2d 174 (Fla. 2d DCA 1974) (county’s concern that premature disclosure
of a report could be harmful to the county does not make the document confidential). As with
other public records, only the Legislature has the authority to exempt preliminary or draft public
records from disclosure. Wait v. Florida Power & Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 1979).
See, e.g., s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., providing a limited work product exemption for agency attorneys.
While the broad definition of the term “public record” ensures that the public’s right of
access includes preliminary and nonfinal records, the Shevin decision recognizes that not every
record made or received in the course of official business is prepared to “perpetuate, communicate
or formalize knowledge.” Accordingly, preliminary drafts or notes prepared for the personal use
of the writer may constitute mere “precursors” of public records if they are not intended to be
the final evidence of the knowledge recorded. See Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and
Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633, 640 (Fla.1980). And see the discussion of “attorney notes” on
pages 120-121.
Thus, public employees’ notes to themselves “which are designed for their own personal use
in remembering certain things do not fall within the definition of ‘public record.’” (e.s.) Justice
Coalition v. The First District Court of Appeal Judicial Nominating Commission, 823 So. 2d 185,
192 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). Accord Coleman v. Austin, 521 So. 2d 247 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988),
holding that preliminary handwritten notes prepared by agency attorneys and intended only
for the attorneys’ own personal use are not public records. See also AGO 10-55 (handwritten
personal notes taken by city manager to assist in remembering matters discussed during manager’s
interviews of city employees are not public records “if the notes have not been transcribed or
shown to others and were not intended to perpetuate, communicate, or formalize knowledge”);
and Inf. Op. to Trovato, June 2, 2009 (to the extent city commissioner has taken notes for his
own personal use and such notes are not intended to perpetuate, communicate, or formalize
knowledge, personal notes taken at a workshop or during a commission meeting would not be
considered public records). Compare Barfield v. City of Sarasota, 21 F. L.W. Supp 874 (Fla. 12th
Cir. Ct. May 5, 2014) (those portions of police officer’s notes containing his research on homeless
shelters became a public record when he made multiple references to them while answering
questions during a presentation at a city commission meeting; however the unread portions of
the notes did not become a public record because they were not disseminated).
The relevant test is whether the records have been prepared to “perpetuate, communicate,
or formalize knowledge of some type.” See AGO 05-23, stating that “it is only uncirculated
materials that are not in and of themselves intended to serve as the final evidence of the
knowledge to be recorded that fall outside of the definition of a public record.” Accord AGOs
10-55 (“nonfinal documents need not be communicated to anyone in order to constitute a public
record”) and 04-15 (tape recordings of staff meetings made at the request of the executive director
by a secretary for use in preparing minutes of the meeting are public records because “they are
made at the request of the executive director as an independent record of the proceedings, and,
unlike tapes or notes taken by a secretary as dictation, are intended to perpetuate the discussion
at a staff meeting”). See also Inf. Op. to Yoder, November 10, 2014 (video recording of a school
board meeting which was made at the direction of a school board member “appears to be a record
intended to perpetuate the discussion at the meeting”).
For example, in Miami Herald Media Co. v. Sarnoff, 971 So. 2d 915 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007),
the court held that a memorandum prepared by a city commissioner after a meeting with a former
city official, summarizing details of what was said and containing alleged factual information
about possible criminal activity, was a public record subject to disclosure. The court determined
that the memorandum was not a draft or a note containing mental impressions that would later
form a part of a government record, but rather formalized and perpetuated his final knowledge
gained at the meeting. See also Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193, 197 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (canvassing board minutes constitute “final

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work product of the [b]oard, not a preliminary draft or note”); City of Pinellas Park, Florida v.
Times Publishing Company, No. 00-008234CI-19 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. January 3, 2001) (rejecting
city’s argument that employee responses to survey are “notes” which are not subject to disclosure
because “as to each of the employees, their responses were prepared in connection with their
official agency business and they were ‘intended to perpetuate, communicate, or formalize
knowledge’ that they had about their department”); and AGO 05-23 (handwritten notes taken
by an assistant city labor attorney during her interviews with city personnel that were reviewed
by the city’s labor attorney, used to prepare a disciplinary action form, and then filed, constituted
a public record).
7.

Education records

a.

Charter schools

Section 1002.33(16)(b), F.S., provides that charter schools are subject to the Public
Records Act and the Sunshine Law. The open government laws apply regardless of whether the
charter school operates as a public or private entity. AGO 98-48. The records and meetings of
a not-for-profit corporation granted charter school status are subject to the requirements of Ch.
119, F.S., and s. 286.011, F.S., even though the charter school has not yet opened its doors to
students. AGO 01-23. And see AGO 2010-14 (records of team created by charter school to
review personnel decisions subject to Ch. 119, F.S.).
b.

Student records

Public access to student records is limited by statute. In 2009, the Legislature amended the
state statutes relating to student records to incorporate the federal Family Education Rights and
Privacy Act (FERPA). Section 1002.221(1), F.S., provides that “[e]ducation records as defined in
[FERPA], and the federal regulations issued pursuant thereto, are confidential and exempt” from
public disclosure and may be released only as authorized in the exemption. “Education records”
are defined by FERPA to mean “those records, files, documents, and other materials which
contain information directly related to a student; and are maintained by an educational agency
or institution or by a person acting for such agency or institution.” 20 U.S.C. s. 1232g(a)(4)
(A). Cf. AGO 10-04 (school board meeting at which student records may be discussed may not
be closed to the public in the absence of a statutory exemption from the Sunshine Law; however,
“school board should be sensitive to confidential student records that may be reviewed during
such a meeting and protect these records to the extent that is possible to protect the privacy
of the student involved . . . .”). Compare s. 1003.57(1)(c), F.S., providing an exemption from
the Sunshine Law for hearings on exceptional student identification, evaluation, and eligibility
determination; and s. 1006.07(1), F.S. (student expulsion hearings exempted).
Public postsecondary educational institutions are also required to comply with FERPA
with respect to the education records of students. Section 1002.225(2), F.S. Section 1006.52(1),
F.S., authorizes a public postsecondary educational institution to prescribe the content and
custody of records the institution maintains on its students and applicants for admission. A
student’s education records and applicant records are confidential and exempt. Id. See Knight
News, Inc. v. University of Central Florida, 41 F.L.W. D897, 898 (Fla. 5th DCA April 8, 2016)
(personally identifiable information contained within records regarding alleged hazing incidents
qualifies as confidential student disciplinary records; however, the names of student government
officers charged with malfeasance in the performance of student government duties or alleged
to have engaged in misconduct with regard to their election or appointment to their position
are not confidential under FERPA because “given the statutory scheme [relating to university
student government officers] student government officers know or reasonably should know” that
they could be disciplined for misconduct in connection with their student government duties).
In National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201, 1211 (Fla.
1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010), the court construed FERPA and the
2009 amendments to the Florida Statutes. Recognizing that under FERPA a record “qualifies as

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an educational record only if it ‘directly’ relates to a student,” the court found that a transcript
of an NCAA hearing and an NCAA committee response pertained to allegations of misconduct
by the university athletic department, and only tangentially related to students. Therefore, since
the transcript and the response had been redacted to remove student-identifying information
and thus did not disclose education records, they were not exempt from disclosure. And see Rhea
v. District Board of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d 851 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (student’s
unredacted email which criticized instructor’s classroom performance constituted an exempt
education record). Compare WFTV v. School Board of Seminole County, Florida, 874 So. 2d
48 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004), review denied, 892 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2004), concluding that under
prior student confidentiality laws (which did not incorporate FERPA), a school bus surveillance
videotape was a confidential student record and could not be released to the media even with
student-identifying information redacted).
In AGO 01-64 the Attorney General, in interpreting the former statutes, stated that a
felony complaint/arrest affidavit created and maintained by school police officers for a juvenile
or adult who is a student in the public schools is a law enforcement record subject to disclosure,
provided that exempt information such as active criminal investigative information is deleted
prior to release. See now 20 U.S.C. s. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(ii) excluding “records maintained by a
law enforcement unit of the educational agency or institution that were created by that law
enforcement unit for the purpose of law enforcement” from the definition of “education records.”
c.

Children in government-sponsored recreation programs

Section 119.071(5)(c), F.S., exempts information that would identify or locate a child or
the parent or guardian of a child, participating in a government-sponsored recreation program.
A government-sponsored recreation program means “a program for which an agency assumes
responsibility for a child participating in that program, including, but not limited to, after-school
programs, athletic programs, nature programs, summer camps, or other recreational programs.”
Id.
d.

Testing materials

Testing materials are generally exempt from the disclosure provisions of s. 119.07(1), F.S.
See, e.g., s. 1008.23, F.S. (examination and assessment instruments, including developmental
materials and workpapers directly related to such instruments, which are prepared or administered
pursuant to cited statutes), and s. 1012.56(9)(g), F.S. (state-developed educator certification
examination, developmental materials and workpapers). See AGO 09-35, concluding that
student assessment tests developed by teachers to measure student preparedness for college
board advanced placement exams are confidential and exempt from the inspection and copying
requirements of Ch. 119, F.S. Cf. s. 1008.24(4)(b), F.S. (identity of a school or postsecondary
educational institution, personal identifying information of personnel of a school district or
postsecondary educational institution, or specific allegations of misconduct obtained or reported
in connection with an investigation of a testing impropriety conducted by the Department of
Education are confidential and exempt from disclosure until the investigation is concluded or
becomes inactive).
8.

Election records

a.

Ballots

Election records are generally open to public inspection. An individual or group is entitled
to inspect the ballots and may take notes regarding the number of votes cast. AGO 93-48. See
also Rogers v. Hood, 906 So. 2d 1220, 1223 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005), review denied, 919 So. 2d 436
(Fla. 2005) (voted ballots are public records because they have “memorialized the act of voting”).
Section 119.07(5), F.S., prohibits any person other than the supervisor of elections or the
supervisor’s employees from touching the ballots. And see s. 101.572, F.S. (no persons other than
the supervisor, supervisor’s employees, or the county canvassing board shall handle any official

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ballot or ballot card). However, this restriction does not prohibit the supervisor from producing
copies of optically scanned ballots which were cast in an election in response to a public records
request. AGO 04-11. And see AGO 01-37.
Information regarding requests for vote-by-mail ballots that is recorded by the supervisor
of elections pursuant to s. 101.62(3), F.S., is confidential and exempt and shall be made available
to or reproduced only for the individuals and entities set forth in the exemption, for political
purposes only. Section 101.62(3), F.S.
b.

Voter registration and voter records

Section 97.0585, F.S., states that the following information is confidential and exempt
from public disclosure requirements and may be used only for purposes of voter registration:
declinations to register to vote; information relating to the place where a person registered to vote
or updated a voter registration; the social security number, driver license number, and the Florida
identification number of a voter registration applicant or voter. The signature of a voter registration
applicant or a voter is exempt from copying requirements. Id. See also ss. 741.465(2), F.S.
(identifying information concerning participants in the Office of the Attorney General Address
Confidentiality Program for Victims of Domestic Violence contained in voter registration and
voting records is exempt); and 741.4651, F.S. (exemption for identifying information of stalking
victims who have filed a sworn statement of stalking with the Office of the Attorney General and
otherwise comply with the procedures set forth in ss. 741.401-741.409, F.S.). And see AGO
04-18, concluding that the supervisor of elections must maintain the exempt status of specified
personal information for certain officers and employees which appears in petitions or campaign
papers if the affected employee or officer or his or her employing agency has filed a written request
for exemption with the supervisor as authorized by s. 119.071(4)(d)3., F.S.
9.

Electronic and computer records

a.

Electronic databases and files

Information stored in a public agency’s computer “is as much a public record as a written
page in a book or a tabulation in a file stored in a filing cabinet . . . .” Seigle v. Barry, 422 So. 2d 63,
65 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), review denied, 431 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 1983). And see National Collegiate
Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37
So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010) (public records law is not limited to paper documents but applies to
documents that exist only in digital form); AGO 98-54 (application and disciplinary reports
maintained in a computer system operated by a national securities dealers association which are
received electronically by state agency for use in licensing and regulating securities dealers doing
business in Florida are public records); AGO 91-61 (agency must provide copy of computer disk
in response to Ch. 119 request); and AGO 85-03 (computer tape subject to disclosure).
Thus, information such as electronic calendars, databases, and word processing files stored
in agency computers, can all constitute public records because records made or received in the
course of official business and intended to perpetuate, communicate or formalize knowledge of
some type, fall within the scope of Ch. 119, F.S. AGO 89-39. Compare AGO 85-87 (to the
extent that “machine-readable intermediate files” may be intended to “communicate” knowledge,
any such communication takes place completely within the data processing equipment and
in such form as to render any inspection pursuant to Ch. 119, F.S., unintelligible and, except
perhaps to the computer itself, meaningless; therefore, these files are analogous to notes used
to prepare some other documentary material, and are not public records). And see Grapski v.
Machen, No. 01-2005-CA-4005 J (Fla. 8th Cir. Ct. May 9, 2006), affirmed per curiam, 949 So.
2d 202 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007) (spam or bulk mail received by a public agency does not necessarily
constitute a public record).
Moreover, the definition of “public records” specifically includes “data processing
software” and establishes that a record made or received in connection with official business is

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a public record, regardless of physical form, characteristics, “or means of transmission.” See s.
119.011(12), F.S. “Automation of public records must not erode the right of access to [public
records].” Section 119.01(2)(a), F.S.
Accordingly, electronic public records are governed by the same rule as written documents
and other public records--the records are subject to public inspection unless a statutory exemption
exists which removes the records from disclosure. Cf. AGO 90-04, stating that a county official
is not authorized to assign the county’s right to a public record (a computer program developed
by a former employee while he was working for the county) as part of a settlement compromising
a lawsuit against the county. And see the discussion on pages 121-122 noting that in evaluating
whether a public official’s records were made or received in the course of official business for
purposes of Ch. 119, the determining factor is the nature of the record, and not whether the
record is located in a private or a government computer or communications device.
b.

Consideration of public access in design of electronic recordkeeping system

When an agency is designing or acquiring an electronic recordkeeping system, the agency
must consider whether the proposed system is capable of providing data in some common
format such as, but not limited to, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Section 119.01(2)(b), F.S. Cf. Inf. Op. to Moore, October 19, 1993, noting that an agency
considering the acquisition of computer software should be responsive to the need for preserving
public access to the information through use of the computer’s software and that “[t]he design
and development of the software, therefore, should ensure that the system has the capability
of redacting confidential or exempt information when a public records request is made.” And
see s. 287.042(3)(h), F.S. (Department of Management Services responsible for development of
procedures to be used by state agencies when procuring information technology commodities
and contractual services that ensure compliance with public records and records retention
requirements).
Similarly, an agency may not enter into a contract for the creation or maintenance of a
public records database if that contract impairs the ability of the public to inspect or copy the
public records of that agency, including public records that are online or stored in an electronic
recordkeeping system used by the agency. Section 119.01(2)(c), F.S.
The importance of ensuring public access to computer records is recognized by statute and
in the electronic recordkeeping rules of the Division of Library and Information Services of the
Department of State. Rule 1B-26.003(6)(g), F.A.C., provides that each agency shall “[e]nsure
that agency electronic recordkeeping systems meet state requirements for public access to records
in accordance with Chapter 119, F.S.”
c.

E-Mail

E-mail messages made or received by agency officers and employees in connection with
official business are public records and subject to disclosure in the absence of an exemption.
AGOs 96-34 and 01-20. See Rhea v. District Board of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d
851, 855 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013), noting that “electronic communications, such as e-mail, are
covered [by the Public Records Act] just like communications on paper.” Cf. s. 668.6076, F.S.,
requiring agencies that operate a website and use electronic mail to post the following statement
in a conspicuous location on the agency website: “Under Florida law, e-mail addresses are public
records. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public records request,
do not send electronic mail to this entity. Instead, contact this office by phone or in writing.”
Similarly, e-mails sent by city commissioners in connection with the transaction of official
business are public records subject to disclosure even though the e-mails contain undisclosed or
“blind” recipients and their e-mail addresses. AGO 07-14. Cf. Butler v. City of Hallandale Beach,
68 So. 3d 278 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (affirming a trial court order finding that a list of recipients
of a personal e-mail sent by mayor from her personal computer was not a public record).

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Like other public records, e-mail messages are subject to the statutory restrictions on
destruction of public records. See s. 257.36(6), F.S., stating that a public record may be destroyed
or otherwise disposed of only in accordance with retention schedules established by the Division
of Library and Information Services (division) of the Department of State. Thus, an e-mail
communication of “factual background information” from one city council member to another
is a public record and should be retained in accordance with the retention schedule for other
records relating to performance of the agency’s functions and formulation of policy. AGO 01-20.
d.

Facebook

The Attorney General’s Office has stated that the placement of material on a city’s Facebook
page presumably would be in connection with the transaction of official business and thus subject
to Ch. 119, F.S., although in any given instance, the determination would have to be made based
upon the definition of “public record” contained in s. 119.011(12), F.S. AGO 09-19. To the
extent that the information on the city’s Facebook page constitutes a public record, the city is
under an obligation to follow the public records retention schedules established in accordance
with s. 257.36(6), F.S. Id.
e.

Text messages

In 2010, the Attorney General’s Office advised the Department of State (which is statutorily
charged with development of public records retention schedules) that the “same rules that apply
to e-mail should be considered for electronic communications including Blackberry PINS, SMS
communications (text messaging), MMS communications (multimedia content), and instant
messaging conducted by government agencies.” Inf. Op. to Browning, March 17, 2010.
In response, the Department revised the records retention schedule to recognize that
retention periods for text messages and other electronic messages or communications “are
determined by the content, nature, and purpose of the records, and are set based on their legal,
fiscal, administrative, and historical values, regardless of the format in which they reside or the
method by which they are transmitted.” Stated another way, it is the content, nature and purpose
of the electronic communication that determines how long it is retained, not the technology
that is used to send the message. See General Records Schedule GS1-SL for State and Local
Government Agencies, Electronic Communications, available online at http://dos.myflorida.
com/library-archives.
f.

Twitter

The determination as to whether a list or record of accounts which have been blocked
from posting to or accessing an elected official’s personal Twitter feed is a public record involves
mixed questions of law and fact which cannot be resolved by the Attorney General’s Office. Inf.
Op. to Shalley, June 1, 2016. However, “if the tweets the public official is sending are public
records [because they were sent in connection with the transaction of official business] then a
list of blocked accounts, prepared in connection with those public records ‘tweets’, could well be
determined by a court to be a public record.” Id.
10.

Emergency records

a.

Emergency “911” records

Section 365.171(12)(a), F.S., provides that any record, recording, or information,
or portions thereof, obtained by a public agency for the purpose of providing services in an
emergency which reveals the name, address, or telephone number or personal information
about, or information which may identify any person requesting emergency service or reporting
an emergency by accessing an emergency communications E911 system is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S. However, disclosure of the location of a coronary emergency
to a private person or entity that owns an automated external defibrillator is authorized in some
circumstances, as set forth in the exemption. Section 365.171(12)(b), F.S.

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The exemption applies only to the name, address, telephone number or personal
information about or information which may identify any person requesting emergency services
or reporting an emergency while such information is in the custody of the public agency or
public safety agency providing emergency services. Section 365.171(12)(a), F.S. See AGO 9360. There is no clear indication that the Legislature intended to include the sound of a person’s
voice as information protected from disclosure. AGO 15-01. Moreover, identifying information
obtained or created independently of the 911 call, for example from a criminal investigation or
offense report created as a result of such investigation, is not exempt under s. 365.171(12)(a),
F.S. AGO 11-27.
A tape recording of a “911” call is a public record which is subject to disclosure after
the deletion of the exempt information. AGO 93-60. This does not, however, preclude the
application of another exemption to such records. Thus, if the “911” calls are received by a law
enforcement agency and the county emergency management department, information which is
determined by the law enforcement agency to constitute active criminal investigative information
may also be deleted from the tape prior to public release. AGO 95-48. See also Inf. Op. to
Fernez, September 22, 1997 (while police department is not prohibited from entering into an
agreement with the public to authorize access to its radio system, the department must maintain
confidentiality of exempt personal information contained in “911” radio transmissions).
Moreover, an audio recording that records the killing of a law enforcement officer acting in
accordance with his or her official duties is confidential and exempt and may not be listened to or
copied except as authorized in the exemption. Section 406.136, F.S. For more information on
this exemption, please refer to the discussion on pages 114-115.
b.

Emergency evacuation plans

Section 119.071(3)(a), F.S., provides an exemption from disclosure for a security system
plan of a private or public entity that is held by an agency. The term “security system plan”
includes emergency evacuation plans and sheltering arrangements. And see s. 119.071(2)(d),
F.S., providing an exemption from disclosure for “[a]ny comprehensive inventory of state and
local law enforcement resources compiled pursuant to Part I, chapter 23 [Florida Mutual Aid
Act], and any comprehensive policies or plans compiled by a criminal justice agency pertaining
to the mobilization, deployment, or tactical operations involved in responding to emergencies
as defined in s. 252.34, F.S.; and s. 395.1056, F.S., providing an exemption for those portions
of a comprehensive emergency management plan that address the response of a public or private
hospital to an act of terrorism.
c.

Emergency medical services records
Please refer to the discussion of this topic found on page 88.

d.

Emergency notification

Any information furnished by a person to any agency for the purpose of being provided
with emergency notification by the agency is exempt from disclosure requirements. Section
119.071(5)(j)1., F.S. The e-mail addresses and corresponding home, school, and other “watched
addresses of concern” provided for participation in the Florida Department of Law Enforcement
Offender Alert System come within the scope of this exemption. AGO 11-16. And see s.
119.0712(2)(c)1. and 2., F.S. (emergency contact information contained in a Department
of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles motor vehicle record is confidential and exempt, and,
without the express consent of the person to whom such emergency contact information applies,
may be released only to law enforcement agencies for purposes of contacting those listed in the
event of an emergency).
e.

Emergency planning information furnished to Division of Emergency Management
The Division of Emergency Management (Division) manages a statewide public awareness

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program which encourages individuals, families, and businesses to develop disaster plans in
preparation for and in response to natural or manmade disasters. See s. 2, Ch. 14-188, Laws of
Florida. Any information furnished by a person or a business to the Division for the purpose of
being provided assistance with emergency planning is exempt. Section 252.905(1), F.S.
f.

Special needs registry

Section 252.355(1), F.S., states that the Division of Emergency Management, in
coordination with each local emergency management agency in the state, shall maintain a registry
of persons with special needs (i.e., persons who would need assistance during evacuations and
sheltering because of physical, mental, cognitive impairment, or sensory disabilities), located
within the jurisdiction of the local agency. The registration shall identify those persons in need of
assistance and plan for resource allocation to meet those identified needs. Records relating to the
registration of persons with special needs are confidential and exempt, except such information
is available to other emergency response agencies, as determined by the local emergency
management director. Section 252.355(4), F.S. Local law enforcement agencies shall be given
complete shelter roster information upon request. Id.
11.

Financial records

Many agencies prepare or receive financial records as part of their official duties and
responsibilities. As with other public records, these materials are generally open to inspection
unless a specific statutory exemption exists. See AGO 96-96 (financial information submitted
by harbor pilots in support of a pilotage rate increase application is not exempt from disclosure
requirements).
a.

Audit reports

(1)

Auditor General audits

The audit report prepared by the Auditor General is a public record once finalized.
Section 11.45(4)(c), F.S. The audit workpapers and notes are not a public record; however, those
workpapers necessary to support the computations in the final audit report may be made available
by a majority vote of the Legislative Auditing Committee after a public hearing showing proper
cause. Id. And see AGO 79-75 (“the term ‘audit work papers and notes’ should be construed
narrowly and limited to such ‘raw data’ as is commonly considered to constitute the work papers
of an accountant”). Cf. s. 11.51(4), F.S. (work papers held by the Office of Program Policy
Analysis and Government Accountability which relate to an authorized project or a research
product are exempt from disclosure).
At the conclusion of the audit, the Auditor General provides the head of the agency being
audited with a list of the findings so that the agency head may explain or rebut them before the
report is finalized. Section 11.45(4)(d), F.S. The list of audit findings is a public record. AGO
79-75.
(2)

Local government audits

The audit report of an internal auditor prepared for or on behalf of a unit of local
government becomes a public record when the audit becomes final. Section 119.0713(2)(b),
F.S. The audit becomes final when the audit report is presented to the unit of local government;
until the audit becomes final, the audit workpapers and notes related to such audit report are
confidential. Id.
Thus, a draft audit report of a county legal department prepared by the clerk of court,
acting in her capacity as county auditor, did not become subject to disclosure when the clerk
submitted copies of her draft report to the county administrator for review and response. Nicolai
v. Baldwin, 715 So. 2d 1161, 1163 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998). According to the exemption, the report
would become “final,” and hence subject to disclosure, when presented to the county commission.

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Id. And see Rushing v. Barfield, No. 2011-CA-5864-NC (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. August 4, 2011), per
curiam affirmed, 83 So. 3d 718 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (even though an audit has been completed
with regard to some matters, clerk authorized to redact those portions of workpapers and notes
relating to additional matters under investigation until the audit relating to the additional matters
is concluded).
The term “internal auditor” is not defined for purposes of this exemption. However, the
term would appear to encompass an official within county government who is responsible under
the county code for conducting an audit. AGO 99-07. Compare AGO 04-33 (exemption does
not apply to audit of guardianship files prepared by clerk of court because that audit “is not an
internal audit performed by or on behalf of any of the specified units of local government”).
(3)

State agency inspector general audits

Section 20.055(2), F.S., establishes the Office of Inspector General in each state agency.
Pursuant to s. 20.055(6), F.S., the inspector general is required to conduct audits of the agency
and prepare audit reports of the findings. Such audit reports and workpapers are public records
to the extent that they do not include information which has been made confidential and exempt
from disclosure. Section 20.055(6)(b), F.S.
b.

Bids, proposals and financial statements

Section 119.071(1)(b)2., F.S., provides an exemption for “sealed bids, proposals, or replies
received by an agency pursuant to a competitive solicitation” until such time as the agency
provides notice of an intended decision or until 30 days after opening “the bids, proposals, or final
replies,” whichever is earlier. Cf. s. 255.0518, F.S., providing that notwithstanding s. 119.071(1)
(b), F.S., agencies receiving sealed bids pursuant to a competitive solicitation for construction or
repairs of a public building or public work, must open the bids at a public meeting conducted
in compliance with the Sunshine Law, and must also announce bidder and price information at
that meeting; and s. 255.065(15), F.S., providing an exemption from public records requirements
for a specified period for unsolicited proposals received by a public entity pursuant to the publicprivate partnership process established in s. 255.065, F.S.
The term “competitive solicitation” means “the process of requesting and receiving sealed
bids, proposals, or replies in accordance with the terms of a competitive process, regardless of the
method of procurement.” Section 119.071(1)(b)1., F.S.
If an agency rejects all bids, proposals, or replies submitted in response to a competitive
solicitation and the agency concurrently provides notice of its intent to reissue the competitive
solicitation, the rejected bids, proposals, or replies remain exempt until such time as the agency
provides notice of an intended decision concerning the reissued competitive solicitation or until
the agency withdraws the reissued competitive solicitation. A bid, proposal, or reply is not
exempt for longer than 12 months after the initial agency notice rejecting all bids, proposals, or
replies. Section 119.071(1)(b)3., F.S.
Any financial statement that an agency requires a prospective bidder to submit in order to
prequalify for bidding or for responding to a proposal for a road or any other public works project
is exempt from disclosure requirements. Section 119.071(1)(c), F.S. See also s. 119.0713(3),
F.S., limiting access to materials used by municipal utilities to prepare bids; s. 339.55(10)(a),
F.S., providing an exemption for financial information of a private entity applicant which the
Department of Transportation requires as part of the application process for loans or credit
enhancements from the state-funded infrastructure bank; and s. 337.168, F.S., providing
restrictions on disclosure of Department of Transportation cost estimates, persons requesting bid
packages, and the bid analysis and monitoring system.

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c.

Budgets

Budgets and working papers used to prepare them are normally subject to inspection. Bay
County School Board v. Public Employees Relations Commission, 382 So. 2d 747 (Fla. 1st DCA
1980); Warden v. Bennett, 340 So. 2d 977 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976); and City of Gainesville v. State
ex. rel. International Association of Fire Fighters Local No. 2157, 298 So. 2d 478 (Fla. 1st DCA
1974). Accord Inf. Op. to Pietrodangelo, Nov. 29, 1972 (financial operating budget of athletic
department of state university constitutes a public record). Cf. News-Press Publishing Company,
Inc. v. Carlson, 410 So. 2d 546, 548 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982), holding that the preponderant interest
in allowing public participation in the budget process justified the inclusion of an agency’s
internal budget committee within the provisions of the Government in the Sunshine Law.
The exemption afforded by s. 447.605(3), F.S., for work products developed by the public
employer in preparation for collective bargaining negotiations does not remove the working
papers used in preparing an agency budget from disclosure. Warden v. Bennett, supra. See also
AGO 92-56 (budget of a public hospital would not, in and of itself, appear to constitute either
a trade secret or marketing plan for purposes of a statutory exemption for documents revealing a
hospital’s marketing plan or trade secrets).
d.

Economic development records

(1)

Business location or expansion plans

If a private entity requests in writing before an economic incentive agreement is signed that
an economic development agency maintain the confidentiality of information concerning the
entity’s interest in or plans to locate or expand its business activities in Florida, the information is
confidential and exempt from disclosure for 12 months after the date an economic development
agency receives a request for confidentiality or until the information is otherwise disclosed,
whichever occurs first. Section 288.075(2)(a)1., F.S. Confidentiality may be extended for up
to an additional 12 months upon the written request of the private entity if the agency finds
that the private entity is still actively considering locating or expanding its business activities in
Florida. Section 288.075(2)(a)2., F.S. If a final project order for a signed economic development
agreement is issued, then the information remains confidential for 180 days after the final project
order is issued, until a date specified in the final project order, or until the information is otherwise
disclosed, whichever occurs first. However, such period of confidentiality may not extend beyond
the period of confidentiality specified in s. 288.075(2)(a)1. or s. 288.075(2)(a)2., F.S. And see s.
288.075(2)(b), F.S., restricting public officials from entering into binding agreements with the
private entity requesting confidentiality until 90 days after the information has been made public,
unless certain conditions are met.
The term “economic development agency” means the state Department of Economic
Opportunity, an industrial development authority, Space Florida, the public economic
development agency of a county or municipality, or a research and development authority. Also
included are the county or municipal officers or employees assigned the duty to promote the
general business interests or industrial interests of that county or municipality or the related
responsibilities, if the county or municipality does not have a public economic development
agency. The term also includes private persons or agencies authorized by the state, a county or a
municipality to promote the general business interests of the state or that municipality or county.
Section 288.075(1)(a), F.S.
The Legislature’s designation of those entities which are considered economic development
agencies for purposes of s. 288.075, F.S., precludes any other entities from falling under the definition.
See AGO 12-36 (St. Augustine-St. Johns County Airport Authority is not an “economic development
agency” as defined in s. 288.075, F.S.). Cf. Inf. to Rooney, June 8, 2011 (if by amendment of the
county charter, the voters made the county commission a part of the county economic development
agency by placing the executive director of the agency under the direct supervision of the county
commission, then the provisions of s. 288.075, F.S., would apply to the county commission).

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A written request for confidentiality under s. 288.075(2), F.S., may constitute or contain
information required to be held confidential under that statute; however, such a determination
must be made by the custodian on a case-by-case basis as to whether a particular record or
portion of a record falls within the scope of the exemption. AGO 07-15. The section, however,
may be cited by the records custodian as statutory authority for withholding information from
public disclosure without violating the required confidentiality provisions of the statute. Id. Cf.
AGO 80-78 (county industrial development authority permitted to withhold access only to those
records “clearly falling” within the exemption provided in s. 288.075; “policy considerations” do
not justify nondisclosure of public records).
Development plans, financial records, financial commitment letters and draft memoranda
of understanding between the city and a developer considering expansion or relocation within
the city appear to come within the scope of the exemption. AGO 04-19. However, the burden
is on the economic development agency “to carefully and in good faith distinguish between those
documents clearly covered by the exemption and those not covered.” Id.
Trade secrets, as defined in s. 688.002, F.S., contained in the records held by an economic
development agency are confidential and exempt from disclosure. Section 288.075(3), F.S.
Proprietary confidential business information held by an economic development agency is
confidential and exempt until such information is otherwise publicly available or is no longer
treated by the proprietor as proprietary confidential business information. Section 288.075(4),
F.S. Federal employer identification numbers, reemployment assistance account numbers, or
Florida sales tax registration numbers held by an economic development agency are confidential
and exempt. Section 288.075(5), F.S. In addition, certain information held pursuant to the
administration of an economic incentive program is confidential and exempt for limited periods
as specified in the exemption. Section 288.075(6), F.S.
(2)

Convention center booking business records

Booking business records of a public convention center, sports facility, or auditorium
are exempt from public disclosure. Section 255.047(2), F.S. The statute defines “booking
business records” to include “client calendars, client lists, exhibitor lists, and marketing files.”
Section 255.047(1)(a), F.S. The term does not include “contract negotiation documents, lease
agreements, rental rates, event invoices, event work orders, ticket sales information, box office
records, attendance figures, payment schedules, certificates of insurance, accident reports,
incident reports, or correspondence specific to a confirmed event.” Id. And see s. 125.0104(9)
(d)1., F.S. (providing an exemption for information given to a county tourism promotion agency,
which, if released, would reveal the identity of those who provide information in response to
a sales promotion, advertisement, or research project or whose names, addresses, meeting or
convention plan information or accommodations or other visitation needs become booking or
reservation list data).
e.

Ownership records for registered public obligations

Records regarding ownership of, or security interests in, registered public obligations are
not open to inspection. Section 279.11, F.S.
f.

Personal financial records

In the absence of a statutory exemption, financial information prepared or received by an
agency is subject to Ch. 119, F.S. See Wallace v. Guzman, 687 So. 2d 1351 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997)
(personal income tax returns and financial statements submitted by housing finance authority
members as part of the authority’s application to organize a bank are subject to disclosure). See
also Inf. Op. to Lovelace, April 3, 1992 (records identifying mortgage recipients held by a bank
acting as agent of a housing finance authority in granting mortgages funded by the authority are
public records).

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(1)

Bank account, debit and credit card numbers

Bank account numbers, and debit, charge, and credit card numbers held by an agency are
exempt from public disclosure. Section 119.071(5)(b), F.S. See also s. 119.0714(1)(j), (2)(e) and
3(b), F.S., regarding confidentiality of bank account numbers and debit, charge, and credit card
numbers contained in court and official records.
(2)

Consumer financial information

There are statutes which exempt consumer financial information received by certain
agencies. For example, property identifiers contained in unclaimed property reports held by
the Department of Financial Services are confidential. Section 717.117(8), F.S. See also s.
624.23, F.S. (personal financial information of a consumer held by the Department of Financial
Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation, relating to a consumer’s complaint or inquiry);
s. 627.351(6)(x)1., F.S. (claims and underwriting files of the Citizens Property Insurance
Corporation, except as provided in the exemption); s. 119.071(5)(f ), F.S. (health or property
insurance information provided by applicants or participants in government housing assistance
programs); and s. 655.057(1)(c), F.S. (personal financial information contained in investigation
records of the Office of Financial Regulation).
(3)

Financial information submitted by state licensure applicants

In the absence of statutory exemption, financial information in a licensing file is subject
to disclosure. See AGO 04-16. However, the Legislature has enacted exemptions for financial
information held by certain licensing agencies. For example, credit history information and
credit scores held by the Office of Financial Regulation for purposes of licensing loan originators,
mortgage brokers and mortgage lenders are confidential. Section 494.00125(3) F.S. Financial
information submitted by license applicants to the Department of Health is also confidential.
Section 456.014(1), F.S. And see s. 455.229(1), F.S. (Department of Business and Professional
Regulation license applicants).
(4)

Temporary cash assistance program participant

Except as provided in the exemption, personal identifying information of a temporary cash
assistance program participant is confidential. Section 414.295(1), F.S.
(5)

Toll payment personal identifying information

Section 338.155(6), F.S. provides an exemption for personal identifying information held
by the Department of Transportation, a county, a municipality, or an expressway authority for
the purpose of paying, prepaying, or collecting tolls and associated charges due for the use of toll
facilities.
(6)

Utility payment records

Agency records of payments for utility services are subject to disclosure. See AGOs 8857 (county records of payments made by individuals for waste collection services are public
records), and 92-09 (customer delinquency information held by a utilities commission is subject
to disclosure).
g.

Taxpayer records

There are a number of statutes providing for confidentiality of taxpayer records held by the
Department of Revenue. See, e.g., s. 213.053(2)(a), F.S. (all information contained in returns,
reports, accounts, or declarations received by the Department of Revenue, including investigative
reports and information and letters of technical advice, is confidential except for official purposes
and exempt from s. 119.07[1], F.S.); s. 213.21(3), F.S. (records of compromises of taxpayer
liability not subject to disclosure); and s. 213.27(6), F.S. (confidential information shared by
the Department of Revenue with debt collection or auditing agencies under contract with the

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department is exempt from public disclosure and such debt collection or auditing agencies are
bound by the same confidentiality requirements as the department). Cf. Wallace v. Guzman, 687
So. 2d 1351 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (personal income tax returns submitted by housing finance
authority members to state banking agency as part of the authority’s application to organize a
bank are subject to disclosure).
In addition, s. 193.074, F.S., provides for confidentiality of certain taxpayer information.
In light of the position taken by the Department of Revenue that its form entitled “Original
Application for Ad Valorem Tax Exemption” constitutes a “return,” such form should be treated
as a “return” that is confidential pursuant to s. 193.074, F.S. AGO 05-04. Accord AGO 95-07.
And see NYT Management Services, Inc. v. Florida Department of Revenue, No. 2006-CA-0896
(Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. April 25, 2006) (declarations or written statements filed with the Department
of Revenue pursuant to the state’s revenue laws would be a return and thus confidential under s.
193.074, F.S.).
A taxpayer’s e-mail address held by a tax collector for purpose of sending certain tax
notices or obtaining the consent of a taxpayer for electronic transmission of certain tax notices, as
provided in cited statutes, is exempt from public disclosure requirements. Section 197.3225(1),
F.S.
However, taxpayer information that is confidential in the hands of certain specified officers
under s. 193.074, F.S., is subject to disclosure under the Public Records Act when it has been
submitted by a taxpayer to a value adjustment board as evidence in an assessment dispute. AGO
01-74. Cf. Inf. Op. to Echeverri, April 30, 2010 (while property appraiser may use confidential
records submitted to the value adjustment board by the taxpayer, it is not clear whether property
appraiser may independently submit confidential material to the board in the absence of a
taxpayer’s submission although board may order production of confidential records). Similarly,
absent a specific statutory exemption for assessment rolls and public information cards, such
documents made or received by the property appraiser are public records subject to the Public
Records Act, regardless of the confidentiality of a return that may contain information used in
their creation. AGO 05-04.
12.

Firearms records

Personal identifying information of an individual who has applied for or received a license
to carry a concealed weapon or firearm pursuant to s. 790.06, F.S., held by the Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Services is confidential and exempt from public disclosure
requirements. Section 790.0601(1), F.S. The same information is also confidential when held
by a tax collector appointed by the Department. Sections 790.0601(2), and 790.0625(4), F.S.
Information made confidential by s. 790.0601, F.S., shall be disclosed with the express
written consent of the applicant or licensee or his or her legally authorized representative, by court
order upon a showing of good cause, or upon request by a law enforcement agency in connection
with the performance of lawful duties. Section 790.0601(3), F.S. Cf. Times Publishing Company v.
City of Pensacola, No. 2002-2053 (Fla. 1st Cir. Ct. November 13, 2002), per curiam affirmed, 869
So. 2d 546 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004), concluding that police department records of weapons assigned
to law enforcement officers and described as “specialty weapons utilized for surveillance and
defensive purposes, by surveillance personnel” were exempt from disclosure under s. 119.071(3)
(a), F.S., relating to security system plans and terrorist threat assessments, and the exemption for
surveillance personnel, techniques, and procedures, now found at s. 119.071(2)(d), F.S.
13.

Hospital and medical records

a.

Communicable or infectious disease reports

A number of exemptions exist for communicable or infectious disease reports. See, e.g.,
s. 381.0031(6), F.S. (information submitted in public health reports to Department of Health
is confidential and is to be made public only when necessary to public health); s. 384.29, F.S.

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(sexually transmissible diseases). See Ocala Star-Banner v. State, 697 So. 2d 1317 (Fla. 5th DCA
1997) (upholding court order sealing portions of a battery prosecution case file pertaining to
transmission of sexually transmissible diseases to victims due to s. 384.29, F.S., confidentiality
requirements). However, notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, the
Department of Health, the Department of Children and Families, and the Agency for Persons
with Disabilities may share confidential information on any individual who is or has been the
subject of a program within the jurisdiction of each agency. Section 402.115, F.S. The shared
information remains confidential or exempt as provided by law. Id. See AGO 98-52.
Results of screenings for sexually transmissible diseases conducted by the Department of
Health in accordance with s. 384.287, F.S., may be released only to those persons specified in the
exemption. Section 384.287(5), F.S.
Notification to an emergency medical technician, paramedic or other person that a
patient they treated or transported has an infectious disease must be done in a manner to protect
the confidentiality of patient information and shall not include the patient’s name. Section
395.1025, F.S.
There are strict confidentiality requirements for test results for HIV infection; such
information may be released only as expressly prescribed by statute. See ss. 381.004, and
384.287(6), F.S. Any person who violates the confidentiality provisions of s. 381.004, F.S., and
s. 951.27, F.S., is guilty of a first degree misdemeanor. Section 381.004(5)(b), F.S. And see s.
381.004(5)(c), F.S., establishing felony penalties for disclosure in certain circumstances. Thus,
information received by the clerk of court indicating that an individual has complied with an
order to be tested for HIV and the attendant test results “would appear to be confidential and
should be maintained in that status.” AGO 00-54. Cf. Florida Department of Corrections v. Abril,
969 So. 2d 201 (Fla. 2007) (an entity that negligently violates a patient’s right of confidentiality
in disclosing the results of HIV testing may be held responsible in a negligence action).
Results of HIV and hepatitis tests performed on persons charged with certain offenses may
not be disclosed except as authorized in the exemption. Section 960.003, F.S. See also s. 951.27,
F.S. (limited disclosure of infectious disease test results, including HIV testing pursuant to s.
775.0877, F.S., of inmates as provided in statute).
b.

Hospital records

(1)

Public hospitals

Like other governmental agency records, public hospital records are subject to disclosure
in the absence of a statutory exemption. For example, the court in Tribune Company v. Hardee
Memorial Hospital, No. CA 91-370 (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. August 19, 1991), held that a settlement
agreement entered in a lawsuit against the public hospital alleging that the hospital had swapped
babies was a public record. The court held that the agreement was subject to disclosure despite
a confidentiality provision contained within the agreement and claims by the hospital that it
constituted work product. Cf. Bert Fish Foundation, Inc. v. Southeast Volusia Hospital District, No.
10-20801-CINS (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct. December 22, 2010) (governing boards of hospital district and
medical center violated the Sunshine Law when they held numerous closed meetings to discuss an
affiliation or merger with a healthcare corporation). For information on exemptions applicable
to public hospitals, please refer to Appendix D and the Index. Cf. AGO 14-10, noting that an
exemption in s. 395.3035(5), F.S., for certain records and meetings relating to a “strategic plan”
for operation of a hospital must be narrowly construed and would not apply to an evaluation
conducted pursuant to s. 155.40(5), F.S., for purposes of the sale or lease of a public hospital.

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(2)

Private hospitals/private organizations operating public hospitals

A private organization leasing the facilities of a public hospital is acting on behalf of a
public agency and thus constitutes an agency subject to open records requirements in the absence
of statutory exemption. See Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation,
729 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999).
Section 395.3036, F.S., however, provides that records of a private entity that leases a public
hospital or other public health care facility are confidential and exempt from disclosure when the
public lessor complies with the public finance accountability provisions of s. 155.40(18), F.S.,
with respect to the transfer of any public funds to the private lessee and when the private lessee
meets at least three of five criteria set forth in the exemption. See Indian River County Hospital
District v. Indian River Memorial Hospital, Inc., 766 So. 2d 233 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (nonprofit
corporation leasing hospital from hospital district). And see Baker County Press, Inc. v. Baker County
Medical Services, Inc., 870 So. 2d 189 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004), upholding the constitutionality of
the exemption. Cf. Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 927 So.
2d 961 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (private corporation that purchased hospital from public hospital
authority not subject to Public Records Act); and s. 155.40(21), F.S., describing and construing
the term “complete sale” as applied to a purchase of a public hospital by a private entity.
c.

Patient and clinical records

(1)

Patient and clinical records generally

Patient records are generally protected from disclosure. For example, patient records
in hospitals and surgical facilities licensed under Ch. 395, F.S., are confidential and may not
be disclosed without the consent of the patient, or the patient’s legal representative, except as
provided in the statute. Section 395.3025(4), (5), (7) and (8), F.S. And see s. 119.0712(1), F.S.
(personal identifying information contained in records relating to an individual’s personal health
or eligibility for health-related services held by the Department of Health); and s. 400.022(1)(m),
F.S. (nursing home residents’ medical and personal records).
Patient clinical records are also protected. See, e.g., s. 393.13(4)(i)1., F.S. (central client
records of persons with developmental disabilities); s. 394.4615(1), F.S. (clinical records of
persons subject to “The Baker Act”); and s. 397.501(7), F.S. (individuals receiving services from
substance abuse service providers).
(2)

Disclosure of patient records

Patient medical records made by health care practitioners may not be furnished to any
person other than the patient, his or her legal representative or other health care practitioners and
providers involved in the patient’s care and treatment without written authorization, except as
provided by ss. 440.13(4)(c) and 456.057, F.S. Section 456.057(7)(a), F.S. See State v. Johnson,
814 So. 2d 390 (Fla. 2002) (state attorney’s subpoena power under s. 27.04, F.S., cannot override
notice requirements of s. 395.3025[4][d], F.S., which provides for disclosure of confidential
patient records upon issuance of subpoena and upon proper notice to the patient or the patient’s
legal representative). Cf. s. 408.051(3), F.S., permitting a health care provider to release or access
an identifiable health record of a patient without the patient’s consent for use in the treatment
of the patient for an emergency medical condition, as defined in s. 395.002(8), F.S., when
the health care provider is unable to obtain the patient’s consent or the consent of the patient
representative due to the patient’s condition or the nature of the situation requiring immediate
medical attention.
The recipient of patient records, if other than the patient or the patient’s representative,
may use such information only for the purpose provided and may not disclose any information
to any other person or entity, unless expressly permitted by the written consent of the patient.
See ss. 395.3025(7) (hospital patient records) and 456.057(11), F.S. (health care practitioner
patient records). Thus, predeath medical records in the possession of the medical examiner are

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not subject to public inspection. Church of Scientology Flag Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, No. 97688CI-07 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. February 27, 1997).
Similarly, clinical records maintain their confidentiality even when disclosed to another
agency such as the clerk of the circuit court. AGO 91-10. And see Sarasota Herald-Tribune v.
Department of Children and Families, No. 2001-CA-002445 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. April 8, 2002)
(confidentiality of clinical record is maintained even though Department of Children and
Families may have filed portions of the records in court proceedings throughout the state;
department has no authority to waive confidentiality of clinical records). Cf. AGO 01-69
(documents submitted to the statewide provider and managed care organization claim dispute
resolution program pursuant to s. 408.7057, F.S., found to be subject to disclosure after redaction
of patient-identifying information).
d.

Emergency medical services

With limited exceptions, s. 401.30(4), F.S., provides, in relevant part, that “[r]ecords of
emergency calls which contain patient examination or treatment information are confidential and
exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1) and may not be disclosed without the consent of the
person to whom they pertain.” Such records may be released only in certain circumstances and
only to the persons and entities specified in the statute. AGO 86-97. Thus, a city commissioner
is not authorized to review records of an emergency call by the city’s fire-rescue department
when those records contain patient examination and treatment information, except with the
consent of the patient. AGO 04-09. See Lee County v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Company, 634 So. 2d 250 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994), upholding the county’s right to require the
patient’s notarized signature on all release forms, to ensure that these confidential records are not
improperly released. And see AGO 09-30 (entire record of emergency call containing patient
examination and treatment information which is maintained as required by s. 401.30[1], F.S.,
is confidential and exempt; reports containing statistical data, required by the Department of
Health, are public records and must be made available for inspection and copying following
redaction of any patient-identifying information).
However, s. 401.30(4), is not violated by the city attorney, or an attorney under contract
to the city, and other city officials having access to the city fire-rescue department’s records of
emergency calls that contain patient information when such access is granted to such individuals
in carrying out their official duties to advise and defend, or assess the liability of, the city in a
possible or anticipated claim against the city arising out of the provision of such care. AGO 9575. And see AGO 08-20 (s. 401.30[4], F.S., permits emergency medical services transportation
licensee to release records of emergency calls including patient’s name, address, and pertinent
medical information to local law enforcement agency that does not provide regulatory or
supervisory responsibility over licensee).
e.

Hospital employees

Section 395.3025(10), F.S., establishes that the home addresses, telephone numbers, and
photographs of hospital or surgical center employees who provide direct patient care or security
services, as well as specified information about the spouses and children of such employees, are
confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements. The same information must also be held
confidential by the facility upon written request by other employees who have a reasonable belief,
based upon specific circumstances that have been reported in accordance with the procedure
adopted by the facility, that release of the information may be used to threaten, intimidate, harass,
inflict violence upon, or defraud the employee or any member of the employee’s family. Section
395.3025(11), F.S.
14.

Investigative records of non-law enforcement agencies

a.

Investigative records generally
In the absence of a specific legislative exemption, investigative records made or received by

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public agencies are open to public inspection pursuant to Ch. 119, F.S. See State ex rel. Veale v. City
of Boca Raton, 353 So.2d 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977), cert. denied, 360 So. 2d 1247 (Fla. 1978)
(report prepared by assistant city attorney for the city council concerning suspected irregularities
in the city’s building department is a public record). See also Caswell v. Manhattan Fire and Marine
Insurance Company, 399 F.2d 417 (5th Cir. 1968) (ordering that certain investigative records of
the state insurance agency be produced for inspection under Ch. 119, F.S.). Accord AGO 91-75
(documents containing information compiled by school board employees during an investigation
of school district departments are open to inspection in the absence of statutory exemption);
AGO 85-79 (interoffice memoranda, correspondence, inspection reports of restaurants, grocery
stores and other such public premises, nuisance complaint records, and notices of violation of
public health laws maintained by county public health units are subject to disclosure in the
absence of any statutory exemption); and AGO 71-243 (inspection reports made or received by a
school board in connection with its official investigation of the collapse of a school roof constitute
public records). Cf. Canney v. Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County, 278 So. 2d 260 (Fla.
1973) (Sunshine Law applies to boards acting in a “quasi-judicial” capacity).
Disclosure of records of investigative proceedings is not violative of privacy rights arising
under the state or federal Constitutions. See Garner v. Florida Commission on Ethics, 415 So.
2d 67 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), review denied, 424 So. 2d 761 (Fla. 1983) (public’s right to view
commission files prepared in connection with investigation of alleged violations of the Code of
Ethics outweighs an individual’s disclosural privacy rights).
The investigative exemptions now found in paragraphs (2)(c) through (f ), (h) and (i) of s.
119.071(2), F.S., limit disclosure of specified law enforcement records, and thus do not apply to
investigations conducted by agencies outside the criminal justice system. See Douglas v. Michel,
410 So. 2d 936, 939 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982), questions answered and approved, 464 So. 2d 545
(Fla. 1985) (exemption for “information revealing surveillance techniques or procedures or
personnel” [now found at s. 119.071(2)(d)] does not apply to a hospital’s personnel files). See
also AGO 91-75, stating that the active criminal investigation and intelligence exemption does
not apply to information compiled in a school board investigation into the conduct of certain
school departments; and AGO 87-51, concluding that complaints from state labor department
employees relating to departmental integrity and efficiency do not constitute criminal intelligence
information or criminal investigative information.
Thus, the contents of an investigative report compiled by the Inspector General for a state
agency in carrying out his or her duty to determine program compliance are not converted into
criminal intelligence information merely because the Florida Department of Law Enforcement
also conducts an investigation or because such report or a copy thereof has been transferred to the
department. Inf. Op. to Slye, August 5, 1993.
b.

Statutory exemptions

A number of exemptions exist for investigative records. For a more complete listing, please
refer to Appendix D and the Index.
(1)

Discrimination investigations

Complaints and other records in the custody of any agency which relate to a complaint of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap, or marital status
in connection with hiring practices, position classifications, salary, benefits, discipline, discharge,
employee performance evaluation, or related activities are exempt from 119.07(1), F.S., until a
probable cause finding is made, the investigation becomes inactive, or the complaint or other
record is made part of the record of a hearing or court proceeding. Section 119.071(2)(g)1., F.S.
See AGO 96-93 (prior to completion of an investigation and a finding of probable cause, records
of a county equal opportunity board are exempt from disclosure). Cf. s. 119.071(2)(k), F.S.,
providing for confidentiality of complaints and investigative records of employee misconduct

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until the investigation is no longer active or has been concluded as set forth in the exemption.
Section 119.071(2)(g)1., F.S., was found to be inapplicable to a complaint filed against
a county commissioner which listed many examples of alleged abusive behavior that would be
inappropriate for one in the commissioner’s position, because the complaint did not assert any
form of discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex, national origin, handicap or marital
status. Schweickert v. Citrus County Florida Board, 193 So. 3d 1075, 1080 (Fla. 5th DCA
2016). The appellate court also rejected the county’s argument that it could delay producing
the complaint until after the investigation was completed because the investigator might have
discovered or generated records during her investigation that could have related to discrimination
based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, handicap or marital status which would have
qualified for the exemption.
Section 119.071(2)(g)2., F.S., provides that when the alleged victim chooses not to file
a complaint and requests that the records of the complaint remain confidential, all records
relating to an allegation of employment discrimination are confidential. But see AGO 0910, stating that when an agency has reached a settlement with an individual who has filed a
discrimination complaint, the claimant is considered to have pursued the claim and may not
request confidentiality pursuant to the exemption.
Complaints and other records in the custody of any unit of local government which
relate to a complaint of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age,
handicap, marital status, sale or rental of housing, the provision of brokerage services, or the
financing of housing, are exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S., until a probable cause finding is made,
the investigation becomes inactive, or the complaint or other record is made part of the record of
any hearing or court proceeding. Section 119.0713(1), F.S.
(2)

Employee misconduct investigations

For information about the exemption for complaints and active investigations of employee
misconduct contained in s. 119.071(2)(k), F.S., please refer to the discussion on page 124.
(3)

Ethics investigations

The complaint and records relating to the preliminary investigation conducted by the
Commission on Ethics or other specified entities are confidential and exempt until the complaint
is dismissed as legally insufficient, the alleged violator requests in writing that the records be made
public, or until the Commission or other listed entity determines whether probable cause exists to
believe that a violation has occurred. Section 112.324(2)(a) and (e), F.S. See also s. 112.3215(8)
(b) and (d), F.S. (providing confidentiality for certain records relating to Ethics Commission
investigation of alleged violations of lobbying laws).
However, a police report of an investigation of a public employee that has been concluded
and is in the possession of the police department is not made confidential by the fact that the
same issue and the same individual are the subject of an ethics complaint pursuant to Part III,
Ch. 112, F.S., or because a copy of the police report may be included in information obtained
by the Ethics Commission pursuant to its powers to investigate ethics complaints. AGO 96-05.
Cf. s. 112.324(2)(b), F.S. (written referrals to the Ethics Commission submitted pursuant to s.
112.324[1][b], F.S., records relating to such referrals held by the commission, the Governor, the
Department of Law Enforcement, or a state attorney, and records relating to any preliminary
investigation of such referrals held by the commission, are confidential and exempt except as
provided in s. 112.324[2][e], F.S.)
(4)

Local government inspector general investigations

The investigative report of the inspector general prepared for or on behalf of a unit of local
government becomes a public record when the investigation becomes final. Section 119.0713(2)

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(b), F.S. An investigation becomes final when the investigative report is presented to the unit
of local government, as defined in the exemption. Id. Cf. Nicolai v. Baldwin, 715 So. 2d 1161,
1163 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998), noting that a draft audit report prepared by the clerk of court did not
become “final” when it was reviewed by the county administrator; the report became “final” and
subject to disclosure when presented to the county commission. Information received, produced,
or derived from an investigation is confidential and exempt until the investigation is complete or
when the investigation is no longer active, as defined in the exemption. Id.
(5)

State inspector general investigations

Audit workpapers and reports of state agency inspectors general appointed in accordance
with s. 20.055, F.S., are public records to the extent that they do not include information which
has been made confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S. Section 20.055(6)(b), F.S.
However, when the inspector general or a member of the staff receives from an individual a
complaint or information that falls within the definition provided in s. 112.3187(5), F.S. [whistleblower], the name or identity of the individual shall not be disclosed to anyone else without the
written consent of the individual, unless the inspector general determines that such disclosure is
unavoidable during the course of the audit or investigation. Id. And see page 124, discussing the
exemption for complaints alleging employee misconduct found in s. 119.071(2)(k), F.S.
Section 112.31901(2), F.S., authorizes the Governor, in the case of the Chief Inspector
General, or agency head, in the case of an employee designated as the agency inspector general
under s. 112.3189, F.S., to certify that an investigatory record of the Chief Inspector General
or an agency inspector general requires an exemption in order to protect the integrity of the
investigation or avoid unwarranted damage to an individual’s good name or reputation. If so
certified, the investigatory records are exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S., until the investigation
ceases to be active, or a report detailing the investigation is provided to the Governor or the
agency head, or 60 days from the inception of the investigation for which the record was made
or received, whichever first occurs. Section 112.31901(1), F.S. The provisions of this section do
not apply to whistle-blower investigations conducted pursuant to the whistle-blower act. Section
112.31901(3), F.S.
(6)

State licensing investigations

Pursuant to s. 455.225(10), F.S., complaints against a licensed professional filed with the
state licensing board or the Department of Business and Professional Regulation are confidential
and exempt from disclosure until 10 days after probable cause has been found to exist by the
probable cause panel of the licensing board or by the Department of Business and Professional
Regulation, or the professional waives his or her privilege of confidentiality, whichever occurs
first. A similar exemption applies to complaints and investigations conducted by the Department
of Health and licensing boards within that department as provided in s. 456.073(10), F.S.
Complaints filed by a municipality against a licensed professional are included within the
confidentiality provisions. AGO 02-57. However, while the complaint filed by the municipality
with the state licensing agency is exempt, the exemption afforded by the statute does not extend
to other records held by the city related to the nature of the alleged offense by the licensed
professional. Id.
(7)

Whistle-blower investigations

(a)

Whistle-blower identity

The Whistle-blower’s Act, ss. 112.3187-112.31895, F.S., “is intended to prevent agencies,
or independent contractors of agencies, from taking retaliatory action against an employee who
reports violations of law on the part of a public employer or an independent contractor.” AGO 1220. It provides, with limited exceptions, for the confidentiality of the identity of a whistle-blower
who discloses in good faith to the Chief Inspector General, an agency inspector general, a local
chief executive officer, or other appropriate local official information that alleges that an employee

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or agent of an agency or independent contractor has violated or is suspected of having violated
any federal, state, or local law, rule or regulation, thereby creating and presenting a substantial and
specific danger to the public’s health, safety, or welfare; or has committed or is suspected of having
committed an act of gross mismanagement, malfeasance, misfeasance, gross waste of public funds,
or gross neglect of duty. Section 112.3188(1), F.S. See also s. 20.055(6)(b), F.S.
A complainant may waive the right to confidential treatment of his or her name or identity.
AGO 95-20. However, an individual may not be required to sign a waiver of confidentiality as a
condition of processing a complaint. AGO 96-40.
In order to qualify as a whistle-blower complaint, particular information must be disclosed
to an “appropriate local official” or other statutorily designated officials; a general complaint of
wrongdoing or a complaint to officials other than those specifically named in s. 112.3188(1),
F.S., does not entitle the complainant to whistle-blower protection. AGO 98-37. And see AGO
99-07 (county inspector general qualifies as an “appropriate local official” for purposes of the
whistle-blower law); and AGO 96-40 (town ethics commission may constitute “appropriate local
official” for purposes of processing complaints under the whistle-blower law). Cf. AGO 12-20
(while county transportation board may be designated as an “appropriate local official” under s.
112.3188, F.S., such designation “may not be advisable” because board must comply with the
Sunshine Law and, “[a]bsent a statutory exemption, the handling of confidential information or
records during the course of public meetings does not otherwise allow meetings of the board to
be closed”).
(b)

Active investigations

Section 112.3188(2)(a), F.S., states that except as specifically authorized in s. 112.3189,
F.S., all information received by the Chief Inspector General or an agency inspector general or
information produced or derived from fact-finding or other investigations conducted by the
Florida Commission on Human Relations or the Department of Law Enforcement is confidential
and exempt if the information is being received or derived from allegations as set forth in s.
112.3188(1)(a) or (b), F.S., and an investigation is “active” as defined s. 112.3188(2)(c), F.S.
“Thus, the act protects the identity of employees and persons who disclose information that can
serve as the basis for a whistle-blower complaint, as well as information received in the course of
a whistle-blower investigation.” AGO 10-48.
Information received by an appropriate local official or local chief executive officer
or produced or derived from fact-finding or investigations by local government pursuant to
s. 112.3187(8)(b), F.S. [authorizing administrative procedures for handling whistle-blower
complaints filed by local public employees] is confidential and exempt, provided that the
information is being received or derived from allegations set forth in s. 112.3188(1) and an
investigation is “active” as defined in the section. Section 112.3188(2)(b), F.S. The exemption
applies to records received by a municipality conducting an active investigation of a whistleblower complaint, and is not limited to records received as part of an active investigation of
a complaint of retaliation against a whistle-blower. AGO 98-37. However, while the name
or identity of the individual disclosing this information is confidential, the initial report of
wrongdoing received by a municipality is not covered by the exemption since that information
was received before an investigation began. Id. But see s. 119.071(2)(k), F.S. (2013), providing
that complaints alleging “employee misconduct” are confidential until the investigation is no
longer active or has concluded as provided in the exemption.
The exemption applies whether the allegations of wrongdoing were received from an
anonymous source or a named individual; in either case information received or generated during
the course of the investigation is subject to the exemption. AGO 99-07. And see AGO 10-48
(confidential information received by the county’s inspector general pursuant to the county’s
whistle-blower act may be shared with the county’s ethics commission only for the purpose of
carrying out the commission’s whistle-blower functions).

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15.

Law enforcement records

a.

Arrest and crime reports and the exemption for active criminal investigative and active
criminal intelligence information

(1)

Arrest and crime reports

Arrest and crime reports are generally considered to be open to public inspection. AGOs
91-74 and 80-96. And see AGO 08-23 (officer trip sheets revealing identity of officer, location
and hours of work and locations to which officers have responded for emergency and nonemergency purposes are public records); and AGO 12-07, discussing requirements for recording
telephone conversations set forth in Ch. 934, F.S., Florida’s Security of Communications law,
but noting that “any recordings of telephone conversations made by [a police department] in
the usual course of business would be public records,” subject to the access and confidentiality
provisions of the Public Records Act.
However, statutory exemptions for active criminal investigative and intelligence
information, confessions, juvenile offender records and certain victim information may apply to
crime reports and other law enforcement records. A discussion of these and other exemptions
pertaining to law enforcement records follows; for additional information regarding exemptions,
please refer to Appendix D and the Index, infra.
(2)

Purpose and scope of exemption

Section 119.071(2)(c)1., F.S., exempts active criminal intelligence information and active
criminal investigative information from public inspection. To be exempt, the information
must be both “active” and constitute either “criminal investigative” or “criminal intelligence”
information. See Woolling v. Lamar, 764 So. 2d 765, 768 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), review denied,
786 So. 2d 1186 (Fla. 2001).
Thus, if a crime report contains active criminal investigative information, the criminal
investigative information may be excised from the report. AGO 91-74. See also Palm Beach
Daily News v. Terlizzese, No. CL-91-3954-AF (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. April 5, 1991), holding that a
newspaper was not entitled under Ch. 119, F.S., to inspect the complete and uncensored incident
report (prepared following a reported sexual battery but prior to the arrest of a suspect), including
the investigating officer’s narrative report of the interview with the victim, since such information
was exempt from inspection as active criminal investigative information and as information
identifying sexual battery victims. See s. 119.071(2)(c) and (h), F.S.
The active criminal investigative and intelligence exemption is limited in scope; its purpose
is to prevent premature disclosure of information when such disclosure could impede an ongoing
investigation or allow a suspect to avoid apprehension or escape detection. See Tribune Company
v. Public Records, 493 So. 2d 480, 483 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), review denied sub nom., Gillum v.
Tribune Company, 503 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1987).
Moreover, the active criminal investigative and intelligence information exemption does
not prohibit the disclosure of the information by the criminal justice agency; the information is
exempt from and not subject to the mandatory inspection requirements in s. 119.07(1), F.S.,
which would otherwise apply. As the court stated in Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So.
2d 683, 687 (Fla. 5th DCA), review denied, 589 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1991), “[t]here are many
situations in which investigators have reasons for displaying information which they have the
option not to display.” And see AGO 90-50. Cf. s. 838.21, F.S., providing that it is unlawful for
a public servant, with intent to obstruct, impede, or prevent a criminal investigation or a criminal
prosecution, to disclose active criminal investigative or intelligence information or to disclose or
use information regarding either the efforts to secure or the issuance of a warrant, subpoena, or
other court process or court order relating to a criminal investigation or criminal prosecution
when such information is not available to the general public and is gained by reason of the public
servant’s official position.

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The law enforcement agency asserting the exemption has the burden of proving that it
is entitled to it. Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff ‘s Office, 698 So. 2d 1365 (Fla. 4th DCA
1997); and Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. Dempsey, 478 So. 2d 1128 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985).
(3)

Definition of active criminal investigative or intelligence information

“Criminal intelligence information” means information concerning “an identifiable person
or group of persons collected by a criminal justice agency in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or
monitor possible criminal activity.” Section 119.011(3)(a), F.S.
Criminal intelligence information is considered “active” as long “as it is related to intelligence
gathering conducted with a reasonable, good faith belief that it will lead to detection of ongoing
or reasonably anticipated criminal activities” or “is directly related to pending prosecutions or
appeals.” Section 119.011(3)(d), F.S.
“Criminal investigative information” is defined as information relating to “an identifiable
person or group of persons compiled by a criminal justice agency in the course of conducting a
criminal investigation of a specific act or omission, including, but not limited to, information
derived from laboratory tests, reports of investigators or informants, or any type of surveillance.”
Section 119.011(3)(b), F.S. See Rose v. D’Alessandro, 380 So. 2d 419 (Fla. 1980) (complaints
and affidavits received by a state attorney in the discharge of his investigatory duties constitute
criminal intelligence or criminal investigative information). Similarly, an autopsy report may
constitute criminal investigative information. See AGO 78-23.
Such information is considered “active” as long “as it is related to an ongoing investigation
which is continuing with a reasonable, good faith anticipation of securing an arrest or prosecution
in the foreseeable future” or “is directly related to pending prosecutions or appeals.” Section
119.011(3)(d), F.S.
“Criminal justice agency” is defined to mean any law enforcement agency, court,
prosecutor or any other agency charged by law with criminal law enforcement duties or any
agency having custody of criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information
for the purpose of assisting such law enforcement agencies in the conduct of active criminal
investigation or prosecution or for the purpose of litigating civil actions under the Racketeer
Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, during the time that such agencies are in possession
of criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information pursuant to their
criminal law enforcement duties. The term also includes the Department of Corrections. Section
119.011(4), F.S.
(4)

Information that is not considered to be criminal investigative or intelligence
information and must be released unless some other exemption applies

Section 119.011(3)(c), F.S., states that the following information is not criminal
investigative or criminal intelligence information:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

The time, date, location and nature of a reported crime;
The name, sex, age, and address of a person arrested (but see pages 105-107 regarding
confidentiality of certain juvenile crime records) or the name, sex, age and address of the
victim of a crime, except as provided in s. 119.071(2)(h), F.S. Section 119.071(2)(h),
F.S., provides confidentiality for information revealing the identity of a victim of a sexual
offense, child abuse, or a child victim of human trafficking. For more information, please
refer to the discussion of exemptions pertaining to certain crime victims found on pages
111-115.
The time, date and location of the incident and of the arrest;
The crime charged;
Documents given or required to be given to the person arrested, except as provided in s.

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119.071(2)(h), F.S., unless the court finds that release of the information prior to trial
would be defamatory to the good name of a victim or witness or jeopardize the safety
of such victim or witness; and would impair the ability of the state attorney to locate or
prosecute a codefendant;
6.	Informations and indictments except as provided in s. 905.26, F.S. [prohibiting disclosure
of finding of indictment against a person not in custody, under recognizance or under
arrest].
Accordingly, since the above information does not fall within the definition of criminal
intelligence or criminal investigative information, it is always subject to disclosure unless some
other specific exemption applies. For example, the “time, date, and location of the incident and of
the arrest” cannot be withheld from disclosure since such information is expressly exempted from
the definitions of criminal intelligence and criminal investigative information. See s. 119.011(3)
(c)3., F.S. See Barfield v. City of Tallahassee, 171 So. 3d 239 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (while “active
criminal investigative information” is exempt from public disclosure requirements, the statute
expressly excludes the time, date, location, and nature of a reported crime from the exemption).
(5)

Records released to the defendant

Except in limited circumstances, records which have been given or are required to be
given to the person arrested cannot be withheld from public inspection as criminal investigative
or intelligence information. See s. 119.011(3)(c)5., F.S. In other words, once the material has
been made available to the defendant as part of the discovery process in a criminal proceeding,
the material is ordinarily no longer considered to be exempt criminal investigative or criminal
intelligence information. See Tribune Company v. Public Records, 493 So. 2d 480, 485 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1986), review denied sub nom., Gillum v. Tribune Company, 503 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1987) (all
information given or required to be given to defendants is disclosable to the public when released
to defendants or their counsel pursuant to the rules of discovery). Accord Times Publishing
Company v. State, 903 So. 2d 322, 325 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (“we begin with the important
general principle that once criminal investigative or intelligence information is disclosed by the
State to a criminal defendant that information becomes a nonexempt public record subject to
disclosure pursuant to section 119.07[1]”); Staton v. McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940, 941 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1992), review dismissed sub nom., Staton v. Austin, 605 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 1992) (active
criminal investigation exemption does not apply to information for which disclosure was
previously required under the rules of discovery). Cf. State v. Buenoano, 707 So. 2d 714 (Fla.
1998) (restricted access documents provided to state attorney by federal government pursuant to
a loan agreement retained their confidential status under a Florida law providing an exemption
for out-of-state criminal investigative information that is shared with Florida criminal justice
agencies on a confidential basis, even though the documents erroneously had been given to the
defendant and placed in the court record).
For example, in Satz v. Blankenship, 407 So. 2d 396 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981), review denied,
413 So. 2d 877 (Fla. 1982), the court ruled that a newspaper reporter was entitled to access
to tape recordings concerning a defendant in a criminal prosecution where the recordings had
been disclosed to the defendant. The court concluded that a reading of the statute reflected the
Legislature’s belief that once the information was released to the defendant, there was no longer
any need to exclude the information from the public. Thus, the tape recordings were no longer
“criminal investigative information” that could be withheld from public inspection. See also
News-Press Publishing Co. Inc. v. D’Alessandro, No. 96-2743-CA-RWP (Fla. 20th Cir. Ct. April
24, 1996) (once state allowed defense counsel to listen to portions of a surveillance audiotape
involving a city councilman accused of soliciting undue compensation, those portions of the
audiotape became excluded from the definition of “criminal investigative information,” and were
subject to public inspection). Cf. City of Miami v. Post-Newsweek Stations Florida, Inc., 837
So. 2d 1002, 1003 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002), review dismissed, 863 So. 2d 1190 (Fla. 2003) (where
defendant filed request for discovery, but withdrew request before state attorney provided such
materials, requested materials were not “given or required by law . . . to be given to the person

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arrested” and thus did not lose their exempt status as active criminal investigative information).
Similarly, in Bludworth v. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d 775 (Fla. 4th DCA
1985), review denied, 488 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1986), the court upheld a trial judge’s order requiring
the state attorney to release to the news media all information furnished to the defense counsel in
a criminal investigation. While the state attorney argued that the documents could be withheld
because the criminal investigation was still “active” and thus exempt from disclosure, the court
rejected this contention by concluding that once the material was given to the defendant pursuant
to the rules of criminal procedure, the material was excluded from the statutory definition of
criminal investigative information. Therefore, it was no longer relevant whether the investigation
was active or not and the documents could not be withheld as active criminal investigative
information. Id. at 779n.1.
Chapter 119’s requirement of public disclosure of records made available to the defendant
does not violate the attorney disciplinary rule prohibiting extrajudicial comments about
defendants as long as the state attorney does not put an interpretation on the record that prejudices
the defendant or exposes witnesses. Bludworth v. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d at 780.
The only circumstances where criminal intelligence or investigative information can retain
that status even though it has been made available to the defendant are:
1)	If the information would reveal the identity of a victim of a sexual offense, child abuse, or
certain human trafficking crimes pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(h), F.S.; or
2)	If a court order has been issued finding that release of the information prior to trial would:
a) be defamatory to the good name of a victim or witness or jeopardize the safety of a
victim or witness; and
b) impair the ability of a state attorney to locate or prosecute a codefendant.
In all other cases, material which has been made available to the defendant cannot be
deemed criminal investigative or intelligence information and must be open to inspection unless
some other exemption applies (e.g., s. 119.071[2][e], F.S., exempting all information “revealing
the substance of a confession” by a person arrested until there is a final disposition in the case);
or the court orders closure of the material in accordance with its constitutional authority to
take such measures as are necessary to obtain orderly proceedings and a fair trial or to protect
constitutional privacy rights of third parties. See Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Lewis,
426 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1982); Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. McCrary, 520 So. 2d 32 (Fla.
1988); Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida Inc. v. Doe, 612 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 1992). And see Morris
Communications Company LLC v. State, 844 So. 2d 671, 673n.3 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (although
documents turned over to the defendant during discovery are generally public records subject
to disclosure under Ch. 119, the courts have authority to manage pretrial publicity to protect
the defendant’s constitutional rights as described in Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Lewis,
supra); Times Publishing Co. v. State, 903 So. 2d 322 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (while the criminal
discovery rules authorize a nonparty to file a motion to restrict disclosure of discovery materials
based on privacy considerations, where no such motion has been filed, the judge is not authorized
to prevent public access on his or her own initiative). Cf. Rameses, Inc. v. Demings, 29 So. 3d 418,
423 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010) (“disclosure to criminal defendant during discovery of unredacted
versions of undercover police surveillance recordings does not destroy, in a public records
context, the exemptions contained in section 119.071 for information relating to the identity of
undercover law enforcement personnel”).

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(6)

Active versus inactive criminal investigative or intelligence information

(a)

Active criminal investigative information

Criminal investigative information is considered active (and, therefore, exempt from
disclosure pursuant to s. 119.071[2][c], F.S.) “as long as it is related to an ongoing investigation
which is continuing with a reasonable, good faith anticipation of securing an arrest or prosecution
in the foreseeable future.” Section 119.011(3)(d)2., F.S. Information in cases barred from
prosecution by a statute of limitation is not active. Id.
The definition of “active” requires “a showing in each particular case that an arrest or
prosecution is reasonably anticipated in the foreseeable future.” Barfield v. City of Fort Lauderdale
Police Department 639 So. 2d 1012, 1016 (Fla. 4th DCA), review denied, 649 So. 2d 869 (Fla.
1994). Thus, “once the investigations are concluded, if no charges are filed, the records would
cease to be ‘active’ and thus subject to disclosure.” Id. at 1018.
There is no fixed time limit for naming suspects or making arrests other than the applicable
statute of limitations. See Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. Dempsey, 478 So. 2d 1128 (Fla.
1st DCA 1985). The fact that investigators might not yet have decided upon a suspect does not
necessarily imply that the investigation is inactive. Id. at 1131. The Legislature did not intend
that confidentiality be limited to investigations where the outcome and an arrest or prosecution
was a certainty or even a probability. Barfield v. City of Fort Lauderdale Police Department at
1016-1017.
Thus, an investigation will be deemed to be “active,” even though there is no immediate
anticipation of an arrest, so long as the investigation is proceeding in good faith, and the state
attorney or grand jury will reach a determination in the foreseeable future. Barfield v. City of Fort
Lauderdale Police Department, supra. Accordingly, a police department’s criminal investigation
into a shooting incident involving its officers continued to be “active” even though pursuant to
department policy, all police shooting cases were sent to the state attorney’s office for review by
the grand jury and the department did not know if there would be an arrest in this particular
case. Id.
Similarly, in News-Press Publishing Co., Inc. v. Sapp, 464 So. 2d 1335 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985),
the court held that in view of an ongoing investigation by the state attorney and the convening
of a grand jury in the very near future to consider a shooting incident by deputy sheriffs during
an undercover drug transaction, documents consisting of the sheriff’s completed internal
investigation of the incident constituted “active criminal investigative information” and were,
therefore, exempt from disclosure. See also Wells v. Sarasota Herald Tribune Company, Inc., 546 So.
2d 1105 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (investigative files of the sheriff and state attorney were not inactive
where an active prosecution began shortly after the trial judge determined that the investigation
was inactive and ordered that the file be produced for public inspection).
Additionally, a circuit court held that a criminal investigative file involving an alleged
1988 sexual battery which had been inactive for three years, due in part to the death of the
victim from unrelated causes, could be “reactivated” and removed from public view in 1992
when new developments prompted the police to reopen the case. The court found that it was
irrelevant that the 1988 file could have been inspected prior to the current investigation; the
important considerations were that the file apparently had not been viewed by the public during
its “inactive” status and the file was now part of an active criminal investigation and therefore
exempt from disclosure as active criminal investigative information. News-Press Publishing Co.,
Inc. v. McDougall, No. 92-1193CA-WCM (Fla. 20th Cir. Ct. February 26, 1992).
In another case, however, the appellate court upheld a court order unsealing an arrest
warrant affidavit upon a showing of good cause by the subject of the affidavit. The affidavit
had been quashed and no formal charges were filed against the subject. The court held that
the affidavit did not constitute active criminal investigative information because there was no

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reasonable, good faith anticipation that the subject would be arrested or prosecuted in the near
future. In addition, most of the information was already available to the subject through grand
jury transcripts, the subject’s perjury trial, or by discovery. Metropolitan Dade County v. San
Pedro, 632 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). And see Mobile Press Register, Inc. v. Witt, 24 Med.
L. Rptr. 2336, No. 95-06324 CACE (13) (Fla. 17th Cir. Ct. May 21, 1996) (ordering that files
in a 1981 unsolved murder be opened to the public because, despite recent reactivation of the
investigation, the case had been dormant for many years and no arrest or prosecution had been
initiated or was imminent).
(b)

Active criminal intelligence information

In order to constitute exempt “active” criminal intelligence information, the information
must “be of the type that will lead to the ‘detection of ongoing or reasonably anticipated criminal
activities.’” Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 698 So. 2d 1365, 1367 (Fla. 4th DCA
1997), quoting s. 119.011(3)(d)1., F.S. See Barfield v. Orange County, Florida, No. CI92-5913
(Fla. 9th Cir. Ct. August 4, 1992) (denying a petition for writ of mandamus seeking access
to gang intelligence files compiled by the sheriff’s office). See also AGO 94-48 (information
contained in the statewide integrated violent crime information system established by the Florida
Department of Law Enforcement constitutes active criminal intelligence information; even
though some of the information may have come from closed investigations, the information is
collected to “anticipate, prevent, and monitor criminal activity and to assist in the conduct of
ongoing criminal investigations”).
By contrast, in Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, supra, the court ruled that
records generated in connection with a criminal investigation conducted 13 years earlier did not
constitute “active” criminal intelligence information. The court noted that the exemption “is not
intended to prevent disclosure of criminal files forever on the mere possibility that other potential
criminal defendants may learn something from the files.” Id.
(c)

Pending prosecutions or appeals

Criminal intelligence and investigative information is also considered to be “active” while
such information is directly related to pending prosecutions or direct appeals. Section 119.011(3)
(d), F.S. See News-Press Publishing Co., Inc. v. Sapp, supra; and Tal-Mason v. Satz, 614 So. 2d 1134
(Fla. 4th DCA), review denied, 624 So. 2d 269 (Fla. 1993) (contents of prosecutorial case file
must remain secret until the conclusion of defendant’s direct appeal).
Once the conviction and sentence have become final, criminal investigative information
can no longer be considered to be “active.” See State v. Kokal, 562 So. 2d 324, 326 (Fla. 1990)
and Osario v. State, 34 So. 3d 98 (Fla. 3rd DCA 2010). Accord Tribune Company v. Public
Records, 493 So. 2d 480, 483-484 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), review denied sub nom., Gillum v. Tribune
Company, 503 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1987) (actions for postconviction relief following affirmance of
the conviction on direct appeal are not pending appeals for purposes of s. 119.011[3][d]2., F.S.
See also Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 698 So. 2d 1365, 1367 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)
(the term “pending prosecutions or appeals” in s. 119.011[3][d], F.S., applies only to ongoing
prosecutions or appeals which have not yet become final).
Moreover, the determination as to whether investigatory records related to pending
prosecutions or appeals are “active” is relevant only to those records which constitute criminal
intelligence or investigative information. In other words, if records are excluded from the
definition of criminal intelligence or investigative information, as in the case of records given
or required to be given to the defendant under s. 119.011(3)(c)5., F.S., it is immaterial whether
the investigation is active or inactive. See Bludworth v. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d
775, 779n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), review denied, 488 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1986) (“Something that
is not criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information cannot be active
criminal intelligence information or active criminal investigative information.”). Accord Staton

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v. McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940, 941 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), review dismissed sub nom., Staton v.
Austin, 605 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 1992) (active criminal investigation exemption does not apply to
information for which disclosure was previously required under discovery rules even though there
is a pending direct appeal).
(7)

Criminal defendant’s public records request

Section 119.07(8), F.S., states that the public access rights set forth in s. 119.07, F.S.,
“are not intended to expand or limit the provisions of Rule 3.220, Florida Rules of Criminal
Procedure, regarding the right and extent of discovery by the state or by a defendant in a criminal
prosecution or in collateral postconviction proceedings.” Thus, a criminal defendant’s public
records request for nonexempt law enforcement records relating to the defendant’s pending
prosecution constitutes an election to participate in discovery and triggers a reciprocal discovery
obligation. Henderson v. State, 745 So. 2d 319 (Fla. 1999).
(8)

Disclosure of active criminal investigative information to the public

It has been held that the criminal investigative exemption does not apply if the information
has already been made public. Staton v. McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940, 941 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992),
review dismissed sub nom., Staton v. Austin, 605 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 1992). See also Downs v. Austin,
522 So. 2d 931, 935 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988) (once state has gone public with information which
could have been previously protected from disclosure under Public Records Act exemptions,
no further purpose is served by preventing full access to the desired information). Cf. State v.
Buenoano, 707 So. 2d 714, 717 (Fla. 1998) (confidential documents furnished to a state attorney
by the federal government remained exempt from public inspection even though the documents
inadvertently had been given to the defendant and placed in the court record in violation of the
conditions of the federal loan agreement.
However, the voluntary disclosure of a non-public record does not automatically waive the
exempt status of other documents. Arbelaez v. State, 775 So. 2d 909, 918 (Fla. 2000). Accord
Church of Scientology Flag Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, No. 97-688CI-07 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. February
27, 1997) (release of the autopsy report and the medical examiner’s public comments about the
report did not mean that other records in the possession of the medical examiner relating to an
active criminal investigation into the death were public; “[i]t is not unusual for law enforcement
and criminal investigatory agencies to selectively release information relating to an ongoing
criminal investigation in an effort to enlist public participation in solving a crime”).
(9)

Disclosure of active criminal investigative information to another criminal justice
agency

Exempt active criminal investigative information may be shared with another criminal justice
agency and retain its protected status; in “determining whether or not to compel disclosure of
active criminal investigative or intelligence information, the primary focus must be on the statutory
classification of the information sought rather than upon in whose hands the information rests.” City of
Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135, 1137 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), review denied, 651 So. 2d 1192
(Fla. 1995). The City of Riviera Beach court held that exempt records of the West Palm Beach police
department’s active criminal investigation concerning a shooting incident involving a police officer
from Riviera Beach could be furnished to the Riviera Beach police department for use in a simultaneous
administrative internal affairs investigation of the officer without losing their exempt status. Accord
Ragsdale v. State, 720 So. 2d 203, 206 (Fla. 1998) (applicability of a particular exemption is determined
by the document being withheld, not by the identity of the agency possessing the record).
Additionally, a police department may enter into a contract with a private company that
compiles raw police data and then provides informational reports to law enforcement. The release
of the exempt information to the corporation for this purpose would not cause such records to
lose their exempt status. AGO 96-36.

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However, while the courts have recognized that active criminal investigative information
may be forwarded from one criminal justice agency to another without jeopardizing its exempt
status, “[t]here is no statutory exemption from disclosure of an ‘ongoing federal prosecution.’”
Woolling v. Lamar, 764 So. 2d 765, 768 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), review denied, 786 So. 2d 1186
(Fla. 2001). In Woolling, the court held that a state attorney bore the burden of establishing
that state attorney files in a nolle prossed case which were furnished to the federal government for
prosecution of a defendant constituted active criminal investigative information; the fact that the
federal government was actively prosecuting the case was not sufficient, standing alone, to justify
imposition of the exemption.
Moreover, the exemption for active criminal intelligence and investigative information
does not exempt other public records from disclosure simply because they are transferred to a
law enforcement agency. See, e.g., Tribune Company v. Cannella, 438 So. 2d 516, 523 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1983), reversed on other grounds, 458 So. 2d 1075 (Fla. 1984), appeal dismissed sub nom.,
Deperte v. Tribune Company, 105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985) (assistant state attorney could not withdraw
public records from public scrutiny by asserting that he “compiled” the records simply because
he subpoenaed them; thus, law enforcement personnel records compiled and maintained by the
employing agency prior to a criminal investigation did not constitute criminal intelligence or
criminal investigative information). And see New Times, Inc. v. Ross, No. 92-5795 CIV 25 (Fla.
11th Cir. Ct. March 17, 1992) (papers in a closed civil forfeiture file which subsequently became
part of a criminal investigation were open to inspection as the materials could not be considered
criminal investigative information because the file was closed prior to the commencement of the
criminal investigation).
Thus, public records maintained and compiled by the Office of the Capital Collateral
Representative cannot be transformed into active criminal investigative information by merely
transferring the records to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE). AGO 88-25.
Accord Inf. Op. to Slye, August 5, 1993, concluding that the contents of an investigative report
compiled by a state agency inspector general in carrying out his or her duty to determine program
compliance are not converted into criminal intelligence information merely because FDLE also
conducts an investigation or because such report or a copy thereof has been transferred to that
department. And see Sun-Sentinel, Inc. v. Florida Department of Children and Families, 815 So.
2d 793 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002).
Similarly, in AGO 92-78, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that otherwise
disclosable public records of a housing authority are not removed from public scrutiny merely
because the records have been subpoenaed by and transferred to the state attorney’s office. Inf.
Op. to Theobald, November 16, 2006, stating that while an individual would be prohibited from
obtaining records from the internal investigation file pursuant to s. 112.533(2), F.S., while the
investigation is active, public records such as overtime slips created prior to the investigation and
maintained in the law enforcement officer’s personnel file would not become confidential simply
because copies of such records are being used in the investigation.
However, the exemption for active criminal investigative information may not be subverted
by making a public records request for all public records gathered by a law enforcement agency
in the course of an ongoing investigation; to permit such requests would negate the purpose of
the exemption. AGO 01-75.
In addition, a request made by a law enforcement agency to inspect or copy a public
record that is in the custody of another agency and the custodian’s response to the request,
and any information that would identify whether a law enforcement agency has requested or
received that public record are exempt from disclosure requirements, during the period in which
the information constitutes active criminal investigative or intelligence information. Section
119.071(2)(c)2.a., F.S. The law enforcement agency that made the request must give notice
to the custodial agency when the criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative

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information is no longer active, so that the custodian’s response to the request and information
that would identify the public record requested are available to the public. Section 119.071(2)
(c)2.b., F.S.
Thus, while agency records are not exempt merely because they have been submitted to
FDLE, s. 119.071(2)(c)2.a., F.S., exempts FDLE’s request to inspect or copy records, as well as
the agency’s response, or any information that would identify the public record that was requested
by FDLE or provided by the agency during the period in which the information constitutes
criminal intelligence or criminal investigative information that is active. AGO 06-04. Although
a request may be made for the agency’s records, such a request may not be phrased, or responded
to, in terms of a request for the specific documents asked for and received by FDLE during the
course of any active criminal investigation. Id. Cf. Inf. Op. to Theobald, November 16, 2006,
stating that while the records in a personnel department were subject to disclosure, the personnel
department was precluded from identifying which of its records had been gathered by a law
enforcement agency in the course of its active internal investigation.
(10) Records containing both active criminal investigative information and non-exempt
information
The fact that a crime or incident report may contain some active criminal investigative
or intelligence information does not mean that the entire report is exempt from disclosure.
Section 119.07(1)(d), F.S., requires the custodian of the document to redact only that portion
of the record for which an exemption is asserted and to provide the remainder of the record for
inspection and copying. See, e.g., City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135, 1137 (Fla.
4th DCA 1994), review denied, 651 So. 2d 1192 (Fla. 1995), in which the court held that a city
was authorized to withhold exempt active criminal investigative records but “must comply with
the disclosure requirements of sections 119.07(2) [now s. 119.07(1)(d)] and 119.011(3)(c) by
making partial disclosure of certain non-exempt information contained in the records including,
inter alia, the date, time and location of the incident.”
(11) Criminal investigative or intelligence information received from other states or the
federal government
Pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(b), F.S., criminal intelligence or investigative information
received by a Florida criminal justice agency from a non-Florida criminal justice agency on a
confidential or similarly restricted basis is exempt from disclosure. See State v. Wright, 803 So.
2d 793 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001), review denied, 823 So. 2d 125 (Fla. 2002) (state not required
to disclose criminal histories of civilian witnesses which it obtained from the Federal Bureau
of Investigation). The purpose of this statute is to “encourage cooperation between non-state
and state criminal justice agencies.” State v. Buenoano, 707 So. 2d 714, 717 (Fla. 1998). Thus,
confidential documents furnished to a state attorney by the federal government remained exempt
from public inspection even though the documents inadvertently had been given to the defendant
and placed in the court record in violation of the conditions of the federal loan agreement. Id.
(12) Criminal investigative or intelligence information received prior to January 25, 1979
Criminal intelligence or investigative information obtained by a criminal justice agency
prior to January 25, 1979, is exempt from disclosure. Section 119.071(2)(a), F.S. See Satz v. Gore
Newspapers Company, 395 So. 2d 1274, 1275 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (“All criminal intelligence
and criminal investigative information received by a criminal justice agency prior to January 25,
1979, is specifically exempt from the requirements of public disclosure.”).
b.

“Baker Act” reports prepared by law enforcement officers

Part I, Ch. 394, F.S., is the “Baker Act,” Florida’s mental health act. The Baker Act provides
for the voluntary or involuntary examination and treatment of mentally ill persons. Pursuant to
s. 394.463(2)(a)2., F.S., a law enforcement officer must take a person who appears to meet the
statutory criteria for involuntary examination into custody and deliver that person, or have that

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person delivered, to the nearest receiving facility for examination.
Section 394.463(2)(a)2., F.S., requires the officer to “execute a written report detailing the
circumstances under which the person was taken into custody, and the report shall be made a part
of the patient’s clinical record.” A patient’s clinical record is confidential. Section 394.4615(1),
F.S. Thus, the report prepared by the officer pursuant to this statute is part of the patient’s clinical
record and is confidential. Cf. Lake v. State, 193 So. 3d 932 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (Legislature
has not made records of a sexually violent predator confidential in the same way as the clinical
records of a Baker Act patient).
However, in AGO 93-51, the Attorney General’s Office advised that a separate written
incident or event report prepared after a specific crime has been committed which contains
information given during the initial reporting of the crime, is filed with the law enforcement
agency as a record of that event, and is not made a part of the patient’s clinical record, is not
confidential pursuant to Ch. 394, F.S. The opinion noted that the incident report in question
was not the confidential law enforcement report required by s. 394.463(2)(a)2., but was a separate
written incident or event report prepared by a deputy sheriff for filing with the sheriff’s office as
an independent record of the deputy’s actions.
c.

Body camera recordings

A body camera recording is confidential and exempt from public disclosure when taken
inside a private residence, inside a health care, mental health care, or social services facility, or in
a place that a reasonable person would expect to be private. Section 119.071(2)(l)2., F.S. The
term “body camera” is defined to mean a “portable electronic recording device that is worn on a
law enforcement officer’s body and that records audio and video data in the course of the officer
performing his or her official duties and responsibilities.” Section 119.071(2)(l)1.a., F.S.
A law enforcement agency may disclose the recording in furtherance of its official duties
and responsibilities or to another governmental agency in furtherance of that agency’s duties
and responsibilities. Section 119.071(2)(l)3., F.S. The exemption applies retroactively. Section
119.071(2)(l)6., F.S.
The recording must be disclosed to certain individuals as set forth in the statute, including
the person recorded, or pursuant to court order. Section 119.071(2)(l)4., F.S. However, the
exemption does not supersede any other public records exemption that existed before or is created
after the effective date of the exemption. Section 119.071(2)(l)7., F.S.
A law enforcement agency must retain a body camera recording for at least 90 days.
Section 119.071(2)(l)5., F.S.
d.

Confessions

Section 119.071(2)(e), F.S., exempts from disclosure any information revealing the
substance of a confession by a person arrested until such time as the case is finally determined by
adjudication, dismissal, or other final disposition. See Times Publishing Co. v. Patterson, 451 So.
2d 888 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984) (trial court order permitting state attorney or defendant to designate
affidavits, depositions or other papers which contained “statements or substance of statements”
to be sealed was overbroad because the order was not limited to those statements revealing the
substance of a “confession”).
In AGO 84-33, the Attorney General’s Office advised that only such portions of the
complaint and arrest report in a criminal case file which reveal the “substance of a confession,”
i.e., the material parts of a statement made by a person charged with the commission of a crime
in which that person acknowledges guilt of the essential elements of the act or acts constituting
the entire criminal offense, are exempt from public disclosure. But see Times Publishing Company
v. State, 827 So. 2d 1040, 1042 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002), in which the appellate court held that a trial

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judge’s order sealing portions of records of police interviews with the defendant did not constitute
a departure from the essential requirements of law; however, portions of the interview transcript
and tape which did not “directly relate to [the defendant’s] participation in the crimes” did not
contain the substance of a confession pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(e), F.S., and must be released.
e.

Confidential informants

Section 119.071(2)(f ), F.S., exempts information disclosing the identity of confidential
informants or sources. This exemption applies regardless of whether the informants or sources
are still active or may have, through other sources, been identified as such. Christy v. Palm
Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 698 So. 2d 1365, 1368 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997); Salcines v. Tampa
Television, 454 So. 2d 639 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984); and Rameses, Inc. v. Demings, 29 So. 3d 418
(Fla. 5th DCA 2010). And see State v. Natson, 661 So. 2d 926 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (private
citizen who provided police with tip information which led to defendant’s arrest may be afforded
confidential informant status). Cf. Doe v. State, 901 So. 2d 881 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (where
citizen provided information to state attorney’s office which led to a criminal investigation and
was justified in inferring or had a reasonable expectation that he would be treated as a confidential
source, the citizen is entitled to have his identifying information redacted from the closed file,
even though there was no express assurance of confidentiality by the state attorney’s office); State
v. Bartholomew, No. 08-5656CF10A (Fla. 17th Cir. Ct., August 7, 2009) (even if Crimestoppers
Council of Broward County were an agency for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S., information relating
to the identity of informants and persons from whom they received information would be
confidential under s. 119.071[2][f ], F.S.).
However, in Ocala Star Banner Corporation v. McGhee, 643 So. 2d 1196 (Fla. 5th DCA
1994), the court held that a police department should not have refused to release an entire police
report on the ground that the report contained some information identifying a confidential
informant. According to the court, “[w]ithout much difficulty the name of the informant, [and]
the sex of the informant (which might assist in determining the identity) . . . can be taken out
of the report and the remainder turned over to [the newspaper].” Id. at 1197. Accord Christy
v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 698 So. 2d at 1368. And see Holley v. Bradford County
Sheriff’s Department, 171 So. 3d 805 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (trial court must conduct an in-camera
inspection of the records to determine whether they could be redacted to remove information
identifying confidential informants). Cf. Althouse v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 92 So. 3d
899 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012), disapproved on other grounds, Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police &
Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 2016) (agency conceded that its initial response
denying public records request for “rules, regulations, operating procedures and policies regarding
the recruitment and use of confidential informants” was “incorrect”; records were subsequently
produced after portions were redacted pursuant to s. 119.071[2][d], F.S.).
Moreover, in City of St. Petersburg v. Romine ex rel. Dillinger, 719 So. 2d 19, 21 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1998), the court ruled that information regarding payments to a confidential informant
(who had been previously identified as a confidential informant during a criminal trial) is subject
to disclosure as long as the records are sufficiently redacted to conceal the specific cases on which
the informant worked. The court acknowledged that the Public Records Act may not be used
in such a way as to obtain information that the Legislature has declared must be exempt from
disclosure, but said that “this is not a situation where someone has alleged that they know or
suspect the identity of a confidential informant and the production of records involving that
informant would confirm the person’s information or suspicion.” Id.
f.

Criminal history information

(1)

Criminal history information generally

Except where specific exemptions apply, criminal history information is a public record.
AGO 77-125; Inf. Op. to Lymn, June 1, 1990. And see AGO 97-09 (a law enforcement agency
may, without a request, release nonexempt information contained in its public records relating

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to sexual offenders; the agency’s authority to release such information is not limited to those
offenders who are designated as “sexual predators”).
Section 943.046, F.S., states:
(1)	Any state or local law enforcement agency may release to the public any criminal
history information and other information regarding a criminal offender, including, but
not limited to, public notification by the agency of the information, unless the information
is confidential and exempt [from disclosure]. However, this section does not contravene
any provision of s. 943.053 which relates to the method by which an agency or individual
may obtain a copy of an offender’s criminal history record.
(2)	A state or local law enforcement agency and its personnel are immune from civil
liability for the release of criminal history information or other information regarding a
criminal offender, as provided by this section.
Section 943.053(2), F.S., referenced in the above statute, provides restrictions on the
dissemination of criminal history information obtained from federal criminal justice information
systems and other states by stating that such information shall not be disseminated in a manner
inconsistent with the laws, regulations, or rules of the originating agency. Thus, criminal history
record information shared with a public school district by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
retains its character as a federal record to which only limited access is provided by federal law and
is not subject to public inspection. AGO 99-01.
Section 943.053(3)(a), F.S., states that criminal history information compiled by the
Criminal Justice Information Program of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement from
intrastate sources shall be provided to law enforcement agencies free of charge and to persons in
the private sector upon payment of fees as provided in the subsection. And see page 107 relating
to dissemination of criminal history information relating to juveniles.
(2)

Sealed and expunged records

Access to criminal history records sealed or expunged by court order in accordance with s.
943.059 or s. 943.0585, F.S., is strictly limited. See, e.g., Alvarez v. Reno, 587 So. 2d 664 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1991) (Goderich, J., specially concurring) (state attorney report and any other information
revealing the existence or contents of sealed records is not a public record and cannot, under any
circumstances, be disclosed to the public).
A law enforcement agency that has been ordered to expunge criminal history information or
records should physically destroy or obliterate information consisting of identifiable descriptions
and notations of arrest, detentions, indictments, informations, or other formal criminal charges
and the disposition of those charges. AGO 02-68. However, criminal intelligence information
and criminal investigative information do not fall within the purview of s. 943.0585, F.S. Id.
And see AGO 00-16 (only those records maintained to formalize the petitioner’s arrest, detention,
indictment, information, or other formal criminal charge and the disposition thereof would be
subject to expungement under s. 943.0585).
There are exceptions allowing disclosure of information relating to the existence of an
expunged criminal history record to specified entities for their respective licensing and employment
purposes, and to criminal justice agencies for their respective criminal justice purposes. Section
943.0585(4), F.S. Similar provisions exist relative to disclosure of sealed criminal history records.
Section 943.059(4), F.S. And see s. 943.0583(10)(a), F.S. (expunged criminal history record
of human trafficking victim). A records custodian who has received information relating to
the existence of an expunged or sealed criminal history record is prohibited from disclosing the
existence of such record. AGO 94-49.

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g.

Fingerprint records

Biometric identification information is exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S. Section 119.071(5)
(g), F.S. The term “biometric identification information” means any record of friction ridge
detail, fingerprints, palm prints, and footprints. Id.
h.

Forensic behavioral health evaluations

A forensic behavioral health evaluation filed with the court pursuant to Ch. 916, F.S.
(mentally deficient and mentally ill defendants) is confidential and exempt. Section 916.1065(1),
F.S.
i.

Juvenile offender records

(1)

Confidentiality and authorized disclosure

Juvenile offender records traditionally have been considered confidential and treated
differently from other records in the criminal justice system. With limited exceptions, s.
985.04(1)(a), F.S., provides, in relevant part, that:
Except as provided in subsections (2), (3), (6), and (7) and s.
943.053, all information obtained under this chapter in the
discharge of official duty by any judge, any employee of the court,
any authorized agent of the department [of Juvenile Justice],
the Florida Commission on Offender Review, the Department
of Corrections, the juvenile justice circuit boards, any law
enforcement agent, or any licensed professional or licensed
community agency representative participating in the assessment
or treatment of a juvenile is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure. This exemption applies to information obtained
before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption. (e.s).
Section 985.04(1)(b), F.S., states that the confidential and exempt information may be
disclosed only to the authorized personnel of the court, the department and its designees, the
Department of Corrections, the Florida Commission on Offender Review, law enforcement
agents, school superintendents and their designees, any licensed professional or licensed
community agency representative participating in the assessment or treatment of a juvenile, and
others entitled under this chapter to receive that information, or upon court order.
Similarly, s. 985.04(7)(a), F.S., limits access to records in the custody of the Department
of Juvenile Justice. With the exception of specified persons and agencies, juvenile records in the
custody of that agency “may be inspected only upon order of the Secretary of Juvenile Justice or
his or her authorized agent by persons who have sufficient reason and upon such conditions for
their use and disposition as the secretary or his or her authorized agent deems proper.” And see s.
985.045(2), F.S., providing, with limited exceptions, for confidentiality of juvenile court records.
Cf. AGO 97-28 (juvenile confidentiality requirements do not apply to court records of a case in
which a juvenile is prosecuted as an adult, regardless of the sanctions ultimately imposed in the
case); and AGO 96-65 (subject of juvenile offense records may authorize access to such records
to others [such as a potential employer] by means of a release).
Thus, as a general rule, access to records of juvenile offenders is limited. See, e.g., Inf. Op.
to Galbraith, April 8, 1992 (city’s risk manager and attorney representing city in unrelated civil
lawsuit not among those authorized to have access); and Inf. Op. to Wierzbicki, April 7, 1992
(domestic violence center not among those authorized to receive juvenile information). And see
AGO 07-19 (confidentiality provisions preclude public release of the names and addresses of the
parents of juvenile arrested for a misdemeanor). However, if a juvenile prosecuted as an adult
is transferred to serve his or her sentence in the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice,
the department’s records relating to that juvenile are not open to public inspection. New York
Times Company v. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, No. 03-46-CA (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. March

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20, 2003). See s. 985.04(7)(a), F.S., providing confidentiality for records in the custody of the
department regarding children.
Confidential photographs of juveniles taken in accordance with s. 985.11, F.S, “may
be shown by a law enforcement officer to any victim or witness of a crime for the purpose of
identifying the person who committed such crime.” Section 985.11(1)(b), F.S. This statute
authorizes a law enforcement officer to use photographs of juvenile offenders in a photographic
lineup for the purpose of identifying the perpetrator of a crime, regardless of whether those
juvenile offenders are suspects in the crime under investigation. AGO 96-80. Cf. Barfield v.
Orange County, Florida, No. CI92-5913 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct. August 4, 1992) (denying petitioner’s
request to inspect gang intelligence files compiled by the sheriff’s office).
(2)

Exceptions to confidentiality

(a)

Child traffic violators

All records of child traffic violations shall be kept in the full name of the violator and shall
be open to inspection and publication in the same manner as adult traffic violations. Section
985.11(3), F.S.
(b)

Felony arrests and adult system transfers

Until October 1, 1994, law enforcement agencies generally could release only the name
and address of juveniles 16 and older who had been charged with or convicted of certain crimes.
In 1994, the juvenile confidentiality laws were modified to eliminate the age restriction and
provide enhanced disclosure. Section 985.04(2), F.S., was amended again in 2016 and now
provides:
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter, the name, photograph, address, and
crime or arrest report of a child:
(a)	Taken into custody by a law enforcement officer for a violation of law which, if
committed by an adult, would be a felony;
(b) Charged with a violation of law which, if committed by an adult, would be a felony;
(c) Found to have committed an offense which, if committed by an adult, would be a
felony; or
(d)	Transferred to adult court pursuant to part X of Chapter 985, are not considered
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) solely because of the child’s age.
The Attorney General’s Office has stated that the expanded disclosure provisions originally
enacted in 1994 apply only to juvenile records created after October 1, 1994, the effective
date of the 1994 amendments to the juvenile confidentiality laws. AGO 95-19. Confidential
information on juveniles arrested prior to October 1, 1994, is available by court order upon
a showing of good cause. Id. See G.G. v. Florida Department of Law Enforcement, 97 So. 3d
268, 274 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (“it is clear that only the arrest records of those juveniles who
the legislature has designated in section 985.04[2] have lost their confidential status and are
available to the public . . . .”). See also page 107, discussing the dissemination of criminal history
information relating to juveniles.
A public records custodian may choose not to electronically publish on the custodian’s
website the arrest or booking photographs of a child which are not confidential and exempt under
this section or otherwise restricted from publication by law; however, this subparagraph does not
restrict public access to records as provided by s. 119.07, F.S. Section 985.04(2)(a)2., F.S.
(c)

Mandatory notification to schools
Section 985.04(4)(b), F.S., provides that when the state attorney charges a juvenile with

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a felony or a delinquent act that would be a felony if committed by an adult, the state attorney
must notify the superintendent of the juvenile’s school that the juvenile has been charged with
such felony or delinquent act. A similar directive applies to a law enforcement agency that takes
a juvenile into custody for an offense that would have been a felony if committed by an adult,
or a crime of violence. Section 985.04(4)(a), F.S. And see s. 1006.08(2), F.S. (notification by
court to school superintendent); and s. 985.04(4)(c), F.S. (notification by school superintendent
to certain school personnel). Cf. s. 985.04(4)(d), F.S. (notification by Department of Juvenile
Justice of the presence of a juvenile sex offender in the care and custody or under the jurisdiction
and supervision of the department).
(d)

Criminal history information relating to juveniles

Section 943.053(3)(c)1., F.S., provides that criminal history information relating to
juveniles, including information that is confidential pursuant to s. 943.053(b), F.S., shall be
available to:
(a)	A criminal justice agency for criminal justice purposes on a priority basis and free of
charge;
(b) The person to whom the record relates, or his or her attorney;
(c) The parent, guardian, or legal custodian of the person to whom the record relates,
provided such person has not reached the age of majority, been emancipated by a court, or
been legally married; or
(d)	An agency or entity specified in s. 943.0585(4) or s. 943.059(4), F.S., for the purpose
specified therein, and any person within such agency or entity who has direct responsibility
for employment, access authorization, or licensure decisions.
(e)

Victim access

Section 985.036(1), F.S., allows the victim, the victim’s parent or guardian, their lawful
representatives, and, in a homicide case, the next of kin, to have access to information and
proceedings in a juvenile case, provided that such rights do not interfere with the constitutional
rights of the juvenile offender. Those entitled to access “may not reveal to any outside party any
confidential information obtained under this subsection regarding a case involving a juvenile
offense, except as is reasonably necessary to pursue legal remedies.” Id. And see s. 960.001(8),
F.S., authorizing similar disclosures to victims.
In addition, s. 985.04(3), F.S., states that a “law enforcement agency may release a copy of
the juvenile offense report to the victim of the offense.” Cf. Harvard v. Village of Palm Springs, 98
So. 3d 645 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012), noting that the authorization in s. 985.04(3), F.S., is permissive
not mandatory; thus, a local government was not required to produce a juvenile offense report
to the victim’s mother.
j.

Motor vehicle records

(1)

Automated license plate recognition system records

Images and data containing or providing personal identifying information obtained
through use of an automated license plate recognition system are confidential and exempt.
Section 316.0777, F.S.
(2)

Crash reports

Motor vehicle crash reports are confidential for a period of 60 days after the report is
filed. Section 316.066(2)(a), F.S. However, such reports may be made immediately available
to the parties involved in the crash, their legal representatives, their insurance companies and
agents, prosecutorial authorities, law enforcement agencies, the Department of Transportation,
county traffic operations, victim services programs, and certain print and broadcast media as

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described in the exemption. Section 316.066(2)(b), F.S. Nevertheless, certain “free newspapers
of general circulation,” as specified in the exemption, may not have access to the home, cellular,
employment, or other telephone number or the home or employment address of any of the
parties involved with the crash if the newspaper requests ten or more crash reports within a 24
hour period before the 60 day period has ended. Section 316.066(2)(f ), F.S.
The owner of a vehicle involved in a crash is among those authorized to receive a copy
of the crash report immediately. AGO 01-59. In addition, the statute provides that any local,
state, or federal agency that is authorized to have access to crash reports by any provision of
law shall be granted such access in the furtherance of the agency’s statutory duties. Section
316.066(2)(c), F.S. Cf. AGO 06-11 (fire department that is requesting crash reports in order
to seek reimbursement from the at-fault driver does not fall within the scope of this provision
authorizing immediate access to the reports).
“As a condition precedent to accessing a crash report within 60 days after the date the report
is filed, a person must present a valid driver’s license or other photographic identification, proof
of status or identification that demonstrates his or her qualifications to access that information,
and file a written sworn statement with the state or local agency in possession of the information
stating that information from a crash report made confidential and exempt by this section will
not be used for any commercial solicitation of accident victims, or knowingly disclosed to any
third party for the purpose of such solicitation, during the period of time that the information
remains confidential and exempt.” Section 316.066(2)(d), F.S.
The written statement must be completed and sworn to by the requesting party for each
individual crash report that is being requested within 60 days after the report is filed. Id. Reports
may be released without the sworn statement to third-party vendors under contract with one
or more insurers, but only if the conditions set forth in the statute are stated in the contract.
Id. Third-degree felony penalties are established for knowing unauthorized disclosure or use of
confidential information in violation of this statute. See s. 316.066(3)(b), (c), and (d), F.S., for
more information.
(3)

Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles motor vehicle records

Section 119.0712(2)(b), F.S., provides that personal information, including highly
restricted personal information as defined in 18 U.S.C. s. 2725, contained in a motor vehicle
record is confidential pursuant to the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C.
ss. 2721 et seq (DPPA). Such information may be released only as authorized by that act. The
term “motor vehicle record” is defined to mean any record that pertains to a motor vehicle
operator’s permit, motor vehicle title, motor vehicle registration, or identification card issued by
the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV). Section 119.0712(2)(a), F.S.
And see s. 119.0712(2)(c)1. and 2., F.S., providing that emergency contact information contained
in a motor vehicle record is confidential.
E-mail addresses collected by DHSMV pursuant to cited statutes [motor vehicle record and
driver license transactions] are exempt from public disclosure requirements. Section 119.0712(2)
(c), F.S.
(4)

Law enforcement agency records

The Attorney General’s Office has stated that while DHSMV motor vehicle records are
confidential in the hands of a law enforcement agency, to the extent information is taken from
DHSMV records and used in preparing other records of the law enforcement agency or its agent,
the confidentiality requirements of s. 119.0712(2)(b), F.S., do not reach those records created by
subsequent users. Thus, a driver’s license number that is included in a law enforcement officer’s
report is not confidential or exempt from disclosure and copying. AGO 10-10.
Similarly, DPPA does not prohibit a city from disclosing to a newspaper, in response to

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a public-records request, the violation notices the city sent to vehicle owners based on images
captured by red-light cameras. City of Tallahassee v. Federated Publications, Inc., No. 4:11cv395RH/CAS (N.D. Fla. August 9, 2012). Cf. s. 316.0777, F.S. (2014).
k.

Pawnbroker records

All records relating to pawnbroker transactions delivered to appropriate law enforcement
officials pursuant s. 539.001, F.S., the Florida Pawnbroking Act, are confidential and exempt
from disclosure and may be used only for official law enforcement purposes. Section 539.003,
F.S. However, law enforcement officials are not prohibited from disclosing the name and address
of the pawnbroker, the name and address of the conveying customer, or a description of the
pawned property to the alleged owner of pawned property. Id. And see AGO 01-51.
l.

Polygraph records

The Attorney General’s Office is not aware of any statutory provision barring access to
otherwise public records, simply because the records are in the form of polygraph charts. See,
e.g., Wisner v. City of Tampa Police Department, 601 So. 2d 296 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992) (polygraph
materials resulting from polygraph examination that citizen took in connection with a closed
internal affairs investigation were public records); and Downs v. Austin, 522 So. 2d 931 (Fla.
1st DCA 1988) (because state had already publicly disclosed the results of polygraph tests
administered to defendant’s accomplice, the tests were not exempt criminal investigative or
intelligence information and were subject to disclosure to the defendant).
However, the s. 119.071(1)(a), F.S., exemption for questions and answers used in
employment examinations applies to questions and answers contained in pre-employment
polygraph examinations. Rush v. High Springs, 82 So. 3d 1108 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012). This
exemption applies to examination questions and answers but does not include the “impressions
and grading of the responses” by the examiners. See Dickerson v. Hayes, 543 So. 2d 836, 837 (Fla.
1st DCA 1989). See also Gillum v. Times Publishing Company, No. 91-2689-CA (Fla. 6th Cir.
Ct. July 10, 1991) (newspaper entitled to access to employment polygraph records “to the extent
such records consist of polygraph machine graph strips and examiners’ test results, including the
bottom portion of the machine graph denoted ‘Findings and Comments’ or similar designation”;
however, agency could redact “any examinee’s actual answers to questions or summaries thereof ”).
m.

Prison and inmate records

In the absence of statutory exemption, prison and inmate records are subject to disclosure
under the Public Records Act. Cf. Williams v. State, 741 So. 2d 1248 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999)
(order imposing offender’s habitual offender sentence and documents showing his qualifying
convictions, subject to disclosure under Ch. 119).
Subject to limited exceptions, s. 945.10, F.S., states that the following records and
information held by the Department of Corrections are confidential and exempt from public
inspection: mental health, medical or substance abuse records of inmates; preplea, pretrial
intervention, presentence or postsentence investigative records; information regarding a person
in the federal witness protection program; confidential or exempt Parole Commission records;
information which if released would jeopardize someone’s safety; information concerning a
victim’s statement and identity; information which identifies an executioner; and records that
are otherwise confidential or exempt by law. See Bryan v. State, 753 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 2000),
in which the Florida Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of s. 945.10, F.S. See also
Roberts v. Singletary, No. 96-603 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. July 28, 1997) (portions of the Department
of Corrections Execution Procedures Manual containing “highly sensitive security information”
not subject to disclosure). Cf. s. 951.27, F.S. (limited disclosure of infectious disease test results,
including HIV testing pursuant to s. 775.0877, F.S., of inmates in county and municipal
detention facilities).

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The Public Records Act applies to a private corporation which has contracted to operate
and maintain the county jail. Times Publishing Company v. Corrections Corporation of America,
No. 91-429 CA 01 (Fla. 5th Cir. Ct. December 4, 1991), per curiam affirmed, 611 So. 2d 532
(Fla. 5th DCA 1993). See also Prison Health Services, Inc. v. Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company,
718 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998), review denied, 727 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 1999) (records of
private company under contract with sheriff to provide health care to jail inmates are subject to
Ch. 119 just as if they were maintained by a public agency).
n.

Resource inventories and emergency response plans

Section 119.071(2)(d), F.S., exempts “[a]ny comprehensive inventory of state and local law
enforcement resources compiled pursuant to part I, chapter 23, and any comprehensive policies
or plans compiled by a criminal justice agency pertaining to the mobilization, deployment, or
tactical operations involved in responding to emergencies, as defined in s. 252.34 . . . .” See
Timoney v. City of Miami Civilian Investigative Panel, 917 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005), in
which the court held that a city police department’s Operational Plan prepared in response to
intelligence reports warning of possible violence surrounding an economic summit remained
exempt from disclosure after the summit ended. The court found that the city planned to use
portions of the Plan for future events and the “language of [the exemption] leads us to believe that
the legislature intended to keep such security information exempt after an immediate emergency
passes.” Id. at 887. And see s. 119.071(3)(a)1., F.S., which includes “emergency evacuation
plans” and “sheltering arrangements” within the definition of a “security system plan” that is
confidential and exempt from public disclosure.
o.

Surveillance techniques, procedures or personnel

Information revealing surveillance techniques, procedures or personnel is exempt from
public inspection pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(d), F.S. See Rameses, Inc. v. Demings, 29 So. 3d
418 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010) (disclosure to criminal defendant of unredacted undercover police
surveillance recordings does not destroy exemption in s. 119.071[2][d], F.S.; therefore, sheriff is
only required to provide redacted recording in response to a public records request); and State
v. Bee Line Entertainment Partners Ltd., No. CIO 00-5358, 28 Med.L.Rptr. 2592 (Fla. 9th Cir.
Ct. October 25, 2000) (videotapes created with hidden camera by law enforcement investigation
showing result of investigative activity but that do not reveal confidential surveillance methods
must be released once investigation is no longer active). And see Althouse v. Palm Beach County
Sheriff’s Office, 92 So. 3d 899 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012), disapproved on other grounds, Board of Trustees,
Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 2016) noting that the agency
had conceded that its initial response denying Althouse’s request for “rules, regulations, operating
procedures and policies regarding the recruitment and use of confidential informants” was
“incorrect” and that the agency had subsequently produced the records after redacting portions
pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(d), F.S.
p.

Undercover personnel

Section 119.071(4)(c), F.S., provides that any information revealing undercover personnel
of any criminal justice agency is exempt from public disclosure. But see Ocala Star Banner
Corporation v. McGhee, 643 So. 2d 1196, 1197 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994)(police department should
not have refused to release an entire police report containing some information that could lead
to an undercover person’s identity, when, without much difficulty, the name or initials and
identification numbers of the undercover officer and that officer’s supervisor could be taken out
of the report and the remainder released). Accord Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 698
So. 2d 1365 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997).
Information regarding law enforcement officers who are assigned to undercover duty and
whose names appear on personnel rosters or other lists of all law enforcement officers of the city
without regard to whether the record reveals the nature of their duties may constitute “[a]ny
information revealing undercover personnel of any criminal justice agency[.]” AGO 15-02. The

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Legislature’s determination that such information is exempt from public inspection, rather than
confidential, conditions the release of exempt information upon a determination by the custodian
that there is a statutory or substantial policy need for disclosure. Id.
q.

Victim information

Although s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S., exempts active criminal investigative information from
disclosure, the “name, sex, age, and address of . . . the victim of a crime, except as provided
in s. 119.071(2)(h),” are specifically excluded from the definition of criminal investigative or
intelligence information. See s. 119.011(3)(c)2., F.S. Accordingly, victim information is
considered to be public record in the absence of a statutory exemption. A discussion of the
exemptions which apply to crime victims generally, and those which apply to the victims of
certain crimes, follows.
(1)

Amount of stolen property

Pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(i), F.S., criminal intelligence or investigative information that
reveals the personal assets of a crime victim, which were not involved in the crime, is exempt
from disclosure. However, this exemption does not apply to information relating to the amount
of property stolen during the commission of a crime. AGO 82-30. Note, however, that s.
119.071(2)(j)1., F.S., provides that victims of certain crimes may file a written request to exempt
information revealing their “personal assets.”
(2)

Commercial solicitation of victims

Section 119.105, F.S., provides that police reports are public records except as otherwise
made exempt or confidential and that every person is allowed to examine nonexempt or
nonconfidential police reports. However, a person who comes into possession of exempt or
confidential information in police reports may not use that information for commercial
solicitation of the victims or relatives of the victims and may not knowingly disclose such
information to a third party for the purpose of such solicitation during the period of time that
information remains exempt or confidential. Id. The statute “does not prohibit the publication
of such information to the general public by any news media legally entitled to possess that
information or the use of such information for any other data collection or analysis purposes by
those entitled to possess that information.” Id. A willful and knowing violation of this statute is
a third-degree felony. Section 119.10(2)(b), F.S.
(3)

Documents regarding victims which are received by an agency

Section 119.071(2)(j)1., F.S., exempts from disclosure any document that reveals the
identity, home or employment telephone number or address, or personal assets of the victim of a
crime and identifies that person as the victim of a crime, if that document is received by an agency
that regularly receives information from or concerning the victims of crime. However, this
provision is limited to documents received by agencies which regularly receive information from
or concerning victims of crime; it does not apply to records generated or made by these agencies.
AGO 90-80. Accordingly, this exemption does not apply to police reports. Id. Additionally,
the exemption does not apply to documents revealing the identity of a victim of crime which are
contained in a court file not closed by court order. AGO 90-87.
Section 119.071(2)(j)1., F.S., also provides that “[a]ny state or federal agency that is
authorized to have access to such documents by any provision of law shall be granted such access
in the furtherance of such agency’s statutory duties, notwithstanding this section.” See Inf. Op.
to McCabe, November 27, 1995 (state attorney authorized to release materials received during an
investigation of a domestic violence incident to a police department for use in the department’s
internal affairs investigation).

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(4)

Home or employment address, telephone number, assets

Victims of specified crimes listed in s. 119.071(2)(j)1., F.S., are authorized to file a written
request for confidentiality of their addresses, telephone numbers and personal assets as follows:
Any information not otherwise held confidential or exempt [from
disclosure] which reveals the home or employment telephone
number, home or employment address, or personal assets of a
person who has been the victim of sexual battery, aggravated
child abuse, aggravated stalking, harassment, aggravated battery,
or domestic violence is exempt [from disclosure], upon written
request by the victim which must include official verification that
an applicable crime has occurred. Such information shall cease
to be exempt 5 years after the receipt of the written request. (e.s.)
This exemption is not limited to documents received by an agency, but exempts specified
information in records--whether generated or received by--an agency. Thus, a victim of the
enumerated crimes may file a written request and have his or her home or employment telephone
number, home or employment address, or personal assets, exempted from the police report of
the crime, provided that the request includes official verification, such as a copy of the incident
or offense report for one of the listed crimes, that an applicable crime has occurred. See AGO
96-82. The exemption is limited to the victim’s address, telephone number, or personal assets; it
does not apply to the victim’s identity. City of Gainesville v. Gainesville Sun Publishing Company,
No. 96-3425-CA (Fla. 8th Cir. Ct. October 28, 1996).
The exemption applies to records created prior to, as well as after, the agency’s receipt of
the victim’s written request for confidentiality. AGO 96-82. It applies to any records held by
an agency and is not limited to those records relating to the offense. Id. “[A]n examination of
the legislative history surrounding the adoption of this exemption indicates that the Legislature
intended that the exemption not be limited to those documents identifying the individual as a
victim of crime but rather be applied to any document revealing the personal information held
by any agency.” Id. And see AGO 02-50, in which the Attorney General’s Office advised that s.
119.071(2)(j)1., F.S., does not contain an exception for copies of the police report that are sent to
domestic violence centers pursuant to s. 741.29, F.S., if the victim has made a written request for
exempt status of the personal information specified in s. 119.071(2)(j)1., F.S.
In addition, the requirement that the victim make a written request for confidentiality
applies only to information not otherwise held confidential by law; thus, the exemption
supplements, but does not replace, other confidentiality provisions, such as s. 119.071(2)(h),
F.S., that may be applicable to certain crime victims. AGO 96-82
For more information on exemptions pertaining to domestic violence or stalking victims,
please see the discussion on pages 71-72.
(5)

Information identifying or depicting victims of sex offenses and of child abuse

(a)

Law enforcement and prosecution records

Section 119.071(2)(h)1.a., F.S., provides confidentiality for criminal investigative and
intelligence information that reveals the identity of a victim of the crime of child abuse, as defined
by Ch. 827, F.S., or that reveals the identity of a person under the age of 18 who is a victim of the
crime of human trafficking proscribed in s. 787.06(3)(a), F.S. Information which may reveal the
identity of a victim of a sexual offense, including a sexual offense prohibited in s. 787.06(3)(b),
(d), (f ), or (g), or Chs. 794, 796, 800, 827, or 847, F.S., is also confidential. Section 119.071(2)
(h)1.b., F.S.
In addition, the photograph, videotape, or image of any part of the body of a victim of
a sexual offense prohibited under ss. 787.06(3)(b), (d), (f ), or (g) or 810.145, or Chs. 794,

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796, 800, 827, or 847, F.S., is confidential and exempt, regardless of whether the photograph,
videotape, or image identifies the victim. Section 119.071(2)(h)1.c, F.S. See Harvard v. Village of
Palm Springs, 98 So. 3d 645, 647 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012), rejecting a mother’s assertion that there
is “no law prohibiting her” from obtaining a copy of her son’s videotaped interview, because s.
119.071(2)(h)1.a-c, F.S., “provides that a video of a victim is exempt from a public records request
if it is taken during the course of one of several enumerated types of criminal investigations.”
Thus, information revealing the identity of victims of child abuse or sexual battery must
be deleted from the copy of the report of domestic violence which is sent by a law enforcement
agency to the nearest domestic violence center pursuant to s. 741.29(2), F.S. AGO 92-14. And
see Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association v. Neumann, 796 So. 2d 1278 (Fla. 4th DCA
2001), applying exemption to information identifying a child abuse victim which was contained
in files prepared as part of an internal investigation conducted in accordance with s. 112.533, F.S.
However, the identity of a child abuse victim who died from suspected abuse is not
confidential. AGO 90-103.
Section 119.071(2)(j)2a., F.S., provides that identifying information in a videotaped
statement of a minor who is alleged to be or who is a victim of a sexual offense prohibited
in the cited laws which reveals the minor’s identity, including, but not limited to, the minor’s
face; the minor’s home, school, church, or employment telephone number; the minor’s home,
school, church, or employment address; the name of the minor’s school, church, or place of
employment; or the personal assets of the minor; and which identifies the minor as a victim, held
by a law enforcement agency, is confidential. Access shall be provided, however, to authorized
governmental agencies when necessary to the furtherance of the agency’s duties. Id. A public
employee may not willfully and knowingly disclose videotaped information that reveals the
minor’s identity to anyone other than the designated individuals, including the defendant. Section
119.071(2)(j)2b., F.S. Cf. State v. Ingram, 170 So. 3d 727 (Fla. 2015) (J. Pariente concurring) (s.
119.071[2][j]2.b. does not authorize disclosure to a convicted incarcerated inmate of videotaped
information that reveals the minor victim’s identity).
A public employee or officer having access to the photograph, name, or address of
a person alleged to be a victim of an offense described in Ch. 794 (sexual battery); Ch. 800
(lewdness, indecent exposure); s. 827.03 (child abuse); s. 827.04 (contributing to delinquency
or dependency of a child); or s. 827.071 (sexual performance by a child) may not willfully and
knowingly disclose it to a person not assisting in the investigation or prosecution of the alleged
offense or to any person other than the defendant, the defendant’s attorney, a person specified in
a court order entered by the court having jurisdiction over the alleged offense, to organizations
authorized to receive such information made exempt by s. 119.071(2)(h), F.S., or to a rape
crisis center or sexual assault counselor, as defined in s. 90.5035(1)(b), F.S., who will be offering
services to the victim. Section 794.024(1), F.S. A violation of this section constitutes a second
degree misdemeanor. Section 794.024(2), F.S. Cf. State v. Globe Communications Corporation,
648 So. 2d 110, 111 (Fla. 1994) (statute mandating criminal sanctions for printing, publishing
or broadcasting “in any instrument of mass communication” information identifying a victim of
a sexual offense, ruled unconstitutional).
An entity or individual who communicates to others, prior to open judicial proceedings,
the name, address, or other specific identifying information concerning the victim of any sexual
offense under Ch. 794 or Ch. 800 shall be liable to the victim for all damages reasonably necessary
to compensate the victim for any injuries suffered as a result of such communication. Section
794.026(1), F.S. The victim, however, may not maintain a cause of action unless he or she is able
to show that such communication was intentional and was done with reckless disregard for the
highly offensive nature of the publication. Section 794.026(2), F.S. Cf. Cox Broadcasting Corp. v.
Cohn, 95 S.Ct. 1029 (1975); and Cape Publications, Inc. v. Hitchner, 549 So. 2d 1374 (Fla. 1989),
appeal dismissed, 110 S.Ct. 296 (1989).

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The Crime Victims’ Services Office in the Attorney General’s Office is authorized to receive
confidential records from law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies. Section 960.05(2)(k), F.S.
And see AGO 92-51 (city victim services division, as a governmental agency which is part of the
city’s criminal justice system, may receive identifying information about victims of sex offenses,
for the purpose of advising the victim of available services pursuant to s. 960.001, F.S., requiring
distribution of victim support information).
(b)

Court records

Section 92.56, F.S., provides that criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative
information made confidential pursuant to s. 119.071(2)(h), F.S., must be maintained in court
records and in court proceedings, including witnesses’ testimony. If a petition for access to
these records is filed with the trial court with jurisdiction over alleged offense, the status of the
information must be maintained by the court if the state or the victim demonstrates certain
factors as set forth in the statute. Section 92.56(1), F.S. A person who willfully and knowingly
violates section 92.56, F.S., or any court order issued under this section is subject to contempt
proceedings. Section 92.56(6), F.S. See also AGO 03-56 and s. 119.0714(1)(h), F.S.
(c)

Department of Children and Families abuse records

As discussed on pages 68-70, there are statutory exemptions set forth in Ch. 415, F.S., which
relate to records of abuse of vulnerable adults. Similar provisions relating to child abuse records
are found in Ch. 39, F.S. The Attorney General’s Office has concluded that the confidentiality
provisions in these laws, i.e., ss. 415.107 and 39.202, F.S., apply to records of the Department
of Children and Families [DCF] and do not encompass a law enforcement agency’s arrest report
of persons charged with criminal child abuse, after the agency has deleted all information which
would reveal the identity of the victim. See AGO 93-54. Accord Inf. Op. to O’Brien, January 18,
1994. Cf. Times Publishing Company v. A.J., 626 So. 2d 1314 (Fla. 1993), holding that a sheriff’s
incident report of alleged child abuse that was forwarded to the state child welfare department for
investigation pursuant to Ch. 415, F.S. 1990 [see now Part II, Ch. 39, F.S., entitled “Reporting
Child Abuse”], should not be released. The Court noted that the department had found no
probable cause and that child protection statutes accommodate privacy rights of those involved in
these cases “by providing that the supposed victims, their families, and the accused should not be
subjected to public scrutiny at least during the initial stages of an investigation, before probable
cause has been found.” Id. at 1315.
Section 39.202(1) and (2)(b), F.S., authorizes criminal justice agencies to have access
to confidential abuse, abandonment, or neglect records held by DCF and provides that the
exemption from disclosure for DCF abuse records also applies to DCF records and information
in the possession of the agencies granted access. See Inf. Op. to Russell, October 24, 2001.
(6)

Homicide victims

Section 406.136(2), F.S., provides confidentiality for a photograph, video or audio
recording that depicts or records the killing of a law enforcement officer acting in accordance
with his or her official duties. The term “killing of a law enforcement officer who was acting
in accordance with his or her official duties” is defined to mean “all acts or events that cause or
otherwise relate to the death of a law enforcement officer who was acting in accordance with his
or her official duties, including any related acts or events immediately preceding or subsequent
to the acts or events immediately preceding or subsequent to the acts or events that were the
proximate cause of death.” Section 406.136(1), F.S.
The law creating the current version of the exemption took effect on October 1, 2016.
See Ch. 16-214, Laws of Florida. The prior version of s. 406.136, F.S., enacted in 2011, applied
more broadly to a photograph, video, or audio recording that depicts or records the “killing of a
person” and was held to apply to crime scene photographs of the victims. See State v. Schenecker,
No. 11-CF-001376A (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. August 3, 2011), cert. denied sub nom., Media General

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Operations v. State, 71 So. 3d 124 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011). And see pages 67-68 discussing the
confidentiality of autopsy photographs.
(7)

Human trafficking victims

Criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information that may reveal
the identity of a person who is a victim of human trafficking whose criminal history record has
been expunged pursuant to s. 943.0583, F.S., is confidential. Section 943.0583(11)(a), F.S.
Disclosure is authorized under certain circumstances. Section 943.0583(11)(b), F.S. And see s.
119.071(2)(h), F.S., relating to victims of the crime of human trafficking proscribed in s. 787.06,
F.S., discussed on page 112.
Information about the location of a safe house, safe foster home, or other residential
facility serving victims of sexual exploitation, as defined in s. 39.01(70)(g), F.S., is confidential
and exempt from public disclosure requirements. Section 409.1678(6)(a), F.S. Information may
be provided to an agency as necessary to maintain health and safety standards and to address
emergency situations in the house or facility. Section 409.1678(6)(b), F.S.
(8)

Relocated victim or witness information

Information held by a law enforcement agency, prosecutorial agency or the Victim and
Witness Protection Review Committee which discloses the identity or location of a victim
or witness (or their immediate family) who has been identified or certified for protective or
relocation services is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Section 914.27, F.S.
16.

Litigation records

a.

Attorney-client communications

The Public Records Act applies to communications between attorneys and governmental
agencies; there is no judicially created privilege which exempts these documents from disclosure.
Wait v. Florida Power & Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 1979) (only the Legislature and
not the judiciary can exempt attorney-client communications from Ch. 119, F.S.). See also City
of North Miami v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 468 So. 2d 218 (Fla. 1985) (although s.
90.502, F.S., of the Evidence Code establishes an attorney-client privilege for public and private
entities, this evidentiary statute does not remove communications between an agency and its
attorney from the open inspection requirements of Ch. 119, F.S.).
Moreover, public disclosure of these documents does not violate the public agency’s
constitutional rights of due process, effective assistance of counsel, freedom of speech, or the
Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction over The Florida Bar. City of North Miami v. Miami
Herald Publishing Company, supra. And see Seminole County, Florida v. Wood, 512 So. 2d 1000,
1001 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987), review denied, 520 So. 2d 586 (Fla. 1988) (the rules of ethics
provide that an attorney may divulge a communication when required by law; the Legislature has
plenary authority over political subdivisions and can require disclosure of otherwise confidential
materials); and AGO 98-59 (records in the files of the former city attorney, who served as a
contract attorney for the city, which were made or received in carrying out her duties as city
attorney and which communicate, perpetuate, or formalize knowledge constitute public records
and are required to be turned over to her successor).
On the other hand, the Florida Supreme Court has ruled that files in the possession of the
Capital Collateral Representative (CCR) in furtherance of its representation of an indigent client
are not subject to public disclosure under Ch. 119, F.S. The Court noted that the files are not
governmental records for purposes of the public records law but are the “private records” of the
CCR client. Kight v. Dugger, 574 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 1990). And see Times Publishing Company
v. Acton, No. 99-8304 (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. November 5, 1999) (private attorneys retained by
individual county commissioners in a criminal case were not “acting on behalf ” of a public
agency so as to become subject to the Public Records Act, even though the board of county

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commissioners subsequently voted to pay the commissioners’ legal expenses in accordance with
a county policy providing for reimbursement of legal expenses to individual county officers who
successfully defend criminal charges filed against them arising out of the performance of their
official duties).
b.

Attorney work product

The Supreme Court has ruled that the Legislature and not the judiciary has exclusive
authority to exempt litigation records from the scope of Ch. 119, F.S. Wait v. Florida Power &
Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 1979). See also Edelstein v. Donner, 450 So. 2d 562 (Fla.
3d DCA 1984), approved, 471 So. 2d 26 (Fla. 1985), noting that in the absence of legislation,
a work product exemption is “non-existent;” and Hillsborough County Aviation Authority v.
Azzarelli Construction Company, 436 So. 2d 153, 154 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983), stating that the
Supreme Court’s decision in Wait “constituted a tacit recognition that work product can be a
public record.”
With the enactment of s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., the Legislature created a narrow statutory
exemption for certain litigation work product of agency attorneys. See City of Orlando v.
Desjardins, 493 So. 2d 1027, 1029 (Fla. 1986), in which the Court noted that the exemption
was enacted because of “developing case law affording public entities no protection under either
the work product doctrine or the attorney-client privilege . . . .” See also City of North Miami
v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 468 So. 2d 218, 219 (Fla. 1985) (noting application of
exemption to “government agency, attorney-prepared litigation files during the pendency of
litigation”); and City of Miami Beach v. DeLapp, 472 So. 2d 543 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985) (opposing
counsel not entitled to city’s legal memoranda as such material is exempt work product).
Section 119.071(1)(d)1., F.S., states, in relevant part:
A public record that was prepared by an agency attorney (including
an attorney employed or retained by the agency or employed
or retained by another public officer or agency to protect or
represent the interests of the agency having custody of the record)
or prepared at the attorney’s express direction, that reflects a
mental impression, conclusion, litigation strategy, or legal theory
of the attorney or the agency, and that was prepared exclusively
for civil or criminal litigation or for adversarial administrative
proceedings, or that was prepared in anticipation of imminent
civil or criminal litigation or imminent adversarial administrative
proceedings, is exempt [from disclosure] until the conclusion of
the litigation or adversarial administrative proceedings. . . .
Note that this statutory exemption applies to attorney work product that has reached
the status of becoming a public record; as discussed more extensively on pages 120-121, certain
preliminary trial preparation materials, such as handwritten notes for the personal use of the
attorney, are not considered to be within the definitional scope of the term “public records” and,
therefore, are outside the scope of Ch. 119, F.S. See Johnson v. Butterworth, 713 So. 2d 985 (Fla.
1998).
Under the terms of the statute, the work product exemption “is not waived by the release
of such public record to another public employee or officer of the same agency or any person
consulted by the agency attorney.” Section 119.071(1)(d)2., F.S. See also AGO 94-77 (work
product exemption continues to apply to records prepared by the county attorney when these
records are transferred to the city attorney pursuant to a transfer agreement whereby the city is
substituted for the county as a party to the litigation).
An agency asserting the work product exemption must identify the potential parties to
the litigation or proceedings. Section 119.071(1)(d)2., F.S. In the event of litigation disputing

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the claimed work product exemption, the court must conduct an in camera inspection of the
records. Environmental Turf, Inc. v. University of Florida Board of Trustees, 83 So. 3d 1012 (Fla.
1st DCA 2012).
If a court finds that the record was improperly withheld, the party seeking the record shall
be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs in addition to any other remedy ordered by the
court. Section 119.071(1)(d)2., F.S. As one court has noted, the inclusion of an attorney’s fee
sanction “was prompted by the legislature’s concern that government entities might claim the
work product privilege whenever public access to their records is demanded.” Smith & Williams,
P.A. v. West Coast Regional Water Supply Authority, 640 So. 2d 216, 218 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994).
(1)

Scope of exemption

(a)

Attorney bills and payments

Only those records which reflect a “mental impression, conclusion, litigation strategy, or
legal theory” are included within the parameters of the work product exemption. Accordingly,
in AGO 85-89, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that a contract between a county and a
private law firm for legal counsel and documentation for invoices submitted by such firm to the
county do not fall within the work product exemption. Accord AGO 00-07 (records of outside
attorney fee bills for the defense of the county, as well as its employees who are sued individually,
for alleged civil rights violations are public records subject to disclosure).
If the bills and invoices contain some exempt work product--i.e., “mental impression[s],
conclusion[s], litigation strateg[ies], or legal theor[ies],”--the exempt material may be deleted and
the remainder disclosed. AGO 85-89. However, information such as the hours worked or the
hourly wage clearly would not fall within the scope of the exemption. Id. And see Herskovitz
v. Leon County, No. 98-22 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 9, 1998) (“Obviously, an entry on a [billing]
statement which identifies a specific legal strategy to be considered or puts a specific amount of
settlement authority received from the client, would fall within the exemption. On the other
hand, a notation that the file was opened, or that a letter was sent to opposing counsel, would
not.”).
Thus, an agency which “blocked out” most notations on invoices prepared in connection
with services rendered by and fees paid to attorneys representing the agency, “improperly
withheld” nonexempt material when it failed to limit its redactions to those items “genuinely
reflecting its ‘mental impression, conclusion, litigation strategy, or legal theory.’” Smith &
Williams, P.A. v. West Coast Regional Water Supply Authority, supra. And see Davis v. Sarasota
County Public Hospital Board, 480 So. 2d 203 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 488 So. 2d 829
(Fla. 1986), holding in part that a citizen seeking to examine records of a public hospital board
concerning the payment of legal fees was entitled to examine actual records, not merely excerpts
taken from information stored in the hospital’s computer.
(b)

Records prepared prior to litigation or for other purposes

Unlike the open meetings exemption in s. 286.011(8), F.S., for certain attorney-client
discussions between a governmental board and its attorney, s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., is not limited
to records created for pending litigation before a court or administrative agency, but may also
apply to records prepared “in anticipation of imminent civil or criminal litigation or imminent
adversarial administrative proceedings . . . .” (e.s.) See AGO 98-21, discussing the differences
between the public records work product exemption in s. 119.071(1)(d) and the Sunshine Law
exemption in s. 286.011(8), F.S.
However, s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., does not create a blanket exception to the Public Records
Act for all attorney work product. AGO 91-75. The exemption is narrower than the work
product privilege recognized by the courts for private litigants. AGO 85-89. In order to qualify
for the work product exemption, the records must have been prepared exclusively for litigation

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or adversarial administrative proceedings, or prepared in anticipation of imminent litigation or
adversarial administrative proceedings; records prepared for other purposes may not be converted
into exempt material simply because they are also used in or related to the litigation. See, e.g.,
Lightbourne v. McCollum, 969 So. 2d 326, 333 (Fla. 2007), cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1059 (2008)
(memoranda prepared by corrections department attorney regarding lethal injection procedures
do not constitute exempt attorney work product because memoranda do not relate to any
pending litigation nor appear to have been prepared exclusively for litigation); MHM Correctional
Services, Inc. v. State, Department of Corrections, No. 2009 CA 2105 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 10,
2009) (department wrongfully withheld portions of an e-mail stream regarding the bid process
as protected work product or privileged communications as none of the emails were prepared in
contemplation of litigation as required by the statute).
Moreover, only those records which are prepared by or at the express direction of the
agency attorney and reflect “a mental impression, conclusion, litigation strategy, or legal theory
of the attorney or the agency” are exempt from disclosure until the conclusion of the proceedings.
See City of Orlando v. Desjardins, 493 So. 2d 1027, 1028 (Fla. 1986) (trial court must examine
city’s litigation file in accident case and prohibit disclosure only of those records reflecting mental
impression, conclusion, litigation strategy or legal theory of attorney or city); Jordan v. School
Board of Broward County, 531 So. 2d 976, 977 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988) (record did not constitute
exempt work product because it “was not prepared at an attorney’s express direction nor did it
reflect a conclusion and mental impression of appellee”); and Lightbourne v. McCollum, supra
(exemption inapplicable to records that conveyed specific factual information rather than mental
impressions or litigation strategies). Cf. Tober v. Sanchez, 417 So. 2d 1053, 1055 (Fla. 3d DCA
1982), review denied sub nom., Metropolitan Dade County Transit Agency v. Sanchez, 426 So. 2d 27
(Fla. 1983) (documents which are given by a client to an attorney in the course of seeking legal
advice are privileged in the attorney’s hands only if the documents were privileged in the client’s
hands; thus, otherwise public records made or received by agency personnel do not become
privileged merely by transferring them to the agency attorney).
Thus, a circuit judge refused to apply the exemption to tapes, witness statements and
interview notes taken by police as part of an investigation of a drowning accident at a city
summer camp. See Sun-Sentinel Company v. City of Hallandale, No. 95-13528(05) (Fla. 17th
Cir. Ct. October 11, 1995). Similarly, in AGO 05-23, the Attorney General’s Office advised
that notes taken by the assistant city attorney during interviews with co-workers of certain
city employees in order to ascertain if employee discipline was warranted are not exempt from
disclosure. See also AGO 91-75 (work product exemption not applicable to documents generated
or received by school district investigators, acting at the direction of the school board to conduct
an investigation of certain school district departments). Cf. City of Avon Park v. State, 117 So.
3d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (recognizing that where no charges were filed against any of the
parties mentioned in a state attorney investigator’s report, the report was a public record and the
s. 119.071[1][d], F.S., exemption was inapplicable).
(c)

Settlement records

A circuit court held that draft settlement agreements furnished to a state agency by a federal
agency were public records despite the department’s agreement with the federal agency to keep
such documents confidential. Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc. v. Department of Environmental
Regulation, No. 91-2108 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. September 20, 1991), per curiam affirmed, 606 So.
2d 1267 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). And see Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc. v. Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation, No. 91-4218 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 5, 1992) (technical documents
or data which were not prepared for the purpose of carrying litigation forward but rather were
jointly authored among adversaries to promote settlement are not exempted as attorney work
product); and Inf. Op. to Gastesi, August, 27, 2015 (settlement demand furnished by plaintiff to
agency). Cf. Prison Health Services, Inc. v. Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company, 718 So. 2d 204,
205 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998), review denied, 727 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 1999) (private company under
contract with sheriff to provide medical services for inmates at county jail must release records

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relating to a settlement agreement with an inmate because all of its records that would normally
be subject to the Public Records Act if in the possession of the public agency, are likewise covered
by that law, even though in the possession of the private corporation).
In addition, if the state settles a claim against one company accused of conspiracy to fix
prices, the state has concluded the litigation against that company. Thus, the records prepared in
anticipation of litigation against that company are no longer exempt from disclosure even though
the state has commenced litigation against the alleged co-conspirator. State v. Coca-Cola Bottling
Company of Miami, Inc., 582 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990). And see Tribune Company v. Hardee
Memorial Hospital, No. CA-91-370 (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. August 19, 1991) (settlement agreement
not exempt as attorney work product even though another related case was pending, and agency
attorneys feared disclosure of their assessment of the merits of the settled case and their litigation
strategy would have a detrimental effect upon the agency’s position in the related case
(2)

Duration of exemption

The exemption from disclosure provided by s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., is temporary and
limited in duration. City of North Miami v. Miami Herald Publishing Co., supra. The exemption
exists only until the “conclusion of the litigation or adversarial administrative proceedings” even if
disclosure of the information in the concluded case could negatively impact the agency’s position
in related cases or claims. See State v. Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Miami, Inc., 582 So. 2d 1
(Fla. 4th DCA 1990); Seminole County v. Wood, 512 So. 2d 1000 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987), review
denied, 520 So. 2d 586 (Fla. 1988); and Lightbourne v. McCollum, supra (rejecting a “continuing
exemption” claim by the state). And see AGO 13-13 (Sunshine Law exemption for certain
attorney-client meetings found in s. 286.011[8], F.S., “does not recognize a continuation of the
exemption for ‘derivative claims’ made in separate, subsequent litigation”). Cf. State v. Coca-Cola
Bottling Company of Miami, Inc., supra (although state cannot claim work product exemption
for litigation records after conclusion of litigation, Ch. 119 does not cover oral testimony; thus,
opposing counsel not entitled to take depositions of state representatives regarding the concluded
litigation).
Thus, a school board failed to meet its burden of showing that items contained in a school
board litigation report were exempt from disclosure where there was no evidence that the cases in
question were pending and open when the board received the public records request. Barfield v.
School Board of Manatee County, 135 So. 3d 560 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014).
However, the phrase “conclusion of the litigation or adversarial administrative proceedings”
encompasses post-judgment collection efforts such as a legislative claims bill. Wagner v. Orange
County, 960 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007). And see AGO 94-33, concluding that for purposes
of the attorney-client exemption from the Sunshine Law in s. 286.011(8), F.S., a pending lawsuit
is concluded when the suit is dismissed with prejudice or the applicable statute of limitations has
run; “[t]o allow a plaintiff who has voluntarily dismissed a suit to gain access to transcripts of
strategy or settlement meetings in order to obtain an advantage in the refiling of a lawsuit would
subvert the purpose of the statute.” Cf. Chmielewski v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d 521 (Fla.
2d DCA 2014) (rejecting city’s argument that because an agreement settling a quiet title action
provided for further mediation should a dispute arise regarding the meaning of the agreement,
the case was still pending for purposes of the Sunshine Law exemption in s. 286.011[8], F.S).
In addition, the exemption extends “through prosecution of appeals.” Inf. Op. to Boutsis,
December 13, 2012. Cf. s. 119.071(1)(d)1., F.S. (“For purposes of capital collateral litigation as
set forth in s. 27.7001, the Attorney General’s office is entitled to claim this exemption for those
public records prepared for direct appeal as well as for all capital collateral litigation after direct
appeal until execution of sentence or imposition of a life sentence.”).
c.

Other statutory exemptions relating to litigation records
Section 768.28(16)(b), F.S., provides an exemption for claims files maintained by agencies

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pursuant to a risk management program for tort liability until the termination of all litigation
and settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident. See Wagner v. Orange County, 960
So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007), stating that the phrase “settlement of all claims arising out of
the same incident” included a legislative claims bill.
The exemption afforded by s. 768.28(16), F.S., is limited to tort claims for which the
agency may be liable under s. 768.28, F.S., and does not apply to federal civil rights actions under
42 U.S.C. s. 1983. AGOs 00-20 and 00-07. And see Sun-Sentinel Company v. City of Hallandale,
No. 95-13528(05) (Fla. 17th Cir. Ct. October 11, 1995) (exemption now found at s. 768.28[16]
[b], F.S., for risk management files did not apply to tapes, witness statements and interview
notes taken by police as part of an investigation of a drowning accident at a city summer camp).
Moreover, the exemption does not include outside attorney invoices indicating hours worked
and amount to be paid by the public agency, even though the records may be maintained by the
agency’s risk management office pursuant to a risk management program. AGO 00-07. And see
AGO 92-82 (open meetings exemption provided by s. 768.28, F.S., applies only to meetings held
after a tort claim is filed with the risk management program).
Section 624.311(2), F.S., provides that the “records of insurance claim negotiations of
any state agency or political subdivision are confidential and exempt [from disclosure] until
termination of all litigation and settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident.” A
county’s self-insured workers compensation program is the legal equivalent of “insurance” for
purposes of this exemption. Herskovitz v. Leon County, No. 98-22 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 9,
1998). And see AGO 85-102 (s. 624.311, F.S., exemption includes correspondence regarding
insurance claims negotiations between a county’s retained counsel and its insurance carriers until
termination of litigation and settlement of claims arising out of the same incident). Compare s.
284.40(2), F.S. (claim files maintained by the risk management division of the Department of
Financial Services are confidential, shall be only for the use of the department, and are exempt
from disclosure); and s. 1004.24(4), F.S. (claims files of self-insurance program adopted by Board
of Governors, or the board’s designee, are confidential and exempt).
d.

Attorney notes

Relying on its conclusion in Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, Inc., 379
So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1980), the Florida Supreme Court has recognized that “not all trial preparation
materials are public records.” State v. Kokal, 562 So. 2d 324, 327 (Fla. 1990). In Kokal, the Court
approved the decision of the Fifth District in Orange County v. Florida Land Co., 450 So. 2d 341,
344 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984), review denied, 458 So. 2d 273 (Fla. 1984), which described certain
documents as not within the term “public records” because they were not used to perpetuate,
formalize, or communicate knowledge:
Document No. 2 is a list in rough outline form of items of
evidence which may be needed for trial. Document No. 9 is a
list of questions the county attorney planned to ask a witness.
Document No. 10 is a proposed trial outline. Document No. 11
contains handwritten notes regarding the county’s sewage system
and a meeting with Florida Land’s attorneys. Document No. 15
contains notes (in rough form) regarding the deposition of an
anticipated witness. These documents are merely notes from the
attorneys to themselves designed for their own personal use in
remembering certain things. They seem to be simply preliminary
guides intended to aid the attorneys when they later formalized
the knowledge. We cannot imagine that the Legislature, in
enacting the Public Records Act, intended to include within the
term ‘public records’ this type of material. [Emphasis supplied
by Court]
Similarly, in Johnson v. Butterworth, 713 So. 2d 985, 987 (Fla. 1998), the Court ruled that

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“outlines, time lines, page notations regarding information in the record, and other similar items”
in the case file, do not fall within the definition of public record, and thus are not subject to
disclosure. See also Patton v. State, 784 So. 2d 380, 389 (Fla. 2000) (prosecutor’s personal notes,
i.e., handwritten details of specific questions to ask jurors during voir-dire, notes on potential
jurors, a time-line of events, or specific detailed questions for witnesses, are not public records);
Scott v. Butterworth, 734 So. 2d 391, 393 (Fla. 1999) (handwritten notes and drafts of pleadings
are not public records); Ragsdale v. State, 720 So. 2d 203, 205 (Fla. 1998) (“attorney’s notes
and other such preliminary documents are not public records and are never subject to public
records disclosure”); Valle v. State, 705 So. 2d 1331, 1335 (Fla. 1997) (prosecutors’ notes to
themselves for their own personal use, including outlines of opening and closing arguments and
notes of witness depositions are not public records); Lopez v. State, 696 So. 2d 725, 727 (Fla.
1997) (handwritten notes dealing with trial strategy and cross-examination of witnesses are not
public records); and Atkins v. State, 663 So. 2d 624, 626 (Fla. 1995) (notes of state attorney’s
investigations and annotated photocopies of decisional case law are not public records).
By contrast, documents prepared to communicate, perpetuate, or formalize knowledge
constitute public records and are, therefore, subject to disclosure in the absence of statutory
exemption. See Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid & Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633, 640
(Fla. 1980), stating that “[i]nter-office memoranda and intra-office memoranda communicating
information from one public employee to another or merely prepared for filing, even though not
a part of an agency’s later, formal public product, would nonetheless constitute public records
inasmuch as they supply the final evidence of knowledge obtained in connection with the
transaction of official business.”
Thus, in Coleman v. Austin, 521 So. 2d 247, 248 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988), the court observed
that “although notes from attorneys to themselves might not be public records when intended
for their own personal use, inter-office and intra-office memoranda may constitute public records
even though encompassing trial preparation materials.” And see Orange County v. Florida Land
Company, supra, in which the court concluded that trial preparation materials consisting of
interoffice and intraoffice memoranda communicating information from one public employee to
another or merely prepared for filing, even though not part of the agency’s formal work product,
were public records although such circulated trial preparation materials might be exempt from
disclosure pursuant to s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S., while the litigation is ongoing. See also AGO 0523 (handwritten notes prepared by city’s assistant labor attorney during her interviews with city
employees are public records “when those notes are made to perpetuate and formalize knowledge
and to communicate that information to the city’s labor attorney”).
17.

Personal records not made or received in the course of official business

As noted in AGO 04-33, the broad definition of “public record” makes it clear that the
“form of the record is irrelevant; the material issue is whether the record is made or received by
the public agency in connection with the transaction of official business.” See s. 119.011(12),
F.S., defining the term “public records” to mean materials “made or received pursuant to law or
ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business by any agency.” See also Shevin
v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633, 640 (Fla. 1980), stating that
in order to constitute “public records” for purposes of Ch. 119 disclosure requirements, the
records must have been prepared “in connection with official agency business” and be intended
to “perpetuate, communicate, or formalize knowledge of some type.”
Accordingly, records which are not made or received in connection with the transaction of
official business do not constitute public records for purposes of Ch. 119 disclosure requirements.
See e.g. Butler v. City of Hallandale Beach, 68 So. 3d 278 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (e-mail sent by
mayor from her personal account using her personal computer and blind copied to friends and
supporters did not constitute a public record because the e-mail was not made pursuant to law or
ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business).

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In evaluating whether a record is made or received in connection with the official business
of an agency, “the determining factor is the nature of the record, not its physical location.” State v.
City of Clearwater, 863 So. 2d 149, 154 (Fla. 2003). In Clearwater, the Court held that personal
e-mails between government employees on government-owned computers which were not made
or received in the course of official business did not constitute public records. See also Bent v.
State, 46 So. 3d 1047, 1050 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (recordings made by sheriff’s office of personal
telephone calls between minors in jail awaiting trial and third parties are not public records when
contents of the phone calls do not involve criminal activity or a security breach); and Media
General Operations, Inc. v. Feeney, 849 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (records of personal or
private calls of legislative employees using cellular phone service provided by a political party do
not constitute official business of the Legislature and are not subject to public disclosure).
However, in concluding that the location of e-mails on a government computer does not
control the application of Public Records Act, the Clearwater court also cautioned that the case
before it did not involve e-mails “that may have been isolated by a government employee whose
job required him or her to locate employee misuse of government computers.” State v. City of
Clearwater, at 151n.2. And see Miami-Dade County v. Professional Law Enforcement Association,
997 So. 2d 1289 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009) (personal flight log of pilots paid by county which are
required as part of pilots’ administrative duties are distinguishable from personal e-mails in City
of Clearwater case and are subject to disclosure). See also AGO 09-19 (because the creation of
a city Facebook page must be for a municipal, not private purpose, the “placement of material
on the city’s page would presumably be in furtherance of such purpose and in connection with
the transaction of official business and thus subject to the provisions of Chapter 119, Florida
Statutes”),
Similarly, the mere fact that an e-mail is sent from a private e-mail account using a personal
computer is not the determining factor as to whether it is a public record; it is whether the
e-mail was prepared or received in connection with official agency business. See Butler v. City of
Hallandale Beach, supra. For example, if a public employee sends a proposed agency budget to
his or her supervisor for review, the report is a public record, regardless of whether the report was
sent from the employee’s agency e-mail account using a government computer, or from his or her
home computer using a personal e-mail account. Cf. AG0 16-16 (hospital district not authorized
to reimburse a board member for attorney fees incurred in responding to a public records request
for records relating to her board service which were stored in her private computer and telephone
when no suit, claim, charge or action was instituted against the commissioner when the fees were
incurred).
Thus, in Bill of Rights, Inc. v. City of New Smyrna Beach, No. 2009-20218-CINS (Fla. 7th
Cir. Ct. April 8, 2010), the court concluded that billing documents regarding personal calls made
and received by city employees on city-owned or city-leased cellular telephones are public records,
when those documents are received and maintained in connection with the transaction of official
business; “and, the ‘official business’ of a city includes paying for telephone service and obtaining
reimbursement from employees for personal calls.” See also AGO 77-141 (copies of letters or
other documents received by the mayor in his official capacity constitute records received “in
connection with the transaction of official business” and therefore are public records). Compare
Inf. Op. to Burke, April 14, 2010 (while the licensing board, and not Attorney General’s Office,
must determine whether a letter, allegedly sent to the board by mistake, had been received by the
board in connection with the transaction of official business, the board “may wish to consider
whether circumstances characterize how the document was received, such as does the letter relate
to a past, existing, or potential investigation by the board”).
18.

Personnel records

The general rule with regard to personnel records is the same as for other public records;
unless the Legislature has expressly exempted certain personnel records from disclosure or
authorized the agency to adopt rules limiting access to such records, personnel records are subject

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to public inspection and copying under s. 119.07(1), F.S. See Michel v. Douglas, 464 So. 2d 545
(Fla. 1985).
a.

Annuity or custodial account activities

Records identifying individual participants in any annuity contract or custodial account
under s. 112.21, F.S. (relating to tax-sheltered annuities or custodial accounts for employees of
governmental agencies) and their personal account activities are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1), F.S. Section 112.21(1), F.S.
b.

Applications for employment, references, and resumes

Applications and resumes are subject to disclosure, after redaction of statutorily exempt
information such as social security numbers. See Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid
and Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1980); and AGOs 15-10 and 77-48. Similarly,
communications from third parties are subject to disclosure. See Douglas v. Michel, 410 So.
2d 936 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982), questions answered and approved, 464 So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1985). A
written employment contract is a public record. AGO 13-14.
c.

Collective bargaining

(1)

Relationship of collective bargaining agreement to personnel records

A collective bargaining agreement between a public employer and its employees may not
validly make the personnel records of public employees confidential or exempt the same from the
Public Records Act. AGO 77-48. Thus, employee grievance records are disclosable even though
classified as confidential in a collective bargaining contract because “to allow the elimination of
public records from the mandate of Chapter 119 by private contract would sound the death
knell of the Act.” Mills v. Doyle, 407 So. 2d 348, 350 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981). Cf. Palm Beach
County Classroom Teacher’s Association v. School Board of Palm Beach County, 411 So. 2d 1375,
1376 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982) (collective bargaining agreement cannot be used “to circumvent the
requirements of public meetings” in s. 286.011, F.S.).
Similarly, a city may not remove and destroy disciplinary notices, with or without the
employee’s consent, during the course of resolving collective bargaining grievances, except in
accordance with retention schedules established by the Division of Library and Information
Services of the Department of State. AGO 94-75. Accord AGO 94-54.
(2)

Collective bargaining work product exemption
Section 447.605(3), F.S., provides:
All work products developed by the public employer in
preparation for negotiations, and during negotiations, shall be
confidential and exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1), F.S.

The exemption is limited and does not remove budgetary or fiscal information from the
purview of Ch. 119, F.S. See Bay County School Board v. Public Employees Relations Commission,
382 So. 2d 747, 749 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980), noting that records which are prepared for other
purposes do not, as a result of being used in negotiations, come within the s. 447.605(3)
exemption; and Warden v. Bennett, 340 So. 2d 977 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976), ordering that working
papers used in preparing a college budget be produced for inspection by a labor organizer.
Thus, proposals and counter proposals presented during the course of collective bargaining
would appear to be subject to public disclosure. However, written notes taken by the representative
of a fire control district during collective bargaining sessions for use in preparing for subsequent
bargaining sessions which reflect the impressions, strategies and opinions of the district representative
are exempt pursuant to s. 447.605(3), F.S. Inf. Op. to Fulwider, June 14, 1993.

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d.

Complaints against employees

Section 119.071(2)(k), F.S., provides that a complaint of misconduct filed with an agency
against an agency employee and all information obtained pursuant to an investigation by the
agency of the complaint is confidential and exempt until the investigation ceases to be active,
or until the agency provides written notice to the employee who is the subject of the complaint,
either personally or by mail, that the agency has either:
a. Concluded the investigation with a finding not to proceed with disciplinary action or
file charges; or
b. Concluded the investigation with a finding to proceed with disciplinary action or file
charges.
Prior to the enactment of this statute in 2013, there was no general exemption from
public disclosure for complaints and investigative records based on alleged misconduct by
agency employees. See e.g., AGO 04-22 (anonymous letter sent to city officials containing
allegations of misconduct by city employees is a public record). Instead, the Legislature enacted
exemptions pertaining to specific types of complaints and investigations. See e.g. s. 943.03(2),
F.S., providing for confidentiality of Florida Department of Law Enforcement records relating to
an active investigation of misconduct, in connection with their official duties, of public officials
and employees and of members of public corporations and authorities subject to suspension or
removal by the Governor.
For information on the exemptions for whistleblower, discrimination and ethics complaints
directed against public officials and employees, please refer to the discussion on pages 89-93. A
discussion of exemptions addressing complaints against law enforcement officers and educators
follows:
(1)

Law enforcement officers and correctional officers

(a)

Scope of exemption and duration of confidentiality

In the absence of an express legislative exemption, law enforcement personnel records are
open to inspection just like those of other public employees. See Tribune Company v. Cannella,
438 So. 2d 516, 524 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983), quashed on other grounds, 458 So. 2d 1075 (Fla.
1984), appeal dismissed sub nom., Deperte v. Tribune Company, 105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985) (law
enforcement personnel records compiled and maintained by the employing agency “can never
constitute criminal investigative or intelligence information within the meaning of the Public
Records Act even if subpoenaed by another law enforcement agency at some point after their
original compilation by the employing agency”).
However, section 112.533(2)(a), F.S., provides that complaints filed against law
enforcement officers and correctional officers, and all information obtained pursuant to the
agency’s investigation of the complaint, are confidential until the investigation is no longer active
or until the agency head or his or her designee provides written notice to the officer who is the
subject of the complaint that the agency has concluded the investigation with a finding to either
proceed or not to proceed with disciplinary action or the filing of charges.
The term “law enforcement officer” is defined as any person, other than a chief of police,
who is employed full time by any municipality or the state or any political subdivision thereof
and whose primary responsibility is the prevention and detection of crime or the enforcement of
the penal, traffic, or highway laws of this state; and includes any person who is appointed by the
sheriff as a deputy sheriff pursuant to s. 30.07, F.S. Section 112.531(1), F.S.
Complaints filed with the employing agency by any person, whether within or outside the
agency, are subject to the exemption. AGO 93-61. However, the complaint must be in writing
in order for the confidentiality provisions to apply. City of Delray Beach v. Barfield, 579 So. 2d

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315 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991). Cf. Fraternal Order of Police v. Rutherford, 51 So. 3d 485, 488 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2010) (written complaint not necessary to trigger confidentiality afforded by s. 112.532[4]
[b], F.S., as that statute provides a broader confidentiality for ongoing investigations whenever a
law enforcement or correctional officer faces possible dismissal, demotion, or suspension without
pay until the investigating agency “completes or abandons its investigation”).
While s. 112.533, F.S., applies to complaints and records obtained pursuant to the law
enforcement agency’s investigation of the complaint, it does not transform otherwise public
records (such as crime or incident reports) into confidential records simply because the actions
which are described in the crime report later form the basis of a complaint filed pursuant to s.
112.533, F.S. AGO 96-27. Thus, a circuit judge ordered a police department to provide the
media with a copy of an unredacted incident report that identified a police officer involved in the
shooting of an armed suspect. Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. Thomason, No. 16-2005-CA-7052XXXX-MA (Fla. 4th Cir. Ct. October 14, 2004). And see AGO 08-33 (list of law enforcement
officers who have been placed on administrative duty by their employer is not confidential under
s. 112.533[2][a], F.S., but is subject to inspection and copying even if information on the list will
identify officers who are the subject of internal investigation).
If the officer resigns prior to the agency’s completion of its investigation, the exemption
from disclosure provided by s. 112.533(2), F.S., no longer applies, even if the agency is still
actively investigating the complaint. AGO 91-73. However, if the complaint has generated
information which qualifies as active criminal investigative information, i.e., information
compiled by a criminal justice agency while conducting an ongoing criminal investigation of
a specific act, such information would be exempt while the investigation is continuing with a
good faith anticipation of securing an arrest or prosecution in the foreseeable future. Id. See s.
112.533(2)(b), F.S., providing that the disclosure provisions do not apply to any public record
[such as active criminal investigative information exempted in s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S.] which is
exempt from disclosure pursuant to Ch. 119, F.S.
The exemption is of limited duration. Section 112.533(2), F.S., establishes that the
complaint and all information gathered in the investigation of that complaint generally become
public records at the conclusion of the investigation or at such time as the investigation becomes
inactive. AGO 95-59. Thus, a court ruled that the exemption ended once the sheriff’s office
provided the accused deputy with a letter stating that the investigation had been completed, the
allegations had been sustained, and that the deputy would be notified of the disciplinary action
to be taken. Neumann v. Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association, 763 So. 2d 1181 (Fla.
4th DCA 2000).
However, the mere fact that written notice of intervening actions is provided to the officer
under investigation does not signal the end of the investigation nor does such notice make this
information public prior to the conclusion of the investigation. AGO 95-59. Similarly, the
exemption remains in effect if an agency schedules a pre-disciplinary determination meeting with
an officer to hear and evaluate the officer’s side of the case because “[d]iscipline is not an accepted
fact at this point.” Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association v. Neumann, 796 So. 2d 1278,
1280 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001).
A complaint is presumed to be inactive, and hence subject to disclosure, if no finding is
made within 45 days after the complaint is filed. Section 112.533(2)(b), F.S. See City of Delray
Beach v. Barfield, 579 So. 2d at 318 (trial court’s finding that complaint was inactive, despite
contrary testimony of law enforcement officers conducting the investigation, comes to appellate
court “clothed with its own presumption of correctness--especially, as here, where there is other
record evidence which sustains it”).
(b)

Limitations on disclosure
Section 112.533(2)(b), F.S., states that the inspection provisions in that subsection do

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not apply to any public record which is exempt from public disclosure under Ch. 119, F.S. For
example, active criminal investigative or intelligence information which is exempt pursuant to
s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S., remains exempt notwithstanding the disclosure provisions set forth in s.
112.533(2)(a), F.S. Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association v. Neumann, 796 So. 2d
1278 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001). And see AGO 91-73. Thus, in such cases, the information would
be subject to disclosure when the criminal investigative information exemption ends, rather than
as provided in s. 112.533(2), F.S. Cf. City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1994), review denied, 651 So. 2d 1192 (Fla. 1995) (exempt active criminal investigative
information may be shared with another criminal justice agency for use in a simultaneous internal
affairs investigation and retain its protected status).
Similarly, information that would reveal the identity of the victim of child abuse or the
victim of a sexual offense is not subject to disclosure since the information is exempt pursuant to
s. 119.071(2)(h), F.S. Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association v. Neumann, supra.
However, the state attorney’s records of a closed criminal investigation are not made
confidential by s. 112.533, F.S., even though an internal investigation conducted by the police
department remains pending concerning the same complaint. AGO 00-66. Cf. AGO 96-05,
noting that a police report of an agency’s criminal investigation of a police officer is a public
record in the hands of the police department after the investigation is over regardless of whether
a copy of the report is forwarded to the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission or
to the Commission on Ethics.
(c)

Unauthorized disclosure penalties

Section 112.533(4), F.S., makes it a first degree misdemeanor for any person who is a
participant in an internal investigation to willfully disclose any information obtained pursuant
to the agency’s investigation before such information becomes a public record. However, the
subsection “does not limit a law enforcement or correctional officer’s ability to gain access to
information under paragraph (2)(a).” Section 112.533(4), F.S. In addition, a sheriff, police chief
or other head of a law enforcement agency, or his or her designee, may acknowledge the existence
of a complaint, and the fact that an investigation is underway. Id.
The Attorney General’s Office has issued several advisory opinions interpreting this statute.
See, e.g., AGO 03-60 (while public disclosure of information obtained pursuant to an internal
investigation prior to its becoming a public record is prohibited, s. 112.533[4], F.S., “would
not preclude intradepartmental communications among those participating in the investigation).
Cf. AGO 97-62 (confidentiality requirements prevent the participation of a citizens’ board
in resolving a complaint made against a law enforcement officer until the officer’s employing
agency has made its initial findings). But see Cooper v. Dillon, 403 F. 3d 1208, 1218-1219
(11th Cir. 2005), in which the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that s. 112.533(4), F.S.,
was unconstitutional “[b]ecause the curtailment of First Amendment freedoms by Fla. Stat.
ch. 112.533(4) is not supported by a compelling state interest, the statute fails to satisfy strict
scrutiny and unconstitutionally abridges the rights to speak, publish, and petition government.”
(2)

Public school system employees

The complaint and material relating to the investigation of a complaint against a public
school system employee are confidential until the preliminary investigation is either concluded
or ceases to be active. Section 1012.31(3)(a)1., F.S. See AGO 91-75 (while exemption applies
when a complaint against a district employee has been filed and an investigation against that
employee ensues, it does not provide a basis for withholding documents compiled in a general
investigation of school departments). Cf. Johnson v. Deluz, 875 So. 2d 1,3 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004)
(because “legislature had no intention of permitting confidential student information to be made
public,” student-identifying information must be redacted from public report of investigation of
school principal); and Rhea v. District Board of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d 851 (Fla.

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1st DCA 2013) (student’s unredacted e-mail complaining about an college instructor’s classroom
behavior qualifies as an exempt “education record”).
While s. 1012.31(1)(b), F.S., prohibits placing anonymous letters and material in a school
district employee’s personnel file, the statute does not prevent a school board from investigating
the allegations contained in an anonymous letter nor does it permit the school board to destroy
the anonymous material absent compliance with statutory restrictions on destruction of public
records. AGO 87-48. Moreover, the personnel file is open at all times to school board members,
the superintendent, or the principal, or their respective designees in the exercise of their duties,
and to law enforcement personnel in the conduct of a lawful criminal investigation. Section
1012.31(3)(b) and (c), F.S.
(3)

State university and Florida College System institution employees

For information on statutory exemptions for complaints filed against state university or
Florida College System institution (formerly community college) employees, please refer to the
discussion of employee evaluations on pages 130-131.
e.

Conditions for inspection of personnel records

An agency is not authorized to unilaterally impose special conditions for the inspection
of personnel records. An automatic delay in the production of such records is invalid. Tribune
Company v. Cannella, 458 So. 2d 1075 (Fla. 1984), appeal dismissed sub nom., DePerte v. Tribune
Company, 105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985) (automatic 48 hour delay unauthorized by Ch. 119, F.S.). And
see Alterra Healthcare Corporation v. Estate of Shelley, 827 So. 2d 936, 940n.4 (Fla. 2002) (“only
the custodian of such records can assert any applicable exemption; not the employee”).
Thus, while an agency is not precluded from notifying an employee that a request has been
made to inspect his or her personnel records, in the absence of express legislative authority, the
production of personnel records may not be delayed in order to allow the employee to be notified
or present during the inspection of the public records relating to that employee. Compare s.
1012.31(3)(a)3., F.S., providing that no material derogatory to a public school employee may be
inspected until 10 days after the employee has been notified by certified mail or personal delivery
as provided in s. 1012.31(2)(c), F.S.
(1)

Privacy concerns

The courts have rejected claims that constitutional privacy interests operate to shield
agency personnel records from disclosure. See Michel v. Douglas, 464 So. 2d 545, 546 (Fla.
1985), holding that the state constitution “does not provide a right of privacy in public records”
and that a state or federal right of disclosural privacy does not exist.
“Absent an applicable statutory exception, pursuant to Florida’s Public Records Act
(embodied in chapter 119, Florida Statutes), public employees (as a general rule) do not have
privacy rights in such records.” Alterra Healthcare Corporation v. Estate of Shelley, 827 So. 2d 936,
940n.4 (Fla. 2002). See also Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, Inc., 379 So.
2d 633 (Fla. 1980); and Mills v. Doyle, 407 So. 2d 348 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981). But see Fadjo v.
Coon, 633 F.2d 1172, 1175n.3 (5th Cir. 1981), noting that “it is clear that the legislature cannot
authorize by statute an unconstitutional invasion of privacy.”
Additionally, the judiciary has refused to deny access to personnel records based on claims
that the release of such information could prove embarrassing or unpleasant for the employee.
See e.g., News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Gadd, 388 So. 2d 276, 278 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980)
(absent a statutory exemption, a court is not free to consider public policy questions regarding
the relative significance of the public’s interest in disclosure and damage to an individual or
institution resulting from such disclosure).

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Public employers should note, however, that a court has held that an agency must provide
a discharged employee with an opportunity for a post-termination name-clearing hearing when
stigmatizing information concerning the employee is made a part of the public records or is
otherwise published. Buxton v. City of Plant City, Florida, 871 F.2d 1037 (11th Cir. 1989).
See also Garcia v. Walder Electronics, Inc., 563 So. 2d 723 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990), review denied,
576 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 1990) (public employer has an affirmative duty to inform a discharged
employee of his right to seek a post-termination name-clearing hearing). Cf. Cannon v. City of
West Palm Beach, 250 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001) (failure to provide name-clearing hearing
to employee who alleged that he was denied a promotion due to stigmatizing information in
his personnel file does not violate the employee’s due process rights, because “in this circuit a
‘discharge or more’ is required”).
(2)

Sealed records

An agency is not authorized to “seal” disciplinary notices and thereby remove such notices
from disclosure under the Public Records Act. AGO 94-75. Nor may an agency, absent a
statutory exemption for such records, agree to remove counseling slips and written reprimands
from an employee’s personnel file and maintain such documents in a separate disciplinary file
for the purpose of removing such records from public access. AGO 94-54. Accord AGO 1119 (superintendent’s failure to comply with a statutory requirement to discuss a performance
evaluation with the employee before filing it in the employee’s personnel file, does not change the
public records status of the evaluation; the evaluation is a public record and may not be removed
from public view or destroyed). And see AGO 15-10 (agency may not “seal” job applications or
request that they be submitted as “sealed” records to foreclose public access).
f.

Criminal history information

Except where specific exemptions apply, criminal history information is a public record.
AGO 77-125; Inf. Op. to Lymn, June 1, 1990.
In some cases, criminal or juvenile records information obtained by specific agencies as
part of a background check required for certain positions has been made confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), F.S., or use of the information is restricted. See, e.g., s. 110.1127(2)(d) and
(e), F.S. (positions in programs providing care to children, the developmentally disabled, or
vulnerable adults, or positions having access to abuse records); s. 1002.36(7)(d), F.S. (School for
the Deaf and the Blind); and s. 39.821, F.S. (guardian ad litem).
Federal confidentiality provisions also apply to criminal history information received from
the U.S. government. For example, criminal history information shared with a public school
district by the Federal Bureau of Investigation retains its character as a federal record to which
only limited access is provided by federal law and is not subject to public inspection under
Florida’s Public Records Act. AGO 99-01. However, information developed by the school
district from further inquiry into references in the federal criminal history record information is a
public record which should be included in a school district employee’s personnel file. Id.
Sections 943.0585 and 943.059, F.S., prohibit a records custodian who has received
information relating to the existence of an expunged or sealed criminal history record from
disclosing the existence of such record. AGO 94-49.
g.

Deferred compensation

All records identifying individual participants in any deferred compensation plan under the
Government Employees’ Deferred Compensation Plan Act and their personal account activities
shall be confidential and exempt. Section 112.215(7), F.S.
h.

Direct deposit
Direct deposit records made prior to October 1, 1986, are exempt from s. 119.07(1),

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F.S. With respect to direct deposit records made on or after October 1, 1986, the names of the
authorized financial institutions and the account numbers of the beneficiaries are confidential
and exempt. Section 17.076(5), F.S.
i.

Drug test results

Drug test results and other information received or produced by a state agency employer as
a result of a drug-testing program in accordance with s. 112.0455, F.S., the Drug-Free Workplace
Act, are confidential and exempt, and may not be disclosed except as authorized in the statute.
Section 112.0455(11), F.S. See also s. 112.0455(8)(l) and (t), F.S.
While the provisions of s. 112.0455, F.S., are applicable to state agencies and not to
municipalities, ss. 440.101-440.102, F.S., may be used by a municipality or other entity that
is an “employer” for purposes of these statutes, to establish a drug-free workplace program. See
AGO 98-38. Section 440.102(8), F.S., provides for confidentiality of drug test results or other
information received as a result of a drug-testing program implemented pursuant to Ch. 440,
F.S. AGO 13-19. Cf. AGO 94-51 (city not authorized to delete or remove consent forms or
records of disciplinary action relating to city employees’ drug testing from personnel records
when drug testing was not conducted pursuant to s. 440.102, F.S.); and Inf. Op. to McCormack,
May 13, 1997 (s. 440.102[8], F.S., applies to public employees and not to drug test results of
public assistance applicants). And see s. 443.1715(3), F.S., relating to confidentiality of drug
test information and limited disclosure in proceedings conducted for purposes of determining
compensability under the reemployment assistance law.
In AGO 96-58, the Attorney General’s Office advised that the medical director for a city
fire and rescue department may submit drug test results to the state health department pursuant
to s. 401.265(2), F.S., requiring a medical director to report to the department any emergency
medical technician or paramedic who may have acted in a manner constituting grounds for
discipline under the licensing law. The tests were conducted during routine pre-employment and
annual fitness for duty examinations and not pursuant to ss. 440.101-440.102, F.S.
j.

Employee assistance program

An employee’s personal identifying information contained in records held by the employing
agency relating to that employee’s participation in an employee assistance program is confidential
and exempt from disclosure. See ss. 110.1091 (state employees), 125.585 (county employees),
and 166.0444 (municipal employees), F.S.
k.

Employment search or consultant records

“[D]ocuments provided to a consultant in relation to his acting on behalf of a public
agency are public documents.” Wallace v. Guzman, 687 So. 2d 1351, 1353 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997).
Thus, if an agency uses a recruitment company to conduct an employment search for the agency,
records made or received by the private company in connection with the search are public
records. AGO 92-80. See also Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, 379 So.
2d 633 (Fla. 1980) (firm of consultants hired to conduct an employment search for position of
managing director of a public agency was “acting on behalf of ” a public agency and thus letters,
memoranda, resumes, and travel vouchers made or received by consultants as part of search were
public records).
l.

Evaluations of employee performance

Evaluations of public employee performance are generally subject to disclosure. As the
Florida Supreme Court pointed out in News-Press Publishing Company v. Wisher, 345 So. 2d 646,
648 (Fla. 1977):
No policy of the state protects a public employee from the
embarrassment which results from his or her public employer’s

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discussion or action on the employee’s failure to perform his or
her duties properly.
However, there are statutory restrictions on access to evaluations of employee performance
for public school system employees. Section 1012.31(3)(a), F.S. Similarly, there are exemptions
for evaluations contained in limited-access records prescribed by a hospital or other facility
licensed under Ch. 395, F.S., for employees of the facility, s. 395.3025(9), F.S.; prescribed by the
State Board of Education for Florida College System institution employees, s. 1012.81, F.S.; or
prescribed by a university board of trustees for its employees, s. 1012.91, F.S.
A discussion of each of these exemptions follows:
(1)

Hospital employees

Section 395.3025(9), F.S., authorizes hospitals to prescribe the content of limited-access
employee records which are not available for disclosure for 5 years after such designation. Such
records are limited to evaluations of employee performance, including records forming the basis
for evaluation and subsequent actions. See Times Publishing Company v. Tampa General Hospital,
No. 93-03362 (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. May 27, 1993) (s. 395.3025[9] exemption does not apply
to list of terminated hospital employees; hospital ordered to allow newspaper to inspect list
and personnel files of those persons named in list after “limited-access” documents have been
removed).
(2)

Public school employees

Employee evaluations of public school system employees prepared pursuant to cited
statutes are confidential until the end of the school year immediately following the school year
during which the evaluation was made; however, no evaluations made prior to July 1, 1983,
shall be made public. Section 1012.31(3)(a)2., F.S. However, the exemption applies only to the
“employee evaluation.” See Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. Department of Education, 133 So.
3d 957, 960 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013), review denied, 157 So. 3d 1046 (Fla. 2014) (“While section
1012.31[3][a]2 provides that the evaluation of a public school teacher is not subject to disclosure
under the public records law, it does not follow that any information or data used to prepare the
evaluation is likewise exempt from disclosure”).
Moreover, information obtained from evaluation forms circulated by the local teacher’s
union to its members that is provided unsolicited to the superintendent is not exempt under this
statute. AGO 94-94. In addition, written comments and performance memoranda prepared by
individual school board members regarding an appointed superintendent are not exempt from
disclosure. AGO 97-23. Cf. AGO 11-19, concluding that a superintendent’s failure to comply
with a statute requiring that a performance evaluation be discussed with an employee before it is
filed in the employee’s personnel file, does not change the public records status of the evaluation;
the evaluation is a public record and may not be removed from public view or destroyed.
(3)

State university and Florida College System institution employees

Limited-access records maintained by a state university on its employees are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S., and may be released only upon authorization in writing from
the employee or upon court order. Without such authorization, access to the records is limited
to university personnel as specified in the statute. Section 1012.91, F.S.
“Limited-access records” are limited to: information reflecting academic evaluations
of employee performance that are open to inspection only by the employee and university
officials responsible for supervision of the employee; records relating to an investigation of
employee misconduct which records are confidential until the conclusion of the investigation
or the investigation ceases to be active as defined in the exemption; and records maintained
for the purpose of any disciplinary proceeding against the employee or records maintained for
any grievance proceeding brought by an employee for enforcement of a collective bargaining

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agreement or contract until a final decision is made. Section 1012.91(1), F.S.
For sexual harassment investigations of university personnel, portions of records that
identify or reasonably could lead to the identification of the complainant or a witness also
constitute limited-access records. Section 1012.91(2), F.S. Records which comprise the
common core items contained in the State University System Student Assessment of Instruction
instrument may not be prescribed as limited-access records. Section 1012.91(4), F.S.
Regarding Florida College System institution employees, s. 1012.81, F.S., states that rules
of the State Board of Education shall prescribe the content and custody of limited-access records
maintained by a Florida College System institution on its employees. Such records are limited
to information reflecting academic evaluations of employee performance and certain disciplinary
and grievance records as described in the exemption. Limited access records are confidential and
exempt and may not be released except as authorized in the exemption. Cf. Rhea v. District Board
of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d 851 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (student’s unredacted e-mail
complaining about an instructor’s classroom behavior qualifies as an exempt “education record”).
m.

Examination questions and answer sheets

Examination questions and answer sheets of examinations administered by governmental
entities for the purpose of licensure, certification, or employment are exempt from mandatory
disclosure requirements. Section 119.071(1)(a), F.S. See Dickerson v. Hayes, 543 So. 2d 836, 837
(Fla. 1st DCA 1989) (applying exemption to portions of rating sheets used by promotion board
which contained summaries of applicants’ responses to oral examination questions where the oral
questioning “was a formalized procedure with identical questions asked of each applicant [which]
‘tested’ the applicants’ response both as to style and content”). And see Rush v. High Springs, 82
So. 3d 1108 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (exemption applies to questions and answers contained in preemployment polygraph examinations).
The exemption from disclosure in s. 119.071(1)(a), F.S., applies to examination
questions and answers, and does not include the “impressions and grading of the responses”
by the examiners. See Dickerson v. Hayes, supra at 837. Compare s. 455.229(1), F.S., providing
confidentiality for “examination questions, answers, papers, grades, and grading keys” used in
licensing examinations administered by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation.
A person who has taken an examination has the right to review his or her own completed
examination. Section 119.071(1)(a), F.S. See AGO 76-210, stating that an examinee has the
right to inspect the results of a completed civil service promotional examination, including
question and answer sheets, after the examination has been completed. However, the examinee
possesses only the right to review his or her own completed examination and may not make or
obtain copies of that examination. AGO 81-12.
n.

Home addresses, telephone numbers and other personal information

In the absence of statutory exemption, home addresses, telephone numbers, photographs,
and dates of birth of public officers and employees are not exempt from disclosure. See AGO
96-88 (home addresses and telephone numbers and business addresses and telephone numbers of
members of state and district human rights advocacy committees are public records); Browning v.
Walton, 351 So. 2d 380 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977) (city cannot refuse to allow inspection of records
containing the names and addresses of city employees who have filled out forms requesting that
the city maintain the confidentiality of their personnel files). And see United Teachers of Dade
v. School Board of Dade County, No. 92-17803 (01) (Fla. 11th Cir. Ct. Nov. 30, 1992) (home
telephone numbers and addresses of school district employees not protected by constitutional
right to privacy; only the Legislature can exempt such information). Cf. AGO 85-03 (list
containing names and addresses of subscribers to state magazine is a public record).
(1) Listing of public officers and employees covered by exemptions

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The home addresses and other personal information pertaining to certain public officers
and employees and their spouses and children have been exempted in ss. 119.071(4)(d) and
119.071(5)(i) and (k), F.S. Often, the photographs and dates of birth of these individuals
are also exempt from disclosure. The names of the spouses and children of certain designated
employees are exempt as well. In most cases, the exemptions apply to former as well as current
employees.
In some instances, the exemption is not applicable to all employees who fall within the
affected class but instead is limited to those employees who have made reasonable efforts to
protect the information from being accessible to the public. Accordingly, it is important to
review the scope of the exemption for each class of employee.
For purposes of s. 119.071(4)(d), F.S., the term “telephone numbers” includes “home
telephone numbers, personal cellular telephone numbers, personal pager telephone numbers, and
telephone numbers associated with personal communications devices.” Section 119.071(4)(d)1.,
F.S. Note: Section 119.071(4)(d), F.S., references the social security number for some of the
designated employees; however, because s. 119.071(4)(a), F.S., states that “social security numbers
of all current and former agency employees held by the employing agency” are confidential and
exempt, this information has not been reprinted in this section. And see s. 119.071(5)(a), F.S.,
providing confidentiality for social security numbers held by an agency.
(a)

Abuse investigators for Department of Children and Families and Department of
Health
a. 	Scope of exemption: Active or former personnel of the Department of Children and
Families whose duties include the investigation of abuse, neglect, exploitation, fraud,
theft or other criminal activities; and active or former personnel of the Department of
Health whose duties are to support the investigation of child abuse or neglect
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers,
photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.a., F.S.

(b)

Code enforcement officers
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former code enforcement officers
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.g., F.S.

(c)

County tax collectors
a. 	Scope of exemption: County tax collectors, if the tax collector has made reasonable
efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other means available
to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses and telephone numbers
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and places

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of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the names and
locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.l., F.S.
(d)

Domestic violence and other specified crime victims
Please refer to the discussion on pages 71-72.

(e)

Emergency medical technicians or paramedics
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former emergency medical technicians or paramedics
certified under Ch. 401, F.S., who have made reasonable efforts to protect such
information from being accessible through other means available to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.o., F.S.

(f )

Firefighters
a. 	Scope of exemption: Firefighters certified in compliance with s. 633.408, F.S.
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth,
photographs, and places of employment of spouses and children of such firefighters;
and the names and locations of the schools and day care facilities attended by the
children of the firefighters
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.b., F.S.

(g)

Guardians ad litem
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former guardians ad litem, as defined in s. 39.820,
F.S., if the guardian ad litem provides a written statement that the guardian ad litem
has made reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through
other means available to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, places of
employment, and photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates
of birth, and places of employment of spouses and children of such persons; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
persons
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.h., F.S.

(h)

Hospital employees
Please refer to the discussion on page 88.

(i)

Human resource managers (local governments)
a. Scope of exemption: Current or former human resource, labor relations, or employee
relations directors, assistant directors, managers, or assistant managers of any local
government agency or water management district whose duties include hiring and firing
employees, labor contract negotiation, administration, or other personnel-related duties

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b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.f., F.S.
(j)

Impaired practitioner consultants
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former impaired practitioner consultants retained
by an agency or current or former employees of an impaired practitioner consultant
whose duties result in a determination of a person’s skill and safety to practice a licensed
profession
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such consultants or
their employees; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such consultants or employees
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.n., F.S.

(k)

Inspectors general and internal auditors performing specified duties
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former personnel employed in an agency’s office
of inspector general or internal audit department whose duties include auditing or
investigating waste, fraud, abuse, theft, exploitation, or other activities that could
lead to criminal prosecution or administrative discipline, if the personnel have made
reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other
means available to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.p., F.S.

(l)

Investigators and inspectors of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former investigators or inspectors of the Department
of Business and Professional Regulation if the individual has made reasonable efforts
to protect such information from being accessible through other means available to the
public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, and photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and places
of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the names and
locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.k., F.S.

(m)

Investigators of the Department of Financial Services with specified duties
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former nonsworn investigative personnel of the
Department of Financial Services whose duties include the investigation of fraud,

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theft, workers’ compensation coverage requirements and compliance, other related
criminal activities, or state regulatory requirement violations
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel.
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.a.(IV)
(n)

Judges, magistrates, and hearing officers (state)

I.

Administrative law judges, magistrates, and child support hearing officers
a. 	Scope of exemption: General magistrates, special magistrates, judges of compensation
claims, administrative law judges of the Division of Administrative Hearings, and child
support enforcement hearing officers, if the individual provides a written statement
that he or she has made reasonable efforts to protect such information from being
accessible through other means available to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers
c. Family information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth,
and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.e., F.S.

II.

Court justices and judges
a.	Scope of exemption: Current or former Justices of the Supreme Court, district court
of appeal judges, circuit court judges, and county court judges
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers
c. Family information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth,
and places of employment of the spouses and children of current or former justices and
judges; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the
children of such justices and judges
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.c., F.S.

(o)

Juvenile Justice juvenile probation and detention officers and counselors
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former juvenile probation officers and supervisors,
detention superintendents and assistant superintendents, juvenile justice detention
officers and supervisors, juvenile justice residential officers and supervisors, juvenile
justice counselors, supervisors, and administrators, human services counselor
administrators, rehabilitation therapists and social services counselors of the
Department of Juvenile Justice
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.i., F.S.

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(p)

Law enforcement and correctional personnel
a. 	Scope of exemption: Active or former sworn or civilian law enforcement personnel,
including correctional and correctional probation officers
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers,
photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.a.(l), F.S.

(q)

Personnel of the Department of Health with specified duties
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former personnel of the Department of Health whose
duties include, or result in, the determination or adjudication of eligibility for social
security disability benefits, the investigation or prosecution of complaints filed against
health care practitioners, or the inspection of health care practitioners or health care
facilities licensed by the Department of Health, if the personnel have made reasonable
efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other means available
to the public.
b. 	Information exempted: Homes addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.m., F.S. See also s. 119.071(4)(d)2.a.(1),
F.S. (child abuse or neglect investigators).

(r)

Prosecutors and judges (federal)
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former United States attorneys, assistant United States
attorneys, judges of the United States Courts of Appeal, United States district judges
or United States magistrates if the individual submits to the agency having custody of
such information a written request to exempt such information from public disclosure
as well as a written statement that he or she has made reasonable efforts to protect such
information from being accessible through other means available to the public
b. 	Information exempted: Home address, telephone number and photograph
c. Family information exempted: Home address, telephone number, photograph, and
place of employment of the spouse or child; and the name and location of the school
or day care facility attended by the child of such attorney, judge or magistrate
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(5)(i), F.S.

(s)

Prosecutors (state)
a.	Scope of exemption: Current or former state attorneys, assistant state attorneys,
statewide prosecutors, or assistant statewide prosecutors
b.	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers,
photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such personnel

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d.	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.d., F.S.
(t)

Public defenders and other specified counsel
a. 	Scope of exemption: Current or former public defenders, assistant public defenders,
criminal conflict and civil regional counsel, and assistant criminal conflict and civil
regional counsel
b. 	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of
birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.j., F.S.

(u)

Revenue collection and enforcement or child support enforcement
a. 	Scope of exemption: Active or former personnel of the Department of Revenue or
local governments whose duties include revenue collection and enforcement or child
support enforcement
b.	Information exempted: Home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs
c. Family information exempted: Names, home addresses, telephone numbers,
photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such personnel
d. 	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(4)(d)2.a., F.S.
Note: In AGO 96-57, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that this exemption should
be construed as including personnel whose duties include both revenue collection
and enforcement, as opposed to those personnel whose duties include only revenue
collection or only revenue enforcement.

(v)

U.S. military servicemembers
a.	Scope of exemption: Current or former members of the Armed Forces of the United
States, a reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States, or the National
Guard who served after September 11, 2001, if the servicemember has submitted
to the custodial agency a written request to exempt the information; and a written
statement that he or she has made reasonable efforts to protect the information from
being accessible through other means available to the public
b.	Information exempted: Home address, telephone number, and date of birth of a
servicemember, and the telephone number associated with a servicemember’s personal
communication device
c. Family information exempted: Home address, telephone number, date of birth, and
place of employment of a spouse or dependent of a servicemember, and the telephone
number associated with such spouse’s or dependent’s personal communication device;
and the names and location of schools attended by the spouse of a servicemember, or
a school or day care facility attended by a dependent of a servicemember
d.	Statutory reference: Section 119.071(5)(k), F.S.

(2)

Authority to release protected information

The purpose of the s. 119.071(4)(d), F.S., exemption is to protect the safety of the
enumerated individuals and their families by removing certain information relating to such
individuals from the mandatory disclosure requirements of Ch. 119, F.S. AGO 10-37. And see

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AGOs 90-50 and 96-57. The statute makes these records exempt from mandatory disclosure
requirements, not confidential; thus, an agency is not prohibited from disclosing the information
in all circumstances. AGO 10-37. However, in determining whether to disclose the information,
the agency should consider the underlying purpose of the statute, i.e., safety of the listed
individuals and their families. AGO 90-50. See also AGO 08-24. Cf. AGO 90-50, noting that
the exemption does not prohibit an agency from “access to, and maintaining information on, its
employees, including their names and addresses.”
In other words, a police department, in deciding whether to publicly release photographs
of law enforcement personnel, should determine whether there is a statutory or substantial
policy need for disclosure. AGO 07-21. In the absence of a statutory or other legal duty to be
accomplished by disclosure, the agency should consider whether the release of such information
is consistent with the purpose of the exemption afforded by s. 119.071(4)(d)2. Id. For example,
a posting of the names, I.D. numbers and photographs of police officers in the hallway of the
police department for public display would appear to be counter to the purpose of the exemption.
AGO 90-50. By contrast, information from the city personnel files which reveals the home
addresses of former law enforcement personnel may be disclosed to the State Attorney’s office for
the purpose of serving criminal witness subpoenas by mail pursuant to s. 48.031, F.S. Inf. Op.
to Reese, April 25, 1989.
Thus, in AGO 08-24, the Attorney General’s Office noted that the home addresses
and other protected personal information of the spouses of law enforcement officers who are
employed by the school board are exempt from disclosure under s. 119.071(4)(d)2., F.S., and
therefore, the school board was not required to report such information to the certified bargaining
representative. And see Henderson v. Perez, 835 So. 2d 390, 392 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (trial court
order compelling sheriff to produce exempt home addresses and photographs of 10 active law
enforcement officers in a civil lawsuit filed by Perez predicated on his arrest, quashed because
“Perez has not shown that the photographs and home addresses of the law enforcement officers
are essential to the prosecution of his suit”).
The s. 119.071(4)(d)2. exemption applies to public agencies, not private entities unless
the private entity is acting on behalf of a public agency. Inf. Op. to Gomez, Nov. 3, 2008. Cf.
s. 843.17, F.S., making it a misdemeanor to maliciously publish or disseminate, with intent to
obstruct the due execution of the law or with the intent to intimidate, hinder, or interrupt any
law enforcement officer in the legal performance of his or her duties, the residence address or
telephone number of any law enforcement officer while designating the officer as such, without
authorization of the agency which employs the officer. But see Brayshaw v. City of Tallahassee,
Fla., 709 F. Supp. 2d 1244 (N.D. Fla. 2010), holding that s. 843.17, F.S., was unconstitutional
on its face.
(3)

Records held by agencies that are not the employer of the designated officers or
employees

An agency that is the custodian of personal information specified in s. 119.071(4)(d)2.,
F.S., but is not the employer of the officer or employee, may maintain the exempt status of that
information only if the officer or employee or the employing agency of the designated employee
submits a written request for maintenance of the exemption to the custodial agency. Section
119.071(4)(d)3., F.S. See AGOs 97-67 (Official Records maintained by clerk of court), 04-18
(applying exemption when requested to petitions and campaign papers filed with supervisor of
elections), and 04-20 (property appraiser). And see AGO 05-38 (request made to the property
appraiser for an exemption from disclosure of personal information would follow the property
appraiser’s records when they are relayed to the clerk of courts carrying out duties for the Value
Adjustment Board).
The provisions of s. 119.071(4)(d), F.S., should not be read “to impose a burden on
employers to know the past law enforcement employment status of employees who may work

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for them in other capacities.” AGO 10-37. Thus, a former law enforcement officer from one
municipality who is currently employed by another municipality in a non-law enforcement
capacity must make a written request pursuant to s. 119.071(4)(d)3., F.S., that his or her personal
information be maintained as exempt by the current employer. Id.
A request made pursuant to s. 119.071(4)(d)3., F.S., for maintenance of exempt information
in court records or the official records must specify the document type, identification number,
and page number of the court record or official record that contains the exempt information.
Section 119.0714(2)(f ) and (3)(f ), F.S.
(4)

Application of exemption to:

(a)

Telephone numbers of cellular telephones issued by agencies

Cellular telephone numbers of telephones provided by the agency to law enforcement
officers and used in performing law enforcement duties are not exempt from disclosure. Inf. Op.
to Laquidara, July 17, 2003. In 2012, the Legislature amended s. 119.071(4)(d), F.S., to define
the term “telephone numbers” as used in the exemption to include “home telephone numbers,
personal cellular telephone numbers, personal pager telephone numbers, and telephone numbers
associated with personal communications devices.” See s. 119.071(4)(d)1., F.S., as amended by
Ch. 2012-149, Laws of Florida. As originally introduced, the 2012 legislation would have also
included “telephone numbers associated with agency cellular telephones” within the definition of
“telephone numbers.” See HB 629, filed November 10, 2011. However, this proposed language
was removed from the original bill during the legislative process.
(b)

List of names of designated officers and employees

While s. 119.071(4)(d)2., F.S., exempts home addresses and other personal information
of the designated public officers and employees, it does not exempt the names of these officers
and employees from public disclosure (although in many instances, the names of the spouses and
children are exempt). See, e.g., s. 119.071(4)(d)2.g., F.S. (names of spouses and children of code
enforcement officers are exempt).
Accordingly, if the property appraiser maintains a list of the names of officers and employees
who have requested the exemption of their home addresses as authorized by s. 119.071(4)(d)3.,
F.S., this list is not exempt. AGO 08-29. However, as noted elsewhere in this manual, the
property appraiser is not required to create or reformat records in order to comply with a request
under Ch. 119; the duty of the public records custodian is to provide access to existing records.
See the discussion on pages 152-153.
(c)

Prior home addresses

Section 119.071(4)(d)2., F.S., applies only to the current home address or addresses
(including a current vacation home address) of the designated individuals. AGO 10-37.
(d)

Maps showing physical location of homes

A property appraiser is precluded from making technology available to the public that
would enable a user to view a map on the Internet showing the physical location of a law
enforcement officer’s home, even though the map does not contain the actual home address of
the officer, if the property appraiser has received a written exemption request from the officer.
AGO 04-20.
(e)

Home addresses of persons who are not the owner of the property

The exemption applies to the home addresses, telephone numbers, and other personal
information relating to the specified individuals “without regard to whether or not they own the
real property at which they reside.” AGO 14-07.

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(f )

Booking photographs

Section 119.071(4)(d), F.S., exempts the photograph of a current or former law
enforcement officer, whether held by the employing agency or by a nonemploying agency which
has received a written request to maintain the exempt status of the record. Inf. Op. to Amunds,
June 8, 2012. Thus, the agency should determine whether there is a statutory or substantial
policy need for disclosure before releasing the booking photograph. Id. In the absence of a
statutory or other legal duty to be accomplished by disclosure, an agency should consider whether
the release of such information is consistent with the purpose of the exemption, i.e., the safety of
law enforcement officers and their families. Id. See also AGOs 90-50 and 07-21. Cf. AGO 94-90
(statute did not preclude release of booking photograph of deputy who was not an undercover
officer whose identity would otherwise be protected by s. 119.071[2][c], F.S.).
o.

Medical information and health insurance participant information

(1)

Medical information and medical claims records

Medical information pertaining to a prospective, current, or former officer or employee
of an agency which, if disclosed, would identify that officer or employee is exempt from s.
119.07(1), F.S. Section 119.071(4)(b)1., F.S. Such information may be disclosed if the person
or the person’s legal representative provides written permission or pursuant to court order. Id.
See AGO 98-17 (exemption “appears to extend to governmental employees the protection for
personal medical records that is generally enjoyed by private sector employees”).
Public school system employee medical records, including psychiatric and psychological
records, are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S. Section 1012.31(3)(a)5., F.S.
Every employer who provides or administers health insurance benefits or life insurance
benefits to its employees shall maintain the confidentiality of information relating to the medical
condition or status of any person covered by such insurance benefits. Such information is exempt
from s. 119.07(1), F.S. Section 760.50(5), F.S.
Patient medical records and medical claims records of current or former employees and eligible
dependents enrolled in group insurance plans of specified governmental entities are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S.; such records shall not be furnished to any person other than the
employee or the employee’s legal representative, except as authorized in the subsection. Sections
110.123(9) (state employees), 112.08(7) (county or municipal employees), and 112.08(8) (water
management district employees), F.S. See AGO 91-88, citing to News-Press Company, Inc. v. Kaune,
511 So. 2d 1023 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987), stating that the exemption applies broadly and is not
limited solely to medical records filed in conjunction with an employee’s participation in a group
insurance plan; rather, the exemption applies to all medical records relating to employees enrolled
in a group insurance plan. And see AGOs 01-33 (confidentiality of patient records at medical clinic
owned and operated by city for the use and benefit of its employees); 94-78 (monthly printout of
medical claims paid under city group health insurance plan that identifies the public employees who
obtained medical services and the amounts of the claims, together with some account information,
is exempt from public inspection), and 94-51 (agency “should be vigilant in its protection of the
confidentiality provided by statute for medical records of [its] employees”).
(2)

Health insurance participant information

While “information relating to an insurance program participant’s medical condition is
protected from disclosure . . . there is no clear statement that such protection extends to the
name, address, age, or other non-medical information of such participants.” Inf. Op. to Dockery,
November 10, 2008.
Subsequent to the issuance of this opinion, the Legislature enacted an exemption for
personal identifying information of a dependent child of a current or former officer or employee
of an agency, whose dependent child (as defined in s. 409.2554, F.S.) is insured by the agency’s

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group insurance plan. Section 119.071(4)(b)2., F.S. However, while personal identifying
information relating to the dependent child’s participation in an agency’s group insurance plan is
now confidential, personal identifying information relating to the current or former officer’s or
employee’s participation in such plan is subject to disclosure.
p.

Payroll deduction records

There is no general exemption from disclosure that applies to agency payroll deduction
records. However, public school system employee payroll deduction records are confidential.
Section 1012.31(3)(a)4., F.S. See AGO 09-11 (tax information [such as Federal Withholding Tax
Deduction, FICA Tax Deduction and the Medicare Tax Deduction] of a public school system
employee would appear to constitute payroll deduction records and would be confidential and
exempt from disclosure pursuant to s. 1012.31[3][a]4., F.S.).
q.

Retiree lists

The names and addresses of retirees are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S.,
to the extent that no state or local governmental agency may provide the names or addresses of
such persons in aggregate, compiled or list form except to public agencies engaged in official
business, to collective bargaining agents or to retiree organizations for official business use.
Section 121.031(5), F.S. “Any person may view or copy any individual’s retirement records
at the Department of Management Services, one record at a time, or may obtain information
by a separate written request for a named individual for which information is desired.” Id.
Cf. s. 121.4501(19), F.S. (personal identifying information of members in the investment plan
contained in Florida Retirement System records held by the State Board of Administration or the
Department of Management Services is exempt).
Section 121.021(60), F.S., defines the term “retiree” to mean “a former member of
the Florida Retirement System or an existing system who has terminated employment and is
receiving benefit payments from the system in which he or she was a member.” Accordingly,
the s. 121.031(5) exemption does not apply to employees who are participants in the Deferred
Retirement Option Program (DROP); DROP participants “are not retirees since they have
not terminated their employment.” Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc. v. School Board of Palm Beach
County, No. 502007CA020000XXXXMB (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. November 28, 2007).
r.

Salary records

Salary and other information relating to compensation is subject to disclosure. Lewis v.
Schreiber, No. 92-8005(03) (Fla. 17th Cir. Ct. June 12, 1992), per curiam affirmed, 611 So. 2d
531 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992). Accord AGO 73-30.
s.

Travel records

Travel vouchers are open to public inspection, after redaction of exempt material such as
credit card account numbers (s. 119.071[5][b], F.S.) or social security numbers (ss. 119.071[4]
a] and [5][a]F.S). See Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, 379 So. 2d 633 (Fla.
1980). See also AGO 72-356 (travel itineraries and plane reservations for use of state aircraft are
public records).
t.

Undercover personnel of criminal justice agencies
Please refer to the discussion of this topic on pages 110-111.

19.

Security system information and blueprints

a.

Blueprints

Section 119.071(3)(b)1., F.S., exempts building plans, blueprints, schematic drawings,
and diagrams of government buildings. Exempt information may be disclosed to another
governmental entity, to a licensed professional performing work on the building, or upon a

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showing of good cause to a court. Section 119.071(3)(b)3., F.S.
Exempt documents may also be released in order to comply with competitive bidding
requirements. AGO 02-74. However, the entities or persons receiving such information must
maintain its exempt status. Id. And see s. 119.071(3)(c)1., F.S. (exemption for building plans,
blueprints, schematic drawings and diagrams of various attractions, retail, resort, office, and
industrial complexes and developments when the records are held by an agency). The exemption
afforded by this statute, however, does not apply to comprehensive plans or site plans, or
amendments thereto, which are submitted for approval or which have been approved under
local land development regulations, local zoning regulations, or development of regional impact
review. Section 119.071(3)(c)4., F.S.
b.

Security system records

Information relating to the security systems for property owned by or leased to the
state or any of its political subdivisions is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Section
281.301, F.S. Exempt information includes all records, information, photographs, audio and
visual presentations, schematic diagrams, surveys, recommendations, or consultations or portions
thereof relating directly to or revealing such security systems or information. Id. The exemption
extends to information relating to or revealing the security systems for property owned or leased
by the state or its political subdivisions, and also to security information concerning privately
owned or leased property which is in the possession of an agency. AGOs 01-75 and 93-86. See
also s. 331.22, F.S. (airport security plans) and s. 311.13, F.S. (seaport security plans).
Section 119.071(3)(a), F.S., provides a similar exemption from disclosure for a security
system plan of a private or public entity that is held by an agency. The information may be disclosed
to the property owner or leaseholder; in furtherance of the official duties and responsibilities of
the agency holding the information; to another local, state or federal agency in furtherance of
that agency’s official duties and responsibilities; or upon a showing of good cause before a court.
The term “security system plan” includes: records relating directly to the physical security
of the facility or revealing security systems; threat assessments conducted by an agency or private
entity; threat response plans; emergency evacuation plans; sheltering arrangements; or security
manuals. Id. Cf. Marino v. University of Florida, 107 So. 3d 1231 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013), in which
the court rejected a university’s contention that it could withhold the location of animal research
facilities based on a determination that the nature of the public activities occurring at the facility
subjects them to physical threats.
(1)

Security system (alarm) permits and applications

Sections 281.301 and 119.071(3)(a), F.S., prohibit public disclosure of the name
and address of applicants for security system permits, of persons cited for violations of alarm
ordinances, and of individuals who are the subject of law enforcement dispatch reports for
verified or false alarms “because disclosure would imperil the safety of persons and property.”
Critical Intervention Services, Inc. v. City of Clearwater, 908 So. 2d 1195, 1197 (Fla. 2d DCA
2005). Accord AGO 04-28.
(2)

Surveillance video recordings

Video footage captured by city bus cameras “directly relates to and reveals information
about a security system” and thus was determined to be confidential and exempt from disclosure
by ss. 281.301 and 119.071(3)(a), F.S. Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority v. PostNewsweek Stations, Orlando, Inc., 157 So. 3d 401 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015). The videos “reveal
the capabilities—and as a corollary, the vulnerabilities” of the security system. Id. at 405. And
see AGO 15-06, relying on Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, and applying the
exemption to surveillance tapes from a security system for a public transit authority building.

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c.

Security issues relating to electronic records

Section 119.01(2)(a), F.S., states that agencies “must provide reasonable public access to
records electronically maintained and must ensure that exempt or confidential records are not
disclosed except as otherwise permitted by law.” And see Rule 1B-26.003(6)(g)3., F.A.C, adopted
by the Division of Library and Information Services of Department of State pursuant to its
records management rulemaking authority in s. 257.14, F.S. The rule states that “[i]n providing
access to electronic records, agencies shall ensure that procedures and controls are in place to
maintain confidentiality for information which is exempt from public disclosure.”
Accordingly, an agency is not required to provide direct access to the agency’s electronic
records through a hard drive provided by a requestor, but must otherwise allow inspection and
copying of such records in a manner which will accommodate the request, but protect from
disclosure exempt or confidential materials. AGO 13-07. And see Rea v. Sansbury, 504 So. 2d
1315, 1317-1318 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), review denied, 513 So. 2d 1063 (Fla. 1987) (while
county possesses statutory authority to facilitate inspection of public records by electronic
means, this “does not mean that every means adopted by the county to facilitate the work of
county employees ipso facto requires that the public be allowed to participate therein”). Compare
AGO 05-12 (city may not require use of a code to review e-mail correspondence of city police
department and human services department).
Section 282.318(4), F.S., requires state agencies, as defined in the statute, to conduct risk
assessments, conduct internal audits, and develop procedures to address information technology
security issues. This section also contains exemptions for records relating to these functions.
For example, written internal policies and procedures that, if disclosed, could facilitate the
unauthorized modification, disclosure, or destruction of data or information technology resources
are confidential. Section 282.318(4)(e), F.S. Cf. s. 119.0713(5)(a), F.S., (records relating to
security of information technology systems of local government owned or operated utilities).
20.

Social security numbers

Section 119.071(5)(a)5., F.S., states that social security numbers held by an agency are
confidential and exempt from public disclosure requirements; however, the exemption does not
supersede any federal law prohibiting the release of social security numbers or any other applicable
public records exemptions for such numbers. See, e.g., s. 193.114(5), F.S. (social security number
submitted on an application for a tax exemption is confidential); and s. 119.071(4)(a), F.S. (social
security numbers of current and former employees held by the employing agency are confidential
and exempt from disclosure). And see s. 119.0714, F.S., regarding confidentiality of social security
numbers in court records and in the official records.
Section 119.071(5)(a)6., F.S, authorizes disclosure of social security numbers under certain
conditions. Cf. Florida Department of Education v. NYT Management Services, Inc., 895 So. 2d
1151 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005) (federal law does not authorize newspaper to obtain social security
numbers in state teacher certification database).
In addition, s. 119.071(5)(a)7.b., F.S., states that an agency may not deny a commercial
entity engaged in “commercial activity,” as defined in the exemption, access to social security
numbers, “provided the social security numbers will be used only in the performance of a
commercial activity and provided the commercial entity makes a written request for the social
security numbers.” “Commercial activity” does not include the display or bulk sale of social security
numbers to the public or the distribution of such numbers to any customer not identifiable by the
commercial entity. Section 119.071(5)(a)7.a.(I), F.S. See Inf. Op. to Carland, January 12, 2012
(teacher union’s access to social security numbers maintained by school district limited to those
social security numbers which will be used to verify the accuracy of numbers which the union has
already received in the normal course of business). See also AGO 10-06 (agency authorized to
request additional information that is reasonably necessary to verify the identity of the commercial
entity and the specific purposes for which the social security numbers will be used).

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21.

Telephone records

Records of telephone calls made from agency telephones are subject to disclosure in
the absence of statutory exemption. See Gillum v. Times Publishing Company, No. 91-2689CA (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. July 10, 1991). See also Media General Operation, Inc. v. Feeney, 849 So.
2d 3, 6 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003), rejecting the argument that redaction of telephone numbers for
calls made in the course of official business could be justified because disclosure could result in
“unreasonable consequences” to the persons called. Cf. s. 119.071(5)(d), F.S. (all records supplied
by a telecommunications company, as defined by s. 364.02, F.S., to an agency which contain the
name, address, and telephone number of subscribers are confidential and exempt). And see Inf. to
Michelson, January 27, 1992 (cellular telephone company which provided city with statements
reflecting amount of usage of cell phones by city staff rather than listing individual calls, did not
appear to be an “agency” for purposes of Ch. 119, F.S., making company’s records of individual
calls subject to disclosure).
In Bill of Rights, Inc. v. City of New Smyrna Beach, No. 2009-20218-CINS (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct.
April 8, 2010), the court stated that “as a matter of law, . . . billing documents regarding personal
calls made and received by city employees on city-owned or city-leased cellular telephones are
public records, when those documents are received and maintained in connection with the
transaction of official business; and, the ‘official business’ of a city includes paying for telephone
service and obtaining reimbursement from employees for personal calls.” Compare Media General
Operation, Inc. v. Feeney, supra, in which the court held that under the circumstances of that case
(involving access to records of cellular phone service provided by a political party for legislative
employees), records of personal or private calls of the employees fell outside the definition of
public records.
Additionally, in responding to a question from a police department regarding the provisions
of Ch. 934, F.S., (interception of wire and oral communications), the Attorney General’s Office
advised that recordings of telephone conversations made by the police department in the usual
course of business would be public records subject to the inspection, copying, and retention
requirements of Ch. 119, F.S. AGO 12-07. “Any such public records would likewise be subject
to the exemption and confidentiality provisions of the Public Records Law. “ Id. And see Morris
Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 154 So. 3d 528, 532 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied, 163
So. 3d 512 (Fla. 2015) (“No one disputes” that phone recordings of telephone calls made by the
defendant while incarcerated and provided in criminal discovery were public records). Compare
Bent v. State, 46 So. 3d 1047 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (recordings of personal telephone calls between
minors in jail awaiting trial and third parties made by sheriff’s office are not public records when
contents of the phone calls do not involve criminal activity or a security breach).
22.

Trade secrets and proprietary confidential business information

a.

Trade secrets

(1)

Statutory exemptions for specific trade secrets

(a)

Trade secrets held by specified agencies

The Legislature has created a number of specific exemptions from Ch. 119, F.S., for trade
secrets. See, e.g., s. 1004.22(2), F.S. (trade secrets produced in research within state universities);
and s. 570.544(8), F.S. (trade secrets contained in records of the Division of Consumer Services of
the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services). Please refer to the listing of exemptions
in Appendix D for more information on statutes providing confidentiality for trade secrets held
by specific agencies.
(b)

Computer systems and software trade secrets

Data processing software which has been obtained by an agency under a licensing
agreement prohibiting its disclosure and which is a trade secret as defined in s. 812.081, F.S., is
exempt. Section 119.071(1)(f ), F.S. In order for the exemption to apply, two conditions must

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be present: The licensing agreement must prohibit disclosure of the software and the software
must meet the statutory definition of “trade secret” found in s. 812.081, F.S. See AGOs 90-104
and 90-102.
Section 815.04(3), F.S., provides that data, programs, or supporting documentation that
is a trade secret as defined in s. 812.081, F.S., that is held by an agency, and that resides or exists
internal or external to a computer, computer system, computer network or electronic device is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), F.S.
(2)

Trade secrets identified as confidential and submitted to an agency

As noted in the preceding discussion, the Legislature has enacted statutes that expressly
require certain agencies to maintain the confidentiality of trade secrets submitted to or held by
that agency, and has also enacted exemptions for computer trade secrets. However, even in the
absence of a statutory exemption for particular trade secrets, s. 815.045, F.S., “should be read to
exempt from disclosure as public records all trade secrets as defined in [s. 812.081(1)(c), F.S.] .
. . .” Sepro Corporation v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 839 So. 2d 781, 785787 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003), review denied sub nom., Crist v. Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 911 So. 2d 792 (Fla. 2005). (e.s.) According to the court, while “a conversation with
a [public] employee is not enough to prevent [alleged trade secrets] from being made available
to anyone who makes a public records request,” documents submitted by a private party which
constitute trade secrets as defined in s. 812.081, and which are stamped as confidential at the time
of submission to an agency, are not subject to public access. Id. at 784. And see Seta Corporation of
Boca, Inc. v. Office of the Attorney General, 756 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000). But see Cubic
Transportation Systems, Inc. v. Miami-Dade County, 899 So. 2d 453, 454 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005)
(company, which supplied documents to an agency and failed to mark them as “confidential” and
which continued to supply them without asserting even a legally ineffectual post-delivery claim
to confidentiality for some thirty days, failed adequately to protect an alleged trade secret claim).
In addition, the claimed trade secrets must actually constitute trade secrets as defined by
law. See s. 812.081, F.S. For example, in James, Hoyer, Newcomer, Smiljanich, & Yanchunis,
P.A., v. Rodale, Inc., 41 So. 3d 386, 389 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), the court rejected a company’s
claim that information in customer complaints and company responses were trade secrets; noting
that such information “is not secret and is not [the company’s] to control.” Cf. AGO 0902 (authorized representatives of Division of Plant Industry in Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services prohibited from disclosing trade secrets obtained in carrying out their duties
under Ch. 581 to any unauthorized person, provided such trade secrets fall within the statutory
definition in s. 812.081, F.S., and owner of trade secrets has taken measures to maintain the
information’s secrecy). And see Allstate Floridian Ins. Co. v. Office of Ins. Regulation, 981 So. 2d
617 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008), review denied, 987 So. 2d 79 (Fla. 2008) (to the extent Allstate believed
any documents sought by the Office of Insurance Regulation were privileged as trade secrets,
Allstate was required to timely seek a protective order in circuit court); and Inf. Op. to Brown,
March 11, 2016 (if an agency has received material that the sender has identified as “trade secret”
and the material does not appear to meet the statutory definition of trade secret or has not been
protected as in Sepro, the agency should advise the sender “that it has a received a public request
and will release the records and allow the sender to seek a protective order for those materials”).
b.

Proprietary confidential business information

While there is no generic exemption for information claimed to be “proprietary
confidential business information,” the Legislature has created a number of exemptions from Ch.
119, F.S., for proprietary confidential business information held by certain agencies. The term
is generally defined by the statute creating the exemption and frequently includes trade secrets.
See, e.g., s. 288.075, F.S. (economic development agency); s. 288.9626, F.S. (Florida Opportunity
Fund); and ss. 364.183, 366.093, 367.156, and 368.108, F.S. (Public Service Commission). Cf.
Florida Power & Light Company v. Public Service Commission, 31 So. 3d 860 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010)

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(listed categories of proprietary confidential business information in s. 366.093, F.S., as exempt
are not exhaustive; information relating to employees’ compensation warranted confidential
classification as it would have impaired utility’s competitive interests). Compare Southern Bell
Telephone and Telegraph Company v. Beard, 597 So. 2d 873, 876 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (Public
Service Commission’s determination that statutory exemption for proprietary confidential
business information should be narrowly construed and did not apply to company’s internal selfanalysis was “consistent with the liberal construction afforded the Public Records Act in favor of
open government”). And see AGO 08-14 (lease payment amount made by a private company to
the city does not constitute “proprietary confidential business information”).
D. PROVIDING PUBLIC RECORDS
1.

Validity of agency conditions on access

Section 119.07(1)(a), F.S., establishes a right of access to public records in plain and
unequivocal terms:
Every person who has custody of a public record shall permit the
record to be inspected and copied by any person desiring to do so,
at any reasonable time, under reasonable conditions, and under
supervision by the custodian of the public records.
The term “reasonable conditions” as used in s. 119.07(1)(a), F.S., “refers not to conditions
which must be fulfilled before review is permitted but to reasonable regulations that would
permit the custodian of records to protect them from alteration, damage, or destruction and also
to ensure that the person reviewing the records is not subjected to physical constraints designed
to preclude review.” Wait v. Florida Power & Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420, 425 (Fla. 1979).
See also Chandler v. City of Greenacres, 140 So. 3d 1080, 1084 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (noting the
narrow interpretation of the phrase “reasonable conditions”); and Tribune Company v. Cannella,
458 So. 2d 1075, 1078 (Fla. 1984), appeal dismissed sub nom., DePerte v. Tribune Company,
105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985) (the sole purpose of custodial supervision is to protect the records from
alteration, damage, or destruction).
Accordingly, the “reasonable conditions” do not include a rule or condition of inspection
which operates to restrict or circumvent a person’s right of access. AGO 75-50. “The courts of
this state have invalidated measures which seek to impose any additional burden on those seeking
to exercise their rights to obtain records” under Ch. 119, F.S. Inf. Op. to Cook, May 27, 2011.
And see State v. Webb, 786 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001) (requirement that persons with
custody of public records allow records to be examined “at any reasonable time, under reasonable
conditions” is not unconstitutional as applied to public records custodian who was dilatory in
responding to public records requests).
The Public Records Act “embodies important public policy” and “is designed to provide
citizens with a simple and expeditious method of accessing public records.” Orange County v.
Hewlings, 152 So. 3d 812, 817 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014). Thus, an agency violated the Act when
instead of complying with Hewlings’ “simple request” for records, it “chose to interpose the
additional bureaucratic hurdles of forcing her to come to its offices, comb through the records,
mark the records in a certain manner, wait for a written estimate of costs, then, after paying the
costs, wait again for the records to be mailed to her.” Id.
The custodian “is at all times responsible for the custody of the [public] records but when
a citizen applies to inspect or make copies of them it is his duty to make provision for this to
be done in such a manner as will accommodate the applicant and at the same time safeguard
the records.” Fuller v. State ex rel. O’Donnell, 17 So. 2d 607 (Fla. 1944). Thus, the right of
inspection may not be frustrated or circumvented through indirect means such as the use of a
code book. State ex rel. Davidson v. Couch, 158 So. 103, 105 (Fla. 1934) (right of inspection was
“hindered and obstructed” by city “imposing conditions to the right of examination which were

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not reasonable nor permissible under the law”). Accord AGO 05-12 (city may not require the
use of a code to review e-mail correspondence of city’s police department and human resources
department). And see Inf. Op. to Cook, May 27, 2011, noting that “[a] policy requiring a
physical address for mailing copies of requested public records or the personal appearance of
the requestor would not appear to relate to the custodian’s duty to protect public records from
alteration or destruction, but to impose additional constraints on the requestor.”
Moreover, any local enactment or policy which purports to dictate additional conditions
or restrictions on access to public records is of dubious validity since the legislative scheme of
the Public Records Act has preempted any local regulation of this subject. Tribune Company
v. Cannella, supra at 1077. A policy of a governmental agency cannot exempt it from the
application of Ch. 119, F.S., a general law. Douglas v. Michel, 410 So. 2d 936, 938 (Fla. 5th
DCA 1982), questions answered and approved, 464 So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1985). Accord AGO 92-09
(legislative scheme of Ch. 119 has preempted local regulation on this subject). And see AGO
90-04 (county official not authorized to assign county’s rights to a public record as part of a
settlement agreement compromising a lawsuit against the county).
2.

Individuals authorized to inspect and receive copies of public records

Section 119.01, F.S., provides that “[i]t is the policy of this state that all state, county, and
municipal records are open for personal inspection and copying by any person.” (e.s.) A state
citizenship requirement was deleted from the law in 1975. A public employee is a person within
the meaning of Ch. 119, F.S. and, as such, possesses the same right of inspection as any other
person. AGO 75-175. Likewise, a county is “any person” who is allowed to seek public records
under Ch. 119, F.S. Hillsborough County, Florida v. Buccaneers Stadium Limited Partnership, No.
99-0321 (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. February 5, 1999), affirmed per curiam, 758 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2000).
Thus, “the law provides any member of the public access to public records, whether he or
she be the most outstanding civic citizen or the most heinous criminal.” Church of Scientology Flag
Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, No. 97-688CI-07 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. February 27, 1997). “[A]s long
as the citizens of this state desire and insist upon ‘open government’ and liberal public records
disclosure, as a cost of that freedom public officials have to put up with demanding citizens even
when they are obnoxious as long as they violate no laws.” State v. Colby, No. MM96-317A-XX
(Fla. Highlands Co. Ct. May 23, 1996). “Even though a public agency may believe that a person
or group are fanatics, harassers or are extremely annoying, the public records are available to all
of the citizens of the State of Florida.” Salvadore v. City of Stuart, No. 91-812 CA (Fla. 19th
Cir. Ct. December 17, 1991). And see Curry v. State, 811 So. 2d 736, 741 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002)
(defendant’s conduct in making over 40 public records requests concerning victim constituted
a “legitimate purpose,” and thus cannot violate the stalking law “because the right to obtain
the records is established by statute and acknowledged in the state constitution”). Cf. James v.
Loxahatchee Groves Water Control District, 820 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002), concluding that
a trial court erred when it failed to hold a hearing before denying a request to require a district
to permit inspection at the district offices, rather than at an off-premises location. The agency
argued that it would be “disruptive” to require that the records inspection be conducted at its
offices. Id. However, the appeals court ruled that a hearing should have been held to determine
whether the requestor, who was in litigation with the district, should be allowed to view the
records at the district offices, and if so, under what conditions. Id.
3.

Purpose of request

The requester is not required to explain the purpose or reason for a public records request.
“The motivation of the person seeking the records does not impact the person’s right to see
them under the Public Records Act.” Curry v. State, 811 So. 2d 736, 742 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002).
See also Barfield v. School Board of Manatee County, 135 So. 3d 560, 562 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014)
(“An individual’s reason for requesting a public record is irrelevant”); Timoney v. City of Miami
Civilian Investigative Panel, 917 So. 2d 885, 886n.3 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005) (“generally, a person’s

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motive in seeking access to public records is irrelevant”); Staton v. McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940, 941
(Fla. 1st DCA 1992), review dismissed sub nom., Staton v. Austin, 605 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 1992)
(petitioner’s reasons for seeking access to public records “are immaterial”); Lorei v. Smith, 464
So. 2d 1330, 1332 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 475 So. 2d 695 (Fla. 1985) (legislative
objective underlying the creation of Ch. 119 was to insure to the people of Florida the right
freely to gain access to governmental records; the purpose of such inquiry is immaterial); and
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Gadd, 388 So. 2d 276, 278 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980) (“the
newspaper’s motives [for seeking the documents], as well as the hospital’s financial harm and
public harm defenses, are irrelevant in an action to compel compliance with the Public Records
Act”). Cf. Town of Gulfstream v. O’Boyle, No. 15-13433 (11th Cir. June 21, 2016) (alleged filing
of large numbers of frivolous public records requests which are then followed by lawsuits when
the requests are not addressed does not constitute a predicate act under the Racketeer Influenced
Corrupt Organizations Act).
Thus, an agency is not authorized to impose conditions or limit access to public records
based on a suspicion that the request may be for an improper purpose. Inf. Op. to Cook, May
27, 2011. However, as noted in that opinion, Florida Statutes impose criminal penalties for the
unauthorized use of personal identification information for fraudulent or harassment purposes
and for the criminal use of a public record or public records information. See ss. 817.568 and
817.569, F.S.
Similarly, “the fact that a person seeking access to public records wishes to use them in
a commercial enterprise does not alter his or her rights under Florida’s public records law.”
Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner, 889 So. 2d 871, 875 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004), review denied, 902 So.
2d 791 (Fla. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 746 (2005). See also State ex rel. Davis v. McMillan,
38 So. 666 (Fla. 1905) (abstract companies may copy documents from the clerk’s office for their
own use and sell copies to the public for a profit); Booksmart Enterprises, Inc. v. Barnes & Noble
College Bookstores, Inc., 718 So. 2d 227, 228n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998), review denied, 729 So. 2d
389 (Fla. 1999) (“Booksmart’s reason for wanting to view and copy the documents is irrelevant
to the issue of whether the documents are public records”).
4.

Role of the records custodian

Section 119.011(5), F.S., defines the term “custodian of public records” to mean “the
elected or appointed state, county, or municipal officer charged with the responsibility of
maintaining the office having public records, or his or her designee.” The custodian of public
records, or a person having custody of public records, may designate another officer or employee
of the agency to permit the inspection and copying of public records, but must disclose the
identity of the designee to the person requesting to inspect or copy public records. Section
119.07(1)(b), F.S. Cf. s. 119.0701(2), F.S. (discussed more fully on pages 59-60)requiring that
certain agency contracts for public services must contain contact information pertaining to the
agency’s custodian of public records.
However, the courts have concluded that the statutory reference to the records custodian
does not alter the “duty of disclosure” imposed by s. 119.07(1), F.S., upon “[e]very person who has
custody of a public record.” Puls v. City of Port St. Lucie, 678 So. 2d 514 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996).
[Emphasis supplied by the court].
Thus, the term “custodian” for purposes of the Public Records Act refers to all agency
personnel who have it within their power to release or communicate public records. Mintus
v. City of West Palm Beach, 711 So. 2d 1359 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citing Williams v. City of
Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683, 687 [Fla. 5th DCA 1991]). But, “the mere fact that an employee of
a public agency temporarily possesses a document does not necessarily mean that the person has
custody as defined by section 119.07.” Id. at 1361. In order to have custody, one must have
supervision and control over the document or have legal responsibility for its care, keeping or
guardianship. Id. Cf. Remia v. City of St. Petersburg Police Pension Board of Trustees, 14 F.L.W.

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Supp. 854a (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. July 17, 2007), cert. denied, 996 So. 2d 860 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)
(since city clerk’s responsibility to provide public records was ministerial, city was not entitled to
protective order prohibiting attorney in litigation with the city from directly contacting the clerk
with a public records request without first contacting the city attorney). Questions relating to
the application of the Rules of Professional Conduct should be addressed to The Florida Bar. See
Florida Bar Ethics Opinion 09-01, issued December 10, 2010.
The custodian of public records and his or her designee must acknowledge requests to
inspect or copy records promptly and respond to such requests in good faith. Section 119.07(1)
(c), F.S. See Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120, 128
(Fla. 2016), noting that the “good faith language” was intended “to strengthen the responsibilities
of records custodians by imposing an explicit requirement on public agencies that they act in
good faith in responding to public records requests.”
A good faith response includes making reasonable efforts to determine from other officers
or employees within the agency whether such a record exists and, if so, the location at which the
record can be accessed. Id.
The duty of “good faith” imposed on public officers who are charged with the responsibility
of complying with the law is “subjective.” Consumer Rights, LLC v. Union County, 159 So. 3d 882,
885 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied, 177 So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2015). “Whether a governmental
entity acted in ‘good faith’ in the manner in which it responded to a request for disclosure of public
records is necessarily a question for the court to decide based on the circumstances of a case.” Id.
5.

Requests for copies versus requests to inspect public records

“It is the policy of this state that all state, county, and municipal records are open for
personal inspection and copying by any person.” (e.s.) Section 119.01(1), F.S. In addition, s.
119.07(1)(a), F.S., provides that “[e]very person who has custody of a public record shall permit
the record to be inspected and copied by any person desiring to do so . . . .” Finally, s. 119.07(4),
F.S., requires the custodian to “furnish a copy or a certified copy of the record upon payment
of the fee prescribed by law . . . .” And see Fuller v. State ex rel. O’Donnell, 17 So. 2d 607
(Fla. 1944) (“The best-reasoned authority in this country holds that the right to inspect public
records carries with it the right to make copies”); and Schwartzman v. Merritt Island Volunteer
Fire Department, 352 So. 2d 1230, 1232n.2 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977) (Public Records Act requires
custodian to furnish copies). Cf. Wootton v. Cook, 590 So. 2d 1039, 1040 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (if
the requestor identifies a record with sufficient specificity to permit the agency to identify it and
forwards the appropriate fee, the agency must furnish by mail a copy of the record).
6.

Records maintained by more than one agency

The fact that a particular record is also maintained by another agency does not relieve the
custodian of the obligation to permit inspection and copying in the absence of an applicable
statutory exemption. AGO 86-69. If information contained in the public record is available
from other sources, a person seeking access to the record is not required to make an unsuccessful
attempt to obtain the information from those sources as a condition precedent to gaining access
to the public records. Warden v. Bennett, 340 So. 2d 977, 979 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976).
7.

Records not in physical possession of agency

An agency is not authorized to refuse to allow inspection of public records it made or
received in the course of official business on the grounds that the documents are in the actual
possession of another agency or official other than the records custodian. See Wallace v. Guzman,
687 So. 2d 1351 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (public records cannot be hidden from the public by
transferring physical custody of the records to the agency’s attorneys); Tober v. Sanchez, 417 So.
2d 1053 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982), review denied sub nom., Metropolitan Dade County Transit Agency v.
Sanchez, 426 So. 2d 27 (Fla. 1983) (official charged with maintenance of records may not transfer
actual physical custody of records to county attorney and thereby avoid compliance with request

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for inspection under Ch. 119, F.S.); and AGO 92-78 (public housing authority not authorized
to withhold its records from disclosure on the grounds that the records have been subpoenaed by
the state attorney and transferred to that office). “Given the aggressive nature of the public’s right
to inspect and duplicate public records, a governmental agency may not avoid a public records
request by transferring custody of its records to another agency.” Chandler v. City of Sanford, 121
So. 3d 657, 660 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).
Thus, in Barfield v. Florida Department of Law Enforcement, No. 93-1701 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct.
May 19, 1994), the court held that an agency that received records from a private entity in the
course of official business and did not make copies of the documents could not “return” them to
the entity following receipt of a public records request. The court ordered the agency to demand
the return of the records from the private entity so they could be copied for the requestor.
Similarly, in Times Publishing Company v. City of St. Petersburg, 558 So. 2d 487, 492-493
(Fla. 2d DCA 1990), the court found that both the city and a private entity violated the Public
Records Act when, pursuant to a plan to circumvent Ch. 119, F.S., the city avoided taking
possession of negotiation documents reviewed and discussed by both parties and instead left
them with the private entity’s attorney. The court determined that although city officials may
have intended merely to “avoid” the law, the effect of their actions was to “evade the broad
policy of open government.” And see Wisner v. City of Tampa Police Department, 601 So. 2d 296,
298 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992) (city may not allow a private entity to maintain physical custody of
public records [polygraph chart used in internal investigation] “to circumvent the public records
chapter”); and National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201 (Fla.
1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010) (records on private entity’s secure
website that were viewed and used by a state university in carrying out its official duties were
public records even though the university did not take physical possession); and AGO 98-54
(registration and disciplinary records stored in a computer database maintained by a national
securities association which are used by a state agency in licensing and regulating securities dealers
doing business in Florida are public records).
8.

“Overbroad” public records requests

In Lorei v. Smith, 464 So. 2d 1330, 1332 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 475 So. 2d
695 (Fla. 1985), the court recognized that the “breadth of such right [to gain access to public
records] is virtually unfettered, save for the statutory exemptions . . . .” Accordingly, in the
absence of a statutory exemption, a custodian must produce the records requested regardless
of the number of records involved or possible inconvenience. Note, however, s. 119.07(4)(d),
F.S., authorizes a custodian to charge, in addition to the cost of duplication, a reasonable service
charge for the cost of the extensive use of information technology resources or of personnel, if
such extensive use is required because of the nature or volume of public records to be inspected
or copied. See AGO 92-38.
Thus, a person seeking to inspect “all” financial records of a municipality may not be required
to specify a particular book or record he or she wishes to inspect. State ex rel. Davidson v. Couch,
156 So. 297, 300 (Fla. 1934). In Davidson, the Florida Supreme Court explained that if this were
the case, “one person may be required to specify the book, while another and more favored one,
because of his pretended ignorance of the name of the record might be permitted examination of
all of them.” Id. Such a result would be inconsistent with the mandate in the Public Records Act
that public records are open to all who wish to inspect them. Id. Cf. Salvadore v. City of Stuart,
No. 91-812 CA (Fla. 19th Cir. Ct. December 17, 1991), stating that if a public records request is
insufficient to identify the records sought, the city has an affirmative duty to promptly notify the
requestor that more information is needed in order to produce the records; it is the responsibility of
the city and not the requestor to follow up on any requests for public records. Compare Woodard v.
State, 885 So. 2d 444, 446 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (records custodian must furnish copies of records
when the person requesting them identifies the portions of the record with sufficient specificity to
permit the custodian to identify the record and forwards the statutory fee).

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9.

Written request or form requirements

Chapter 119, F.S., does not authorize an agency to require that requests for records be in
writing. See Dade Aviation Consultants v. Knight Ridder, Inc., 800 So. 2d 302, 305n.1 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2001) (“There is no requirement in the Public Records Act that requests for records must
be in writing”). As noted in AGO 80-57, a custodian must honor a request for copies of records
which is sufficient to identify the records desired, whether the request is in writing, over the
telephone, or in person, provided that the required fees are paid. “In sum, the city could not
properly condition disclosure of the public records, to the then-anonymous requester on filling
out the city’s form . . . .” Chandler v. City of Greenacres, 140 So. 3d 1080, 1085 (Fla. 4th DCA
2014).
If a public agency believes that it is necessary to provide written documentation of a
request for public records, the agency may require that the custodian complete an appropriate
form or document; however, the person requesting the records cannot be required to provide
such documentation as a precondition to the granting of the request to inspect or copy public
records. See Sullivan v. City of New Port Richey, No. 86-1129CA (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. May 22, 1987),
per curiam affirmed, 529 So. 2d 1124 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988), noting that a requestor’s failure to
complete a city form required for access to documents did not authorize the custodian to refuse
to honor the request to inspect or copy public records.
However, a request for records of the judicial branch (which is not subject to Ch. 119,
F.S., see Times Publishing Company v. Ake, 660 So. 2d 255 [Fla. 1995]), must be in writing.
Rule 2.420(m)(1), Fla. R. Jud. Admin. In its commentary accompanying the rule change that
incorporated this requirement, the Court said that the “writing requirement is not intended to
disadvantage any person who may have difficulty writing a request; if any difficulty exists, the
custodian should aid the requestor in reducing the request to writing.” In re Report of the Supreme
Court Workgroup on Public Records, 825 So. 2d 889, 898 (Fla. 2002).
10.

Identification of requester

A person requesting access to or copies of public records may not be required to disclose
his or her name, address, telephone number or the like to the custodian, unless the custodian is
required by law to obtain this information prior to releasing the records. AGOs 92-38 and 9176. Accord Inf. Op. to Cook, May 27, 2011. See also Bevan v. Wanicka, 505 So. 2d 1116 (Fla.
2d DCA 1987) (production of public records may not be conditioned upon a requirement that
the person seeking inspection disclose background information about himself or herself ). Cf. s.
1012.31(2)(f ), F.S., providing that the custodian of public school employee personnel files shall
maintain a record in the file of those persons reviewing an employee personnel file each time it
is reviewed.
Thus, a city may not require an anonymous requestor who made a public records request
via e-mail to provide an “address or other identifiable source for payment of the associated costs.”
Chandler v. City of Greenacres, 140 So. 3d 1080, 1085 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014). Instead, “the city
could have sent an estimate of costs through e-mail to the requester just as it could through
regular mail, had the request been made via paper by an anonymous requester.” Id. Cf. Consumer
Rights, LLC v. Union County, Florida, 159 So. 3d 882, 886 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied,
177 So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2015) (“We know of no law that requires a governmental entity to provide
public records to a generic email address, at least not until such time as it is made clear that the
address belongs to a person”); and Citizens Awareness Foundation, Inc. v. Wantman Group, Inc.,
195 So. 3d 396, 402 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (“There is a difference between allowing anonymous
public records requests and evaluating an agency’s response when such requests are justifiably
handled with caution”).
11.

Remote access
Section 119.07(2)(a), F.S., states that “[a]s an additional means of inspecting or copying

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public records, a custodian may provide access to public records by remote electronic means,
provided exempt or confidential information is not disclosed.” And see s. 119.01(2)(e), F.S. Thus,
an agency is authorized but not required to permit remote electronic access to public records.
Similarly, access to public records by remote electronic means is merely an additional
means of inspecting or copying public records; this “additional means of access, however, is
insufficient where the person requesting the records specifies the traditional method of access via
paper copies.” Lake Shore Hospital Authority v. Lilker, 168 So. 3d 332, 333 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015).
Section 119.07(2)(b), F.S., requires the custodian to provide safeguards to protect the
contents of the public records from unauthorized electronic access or alteration and to prevent
the disclosure or modification of those portions of the records which are exempt from disclosure.
Unless otherwise required by law, the custodian may charge a fee for remote electronic
access, granted under a contractual arrangement with a user, which fee may include the direct and
indirect costs of providing such access. However, fees for remote electronic access provided to
the general public must be in accordance with the provisions of s. 119.07, F.S. Section 119.07(2)
(c), F.S.
12.

Requests to create new records, answer questions about the records, or reformat
existing records

The statutory obligation of the custodian of public records is to provide access to, or copies
of, public records “at any reasonable time, under reasonable conditions, and under supervision by
the custodian of the public records” provided that the required fees are paid. Section 119.07(1)
(a) and (4), F.S. However, a custodian is not required to give out information from the records
of his or her office. AGO 80-57. The Public Records Act does not require a town to produce
an employee, such as the financial officer, to answer questions regarding the financial records of
the town. AGO 92-38. Cf. In re Report of the Supreme Court Workgroup on Public Records, 825
So. 2d 889, 898 (Fla. 2002) (the custodian of judicial records “is required to provide access to or
copies of records but is not required either to provide information from records or to create new
records in response to a request”).
In other words, Ch. 119, F.S., provides a right of access to inspect and copy an agency’s
existing public records; it does not mandate that an agency create new records in order to
accommodate a request for information from the agency. Thus, the clerk of court is not required
to provide an inmate with a list of documents from a case file which may be responsive to some
forthcoming request. Wootton v. Cook, 590 So. 2d 1039 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). See also AGO
08-29.
However, in order to comply with the statutory directive that an agency provide copies of
public records upon payment of the statutory fee, an agency must respond to requests by mail
for information as to copying costs. Wootton v. Cook, supra. See also Woodard v. State, 885 So. 2d
444, 445n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), remanding a case for further proceedings where the custodian
forwarded only information relating to the statutory fee schedule rather than the total copying
cost of the requested records. Cf. Gilliam v. State, 996 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (clerk,
as custodian of judicial records, had a legal duty to respond to Gilliam’s request for information
regarding costs) and Blackshear v. State, 115 So. 3d 1093 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (clerk is “dutybound to respond to a request about copying costs for the records sought”).
Similarly, as stated in Seigle v. Barry, 422 So. 2d 63, 66 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), review
denied, 431 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 1983), the intent of Ch. 119, F.S., is “to make available to the public
information which is a matter of public record, in some meaningful form, not necessarily that
which the applicant prefers.” Accordingly, an agency is not ordinarily required to reformat its
records and provide them in a particular form as demanded by the requestor. AGO 08-29. As
explained in Seigle:

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If the health department maintains a chronological list of dog-bite
incidents with rabies implications [a] plaintiff, bitten by a suspect
dog, may not require the health department to reorder that list
and furnish a record of incidents segregated by geographical areas.
Nothing in the statute, case law or public policy imposes such a
burden upon our public officials. 422 So. 2d at 65.
Thus, in AGO 97-39, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that a school district was
not required to furnish electronic public records in an electronic format other than the standard
format routinely maintained by the district.
Despite the general rule, however, the Seigle court recognized that an agency may be
required to provide access through a specially designed program, prepared by or at the expense
of the requestor, where:
1)

available programs do not access all of the public records stored in the computer’s data
banks; or

2)

the information in the computer accessible by the use of available programs would include
exempt information necessitating a special program to delete such exempt items; or

3)

for any reason the form in which the information is proffered does not fairly and
meaningfully represent the records; or

4)

the court determines other exceptional circumstances exist warranting this special remedy.
422 So. 2d at 66-67.

For the purpose of satisfying a public records request, the fee to be charged by an agency if
it elects to provide a copy of a public record in a medium that is not routinely used by the agency,
or if it elects to compile information that is not routinely developed or maintained by the agency
or that requires a substantial amount of manipulation or programming, must be in accordance
with s. 119.07(4), F.S. (authorizing imposition of a special service charge if extensive information
technology resources or labor are required). Section 119.01(2)(f ), F.S.
13.

Records available in more than one medium

An agency must provide a copy of the record in the medium requested if the agency
maintains the record in that medium, and the agency may charge a fee which shall be in
accordance with Ch. 119, F.S. Section 119.01(2)(f ), F.S. See AGO 13-07. Accordingly, an
agency violated the Public Records Act when it referred the requester to a website instead of
providing paper copies as the requester asked. Lake Shore Hospital Authority v. Lilker, 168 So.
3d 332 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015).
Similarly, a custodian of public records must, if asked for a copy of a computer software
disk used by an agency, provide a copy of the disk in its original format; a typed transcript
would not satisfy the requirements of s. 119.07(1), F.S. AGO 91-61. See also Miami-Dade
County v. Professional Law Enforcement Association, 997 So. 2d 1289 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009) (fact
that pertinent information may exist in more than one format is not a basis for exemption or
denial of the request). Cf. AGO 06-30, stating that an agency may respond to a public records
request requiring the production of thousands of documents by composing a static web page
where the responsive public documents are posted for viewing if the requesting party agrees to
the procedure and agrees to pay the administrative costs, in lieu of copying the documents at a
much greater cost.
14.

Amount of time allowed for response to public records requests

a.

Duty to acknowledge requests promptly

The custodian of public records or his or her designee is required to acknowledge requests
to inspect or copy records promptly and to respond to such requests in good faith. Section

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119.07(1)(c), F.S. Cf. Hewlings v. Orange County, 87 So. 3d 839 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012) (mere fact
that county quickly responded to public records request by voicemail and fax is not dispositive
of whether county’s 45-day delay in complying with the request was unjustified for purposes of
s. 119.12, F.S., authorizing an award of attorney’s fees to a party who succeeds in a civil action
resulting from an unlawful refusal to provide public records).
b.

Automatic delay impermissible

A policy which provides for an automatic delay in the production of public records is
impermissible. Tribune Company v. Cannella, 458 So. 2d 1075, 1078-1079 (Fla. 1984), appeal
dismissed sub nom., Deperte v. Tribune Company, 105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985). And see Lake Shore
Hospital Authority v. Lilker, 168 So. 3d 332, 333-334 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (agency not authorized
to automatically delay production by imposing a 24-hour notice requirement).
Thus, an agency is not authorized to delay inspection of personnel records in order to
allow the employee to be present during the inspection of his or her records. Tribune Company
v. Cannella, 458 So. 2d at 1078. Compare s. 1012.31(3)(a)3., F.S., in which the Legislature has
expressly provided that no material derogatory to a public school employee may be inspected
until 10 days after the employee has been notified as prescribed by statute.
Similarly, the Attorney General’s Office has advised that a board of trustees of a police
pension fund may not delay release of its records until such time as the request is submitted to
the board for a vote. AGO 96-55. And see Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (city may not delay public access to board
meeting minutes until after the city commission has approved the minutes).
More recently, in Johnson v. Jarvis, 74 So. 3d 168 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011), the appellate court
reviewed a state attorney’s policy requiring that certain records requests be directed to the state
attorney’s main office rather than produced at a branch office where the records were located.
The court said that the trial judge must hold a hearing to determine whether there was a delay
to produce the requested records to the petitioner, and if so, whether the delay was reasonable
under the facts of the case.
c.

Unjustified delay

The Public Records Act does not contain a specific time limit (such as 24 hours or 10
days) for compliance with public records requests. However, “delay in making public records
available is permissible under very limited circumstances.” Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v. Sundy,
145 So. 3d 980, 983 (Fla. 1st DCA August 28, 2014). In Promenade, the court noted that a
records custodian could delay production to determine whether the records exist, s. 119.07[1]
[c], F.S.; if the custodian believes the some or all of the record is exempt, s. 119.07[1][d]-[e]; or if
the requesting party fails to forward the appropriate fees, s. 119.07[4], F.S. Otherwise, the only
delay in producing records permitted under Ch. 119, F.S., “is the limited reasonable time allowed
the custodian to retrieve the record and delete those portions of the record the custodian asserts
are exempt.” Id. at 983, citing Tribune Company v. Cannella, 458 So. 2d 1075, 1078 (Fla. 1984),
appeal dismissed sub nom., DePerte v. Tribune Company, 105 S.Ct. 2315 (1985).
Thus, an agency’s unjustified delay in producing public records constitutes an unlawful
refusal to provide access to public records. See Lilker v. Suwannee Valley Transit Authority, 133
So. 3d 654, 655 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (“Unlawful refusal under section 119.12 includes not only
affirmative refusal to produce records, but also unjustified delay in producing them”). See also
Rechler v. Town of Manalapan, No. CL 94-2724 AD (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. November 21, 1994),
affirmed, 674 So. 2d 789, 790 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996), review denied, 684 So. 2d 1353 (Fla. 1996),
finding that the town engaged in a “pattern of delays” by taking months to fully comply with the
petitioner’s public records requests; and State v. Webb, 786 So. 2d 602, 604 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001)
(error for a lower court judge to vacate a misdemeanor conviction of a records custodian [Webb]
who had been found guilty of willfully violating s. 119.07(1)(a), F.S., based on her “dilatory”

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response to public records requests).
For example, in Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v. Sundy, supra, the appellate court determined
that an agency violated the Public Records Act by refusing to provide non-exempt public records
until a court denied its motion for a protective order to block the requestor (an adversary in
out-of-state litigation) from using the Act. Moreover, the agency’s production of the records on
the eve of the public records enforcement hearing “did not cure its unjustified delay” because
“unjustifiable delay to the point of forcing the requestor to file an enforcement action is by itself
tantamount to an unlawful refusal to provide public records in violation of the Act.” Id. at 984.
[emphasis supplied by the court]. Similarly, a trial judge erred by granting the agency’s motion
to dismiss on the grounds that the agency ultimately provided the record three months after the
request was made and two weeks after the request for mandamus relief had been filed. Consumer
Rights, LLC v. Bradford County, Florida, 153 So. 3d 394, 398 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). Instead, the
judge should have conducted a hearing to determine whether the delay was justified. Id.
By contrast, in Lang v. Reedy Creek Improvement District, No. CJ-5546 (Fla. 9th Cir. Ct.
October 2, 1995), affirmed per curiam, 675 So. 2d 947 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996), the circuit court
rejected the petitioner’s claim that the agency should have produced requested records within
10, 20 and 60-day periods. The court determined that the agency’s response to numerous (19)
public records requests for 135 categories of information and records filed by the opposing party
in litigation was reasonable in light of the cumulative impact of the requests and the fact that
the requested records contained exempt as well as nonexempt information and thus required
a considerable amount of review and redaction. And see Herskovitz v. Leon County, No. 98-22
(Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 9, 1998), in which the court said that in view of the “nature and volume
of the materials requested [over 9000 pages], their location, and the need for close supervision by
some knowledgeable person of the review of those records for possible exemptions,” the amount
of time expended by the county to produce the records (several weeks) to opposing counsel was
not unreasonable.
Moreover, recent cases have emphasized that in order for a delay to constitute an “unlawful
refusal” for purposes of the award of attorney’s fees under s. 119.12, F.S., the delay must be
“unjustified.” For example, the First District upheld a denial of fees to a public records plaintiff
who “made a request in a suspicious email that could not be easily verified, directed it to a general
email account that might not be checked by the person having anything to do with the records at
issue, waited four months without saying anything and then sued the county, claiming a right to
attorney fees.” Consumer Rights, LLC v. Union County, 159 So. 3d 882, 885 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015),
review denied, 177 So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2015).
Subsequently, the Fourth District referenced Consumer Rights in affirming the trial court’s
refusal to award fees when the public records request was made in a “suspicious” type of e-mail
“that is filtered out as spam by many businesses” and “was directed to an independent contractor
and not a governmental agency familiar with fielding public records requests.” Citizens Awareness
Foundation, Inc. v. Wantman Group, Inc., 195 So. 3d 396, 401 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016). See also
the discussion on pages 177-179 relating to attorney’s fees awarded under s. 119.12, F.S., for an
“unlawful refusal” to provide access to public records.
d.

Arbitrary time for inspection

The Public Records Act authorizes inspection and copying of public records “at any
reasonable time.” Section 119.07(1)(a), F.S. While the custodian may reasonably restrict
inspection to those hours during which his or her office is open to the public, an agency policy
that restricts inspection of public records to the hours of 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m., Monday through
Friday with 24-hour advance notice violates the Public Records Act. Lake Shore Hospital Authority
v. Lilker, 168 So. 3d 332 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015). Accord AGO 81-12 (custodian not authorized to
establish an arbitrary time period during which records may or may not be inspected).

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There may be instances where, due to the nature or volume of the records requested,
a delay based upon the physical problems in retrieving the records and protecting them is
necessary; however, the adoption of a schedule in which public records may be viewed only
during certain hours is impermissible. Inf. Op. to Riotte, May 21, 1990, concluding that an
agency policy which permits inspection of its public records only from 1:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, violates the Public Records Act.
e.

Standing requests

The Attorney General’s Office has stated that upon receipt of a public records request,
the agency must comply by producing all non-exempt documents in the custody of the agency
that are responsive to the request, upon payment of the charges authorized in Chapter 119, F.S.
However, this mandate applies only to those documents in the custody of the agency at the time
of the request; nothing in the Public Records Act appears to require that an agency respond to a
so-called “standing” request for production of public records that it may receive in the future. See
Inf. Op. to Worch, June 15, 1995.
15.

Confidentiality agreements

An agency “cannot bargain away its Public Records Act duties with promises of confidentiality
in settlement agreements.” The Tribune Company v. Hardee Memorial Hospital, No. CA-91-370 (Fla.
10th Cir. Ct. August 19, 1991) (confidentiality provision in a settlement agreement which resolved
litigation against a public hospital did not remove the document from the Public Records Act).
Thus, in National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201, 1207
(Fla. 1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010), the court held that a confidentiality
agreement entered into by a private law firm on behalf of a state university with the NCAA that
allowed access to records contained on the NCAA’s secure custodial website that were used by the
university in preparing a response to possible NCAA sanctions, had no impact on whether such
records were public records, stating that “[a] public record cannot be transformed into a private
record merely because an agent of the government has promised that it will be kept private.” See
also City of Pinellas Park, Florida v. Times Publishing Company, No. 00-008234CI-19 (Fla. 6th
Cir. Ct. January 3, 2001) (“there is absolutely no doubt that promises of confidentiality [given
to employees who were asked to respond to a survey] do not empower the Court to depart from
the public records law”); and Gadd v. News-Press Publishing Company, 412 So. 2d 894 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1982) (records of a county hospital’s utilization review committee were not exempt from
Ch. 119, F.S., even though the information may have come from sources who expected or were
promised confidentiality).
Similarly, in Times Publishing Company v. City of St. Petersburg, 558 So. 2d 487, 494 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1990), the court determined that a baseball organization and a city improperly attempted
to circumvent the Public Records Act by agreeing to keep negotiation documents relating to use
of a municipal stadium confidential and in the exclusive custody of the organization. Noting
the dangers that exist if private entities “are allowed to demand that they retain custody [and
prevent inspection] of documents as a condition of doing business with a governmental body,”
the court ruled that both the organization and the city violated the Public Records Act. Cf.
WPTV-TV v. State, 61 So. 3d 1191 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (trial court may not require media to
enter into confidentiality agreement in order to receive advance notice of information relating to
jury selection in criminal case).
Additionally, s. 69.081(8), F.S., part of the Sunshine in Litigation Act, provides, subject to
limited exceptions, that any portion of an agreement which has the purpose or effect of concealing
information relating to the settlement or resolution of any claim or action against an agency is
void, contrary to public policy, and may not be enforced. Settlement records must be maintained
in compliance with Ch. 119, F.S. See Inf. Op. to Barry, June 24, 1998 (agency not authorized
to enter into a settlement agreement authorizing the concealment of information relating to an
adverse personnel decision from the remainder of a personnel file). Cf. s. 215.425(5), F.S. (any

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agreement or contract, executed on or after July 1, 2011, which involves extra compensation
between a unit of government and an officer, agent, employee, or contractor may not include
provisions that limit the ability of any party to the agreement or contract to discuss the agreement
or contract).
Moreover, to allow the maker or sender of records to dictate the circumstances under
which the records are to be deemed confidential would permit private parties as opposed to the
Legislature to determine which public records are subject to disclosure and which are not. Such
a result would contravene the purpose and terms of Ch. 119, F.S. Browning v. Walton, 351 So.
2d 380 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977) (city cannot refuse to allow inspection of records containing the
names and addresses of city employees who filled out forms requesting that city maintain the
confidentiality of all material in their personnel files); AGO 97-84 (architectural and engineering
plans under seal pursuant to s. 481.221 or s. 471.025, F.S., that are held by a public agency in
connection with the transaction of official business are subject to public inspection); and Inf.
Op. to Echeverri, April 30, 2010 (taxpayer may not request that records submitted to value
adjustment board be kept confidential).
Accordingly, it is clear that the determination as to when public records are to be deemed
confidential rests exclusively with the Legislature. See Sepro Corporation v. Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, 839 So. 2d 781 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003), review denied sub nom., Crist v.
Department of Environmental Protection, 911 So. 2d 792 (Fla. 2005) (private party cannot render
public records exempt from disclosure merely by designating as confidential the material it furnishes
to a state agency). See also AGO 90-104 (desire of data processing company to maintain “privacy”
of certain materials filed with Department of State is of no consequence unless such materials fall
within a legislatively created exemption to Ch. 119, F.S.). And see Hill v. Prudential Insurance
Company of America, 701 So. 2d 1218 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997), review denied, 717 So. 2d 536 (Fla.
1998) (materials obtained by state agency from anonymous sources during its investigation of an
insurance company were public records subject to disclosure in the absence of statutory exemption,
notwithstanding the company’s contention that the records were “stolen” or “misappropriated”
privileged documents that were delivered to the state without the company’s permission).
Therefore, unless the Legislature has expressly authorized the maker of records received
by an agency to keep the material confidential, the wishes of the sender or the agency in this
regard cannot supersede the requirements of Ch. 119, F.S. Compare, e.g., s. 377.2409(1), F.S.
(information on geophysical activities conducted on state-owned mineral lands received by
Department of Environmental Protection shall, on the request of the person conducting the
activities, be held confidential and exempt from Ch. 119, F.S., for 10 years). And see Morris
v. Whitehead, 588 So. 2d 1023, 1024 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (upholding the nondisclosure of
confidential records received by housing authority from the federal government pursuant to
agreement authorized by state housing law). Cf. Doe v. State, 901 So. 2d 881 (Fla. 4th DCA
2005) (where citizen provided information to state attorney’s office which led to a criminal
investigation was justified in inferring or had a reasonable expectation that he would be treated as
a confidential source in accordance with statutory exemption now found at s. 119.071[2][f ], F.S.,
the citizen was entitled to have his identifying information redacted from the closed file, even
though there was no express assurance of confidentiality by the state attorney’s office).
16.

Redaction of confidential or exempt information

If the custodian asserts that an exemption applies to part of the record, the custodian
“shall redact that portion . . . and shall produce the remainder of such record for inspection
and copying.” Section 119.07(1)(d), F.S. Ocala Star Banner Corp. v. McGhee, 643 So. 2d 1196
(Fla. 5th DCA 1994) (city may redact information identifying confidential informant from
police report but must produce the rest for inspection); City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642
So. 2d 1135, 1137 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), review denied, 651 So. 2d 1192 (Fla. 1995) (police
department authorized to withhold statutorily exempt criminal investigative information but
must allow inspection of nonexempt portions of the records); and AGO 95-42 (statute providing

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for confidentiality of certain audit information did not make the entire report confidential and
exempt from disclosure; the portions of the report which do not contain exempt information
must be released). Cf. Holley v. Bradford County Sheriff’s Department, 171 So. 3d 805 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2015) (trial court could not conclude that records were exempt from disclosure pursuant to
statutory exemption for information identifying confidential informants without conducting an
in camera inspection to determine whether they could be redacted to remove this information).
The fact that an agency believes that it would be impractical or burdensome to redact
confidential information from its records does not excuse noncompliance with the mandates of
the Public Records Act. AGO 99-52. Cf. AGO 02-73 (agency must redact confidential and
exempt information and release the remainder of the record; agency not authorized to release
records containing confidential information, albeit anonymously).
A custodian of records containing both exempt and nonexempt material may comply
with s. 119.07(1)(d), F.S., by any reasonable method which maintains and does not destroy the
exempted portion while allowing public inspection of the nonexempt portion. AGO 84-81. And
see AGO 97-67 (clerk is under a duty to prevent the release of confidential material that may be
contained in the Official Records; the manner by which this is to be accomplished rests within
the sound discretion of the clerk). Accord AGO 05-37.
Section 119.011(13), F.S., defines the term “redact” to mean “to conceal from a copy
of an original public record, or to conceal from an electronic image that is available for public
viewing, that portion of the record containing exempt or confidential information.” See AGO
02-69 (statute providing for redaction of certain information in court records available for
public inspection does not authorize clerk of court to permanently remove or obliterate such
information from the original court records).
Section 119.07(1)(e), F.S., states that a custodian of a public record who contends that
a record or part of a record is exempt from inspection must state the basis for the exemption,
including the statutory citation to the exemption. Additionally, upon request, the custodian
must state in writing and with particularity the reasons for the conclusion that the record is
exempt or confidential. Section 119.07(1)(f ), F.S. See Weeks v. Golden, 764 So. 2d 633 (Fla.
1st DCA 2000) (agency’s response that it had provided all records “with the exception of certain
information relating to the victim” deemed inadequate because the response “failed to identify
with specificity either the reasons why records were believed to be exempt, or the statutory basis
for any exemption”); and Langlois v. City of Deerfield Beach, Florida, 370 F. Supp. 2d 1233 (S.D.
Fla. 2005) (city fire chief ’s summary rejection of request for employee personnel file violated the
Public Records Act because the chief gave no statutory reason for failing to produce the records).
However, in City of St. Petersburg v. Romine ex rel. Dillinger, 719 So. 2d 19, 21 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1998), the court cautioned that the Public Records Act “may not be used in such a way
to obtain information that the legislature has declared must be exempt from disclosure.” Thus,
a request for agency records may not be phrased or responded to in terms of a request for the
specific documents asked for and received by a law enforcement agency during the course of
an active criminal investigation. AGO 06-04. Compare AGO 08-33 (list of law enforcement
officers who have been placed on administrative duty is a public record; the list is not confidential
pursuant to section 112.533[2][a], F.S., providing for confidentiality of complaints filed against
a law enforcement officer).
However, s. 119.07(1)(e), F.S., “requires only record-by-record—not redaction-byredaction—identification of the exemptions authorizing the redactions in each record.” Jones
v. Miami Herald Media Company, 41 F.L.W. D1993, 1994 (Fla. 1st DCA August 29, 2016).
The court upheld the agency’s use of a form with checkboxes identifying the various statutory
exemptions relied upon for the redactions in the records and rejected the petitioner’s contention
that the agency should have specified which exemption applied to which redaction. And see Lopez

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v. State, 696 So. 2d 725 (Fla. 1997) (state attorney’s contention that requested records were work
product and not subject to public records disclosure was sufficient to identify asserted statutory
exemptions).
It has been held that a federal agency subject to the federal Freedom of Information Act,
5 U.S.C. s. 552, must, in addition to providing a detailed justification of the basis for claimed
exemptions under the Act, specifically itemize and index the documents involved so as to show
which are disclosable and which are exempt. See Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 827-828 (D.C.
Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 94 S.Ct. 1564 (1974). However, a Florida court refused to apply the
Vaughn requirements to the state Public Records Act. See Lorei v. Smith, 464 So. 2d 1330, 1332
(Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 475 So. 2d 695 (Fla. 1985).
17.

Privacy rights

It is well established in Florida that “neither a custodian of records nor a person who is the
subject of a record can claim a constitutional right of privacy as a bar to requested inspection of a
public record which is in the hands of a government agency.” Williams v. City of Minneola, 575
So. 2d 683, 687 (Fla. 5th DCA), review denied, 589 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1991).
In reaching the conclusion that public records must be open to public inspection unless
the Legislature provides otherwise, the courts have rejected claims that the constitutional right of
privacy bars disclosure. Article I, s. 23, Fla. Const., provides:
Every natural person has the right to be let alone and free from
governmental intrusion into the person’s private life except as
otherwise provided herein. This section shall not be construed to
limit the public’s right of access to public records and meetings as
provided by law. (e.s.)
Accordingly, the Florida Constitution “does not provide a right of privacy in public
records” and a state or federal right of disclosural privacy does not exist. Michel v. Douglas, 464
So. 2d 545, 546 (Fla. 1985). See also Forsberg v. Housing Authority of City of Miami Beach, 455
So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1984); and AGO 09-19 (to extent that information on an agency’s Facebook
page constitutes a public record within the meaning of Ch. 119, F.S., Art. I, s. 23, Fla. Const.,
“is not implicated”). “[I]n Florida the right to privacy is expressly subservient to the Public
Records Act.” Board of County Commissioners of Palm Beach County v. D.B., 784 So. 2d 585, 591
(Fla. 4th DCA 2001). But see Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida Inc. v. Doe, 612 So. 2d 549 (Fla.
1992) (public’s right of access to pretrial criminal discovery materials must be balanced against a
nonparty’s constitutional right to privacy).
18.

Liability for disclosure

Nothing in Ch. 119, F.S., indicates an intent to give private citizens a right to recovery
for an agency negligently maintaining and providing information from public records. City of
Tarpon Springs v. Garrigan, 510 So. 2d 1198 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987); Friedberg v. Town of Longboat
Key, 504 So. 2d 52 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987). Cf. Layton v. Florida Department of Highway Safety and
Motor Vehicles, 676 So. 2d 1038 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996) (agency has no common law or statutory
duty to citizen to maintain accurate records). Accord Hillsborough County v. Morris, 730 So. 2d
367 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999).
However, a custodian is not protected against tort liability resulting from that person
intentionally communicating public records or their contents to someone outside the agency
which is responsible for the records unless the person inspecting the records has made a bona
fide request to inspect the records or the communication is necessary to the agency’s transaction
of its official business. Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991),
review denied, 589 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1991). On appeal, after remand, the Fifth District held
the claim against the city was barred on the basis of sovereign immunity. Williams v. City of
Minneola, 619 So. 2d 983 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993). Cf. AGO 97-09 (law enforcement agency’s

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release of sexual offender records for purposes of public notification is consistent with its duties
and responsibilities).
E.
1.

STATUTORY EXEMPTIONS
Creation of exemptions

“Courts cannot judicially create any exceptions, or exclusions to Florida’s Public Records
Act.” Board of County Commissioners of Palm Beach County v. D.B., 784 So. 2d 585, 591 (Fla.
4th DCA 2001). Accord Wait v. Florida Power and Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420, 425 (Fla.
1979) (Public Records Act “excludes any judicially created privilege of confidentiality;” only the
Legislature may exempt records from public disclosure). See s. 119.011(8), F.S., defining the
term “exemption” to mean “a provision of general law which provides that a specified record or
meeting, or portion thereof, is not subject to the access requirements of s. 119.07(1), s. 286.011,
or s. 24, Art. I of the State Constitution.”
Article I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const., authorizes the Legislature to enact general laws creating
exemptions provided that such laws “shall state with specificity the public necessity justifying the
exemption and shall be no broader than necessary to accomplish the stated purpose of the law.”
See Memorial Hospital-West Volusia v. News-Journal Corporation, 729 So. 2d 373, 380 (Fla. 1999),
in which the Court refused to “imply” an exemption from open records requirements, stating
“we believe that an exemption from public records access is available only after the legislature has
followed the express procedure provided in article I, section 24(c) of the Florida Constitution.”
And see Campus Communications, Inc. v. Earnhardt, 821 So. 2d 388, 395 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002),
review denied, 848 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 2003) (statutory exemption for autopsy photographs serves
identifiable public purpose and is no broader than necessary to meet that public purpose); Bryan
v. State, 753 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 2000) (statute exempting from public disclosure certain prison
records satisfies the constitutional standard because the Legislature set forth the requisite public
necessity [personal safety of prison officials and inmates] for the exemption). Compare Halifax
Hospital Medical Center v. News-Journal Corporation, 724 So. 2d 567 (Fla. 1999) (statute providing
an exemption from the Sunshine Law for portions of hospital board meetings is unconstitutional
because it does not meet the constitutional standard of specificity as to stated public necessity and
it is broader than necessary to achieve its purpose).
Laws enacted pursuant to Art. I, s. 24, Fla. Const., shall relate to one subject and must
contain only exemptions or provisions governing enforcement. Cf. State v. Knight, 661 So. 2d
344 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (while exemptions when enacted must contain a public necessity
statement, exceptions to an exemption are not required to contain such a statement; thus, a
trial judge erred in overturning a statute providing a limited exception to the public records
exemption for grand jury materials).
Article I, s. 24(c) also requires that laws providing exemptions from public records or
public meetings requirements must be passed by a two-thirds vote of each house. The twothirds vote requirement applies when an exemption is readopted in accordance with the Open
Government Sunset Review Act, s. 119.15, F.S., as well as to the initial creation of an exemption.
AGO 03-18.
In accordance with s. 24(d), all statutory exemptions in effect on July 1, 1993, are
grandfathered into the statutes and remain in effect until they are repealed. Rules of court in
effect on November 3, 1992, that limit access to records remain in effect until repealed. See Rule
2.420, Fla. R. Jud. Admin. (originally adopted by the Florida Supreme Court on October 29,
1992, as Rule 2.051, and subsequently renumbered in 2006 as Rule 2.420). Rule 2.420 may be
accessed online at www.floridabar.org.
The Open Government Sunset Review Act, codified at s. 119.15, F.S., provides for
the review and repeal or reenactment of an exemption from s. 24, Art. I, Fla. Const., and s.

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119.07(1), or s. 286.011, F.S. The act does not apply to an exemption that is required by federal
law or applies solely to the Legislature or the State Court System. Section 119.15(2)(a) and (b),
F.S. Pursuant to the Act, in the fifth year after enactment of a new exemption or expansion of
an existing exemption, the exemption shall be repealed on October 2 of the fifth year, unless the
Legislature acts to reenact the exemption. Section 119.15(3), F.S.
2.

Strict construction

The general purpose of Ch. 119, F.S., “is to open public records to allow Florida’s citizens
to discover the actions of their government.” Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff ‘s Office, 698
So. 2d 1365, 1366 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997). The Public Records Act is to be liberally construed in
favor of open government, and exemptions from disclosure are to be narrowly construed so they
are limited to their stated purpose. See National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press,
18 So. 3d 1201, 1206 (Fla.1st DCA 2009), review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010); Krischer v.
D’Amato, 674 So. 2d 909, 911 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996); Seminole County v. Wood, 512 So. 2d 1000,
1002 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987), review denied, 520 So. 2d 586 (Fla. 1988); Tribune Company v. Public
Records, 493 So. 2d 480, 483 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), review denied sub nom., Gillum v. Tribune
Company, 503 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1987).
An agency claiming an exemption from disclosure bears the burden of proving the right to
an exemption. See Barfield v. School Board of Manatee County, 135 So. 3d 560, 562 (Fla. 2d DCA
2014); Woolling v. Lamar, 764 So. 2d 765, 768 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), review denied, 786 So. 2d
1186 (Fla. 2001); Barfield v. City of Fort Lauderdale Police Department, 639 So. 2d 1012, 1015
(Fla. 4th DCA), review denied, 649 So. 2d 869 (Fla. 1994); and Florida Freedom Newspapers,
Inc. v. Dempsey, 478 So. 2d 1128, 1130 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985). See also Bludworth v. Palm Beach
Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d 775, 780n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), review denied, 488 So. 2d 67 (Fla.
1986); Tribune Company v. Public Records, supra, stating that doubt as to the applicability of an
exemption should be resolved in favor of disclosure rather than secrecy. And see Times Publishing
Company v. City of St. Petersburg, 558 So. 2d 487, 492, noting that the judiciary cannot create
a privilege of confidentiality to accommodate the desires of government and that “[a]n open
government is crucial to the citizens’ ability to adequately evaluate the decisions of elected and
appointed officials”; rather the “right to access public documents is virtually unfettered, save
only the statutory exemptions designed to achieve a balance between an informed public and the
ability of the government to maintain secrecy in the public interest.” Accord AGO 80-78 (“policy
considerations” do not, standing alone, justify nondisclosure of public records).
3.

Retroactive application of new exemptions

Access to public records is a substantive right. Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v.
News-Journal Corporation, 784 So. 2d 438 (Fla. 2001). Thus, a statute affecting that right is
presumptively prospective and there must be a clear legislative intent for the statute to apply
retroactively. Id. Generally, the critical date in determining whether a document is subject to
disclosure is the date the public records request is made; the law in effect on that date applies.
Baker County Press, Inc. v. Baker County Medical Services, 870 So. 2d 189, 192-193 (Fla. 1st DCA
2004).
However, if the Legislature is “clear in its intent,” an exemption may be applied retroactively.
Campus Communications, Inc. v. Earnhardt, 821 So. 2d 388, 396 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), review
denied, 848 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 2003) (statute exempting autopsy photographs from disclosure
is remedial and may be retroactively applied). Accord AGO 11-16 (applying exemption to a
public records request received before the statute’s effective date because the legislation creating
the exemption states that it “applies to information held by an agency, before, on, or after the
effective date of this exemption”). See also City of Orlando v. Desjardins, 493 So. 2d 1027, 1028
(Fla. 1986); and Roberts v. Butterworth, 668 So. 2d 580 (Fla. 1996). Cf. Cebrian By and Through
Cebrian v. Klein, 614 So.2d 1209 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993) (amendment to child abuse statute
limiting access to unfounded reports was remedial in nature and therefore applied retroactively);
and AGO 94-70 (amendment to expungement statute appears to be remedial and, therefore,

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should be retroactively applied to those records ordered expunged prior to the effective date of
the amendment).
4.

Retroactive application of statutes eliminating confidentiality

In Baker v. Eckerd Corporation, 697 So. 2d 970 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997), the court held that
an amendment eliminating protection against disclosure of any unfounded reports of child abuse
applies prospectively from the effective date of the amendment. See also AGO 95-19 (expanded
disclosure provisions for juvenile records apply only to records created after the effective date of
the amendment); and Coventry First, LLC v. Office of Insurance Regulation, 30 So. 3d 552 (Fla.
1st DCA 2010) (although intended to apply retroactively, statutory amendment imposing a time
limitation on the exempt status of certain records submitted to an agency applied prospectively
since retroactive application improperly deprived company of its vested property rights in records
already submitted to the agency).
Records made before the date of a repeal of an exemption under s. 119.15, F.S., the Open
Government Sunset Review Act, “may not be made public unless otherwise provided by law.”
Section 119.15(7), F.S.
5.

Difference between exempt and confidential records

a.

Confidential records

There is a difference between records the Legislature has determined to be exempt from
the Public Records Act and those which the Legislature has determined to be exempt from the
Act and confidential. WFTV, Inc. v. School Board of Seminole County, 874 So. 2d 48, 53 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2004), review denied, 892 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2004). If information is made confidential
in the statutes, the information is not subject to inspection by the public and may be released
only to those persons and entities designated in the statute. Id. And see AGOs 08-24, 04-09
and 86­-97.
However, a statute restricting release of confidential emergency call information does
not prevent the city’s attorneys or other city officials who are responsible for advising the city
regarding the provision of emergency medical services or for defending the city against a possible
claim arising from such services, from reviewing the records related to such emergency calls that
contain patient examination or treatment information. AGO 95-75.
An agency is authorized to take reasonable steps to ensure that confidential records are not
improperly released. Lee County v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 634 So. 2d
250, 251 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994) (county policy requiring the patient’s notarized signature on all
release forms for emergency services medical records “not unreasonable or onerous;” requirement
was a valid means of protecting records made confidential by s. 401.30[4], F.S.). Accord AGO
94-51 (agency “should be vigilant in its protection of the confidentiality provided by statute
for medical records of [its] employees”). Cf. Florida Department of Revenue v. WHI Limited
Partnership, 754 So. 2d 205 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (administrative law judge [ALJ] not authorized
to mandate that agency disclose confidential records because ALJ is not a judge of a court of
competent jurisdiction for purposes of statute permitting disclosure of confidential records in
response “to an order of a judge of a court of competent jurisdiction”); and AGO 94-86 (if
custodian of confidential library circulation records believes that such records should not be
disclosed in response to a subpoena because the subpoena is not a “proper judicial order” as
provided in s. 257.261, F.S., custodian may assert the confidentiality provisions in a motion to
quash the subpoena but should not ignore the subpoena for production of such records).
b.

Exempt records

If records are not made confidential but are simply exempt from the mandatory disclosure
requirements in s. 119.07(1), F.S., the agency is not prohibited from disclosing the documents in
all circumstances. See Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683, 687 (Fla. 5th DCA), review

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denied, 589 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1991), in which the court observed that pursuant to s. 119.07(3)
(d), F.S. [now s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S.], “active criminal investigative information” was exempt
from the requirement that public records be made available for public inspection. However, as
stated by the court, “the exemption does not prohibit the showing of such information. There
are many situations in which investigators have reasons for displaying information which they
have the option not to display.” See also AGO 07-21 (while statute makes photographs of law
enforcement personnel exempt rather than confidential, custodian, in deciding whether such
information should be disclosed, must determine whether there is a statutory or substantial
policy need for disclosure and in the absence of a statutory or other legal duty to be accomplished
by disclosure, whether release of such information is consistent with the exemption’s purpose).
Accord AGO 08-24.
Once an agency has gone public with information which could have been previously
protected from disclosure under Public Records Act exemptions, no further purpose is served
by preventing full access to the desired information. Downs v. Austin, 522 So. 2d 931, 935 (Fla.
1st DCA 1988). Cf. AGO 01-74 (taxpayer information that is confidential in the hands of
certain specified officers under s. 193.074, F. S., is subject to disclosure under the Public Records
Act when it has been submitted by a taxpayer to a value adjustment board as evidence in an
assessment dispute).
However, in City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994),
review denied, 651 So. 2d 1192 (Fla. 1995), the court held that when a criminal justice agency
transfers exempt criminal investigative information to another criminal justice agency, the
information retains its exempt status. And see Ragsdale v. State, 720 So. 2d 203, 206 (Fla. 1998)
(“the focus in determining whether a document has lost its status as a public record must be on
the policy behind the exemption and not on the simple fact that the information has changed
agency hands”); Alice P. v. Miami Daily News, Inc., 440 So. 2d 1300 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983),
review denied, 467 So. 2d 697 (Fla. 1985) (confidential birth information contained in license
application submitted to state health agency not subject to disclosure); AGO 04-44 (if the prison
industry agency sends exempt proprietary confidential business information to the Secretary of
the Department of Corrections in his capacity as a member of the board of directors of the prison
industry agency, that information does not lose its exempt status by virtue of the fact that it
was sent to the Secretary’s office in the department); and AGO 94-77 (work product exception
authorized in former s. 119.07[3][l], F.S. [now s. 119.071(1)(d), F.S.], will be retained if the work
product is transferred from the county attorney to the city attorney pursuant to a substitution of
parties to the litigation).
6.

Discovery of exempt or confidential records

An exemption from disclosure under the Public Records Act does not render the document
automatically privileged for purposes of discovery under the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure or
in administrative proceedings. See Department of Health v. Poss, 45 So. 3d 510 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010); Department of Professional Regulation v. Spiva, 478 So. 2d 382 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985).
“Although the Rules of Civil Procedure and the Public Records Act may overlap in certain areas,
they are not coextensive in scope.” Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles v. Kropff ,
445 So. 2d 1068, 1069n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984). See also Department of Highway Safety and Motor
Vehicles v. Krejci Company Inc., 570 So. 2d 1322 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990), review denied, 576 So. 2d
286 (Fla. 1991) (records which are exempt from public inspection may be subject to discovery
in a civil action upon a showing of exceptional circumstances and if the trial court takes all
precautions to ensure the confidentiality of the records). Cf. League of Women Voters v. Florida
House of Representatives, 132 So. 3d 135, 153 (Fla. 2013) (“if the circuit court concludes, after
undertaking an in camera review of any disputed documents, that draft [apportionment] plans
are exempt from public records disclosure, the circuit court should still require the Legislature to
produce the draft apportionment maps and supporting documents under appropriate litigation
discovery rules, to the extent these documents do not contain information regarding individual
legislators’ or legislative staff members’ thoughts or impressions”).

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For example, in B.B. v. Department of Children and Family Services, 731 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1999), the court ruled that as a party to a dependency proceeding involving her daughters,
a mother was entitled to discovery of the criminal investigative records relating to the death
of her infant. The court found that the statutory exemption for active criminal investigative
information did not “override the discovery authorized by the Rules of Juvenile Procedure.”
Id. at 34. Compare Henderson v. Perez, 835 So. 2d 390, 392 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (trial court
order compelling sheriff to produce exempt home addresses and photographs of 10 active law
enforcement officers in a civil lawsuit filed by Perez predicated on his arrest, quashed because
“Perez has not shown that the photographs and home addresses of the law enforcement officers
are essential to the prosecution of his suit”).
E.
1.

FEDERAL LAW AND THE FLORIDA PUBLIC RECORDS LAW
Application of federal confidentiality requirements to Florida public records

The general rule is that records which would otherwise be public under state law are
unavailable for public inspection only when there is an absolute conflict between federal and
state law relating to confidentiality of records. If a federal statute requires particular records to
be closed and the state is clearly subject to the provisions of such statute, then pursuant to the
Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, Art. VI, U.S. Const., the state must keep
the records confidential. State ex rel. Cummer v. Pace, 159 So. 679 (Fla. 1935); AGOs 90-102,
85-03, 81-101, 80-31, and 74-372. See also Wallace v. Guzman, 687 So. 2d 1351, 1353 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1997) (exemptions from disclosure set forth in federal Freedom of Information Act apply
to federal agencies but not to state agencies). Compare Florida Department of Education v. NYT
Management Services, Inc., 895 So. 2d 1151 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005) (federal law prohibits public
disclosure of social security numbers in state teacher certification database).
Thus, tenant records of a public housing authority are not exempt, by reason of the Federal
Privacy Act, from disclosure otherwise required by the Florida Public Records Act. Housing
Authority of the City of Daytona Beach v. Gomillion, 639 So. 2d 117 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994).
Rejecting the housing authority’s argument that it was an agency of the federal government and
thus subject to the Federal Privacy Act, the court concluded that while the authority received
federal funds and was subject to some oversight, the federal government was not involved in
the day-to-day operations of the authority and the records produced and submitted to the
federal government were simply “monitoring devices.” See now s. 119.071(5)(f ), F.S., providing
confidentiality for medical history records and certain insurance information provided by
applicants for or participants in government housing assistance programs.
Similarly, since federal law did not clearly require that documents received by a state agency
in the course of settlement negotiations to resolve a federal lawsuit be kept confidential, such
documents were found to be open to inspection under Ch. 119, F.S. Florida Sugar Cane League,
Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, No. 91-2108 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. September
20, 1991), per curiam affirmed, 606 So. 2d 1267 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). Accord Lakeland Ledger
Publishing Corporation v. School Board of Polk County, No. GC-G-91-3803 (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct.
November 21, 1991) (map prepared by U.S. Justice Department concerning desegregation
of Lakeland schools and given to school district employees was a public record and open to
inspection). Cf. Morris v. Whitehead, 588 So. 2d 1023, 1024 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (upholding
nondisclosure of confidential records received by housing authority from the federal government
pursuant to agreement authorized by state housing law); and City of Miami v. Metropolitan Dade
County, 745 F. Supp. 683 (S.D. Fla. 1990) (while the actions of the State of Florida in releasing
documents are subject to the mandates of Ch. 119, F.S., the actions of the federal government in
a criminal prosecution undertaken by the Office of the United States Attorney are not).
2.

Copyrighted records

a.

Copyrights held by agencies

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In the absence of statutory authorization, a public official is not empowered to obtain a
copyright for material produced by his or her office in connection with the transaction of official
business. Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner, 889 So. 2d 871 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004), review denied, 902
So. 2d 791 (Fla. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 746 (2005) (property appraiser not authorized to
assert copyright protection for the Geographic Information System maps created by his office).
Accord AGOs 03-42, 88­-23, and 86-94. Cf. AGO 00-13 (in the absence of express statutory
authority, state agency not authorized to secure a trademark).
Section 119.084(2), F.S., however, specifically authorizes agencies to hold a copyright for
data processing software created by the agency. The agency may sell the copyrighted software
to public or private entities or may establish a license fee for its use. See also s. 24.105(10), F.S.,
authorizing the Department of the Lottery to hold patents, copyrights, trademarks and service
marks; and see ss. 286.021 and 286.031, F.S., prescribing duties of the Department of State with
respect to authorized copyrights obtained by state agencies.
b.

Copyrighted material obtained by agencies

The federal copyright law vests in the owner of a copyright, subject to certain limitations,
the exclusive right to do or to authorize, among other things, the reproduction of the copyrighted
work and the distribution of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of
ownership. See AGO 97-84, citing to pertinent federal law and interpretive cases. However, the
Attorney General’s Office has concluded that the fact that material received by a state agency may
be copyrighted does not preclude the material from constituting a public record. For example,
AGO 90-102 advised that copyrighted data processing software which was not specifically
designed or created for the county but was being used by the county in its official capacity for
official county business fell within the definition of “public record.”
Moreover, in State, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Southpointe Pharmacy,
636 So. 2d 1377, 1382-1383 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994), the court rejected a state agency’s argument
that a transcript of a hearing that had been copyrighted by the court reporter and filed with the
agency should not be copied without the copyright holder’s permission. The court stated that the
agency was under a statutory obligation to preserve all testimony in the proceeding and make a
transcript available in accordance with the fees set forth in Ch. 119, F.S. And see AGO 75-304
(agency may not enter into agreement with court reporter to refer all requests for copies of agency
proceedings to court reporter who originally transcribed proceedings; agency must provide copies
of transcripts in accordance with charges set forth in Public Records Act).
The federal copyright law, when read together with Ch. 119, F.S., authorizes and requires
the custodian of records of the Department of State to make maintenance manuals supplied to
that agency pursuant to law, available for examination and inspection purposes. AGO 03-26.
“With regard to reproducing, copying, and distributing copies of these maintenance manuals
which are protected under the federal copyright law, state law must yield to the federal law on
the subject.” Id. The custodian should advise individuals seeking to copy such records of the
limitations of the federal copyright law and the consequences of violating its provisions; such
notice may take the form of a posted notice that the making of a copy may be subject to the
copyright law. AGOs 03-26 and 97-84. However, it is advisable for the custodian to refrain
from copying such records himself or herself. AGO 03-26. But see State v. Allen, 14 F.L.W. Supp.
172a (Fla. 7th Cir. Ct. November 2, 2006) (defendant entitled to inspect and copy copyrighted
operating manual for the radar unit and speedometer used by the police under Art. I, s. 24, Fla.
Const.; if police department declined to make copies, defendant or his representative must be
allowed reasonable access to the documents and a copy machine to make copies).
Moreover, as noted by the court in State, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
v. Southpointe Pharmacy, supra, once a transcript of an administrative hearing conducted by or
on behalf of an agency has been filed with the agency, the transcript becomes a public record,
without regard to who ordered the transcription or bore its expense. The agency which is under

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a statutory obligation to preserve all testimony can charge neither the parties nor the public more
than the charges authorized by Ch. 119, F.S., regardless of the fact that the court reporter may
have copyrighted the transcript.
G.
1.

FEES FOR INSPECTING AND COPYING PUBLIC RECORDS
Inspection of public records

Providing access to public records is a statutory duty imposed by the Legislature upon all
record custodians and should not be considered a profit-making or revenue-generating operation.
AGO 85-03. Thus, public information must be open for inspection without charge unless
otherwise expressly provided by law. See State ex rel. Davis v. McMillan, 38 So. 666 (Fla. 1905).
See also AGOs 84-03 and 76-34 (only those fees or charges which are authorized by statute may
be imposed upon an individual seeking access to public records). Cf. AGO 75-50 (the fact that
the record sought to be inspected is a tape recording as opposed to a written document is of no
import insofar as the imposition of a fee for inspection is concerned).
Section 119.07(4)(d), F.S., however, authorizes the imposition of a special service charge
when the nature or volume of public records to be inspected is such as to require extensive use
of information technology resources, or extensive clerical or supervisory assistance, or both. The
charge must be reasonable and based on the labor or computer costs actually incurred by the
agency. See Board of County Commissioners of Highlands County v. Colby, 976 So. 2d 31 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2008) (special service charge applies to requests for both inspection and copies of public
records when extensive clerical assistance is required).
In addition, an agency may adopt a policy imposing a reasonable special service charge
based on the actual labor cost for clerical personnel who are required, due to the nature or
volume of a public records request, to safeguard such records from loss or destruction during their
inspection. AGO 00-11. For example, in AGO 00-11, the requested records were described
as “original documents that have no recorded or maintained counterparts, such that, by their
nature, they would need a heightened degree of protection from alteration or destruction.” A
determination of whether the nature or volume of the public records requires such extensive
assistance must be made on a case-by-case basis; the special service charge may not be routinely
imposed. Id.
Moreover, it would be difficult to justify the imposition of a fee for extensive clerical or
supervisory assistance if the personnel providing such assistance were simultaneously performing
regular duties. Id. And see Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So.
3d 120 (Fla. 2016) (because the trial court found that two conditions—an hourly photocopying
fee and an hourly supervisory fee—were imposed in violation of s. 119.07, F.S., the requester, as
the prevailing party in the litigation, should have been awarded attorney’s fees).
2.

Copies of public records

If no fee is prescribed elsewhere in the statutes, s. 119.07(4)(a)1., F.S., authorizes the
custodian to charge a fee of up to 15 cents per one-sided copy for copies that are 14 inches by
81/2 inches or less. An agency may charge no more than an additional 5 cents for each twosided duplicated copy. Section 119.07(4)(a)2., F.S. And see s. 119.011(7), F.S., defining the
term “duplicated copies” to mean “new copies produced by duplicating, as defined in s. 283.30,”
F.S. “Duplicating” means “the process of reproducing an image or images from an original to
a final substrate through the electrophotographic, xerographic, laser, or offset process or any
combination of these processes, by which an operator can make more than one copy without
rehandling the original.” Section 283.30(3), F.S.
A charge of up to $1.00 per copy may be assessed for a certified copy of a public record.
Section 119.07(4)(c), F.S.

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For other copies, the charge is limited to the actual cost of duplication of the record.
Section 119.07(4)(a)3., F.S. The phrase “actual cost of duplication” is defined to mean “the cost
of the material and supplies used to duplicate the public record, but does not include the labor
cost and overhead cost associated with such duplication.” Section 119.011(1),F.S. An exception,
however, exists for copies of county maps or aerial photographs supplied by county constitutional
officers which may include a reasonable charge for the labor and overhead associated with their
duplication. Section 119.07(4)(b), F.S. Cf. AGO 13-03 (while agency may charge “actual cost
of duplication” if it sends public records via e-mail, agency did not identify any actual costs of
duplication involved in forwarding copies of electronic mail in lieu of photocopying and “the
definition [of actual cost of duplication] does not allow for the imposition of labor costs or
associated overhead costs”).
3.

Special service charge for extensive use of clerical or supervisory labor or extensive
information technology resources

Section 119.07(4)(d), F.S. provides that if the nature or volume of public records to be
inspected or copied requires the extensive use of information technology resources or extensive
clerical or supervisory assistance, or both, the agency may charge, in addition to the actual cost
of duplication, a reasonable service charge based on the cost actually incurred by the agency
for such extensive use of information technology resources or personnel. When warranted, the
special service charge applies to requests for both inspection and copies of public records. Board
of County Commissioners of Highlands County v. Colby, 976 So. 2d 31 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008).
Thus, while an agency may not refuse to allow inspection or copying of public records based
upon the amount of records requested or the span of time which is covered by the public records
request, if extensive use of information technology resources or clerical or supervisory personnel
is needed in order to produce the requested records, the agency may impose a reasonable special
service charge that reflects the actual costs incurred for the extensive use of such resources or
personnel. See AGOs 92-38 and 90-07.
a.

Meaning of the term “extensive”

Section 119.07(4)(d), F.S., “does not identify the Legislature’s intent as to what may
constitute ‘extensive use’ and provides no definition of that term.” AGO 13-03. In 1991,
a divided First District Court of Appeal upheld a hearing officer’s order rejecting an inmate
challenge to a Department of Corrections rule that defined “extensive” for purposes of the special
service charge to mean that it would take more than 15 minutes to locate, review for confidential
information, copy and refile the requested material. Florida Institutional Legal Services, Inc. v.
Florida Department of Corrections, 579 So. 2d 267 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991), review denied, 592 So. 2d
680 (Fla. 1991). The court agreed with the hearing officer that the burden was on the challenger
to show that the administrative rule was invalid under Ch. 120, F.S, and the record did not
indicate that the officer’s ruling was “clearly erroneous” in this case.
In light of the lack of clear direction in the statute as to the meaning of the term “extensive,”
the Attorney General’s Office has suggested that agencies implement the service charge
authorization “in a manner that reflects the purpose and intent of the Public Records Act and that
does not constitute an unreasonable infringement upon the public’s statutory and constitutional
right of access to public records.” AGO 13-03. In addition, the Attorney General’s Office also
strongly encourages agencies to adopt a public records procedure that addresses imposition of
special service charge. Id.
Moreover, the statute mandates that the special service charge be “reasonable.” See Carden v.
Chief of Police, 696 So. 2d 772, 773 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996), in which the court reviewed a challenge
to a service charge that exceeded $4,000 for staff time involved in responding to a public records
request, and said that an “excessive charge could well serve to inhibit the pursuit of rights conferred
by the Public Records Act.” Accordingly, the court remanded the case and required the agency
to “explain in more detail the reason for the magnitude of the assessment.” Id. And see Board of

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Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120, 129 (Fla. 2016), noting
that “excessive, unwarranted special service charges deter individuals seeking public records from
gaining access to the records to which they are entitled” and finding that a trial judge erred by
failing to award attorney’s fees to the requester after the agency’s fees were found to be unlawful).
b.

Meaning of the term “information technology resources”

“Information technology resources” is defined as data processing hardware and software
and services, communications, supplies, personnel, facility resources, maintenance and training.
Section 119.011(9), F.S. The term does not include a videotape or a machine to view a videotape.
AGO 88-23. The fact that the request involves the use of information technology resources is
not sufficient to incur the imposition of the special service charge; rather, extensive use of such
resources is required. AGOs 13-03 and 99-41.
c.

Cost to review records for exempt information

An agency is not ordinarily authorized to charge for the cost to review records for statutorily
exempt material. AGO 84-81. However, the special service charge may be imposed for this work
if the volume of records and the number of potential exemptions make review and redaction of
the records a time-consuming task. See Florida Institutional Legal Services v. Florida Department
of Corrections, 579 So. 2d at 269. And see Herskovitz v. Leon County, No. 98-22 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct.
June 9, 1998), noting that “it would not be unreasonable in these types of cases [involving many
documents and several different exemptions] to charge a reasonable special fee for the supervisory
personnel necessary to properly review the materials for possible application of exemptions.”
d.

Calculation of labor cost

In Board of County Commissioners of Highlands County v. Colby, 976 So. 2d 31 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2008), the court approved a county’s special service charge pursuant to s. 119.07(4), F.S.,
which included both an employee’s salary and benefits in calculating the labor cost for the special
service charge, recognizing, however, that the charge must be reasonable and based upon the
actual labor costs incurred by or attributable to the county.
The term “supervisory assistance” has not been widely interpreted. See Herskovitz v. Leon
County, No. 98-22 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 9, 1998), concluding that an appropriate charge for
supervisory review is “reasonable” in cases involving a large number of documents that contain
some exempt information. In State v. Gudinas, No. CR 94-7132 (Fla 9th Cir. Ct. June 1, 1999),
the circuit judge approved a rate based on an agency attorney’s salary when the attorney was
required to review exempt material in a voluminous criminal case file. The court noted that “only
an attorney or paralegal” could responsibly perform this type of review because of the “complexity
of the records reviewed, the various public record exemptions and possible prohibitions, and the
necessary discretionary decisions to be made with respect to potential exemptions . . . .”
e.

Reasonable deposit or advance payment

Section 119.07(4)(a)1., F.S., states that the custodian of public records shall furnish a copy
or a certified copy of the record “upon payment of the fee prescribed by law . . . .” See Wootton
v. Cook, 590 So. 2d 1039, 1040 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (if a requestor “identifies a record with
sufficient specificity to permit [the agency] to identify it and forwards the appropriate fee, [the
agency] must furnish by mail a copy of the record.” (e.s.); and Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v.
Sundy 145 So. 3d 980, 983 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (a records custodian may delay production “if
the requesting party fails to remit the appropriate fees”).
Accordingly, an agency’s policy of requiring the payment of a deposit prior to redaction
and delivery of hundreds of telephone recordings related to a criminal trial was determined to
be “facially reasonable.” Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 154 So. 3d 528, 534 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2015), review denied, 163 So. 3d 512 (Fla. 2015). Accord Board of County Commissioners
of Highlands County v. Colby, 976 So. 2d 31, 37 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008), noting that a “policy of

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requiring an advance deposit seems prudent given the legislature’s determination that taxpayers
should not shoulder the entire expense of responding to an extensive request for public records.”
“[T]he reasonableness of a policy and its application — based on the facts in a particular case —
guides whether an abuse of discretion is shown.” Morris Publishing Group, LLC at 534.
An agency may refuse to produce additional records if the fees for a previous request
for records have not been paid by the requestor. See Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, 995 So.
2d 1027 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (s. 119.07[4], F.S., “does not require the City to do any more
than what it did in this case,” i.e., require Lozman to pay the bill for the first group of records
he requested before the city would make any further documents available). Cf. AGO 05-28
(custodian authorized to bill the requestor for any shortfall between the deposit and the actual
cost of copying the public records when the copies have been made and the requesting party
subsequently advises the city that the records are not needed).
4.

Requests for information regarding costs to obtain public records

In order to comply with the statutory directive that an agency provide copies of public
records upon payment of the statutory fee, an agency must respond to requests for information as
to copying costs. Wootton v. Cook, supra. See also Woodard v. State, 885 So. 2d 444 (Fla. 4th DCA
2004), remanding a case for further proceedings where the custodian forwarded only information
relating to the statutory fee schedule rather than the total cost to copy the requested records. And
see, Herskovitz v. Leon County, No. 98-22 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 9, 1998), in which the court said
that if an agency is asked for a large number of records, the fee should be communicated to the
requestor before the work is undertaken. “If the agency gives the requesting party an estimate of
the total charge, or the hourly rate to be applied, the party can then determine whether it appears
reasonable under the circumstances.” Id.
5.

Requests for free copies of public records

An agency is not precluded from choosing to provide informational copies of public
records without charge. AGO 90-81.
However, chapter 119, F.S., does not contain a provision that prohibits agencies from
charging indigent persons or inmates the applicable statutory fee to obtain copies of public
records. See Roesch v. State, 633 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 1993) (indigent inmate not entitled to receive
copies of public records free of charge nor to have original state attorney files mailed to him in
prison; prisoners are “in the same position as anyone else seeking public records who cannot pay”
the required costs); Potts v. State, 869 So. 2d 1223 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (no merit to inmate’s
contention that Ch. 119, F.S., entitles him to free copies of all records generated in his case);
Bennett v. Clerk of Circuit Court Citrus County, 150 So. 3d 277 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (authority
providing indigent criminal defendants with free copies does not extend beyond the direct appeal
of judgment and sentence and transcripts of evidentiary hearings held on postconviction claims);
Milner v. State, 196 So. 3d 569 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (indigent prisoners are not entitled to free
copies of records under the Public Records Act); and Yanke v. State, 588 So. 2d 4 (Fla. 2d DCA
1991), review denied, 595 So. 2d 559 (Fla. 1992), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 1592 (1992) (prisoner
must pay copying and postage charges to have copies of public records mailed to him). And see
State, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Southpointe Pharmacy, 636 So. 2d 1377,
1382n.7 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (indigent person “is not relieved by his indigency” from paying
statutory costs to obtain public records).
Similarly, a labor union must pay the costs stipulated in Ch. 119, F.S., for copies of
documents it has requested from a public employer for collective bargaining purposes because
“[a] labor union seeking information from the employer with whom it is locked in collective
bargaining negotiations is not exempt from the Florida Public Records Act.” City of Miami Beach
v. Public Employees Relations Commission, 937 So. 2d 226 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006).
A school district is under no statutory obligation to provide copies of public records free of

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charge to individual members of a school advisory council, but a school district may formulate a
policy for the distribution of such records. AGO 99-46. If it is found that the advisory council
needs certain school records in order to carry out its statutory functions, such records should be
provided to the council in the same manner that records related to agenda items are provided to
school board members. Id. Cf. Inf. Op. to Martin, November 21, 2006 (school board policy
requiring that a request for information by an individual board member requiring more than
sixty minutes of staff time to prepare must be presented to the school board for approval would be
invalid if the school board member is asking under public records law; however, the school board
member would be subject to any charges allowed by Chapter 119, F.S.).
6.

Authority to charge for development, travel or overhead costs

An agency should not consider the furnishing of public records to be a “revenue-generating
operation.” AGO 85-03. See also AGO 89-93 (city not authorized to sell copies of its growth
management book for $35.00 each when the actual cost to reproduce the book is $15.10 per
copy; city is limited to charging only the costs authorized by Ch. 119, F.S.).
The Public Records Act does not authorize the addition of overhead costs such as utilities
or other office expenses to the charge for public records. AGO 99-41. Similarly, an agency
may not charge for travel time to obtain public records stored off-premises. AGO 90-07. For
example, if municipal pension records are stored in a records storage facility outside city limits,
the city may not pass along to the public records requestor the costs to retrieve the records. Inf.
Op. to Sugarman, September 5, 1997. Cf. Cone & Graham, Inc. v. State, No. 97-4047 (Fla. 2d
Cir. Ct. October 7, 1997) (an agency’s decision to “archive” older e-mail messages on tapes so
that they could not be retrieved or printed without a systems programmer was analogous to an
agency’s decision to store records off-premises in that the agency rather than the requestor must
bear the costs for retrieving the records).
An agency may not assess fees designed to recoup the original cost of developing
or producing the records. AGO 88-23 (state attorney not authorized to impose a charge to
recover part of costs incurred in production of a training program; the fee to obtain a copy of
the videotape of such program is limited to the actual cost of duplication of the tape). And
see State, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Southpointe Pharmacy, 636 So. 2d
1377, 1382 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (once a transcript of an administrative hearing is filed with the
agency, the transcript becomes a public record regardless of who ordered the transcript or paid
for the transcription; the agency can charge neither the parties nor the public a fee that exceeds
the charges authorized in the Public Records Act). Cf. s. 119.07(4)(b), F.S., providing that the
charge for copies of county maps or aerial photographs supplied by county constitutional officers
may also include a reasonable charge for the labor and overhead associated with their duplication.
Therefore, unless a specific request for copies requires extensive clerical or supervisory
assistance or extensive use of information technology resources so as to trigger the special
service charge authorized by s. 119.07(4)(d), F.S., an agency may charge only the actual cost
of duplication for copies of computerized public records. AGO 99-41. The imposition of the
service charge, however, is dependent upon the nature or volume of records requested, not on the
cost to either develop or maintain the records or the database system. Id.
7.

Fees to obtain agency records held by private companies

Although an agency may contract with private companies to provide information also
obtainable through the agency, it may not abdicate its duty to produce such records for inspection
and copying by requiring those seeking public records to do so only through its designee and then
paying whatever fee that company may establish for its services. AGO 02-37. The agency is the
custodian of its public records and, upon request, must produce such records for inspection and
copy such records at the statutorily prescribed fee. Id. Accord AGO 13-03. And see AGO 0534 (while the property appraiser may provide public records, excluding exempt or confidential
information, to a private company, the property appraiser may receive only those fees that are

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authorized by statute and may not, in the absence of statutory authority, enter into an agreement
with the private company where the property appraiser provides such records in exchange for
either in-kind services or a share of the profits or proceeds from the sale of the information by
the private company). Cf. s. 119.0701(2)(b)2., F.S., requiring that certain contracts contain a
provision stipulating that upon request from the public agency’s custodian of public records,
the contractor must provide the public agency with a copy of the requested records or allow the
records to be inspected or copied within a reasonable time at a cost that does not exceed the cost
provided in ch. 119 or as otherwise provided by law.
8.

Sales tax

In AGO 86-83, the Attorney General’s Office advised that the sales tax imposed pursuant
to s. 212.05, F.S., is not applicable to the fee charged for providing copies of records under s.
119.07, F.S. See s. 5(a) of Department of Revenue Rule 12A-1.041, F.A.C., stating that “[t]he
fee prescribed by law, or the actual cost of duplication, for providing copies of public records . . .
under Chapter 119, F.S., is exempt from sales tax.”
9.

Confidential records

Unless another fee to obtain a particular record is prescribed by law, an agency may not
charge fees that exceed those in Ch. 119, F.S, when providing copies of confidential records to
persons who are authorized to obtain them. For example, in AGO 03-57, the Attorney General’s
Office advised that persons who are authorized by statute to obtain otherwise confidential
autopsy photographs should be provided copies in accordance with the provisions of the Public
Records Act, i.e., s. 119.07(4), F.S. The medical examiner is not authorized to charge a fee that
exceeds those charges. Id.
10.

Requester makes his/her own copies

Section 119.07(3)(a), F.S., provides a “right of access to public records for the purpose of
making photographs of the record while such record is in the possession, custody, and control of
the custodian of public records.” This subsection “applies to the making of photographs in the
conventional sense by use of a camera device to capture images of public records but excludes the
duplication of microfilm in the possession of the clerk of the circuit court” if the clerk can provide
a copy of the microfilm. Section 119.07(3)(b), F.S.
The photographing is to be done in the room where the public records are kept. Section
119.07(3)(d), F.S. However, if in the custodian’s judgment, this is impossible or impracticable,
the copying shall be done in another room or place, as close as possible to the room where the
public records are kept. Id. Where provision of another room or place is necessary, the expense of
providing the same shall be paid by the person who wants to copy the records. Id. The custodian
may charge the person making the copies for supervision services. Section 119.07(4)(e)2., F.S.
In such cases the custodian may not charge the copy charges authorized in s. 119.07(4)(a), F.S.,
but may charge only the supervision service charge authorized in s. 119.07(4)(e)2., F.S. See AGO
82-23. And see Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120,
122 (Fla. 2016) (because the trial court found that two conditions—“an hourly photocopying fee
and an hourly supervisory fee”—were imposed in violation of s. 119.07, F.S., the requester, as the
prevailing party in the litigation, should have been awarded attorney’s fees).
11.

Fee issues relating to specific records

a.

Clerk of court records

(1)

County records

Pursuant to s. 125.17, F.S., the clerk of the circuit court serves as the ex officio clerk to the
board of county commissioners. Records maintained by the clerk which relate to this function
(e.g., county resolutions, budgets, minutes, etc.) are public records which are subject to the
copying fees set forth in Ch. 119, F.S., and not the service charges set forth in Ch. 28, F.S. AGO
85-80. Accord AGO 94-60 (documents such as minutes of public meetings, which are in the

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custody of the clerk as ex officio clerk of the board of county commissioners, are not subject to the
$1.00 per page charge prescribed in Ch. 28). See also AGO 82-23 (when members of the public
use their own photographic equipment to make their own copies, the clerk is not entitled to the
fees prescribed in s. 28.24, F.S., but is entitled only to the supervisory service charge now found
in s. 119.07[4][e]2., F.S.).
(2)

Judicial records

When the clerk is exercising his or her duties derived from Article V of the Constitution,
the clerk is not subject to legislative control. Times Publishing Company v. Ake, 660 So. 2d 255
(Fla. 1995). Thus, when the clerk is acting in his or her capacity as part of the judicial branch of
government, access to the judicial records under the clerk’s control is governed exclusively by Fla.
R. Jud. Admin. 2.420, Public Access to and Protection of Judicial Records. Id. See Fla. R. Jud.
Admin. 2.420(b)(2), defining the term “judicial branch” for purposes of the rule, to include “the
clerk of court when acting as an arm of the court.”
Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.420(m)(3) states that “[f ]ees for copies of records
in all entities in the judicial branch of government, except for copies of court records, shall be the
same as those provided in section 119.07, Florida Statutes.” (e.s.). The fees to obtain copies of
court records are set forth in s. 28.24, F.S. This statute establishes fees that are generally higher
than those in Ch. 119, F.S. For example, the charge to obtain copies of court records is $1.00 per
page, rather than 15 cents per page as established in s. 119.07(4)(a)1., F.S. See also WFTV, Inc.
v. Wilken, 675 So. 2d 674 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (the $1.00 per page copying charge in s. 28.24,
F.S., applies to all court documents, whether unrecorded or recorded).
b.

Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles crash reports

In the absence of statutory provision, the charges authorized in s. 119.07(4), F.S., govern
the fees to obtain copies of crash reports from law enforcement agencies. However, there are
specific statutes which apply to fees to obtain copies of reports from the Department of Highway
Safety and Motor Vehicles. Section 321.23(2)(a), F.S., provides that the fee to obtain a copy
of a crash report from the department is $10.00 per copy. A copy of a homicide report is $25
per copy. Section 321.23(2)(b), F.S. Separate charges are provided for photographs. Section
321.23(2)(c), F.S.
H. REMEDIES AND PENALTIES
1.

Voluntary mediation program

Section 16.60, F.S., establishes an informal mediation program within the Office of
the Attorney General as an alternative for resolution of open government disputes. For more
information about the voluntary mediation program, please contact the Office of the Attorney
General at the following address: The Office of the Attorney General, PL-01, The Capitol,
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1050; telephone (850)245-0140; or you may visit the Office of the
Attorney General website: www.myfloridalegal.com.
2.

Civil action

a.

Remedies

A person denied the right to inspect and/or copy public records under the Public Records
Act may bring a civil action against the agency to enforce the terms of Ch. 119, F.S. Cf. s.
119.07(8), F.S. (s. 119.07, F.S., may not be used by an inmate as the basis for failing to timely
litigate any postconviction action).
Before filing a lawsuit, the petitioner must have furnished a public records request to the
agency. Villarreal v. State, 687 So. 2d 256 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996), review denied, 694 So. 2d 741
(Fla. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 316 (1997) (improper to order agency to produce records

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before it has had an opportunity to comply); and Maraia v. State, 685 So. 2d 851 (Fla. 2d DCA
1995) (public records action dismissed where petitioner failed to file a request for public records
with the records custodian before filing suit). Cf. Coconut Grove Playhouse, Inc. v. Knight-Ridder,
Inc., 935 So. 2d 597 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (trial court order departed from essential requirements
of law by requiring defendant in a public records action to produce its records as a sanction for
failure to respond to a discovery subpoena).
Where a multi-agency law enforcement task force had been created by a mutual aid
agreement and the agreement did not indicate an intent to create a separate legal entity capable
of being sued in its own name, a requestor could not sue the task force for production of records;
however, as the agreement did not specify which agency would be responsible for responding
to public records requests, an action could be brought against any of the member agencies to
produce records in the possession of the task force. Ramese’s, Inc. v. Metropolitan Bureau of
Investigation, 954 So. 2d 703 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007).
(1)

Mandamus

Mandamus is an appropriate remedy to enforce compliance with the Public Records Act.
See Chandler v. City of Greenacres, 140 So. 3d 1080, 1083 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014); Weeks v. Golden,
764 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000); Smith v. State, 696 So. 2d 814 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997); Donner
v. Edelstein, 415 So. 2d 830 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982). See also Farmer v. State, 927 So. 2d 1075
(Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (trial court should treat motion to compel production of public records as
petition for writ of mandamus).
If the requestor’s petition presents a prima facie claim for relief, an order to show cause
should be issued so that the claim may receive further consideration on the merits. Staton v.
McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). Accord Gay v. State, 697 So. 2d 179 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1997). See Radford v. Brock, 914 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (trial judge dismissal of
a writ of mandamus directed to clerk of court and court reporter who were alleged to be records
custodians was erroneous because trial judge did not issue an alternative writ of mandamus
requiring the clerk and court reporter to show cause why the writ should not be issued, and
because there was no sworn evidence refuting the petitioner’s allegations).
Similarly, a petition for writ of mandamus should not have been dismissed based on the
agency’s response that the requested records “would have been destroyed” in accordance with
agency policy. Brown v. State, 152 So. 3d 739, 741 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014). If the agency “had
made it clear that the records had in fact been destroyed, this would have been a valid defense . .
. and the court would have been on solid ground in denying the petition.” Id.
Mandamus is a “one time order by the court to force public officials to perform their
legally designated employment duties.” Town of Manalapan v. Rechler, 674 So. 2d 789, 790
(Fla. 4th DCA 1996), review denied, 684 So. 2d 1353 (Fla. 1996). Thus, a trial court erred
when it retained continuing jurisdiction to oversee enforcement of a writ of mandamus granted
in a public records case. Id. Cf. Areizaga v. Board of County Commissioners of Hillsborough
County, 935 So. 2d 640 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006), review denied, 958 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 2007) (circuit
courts may not refer extraordinary writs to mediation; thus, trial judge should not have ordered
mediation of petition for writ of mandamus seeking production of public records).
(2)

Injunction

Injunctive relief may be available upon an appropriate showing for a violation of Ch. 119, F.S.
See Daniels v. Bryson, 548 So. 2d 679 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989) (injunctive relief appropriate where there
is a demonstrated pattern of noncompliance with the Public Records Act, together with a showing
of likelihood of future violations; mandamus would not be an adequate remedy since mandamus
would not prevent future harm). However, an injunction is not appropriate if the acts complained of
have already been committed and there is not a well-grounded probability of similar future conduct.
Id. See Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v. Sundy, 145 So. 3d 980, 984 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014).

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(3)

Declaratory relief sought by agencies

Occasionally an agency, faced with a demand for public records, seeks guidance from the
court in the form of a complaint for declaratory judgment instead of complying with the request
for public records or asserting an exemption. See Butler v. City of Hallandale Beach, 68 So. 3d
278, 279 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (“Michael Butler appeals from a final judgment in a declaratory
action filed by The City of Hallandale Beach [the City] . . . which sought a declaration that a
list of recipients of a personal email . . . was not sent in connection with the discharge of any
municipal duty and therefore, is not a public record under Florida’s Public Records Law”). Cf.
Sarasota Herald-Tribune Company, Inc. v. Schaub, No. CA87-2949 (Fla. 12th Cir. Ct. July 20,
1988), per curiam affirmed, 539 So. 2d 478 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (state attorney cannot litigate a
declaratory judgment action to obtain judicial advice on how to perform his public duties under
the Public Records Act); Wille v. McDaniel, 18 Med. L. Rptr. 2144, No. CL-91-154-AE (Fla.
15th Cir. Ct. February 18, 1991) (sheriff’s stated purpose in litigating declaratory judgment
action [to avoid being assessed attorney’s fees under the Public Records Act] is insufficient to
support a declaratory action). See also Askew v. City of Ocala, 348 So. 2d 308 (Fla. 1977) (trial
court properly dismissed complaint for declaratory relief for failure to state a cause of action
where public officials disagreed with Attorney General’s advisory opinion and sought different
judicial opinion).
In WFTV, Inc. v. Robbins, 625 So.2d 941 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993), the court held that a
supervisor of elections who denied a public records request to inspect certain election results on
the grounds that a court order entered in another case involving the election prohibited disclosure,
“unlawfully refused” access to public records. The court determined that the supervisor herself
had sought the confidentiality order by means of a motion seeking “directions” from the court
in the election lawsuit. The supervisor was thus liable for payment of attorney’s fees incurred by
the requestor in the subsequent public records action pursuant to s. 119.12, F.S., providing for
an assessment of attorney’s fees and costs if an agency unlawfully refuses to permit examination
and inspection of documents under the Public Records Act. See also City of St. Petersburg v. St.
Petersburg Junior College, No. 93-0004210-CI-13, Order Awarding Attorney’s Fees (Fla. 6th Cir.
Ct. March 25, 1994), in which a city that had initially filed an action for declaratory relief as
to whether records requested under Ch. 119 were confidential under federal law was ultimately
determined to be liable for attorney’s fees under s. 119.12, F.S., after the party seeking the records
filed a counterclaim and the judge determined that the records were not exempt.
b.

Procedural issues

(1)

Discovery

In the absence of an evident abuse of power, the trial court’s exercise of discretion in
matters associated with pretrial discovery in a public records action will not be disturbed.
Lorei v. Smith, 464 So. 2d 1330, 1333 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 475 So. 2d 695
(Fla. 1985). In Lorei, the appellate court upheld the trial judge’s denial of a request to permit
discovery pertaining to the agency’s procedures for maintaining public records. Id. The court
noted that the interrogatories related to “the mechanics associated with the department’s record
maintenance, the internal policies or actions which lead to the development of files,” and other
matters which were not relevant to the question of whether the requested records were exempt
from disclosure. Id.
The court cautioned, however, that “discovery in a context such as the one at hand may
well be appropriate in the circumstance where a good faith belief exists that the public agency
may be playing ‘fast and loose’ with the requesting party or the court, once its statutorily
delegated authority is activated.” Id. Cf. Lopez v. State, 696 So. 2d 725, 727 (Fla. 1997) (trial
court’s denial of motion to depose custodian affirmed because there were “no allegations that any
documents had been removed”); and Johnson v. State, 769 So. 2d 990, 995 (Fla. 2000) (discovery
not warranted based on “bare allegations” that additional records “should” exist).

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(2)

Hearing

Section 119.11(1), F.S., mandates that actions brought under Ch. 119 are entitled to an
immediate hearing and take priority over other pending cases. See Board of Trustees, Jacksonville
Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120, 124 (Fla. 2016), in which the Court observed
that “an accelerated civil action plays a critical role in the enforcement of the Public Records Act
as is reflected in the title of section 119.11— ‘Accelerated hearing; immediate compliance.’” See
also Matos v. Office of the State Attorney for the 17th Judicial Circuit, 80 So. 3d 1149 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2012) (an “immediate hearing does not mean one scheduled within a reasonable time, but
means what the statute says: immediate”); and Woodfaulk v. State, 935 So. 2d 1225 (Fla. 5th DCA
2006) (s. 119.11, F.S., does not place specific requirements on a party requesting public records
to obtain an accelerated hearing except the filing of an action to enforce the public records law).
An order dismissing a public records complaint filed against a sheriff was overturned on
appeal because the judge failed to hold a hearing before entering the order. “Although the sheriff
may ultimately not be able to retrieve these records, because of their age or another reason, the
order in this case, entered without an evidentiary hearing, was premature.” Grace v. Jenne, 855
So. 2d 262, 263 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003). The failure to hold a hearing may be remedied by a
petition for writ of certiorari. See Martinez v. State, 969 So. 2d 1174, 1174-75 (Fla. 5th DCA
2007).
“A motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint and does not resolve factual
issues.” Clay County Education Association v. Clay County School Board, 144 So. 3d 708, 709 (Fla.
1st DCA 2014). Therefore, the trial judge erred when he granted the agency’s motion to dismiss
based on the agency’s “unsworn response . . . that it either had already provided the documents,
did not have the information in the format requested, or could not produce the documents
because they did not exist.” Id. The appellate court remanded the case “for an immediate hearing
under section 119.11[1] and, if necessary, further proceedings to resolve any factual disputes
that remain between the parties’ complaint and answer.” Id. See also Ferrier v. Public Defender’s
Office, Second Judicial Circuit of Florida, 171 So. 3d 744 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (circuit court erred
in not conducting an evidentiary hearing “on the contested issue of whether [the agency] had
the requested materials in its possession”); Holley v. Bradford County Sheriff’s Department, 171
So. 3d 805 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (because petitioner disputed the agency’s “unsworn claim that
it did not possess the requested records, the trial court could not deny [the] petition without
conducting an evidentiary hearing on this issue”); and Williams v. State, 163 So. 3d 618 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2015) (where petitioner asserted that the record produced by the agency was not the record
he requested, trial judge erred by denying prison inmate’s petition for writ of mandamus without
issuing an alternative writ to show cause and failing to hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve
disputed issues of fact). Cf. Morgan v. Wagner, 73 So. 3d 815 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011), in which the
Fourth District said it was “compelled to affirm” the lower court order dismissing the petitioner’s
public records action because there was no transcript or documentation in the appendix to show
that petitioner had preserved “what may have been a valid procedural argument.”
(3)

In camera inspection

Section 119.07(1)(g), F.S., provides that in any case in which an exemption is alleged to
exist pursuant to s. 119.071(1)(d) or (f ), (2)(d), (e), or (f ), or (4)(c), F.S., the public record or
part of the record in question shall be submitted to the trial court for an in camera examination.
See City of St. Petersburg v. Romine ex. rel. Dillinger, 719 So. 2d 19 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998) (in camera
review mandated when confidential informant exemption now found at s. 119.071[2][f ], F.S.,
is asserted); Walton v. Dugger, 634 So. 2d 1059 (Fla. 1993); Lopez v. Singletary, 634 So. 2d 1054
(Fla. 1993) (records claimed by state attorney to constitute exempted work product must be
produced for an in camera inspection); and Environmental Turf, Inc. v. University of Florida Board
of Trustees, 83 So. 3d 1012 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (in camera inspection required where university
claimed that records were exempt pursuant to s. 119.071[1][d], F.S. [attorney work product] and
s. 1004.22, F.S. [proprietary research records]). And see Weeks v. Golden, 764 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1st

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DCA 2009) (“We fail to see how the trial court can [determine whether an agency is entitled to
a claimed exemption] without examining the records”). Cf. Agrosource, Inc. v. Florida Department
of Citrus, 148 So. 3d 138 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (trial court finding after in camera review that
certain prelitigation emails were exempt attorney work product was supported by competent
substantial evidence).
An in camera inspection is also required so that the trial judge can determine whether the
records can be redacted to remove exempt information. See Holley v. Bradford County Sheriff’s
Department, 171 So. 3d 805 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (trial court must conduct an in camera
inspection of the records to determine whether they could be redacted to remove information
identifying confidential informants).
While s. 119.07(1)(g), F.S., states that an in camera inspection is “discretionary” in cases
where an exemption is alleged under s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S. (the exemption for active criminal
investigative or intelligence information), it has been held that an in camera inspection is
necessary in order for the court to determine whether the exemption applies to the records at
issue. For example, in Woolling v. Lamar, 764 So. 2d 765, 768-769 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), review
denied, 786 So. 2d 1186 (Fla. 2001), the Fifth District noted that the state attorney had not
presented “evidence to meet its burden that the records are exempt” under s. 119.071(2)(c), F.S.;
therefore, an “in camera inspection by the lower court is . . . required so that the trial judge will
have a factual basis to decide if the records are exempt. . . .” See also Garrison v. Bailey, 4 So. 3d
683 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009). Compare Althouse v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 89 So. 3d 288,
289 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (while trial court’s failure to conduct an in camera inspection usually
constitutes reversible error, in this case petitioner objected to an inspection and thereby precluded
judge from conducting “an intelligent review of the documents;” accordingly, appellate court was
“compelled to affirm” trial court’s denial of a petition seeking documents relating to a pending
criminal investigation). Cf. Jordan v. School Board of Broward County, 531 So. 2d 976 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1988) (trial court’s failure to conduct an in camera inspection of a file containing alleged
exempt attorney work product was deemed to be an invalid basis for a new trial when neither
party requested an in camera inspection, and the agency’s attorney made no objection at trial).
(4)

Mootness

In Puls v. City of Port St. Lucie, 678 So. 2d 514 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996), the court, noting
that “[p]roduction of the records after the [public records] lawsuit was filed did not moot the
issues raised in the complaint,” remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing on whether there
was an unlawful refusal of access to public records. See also Times Publishing Company v. City
of St. Petersburg, 558 So. 2d 487, 491 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990) (while courts do not ordinarily
resolve disputes unless a case or controversy exists, “since the instant situation is capable of
repetition while evading review, we find it appropriate to address the issues before us concerning
applicability of the Public Records Act for future reference”); Mazer v. Orange County, 811 So.
2d 857, 860 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (“the fact that the requested documents were produced in
the instant case after the action was commenced, but prior to final adjudication of the issue
by the trial court, does not render the case moot or preclude consideration of [the petitioner’s]
entitlement to fees under the statute”); Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288 (Fla. 2010) (because damage occurred when city refused to
produce canvassing board minutes until approved by city commission, production after the fact
did nothing to mollify appellants’ injury and therefore issue was not moot as city’s refusal “denied
any realistic access for the only purpose appellants sought to achieve--review of the Minutes
before the Commission meeting.”); and Schweickert v. Citrus County, Florida Board, 193 So. 3d
1075, 1079 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016) (“We agree that Appellant’s case was not rendered moot simply
because the Board produced the requested documents after the filing of the initial complaint but
prior to filing the amended complaint”). Compare, State v. Ingram, 170 So. 3d 727 (Fla. 2015)
(opinion of district court of appeal holding that prison inmate was entitled to unredacted version
of videotaped statement of minor victim vacated following State’s uncontested representation at
oral argument before the Supreme Court that the videotape does not exist).

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Similarly, in Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner, 889 So. 2d 871 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004), review
denied, 902 So. 2d 791 (Fla. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 746 (2005), the court found that
a public records lawsuit over a custodian’s requirement that a commercial company obtain a
licensing agreement before using the records did not become moot when the custodian provided
the company with the requested data after the lawsuit was filed. Because the data was delivered
subject to a condition that it was for personal use only, a controversy remained concerning the
validity of the custodian restriction on the use of the data. And see Southern Coatings, Inc. v. City
of Tamarac, 916 So. 2d 19 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (federal court’s dismissal of pendent claims based
on state public records law is not a judgment on the merits and, therefore, not res judicata in a
subsequent lawsuit in state court).
(5)

Stay

If the person seeking public records prevails in the trial court, the public agency must
comply with the court’s judgment within 48 hours unless otherwise provided by the trial court
or such determination is stayed within that period by the appellate court. Section 119.11(2), F.S.
An automatic stay shall exist for 48 hours after the filing of a notice of appeal for public records
and public meeting cases, which stay may be extended by the lower tribunal or the court on
motion. Fla. R. App. P. 9.310(b)(2).
c.

Attorney’s fees and costs

Section 119.12, F.S., provides that if a civil action is filed against an agency to enforce
the provisions of this chapter and the court determines that the agency unlawfully refused to
permit a public record to be inspected or copied, the court shall assess and award against the
agency responsible the reasonable costs of enforcement including reasonable attorney’s fees. Cf.
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Martin, 574 So. 2d 1223 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991)
(error to award attorney’s fees where order requiring production of records was entered pursuant
to Adult Protective Services Act, rather than the Public Records Act); and Downs v. Austin, 559
So. 2d 246 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990), review denied, 574 So. 2d 140 (Fla. 1990) (s. 119.12, F.S., does
not constitute authority for the award of attorney’s fees for efforts expended to obtain the fee
provided by that statute). And see State, Department of Economic Opportunity v. Consumer Rights,
LLC, 181 So. 3d 1239 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), rejecting appellee’s argument that the requirements
in s. 284.30, F.S. (establishing procedures to be followed by those seeking to have attorney’s fees
paid by the state or any of its agencies) are inapplicable to public records cases.
A successful pro se litigant is entitled to reasonable costs under this section. Weeks v. Golden,
764 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000); Wisner v. City of Tampa Police Department, 601 So. 2d 296
(Fla. 2d DCA 1992). And see Weeks v. Golden, 846 So. 2d 1247 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (prevailing
pro se inmate entitled to recover costs associated with postage, envelopes and copying, as well as
filing and service of process fees, incurred in public records lawsuit); and Yasir v. Forman, 149 So.
3d 107 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (inmate entitled to reasonable postage, envelope and copying costs
for agency’s unjustified delay in providing public records).
Section 119.12, F.S., is designed to encourage voluntary compliance with the requirements
of Ch. 119, F.S. “If public agencies are required to pay attorney’s fees and costs to parties who
are wrongfully denied access to the records of such agencies, then the agencies are less likely to
deny proper requests for documents.” New York Times Company v. PHH Mental Health Services,
Inc., 616 So. 2d 27, 29 (Fla. 1993). Stated another way, the statute “has the dual role of both
deterring agencies from wrongfully denying access to public records and encouraging individuals
to continue pursuing their right to access public records.” Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police &
Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120, 125 (Fla. 2016).
“[A] prevailing party is entitled to statutory attorney’s fees under the Public Records Act
when the trial court finds that the public agency violated a provision of the Public Records Act in
failing to permit a public record to be inspected or copied. There is no additional requirement,

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before awarding attorney’s fees under the Public Records Act, that the trial court find that the
public agency did not act in good faith, acted in bad faith, or acted unreasonably.” Board of
Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, at 122.
An “unlawful refusal” may include unlawful conditions or requirements for obtaining
public records. As the Supreme Court explained: “Unlawful conditions or excessive, unwarranted
special service charges deter individuals seeking public records from gaining access to the records
to which they are entitled . . . . Even if not malicious or done in bad faith, the Pension Fund’s
actions—which were found be unlawful--had the effect of frustrating Lee’s constitutional right to
access public records and required him to turn to the courts to vindicate that right. Reasonable
attorney’s fees should have been awarded pursuant to section 119.12 for the Pension Fund’s
violation of the Public Records Act.” Lee, at 129-130.
An “unjustified failure to respond to a public records request until after an action has been
commenced to compel compliance amounts to an unlawful refusal” for purposes of s. 119.12,
F.S. Weeks v. Golden, 764 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000). See also Mazer v. Orange County,
811 So. 2d 857, 860 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (“[T]he fact that the requested documents were
produced in the instant case after the action was commenced, but prior to final adjudication
of the issue by the trial court, does not render the case moot or preclude consideration of [the
petitioner’s] entitlement to fees under the statute.); Barfield v. Town of Eatonville, 675 So. 2d
223, 224 (appellant entitled to attorney’s fees because “[t]he evidence clearly establishes that
it was only after the appellant filed a lawsuit that the documents he had previously sought by
written request to the Town were finally turned over to him); Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v.
Sundy, 145 So. 3d 980, 984 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (an agency’s “production of the records on
the eve of the enforcement hearing did not cure its unjustified delay”); and Schweickert v. Citrus
County, Florida Board, 193 So. 3d 1075, 1080 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016) (county’s failure to produce
a complaint alleging inappropriate conduct by a county commissioner until litigation was filed
was an unlawful refusal because the exemption for records relating to an investigation of alleged
discrimination did not apply to the complaint; court rejected the county’s argument that the
delay was justified because the investigation into the complaint might have ultimately produced
records which related to discriminatory behavior).
Stated another way, a delay in disclosing records can rise to the level of a refusal if “there
was no good reason for the delay.” Consumer Rights, LLC v. Union County, 159 So. 3d 882, 885
(Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied, 177 So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2015). For example, in Barfield v.
Town of Eatonville, 675 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996), the court held that a town was liable for
attorney’s fees even if the delay in providing records was due to either the intentional wrongdoing
or ineptitude of its clerk. And see Office of the State Attorney for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of
Florida v. Gonzalez, 953 So. 2d 759 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (attorney’s fees authorized even if failure
to turn over the records was due to a mistake or ineptitude). Cf. Hewlings v. Orange County,
Florida, 87 So. 3d 839 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012) (the mere fact that a county quickly responded to
public records request via voicemail and fax is not dispositive of whether the county’s 45-day
delay in complying with the request was justified).
“However, it is equally clear that a delay does not in and of itself create liability under
s. 119.12, F.S.” Consumer Rights, LLC v. Union County, 159 So. 3d at 885. See also Lilker v.
Suwannee Valley Transit Authority, 133 So. 3d 654, 655 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (where delay is the
issue, the court must determine whether the delay was justified under the facts of the particular
case). Cf. Citizens Awareness Foundation, Inc. v. Wantman Group, Inc., 195 So. 3d 396, 401
(Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (“The public records law should not be applied in a way that encourages
the manufacture of public records requests designed to obtain no response, for the purpose of
generating attorney’s fees.”),
As to calculation of the “reasonable costs of enforcement including reasonable attorneys’
fees” to which the prevailing party is entitled, the trial judge is in a better position than the

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appellate court to make “a factual determination regarding the objectives sought by the [prevailing
party], the extent of statutory enforcement obtained, and the time expended in achieving those
results.” Daniels v. Bryson, 548 So. 2d 679, 682 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989). However, where the
contract between the client and attorney provided that the attorney would be compensated on a
flat hourly basis regardless of the outcome at trial, the trial court erred in awarding an enhanced
fee based upon a contingency risk multiplier. Id. And see Grapski v. City of Alachua, 134 So. 3d
987 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012), review denied, 118 So. 3d 220 (Fla. 2012) (the trial court’s findings
of fact on the issue of attorney’s fees are presumed correct; the standard of review is abuse of
discretion).
A different rule has been applied when it is unclear whether a private corporation is an
“agency” for purposes of the Public Records Act. Section 119.12, F.S., “was not intended to
force private entities to comply with the inspection requirements of chapter 119 by threatening
to award attorney’s fees against them.” New York Times Company v. PHH Mental Health Services,
Inc., 616 So. 2d 27, 29 (Fla. 1993). Accord Fox v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 545 So.
2d 941 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).
Thus, attorney fees “are not warranted when the [private] entity in charge of the public
records at issue was reasonably and understandably unsure of its status as an agency.” Lee v.
Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund, 113 So. 3d 1010 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013),
approved, 189 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 2016). And see Economic Development Commission v. Ellis, 178 So.
3d 118, 123 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (“attorney’s fees should not be awarded in those cases where
the party refusing to provide documents acted on the good-faith belief that it was not an agent,
subject to compliance with the [Public Records] Act”).
Attorney’s fees may also be awarded for a successful appeal of a denial of access, provided
that at the time of appeal a motion is filed in accordance with the appellate rules. Downs v.
Austin, supra. And see Office of the State Attorney v. Gonzalez, supra (where motion seeking
appellate attorney’s fees is granted by appellate court and remanded only for calculation of such
fees, lower court required to follow court’s mandate without further consideration). Cf. Johnson
v. Jarvis, 107 So. 3d 428 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (trial court erred in denying motion for costs based
on appellant’s failure to comply with the notice requirement in s. 284.30, F.S; “[f ]or purposes of
appellate costs, the appellant was the prevailing party . . . and is entitled to an award of his costs
incurred therein”).
3.

Criminal and noncriminal infraction penalties

Section 119.10(1)(b), F.S., states that a public officer who knowingly violates the provisions
of s. 119.07(1), F.S., is subject to suspension and removal or impeachment and commits a
misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable by possible criminal penalties of one year in prison,
or $1,000 fine, or both. See State v. Webb, 786 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001) (s. 119.10[1][b]
authorizes a conviction for violating s. 119.07 only if a defendant is found to have committed
such violation “knowingly”; statute cannot be interpreted as allowing a conviction based on mere
negligence).
Section 119.10(1)(a), F.S., provides that a violation of any provision of Ch. 119, F.S.,
by a public officer is a noncriminal infraction, punishable by fine not exceeding $500. Cf.
s. 838.022(1)(b), F.S. (unlawful for a public servant or public contractor, to knowingly and
intentionally obtain a benefit for any person or to cause unlawful harm to another, by concealing,
covering up, destroying, mutilating, or altering any official record or official document, except
as authorized by law or contract, or causing another person to perform such an act).
A state attorney may prosecute suits charging public officials with violations of the Public
Records Act, including those violations which may result in a finding of guilt for a noncriminal
infraction. AGO 91-38.

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I.
1.

MAINTENANCE, STORAGE AND RETENTION REQUIREMENTS
Maintenance and storage of records

All public records should be kept in the buildings in which they are ordinarily used.
Section 119.021(1)(a), F.S. Moreover, insofar as practicable, a custodian of public records of
vital, permanent, or archival records shall keep them in fireproof and waterproof safes, vaults, or
rooms fitted with noncombustible materials and in such arrangement as to be easily accessible
for convenient use. Section 119.021(1)(b), F.S. Records that are in need of repair, restoration,
or rebinding may be authorized by the head of the governmental entity to be removed from the
building or office in which such records are ordinarily kept for the length of time required to
repair, restore, or rebind them. Section 119.021(1)(c), F.S.
Thus, public records may not routinely be removed from the building or office in which
such records are ordinarily kept except for official purposes. AGO 93-16. The retention of
such records in the home of a public official would appear to circumvent the public access
requirements of the Public Records Act and compromise the rights of the public to inspect and
copy such records. Id. And see AGO 04-43 (mail addressed to city officials at City Hall and
received at City Hall should not be forwarded unopened to the private residences of the officials,
but rather the original or a copy of the mail that constitutes a public record should be maintained
at city offices); and AGO 07-14 (“Although the Public Records Law does not prescribe a location
at which public records must be maintained, it does suggest that such records be kept where
they are ordinarily used”). Cf. Inf. Op. to Sola, March 9, 2010 (municipal election records
are municipal records which should be maintained by city even though election conducted by
county supervisor of elections) and AGO 88-26 (while Ch. 119, F.S., does not require a county to
transport microfilmed copies of public records maintained in a storage facility outside the county
to the county courthouse when the originals are available at the courthouse, the microfilmed
copies must be available for copying at their location outside the county).
2.

Delivery of records to successor

Section 119.021(4)(a), F.S., provides that whoever has custody of public records shall
deliver such records to his or her successor at the expiration of his or her term of office or, if there
is no successor, to the records and information management program of the Division of Library
and Information Services of the Department of State. See Maxwell v. Pine Gas Corporation, 195
So. 2d 602 (Fla. 4th DCA 1967) (state, county, and municipal records are not the personal
property of a public officer); AGO 98-59 (records in the files of the former city attorney which
were made or received in carrying out her duties as city attorney and which communicate,
perpetuate, or formalize knowledge constitute public records and are required to be turned over
to her successor); and AGO 75-282 (public records regardless of usefulness or relevancy must
be turned over to the custodian’s successor in office or to the Department of State). And see
s. 119.021(4)(b), F.S., providing that “[w]hoever is entitled to custody of public records shall
demand them from any person having illegal possession of them, who must forthwith deliver the
same to him or her.”
In the absence of contrary direction in the legislation dissolving a special taxing district,
the district’s records should be delivered to the Department of State. AGO 95-03. Compare
AGO 09-39, stating that in light of a court order holding that an independent special district is
the successor-in-interest to the powers and duties of a municipal services benefit unit [MSBU],
the records of the MSBU should be delivered to the special district. Cf. s. 257.36(2)(b), F.S.,
specifying procedures for disposition of agency records stored in the state records center in the
event that the agency is dissolved or its functions are transferred to another agency.
3.

Transition records of certain officers-elect

Section 119.035(4), F.S., states that “upon taking the oath of office, the officer-elect shall,
as soon as practicable deliver to the person or persons responsible for records and information
management in such office all public records kept or received in the transaction of official business

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during the period following election to public office.” The term “officer-elect” for purposes of this
section means the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Attorney General, the Chief Financial
Officer, and the Commissioner of Agriculture. Section 119.035(5), F.S.
4.

Retention and disposal of records

a.

Retention schedules

Section 119.021(2)(a), F.S. requires the Division of Library and Information Services
(division) of the Department of State to adopt rules establishing retention schedules and a disposal
process for public records. Each agency must comply with these rules. Section 119.021(2)(b),
F.S. See generally Chs. 1B-24 and 1B-26, Florida Administrative Code. The approved records
retention schedule for state and local governmental entities is located online at http://dlis.dos.
state.fl.us/barm/genschedules/GS1-SL.pdf. Cf. L.R. v. Department of State, Division of Archives,
History and Records Management, 488 So. 2d 122 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (an affected party
seeking to challenge an agency’s approved records retention schedule may be entitled to a hearing
pursuant to Ch. 120, F.S).
Retention schedules for judicial branch records are established by court rule. See Fla. R.
Jud. Admin. 2.430 (court records) and Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.440 (judicial branch administrative
records). Similarly, procedures for maintenance and destruction of legislative records are
established in legislative rules. Legislative rules may be accessed online at www.flsenate.gov
(Florida Senate) and www.myfloridahouse.gov (Florida House of Representatives).
b.

Disposal of records

Section 257.36(6), F.S., states that a “public record may be destroyed or otherwise disposed
of only in accordance with retention schedules established by the division.” Section 119.021(2)
(c), F.S., provides that public officials must “systematically dispose” of records no longer needed,
subject to the consent of the division in accordance with s. 257.36, F.S. Compare s. 119.021(3),
F.S., stating that notwithstanding the provisions of Chs. 119 or 257, F.S., certain orders that
comprise final agency action must be permanently maintained.
Thus, for example, a municipality may not remove and destroy disciplinary notices,
with or without the employee’s consent, during the course of resolving collective bargaining
grievances, except in accordance with the statutory restrictions on disposal of records. AGO
94-75. See also AGOs 09-19 (city must follow public records retention schedules established
by law for information on its Facebook page which constitutes a public record); 96-34 (e-mail
messages are subject to statutory limitations on destruction of public records); and 75-45 (tape
recordings of proceedings before a public body must be preserved in compliance with statutory
record retention and disposal restrictions).
Similarly, registration and disciplinary records stored in a national association securities
dealers database and used by state banking department for regulatory purposes are public
records and may not be destroyed merely because an arbitration panel of the national association
has ordered that they be expunged; such records are subject to statutory mandates governing
destruction of records. AGO 98-54. Accord Inf. Op. to Hernandez, July 1, 2003 (agency not
authorized to purge or expunge documents it created while carrying out what it perceived to be
its official duty based upon an accusation that the agency may have been mistaken in such an
assessment). Cf. AGO 91-23 (clerk of court not authorized to expunge a court order from the
Official Records, in the absence of a court order directing such action).
c.

Exempt records

The statutory restrictions on destruction of public records apply even if the record is exempt
from disclosure. For example, in AGO 81-12, the Attorney General’s Office concluded that
the City of Hollywood could not destroy or dispose of licensure, certification, or employment
examination question and answer sheets except as authorized by statute. And see AGO 87-48

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(statutory prohibition against placing anonymous materials in the personnel file of a school district
employee did not permit the destruction of such materials received in the course of official school
business, absent compliance with statutory restrictions on destruction of records). An exemption
only removes the records from public access requirements, it does not exempt the records from the
other provisions of Ch. 119, F.S., such as those requiring that public records be kept in a safe place
or those regulating the destruction of public records. AGO 93-86. See s. 119.021, F.S.
Moreover, if an assertion is made by the custodian that a requested record is not a public
record subject to public inspection or copying, the requested record may not be disposed of for a
period of 30 days after the date on which a written request to inspect or copy the record was made
to the custodian; if a civil action is instituted within the 30-day period to enforce the provisions
of this section with respect to the requested record, the custodian may not dispose of the record
except by order of a court of competent jurisdiction after notice to all affected parties. Section
119.07(1)(h), F.S
d.

Evidence obtained by law enforcement agencies

Documentary evidence obtained by a police department is a public record subject to
retention schedules approved by the division. AGO 04-51. Accord Inf. Op. to Blair, August
24, 2011 (evidence that constitutes a public record may be destroyed only in accordance with
retention schedules established by the division and noting that the division has adopted a General
Records Schedule GS2 for law enforcement agencies).
However, “the disposition of evidence not constituting a public record within the meaning
of Chapter 119, Florida Statutes, would appear to be dependent upon an agency’s determination
that it is no longer needed.” Inf. Op. to Blair, August 24, 2011. (e.s.) Cf. Church of Scientology
Flag Service Org., Inc. v. Wood, No. 97-688CI-07 (Fla. 6th Cir. Ct. February 27, 1997) (physical
specimens relating to an autopsy are not public records because in order to constitute a “public
record” for purposes of Ch. 119, “the record itself must be susceptible of some form of copying”).
e.

Duplicate records

Section 257.36(6), F.S., requires the division to adopt rules which, among other things,
establish “[s]tandards for the reproduction of records for security or with a view to the disposal of
the original record.” For example, the division is responsible for determining whether an agency
may dispose of an audiotape of a witness statement without regard to the retention schedule, if
there is also a transcript of the statement. Inf. Op. to Mathews, July 12, 2004. Cf. AGO 91-09
(if a facsimile document is subsequently copied by the receiving agency, the facsimile document
is considered an intermediate document which may be destroyed; the copy of the facsimile then
is retained as a public record). See also AGO 92-85, stating that individual school board members
are not required to retain copies of public records which are regularly maintained in the course of
business by the clerk of the school board in the school board administrative offices.
APPENDICES
A.

PUBLIC RECORDS AND MEETINGS CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
Article I, Section 24, Florida Constitution
Section 24. Access to public records and meetings.

(a) 	Every person has the right to inspect or copy any public record made or received in
connection with the official business of any public body, officer, or employee of the state,
or persons acting on their behalf, except with respect to records exempted pursuant to this
section or specifically made confidential by this Constitution. This section specifically
includes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and each agency

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or department created thereunder; counties, municipalities, and districts; and each
constitutional officer, board, and commission, or entity created pursuant to law or this
Constitution.
(b) 	All meetings of any collegial public body of the executive branch of state government or
of any collegial public body of a county, municipality, school district, or special district, at
which official acts are to be taken or at which public business of such body is to be transacted
or discussed, shall be open and noticed to the public and meetings of the legislature shall be
open and noticed as provided in Article III, Section 4(e), except with respect to meetings
exempted pursuant to this section or specifically closed by this Constitution.
(c) This section shall be self-executing. The legislature, however, may provide by general
law passed by a two-thirds vote of each house for the exemption of records from the
requirements of subsection (a) and the exemption of meetings from the requirements
of subsection (b), provided that such law shall state with specificity the public necessity
justifying the exemption and shall be no broader than necessary to accomplish the stated
purpose of the law. The legislature shall enact laws governing the enforcement of this
section, including the maintenance, control, destruction, disposal, and disposition of
records made public by this section, except that each house of the legislature may adopt
rules governing the enforcement of this section in relation to records of the legislative
branch. Laws enacted pursuant to this subsection shall contain only exemptions from the
requirements of subsections (a) or (b) and provisions governing the enforcement of this
section, and shall relate to one subject.
(d) 	All laws that are in effect on July 1, 1993 that limit public access to records or meetings
shall remain in force, and such laws apply to records of the legislative and judicial branches,
until they are repealed. Rules of court that are in effect on the date of adoption of this
section that limit access to records shall remain in effect until they are repealed.
B.

GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE LAW AND RELATED STATUTES
286.011 Public meetings and records; public inspection; criminal and civil penalties.--

(1) 	All meetings of any board or commission of any state agency or authority or of any
agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or political subdivision, except
as otherwise provided in the Constitution, including meetings with or attended by any
person elected to such board or commission, but who has not yet taken office, at which
official acts are to be taken are declared to be public meetings open to the public at all
times, and no resolution, rule, or formal action shall be considered binding except as taken
or made at such meeting. The board or commission must provide reasonable notice of all
such meetings.
(2)

The minutes of a meeting of any such board or commission of any such state agency or
authority shall be promptly recorded, and such records shall be open to public inspection.
The circuit courts of this state shall have jurisdiction to issue injunctions to enforce the
purposes of this section upon application by any citizen of this state.

(3)

(a)Any public officer who violates any provision of this section is guilty of a noncriminal
infraction, punishable by fine not exceeding $500.

(b) 	Any person who is a member of a board or commission or of any state agency or authority
of any county, municipal corporation, or political subdivision who knowingly violates
the provisions of this section by attending a meeting not held in accordance with the
provisions hereof is guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided
in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(c)

Conduct which occurs outside the state which would constitute a knowing violation of
this section is a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082
or s. 775.083.

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(4)

Whenever an action has been filed against any board or commission of any state agency
or authority or any agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or political
subdivision to enforce the provisions of this section or to invalidate the actions of any
such board, commission, agency, or authority, which action was taken in violation of this
section, and the court determines that the defendant or defendants to such action acted
in violation of this section, the court shall assess a reasonable attorney’s fee against such
agency, and may assess a reasonable attorney’s fee against the individual filing such an
action if the court finds it was filed in bad faith or was frivolous. Any fees so assessed
may be assessed against the individual member or members of such board or commission;
provided, that in any case where the board or commission seeks the advice of its attorney
and such advice is followed, no such fees shall be assessed against the individual member or
members of the board or commission. However, this subsection shall not apply to a state
attorney or his or her duly authorized assistants or any officer charged with enforcing the
provisions of this section.

(5)

Whenever any board or commission of any state agency or authority or any agency or
authority of any county, municipal corporation, or political subdivision appeals any court
order which has found said board, commission, agency, or authority to have violated this
section, and such order is affirmed, the court shall assess a reasonable attorney’s fee for
the appeal against such board, commission, agency, or authority. Any fees so assessed
may be assessed against the individual member or members of such board or commission;
provided, that in any case where the board or commission seeks the advice of its attorney
and such advice is followed, no such fees shall be assessed against the individual member
or members of the board or commission.

(6)

All persons subject to subsection (1) are prohibited from holding meetings at any facility or
location which discriminates on the basis of sex, age, race, creed, color, origin, or economic
status or which operates in such a manner as to unreasonably restrict public access to such
a facility.

(7)

Whenever any member of any board or commission of any state agency or authority or
any agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or political subdivision
is charged with a violation of this section and is subsequently acquitted, the board or
commission is authorized to reimburse said member for any portion of his or her reasonable
attorney’s fees.

(8) 	Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), any board or commission of any state
agency or authority or any agency or authority of any county, municipal corporation, or
political subdivision, and the chief administrative or executive officer of the governmental
entity, may meet in private with the entity’s attorney to discuss pending litigation to which
the entity is presently a party before a court or administrative agency, provided that the
following conditions are met:
(a)

The entity’s attorney shall advise the entity at a public meeting that he or she desires advice
concerning the litigation.

(b)

The subject matter of the meeting shall be confined to settlement negotiations or strategy
sessions related to litigation expenditures.

(c)

The entire session shall be recorded by a certified court reporter. The reporter shall record
the times of commencement and termination of the session, all discussion and proceedings,
the names of all persons present at any time, and the names of all persons speaking. No
portion of the session shall be off the record. The court reporter’s notes shall be fully
transcribed and filed with the entity’s clerk within a reasonable time after the meeting.

(d)

The entity shall give reasonable public notice of the time and date of the attorney-client
session and the names of persons who will be attending the session. The session shall
commence at an open meeting at which the persons chairing the meeting shall announce
the commencement and estimated length of the attorney-client session and the names of

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the persons attending. At the conclusion of the attorney-client session, the meeting shall
be reopened, and the person chairing the meeting shall announce the termination of the
session.
(e)

The transcript shall be made part of the public record upon conclusion of the litigation.
Related sections read as follows:

286.0105 Notices of meetings and hearings must advise that a record is required to
appeal.-Each board, commission, or agency of this state or of any political subdivision thereof shall
include in the notice of any meeting or hearing, if notice of the meeting or hearing is required,
of such board, commission, or agency, conspicuously on such notice, the advice that, if a person
decides to appeal any decision made by the board, agency, or commission with respect to any
matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he or she will need a record of the proceedings, and
that, for such purpose, he or she may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is
made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based.
The requirements of this section do not apply to the notice provided in s. 200.065(3).
286.0111 Legislative review of certain exemptions from requirements for public
meetings and recordkeeping by governmental entities.-The provisions of s. 119.15, the Open Government Sunset Review Act, apply to the
provisions of law which provide exemptions to s. 286.011, as provided in s. 119.15.
286.0113 General exemptions from public meetings.-(1)

That portion of a meeting that would reveal a security system plan or portion thereof made
confidential and exempt by s. 119.071(3)(a) is exempt from s. 286.011 and s. 24(b), Art.
I of the State Constitution.

(2)
1.

(a) For purposes of this subsection:
“Competitive solicitation” means the process of requesting and receiving sealed bids,
proposals, or replies in accordance with the terms of a competitive process, regardless of
the method of procurement.
“Team” means a group of members established by an agency for the purpose of conducting
negotiations as part of a competitive solicitation.

2.

(b)1.	Any portion of a meeting at which a negotiation with a vendor is conducted pursuant
to a competitive solicitation, at which a vendor makes an oral presentation as part of a
competitive solicitation, or at which a vendor answers questions as part of a competitive
solicitation is exempt from s. 286.011 and s. 24(b), Art. I of the State Constitution.
2. 	Any portion of a team meeting at which negotiation strategies are discussed is exempt from
s. 286.011 and s. 24(b), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(c)1.	A complete recording shall be made of any portion of an exempt meeting. No portion of
the exempt meeting may be held off the record.
2.
The recording of, and any records presented at, the exempt meeting are exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution until such time as the agency
provides notice of an intended decision or until 30 days after opening the bids, proposals,
or final replies, whichever occurs earlier.
3. 	If the agency rejects all bids, proposals, or replies and concurrently provides notice of its
intent to reissue a competitive solicitation, the recording and any records presented at
the exempt meeting remain exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution until such time as the agency provides notice of an intended decision
concerning the reissued competitive solicitation or until the agency withdraws the reissued

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competitive solicitation. A recording and any records presented at an exempt meeting are
not exempt for longer than 12 months after the initial agency notice rejecting all bids,
proposals, or replies.
286.0114 Public meetings; reasonable opportunity to be heard; attorney fees.—
(1)

For purposes of this section, “board or commission” means a board or commission of any
state agency or authority or of any agency or authority of a county, municipal corporation,
or political subdivision.

(2) 	Members of the public shall be given a reasonable opportunity to be heard on a proposition
before a board or commission. The opportunity to be heard need not occur at the same
meeting at which the board or commission takes official action on the proposition if the
opportunity occurs at a meeting that is during the decisionmaking process and is within
reasonable proximity in time before the meeting at which the board or commission takes
the official action. This section does not prohibit a board or commission from maintaining
orderly conduct or proper decorum in a public meeting. The opportunity to be heard is
subject to rules or policies adopted by the board or commission, as provided in subsection
(4).
(3)

The requirements in subsection (2) do not apply to:

(a) 	An official act that must be taken to deal with an emergency situation affecting the public
health, welfare or safety, if compliance with the requirements would cause an unreasonable
delay in the ability of the board or commission to act;
(b) 	An official act involving no more than a ministerial act, including, but not limited to,
approval of minutes and ceremonial proclamations;
(c) 	A meeting that is exempt from s. 286.011; or
(d) 	A meeting during which the board or commission is acting in a quasi-judicial capacity.
This paragraph does not affect the right of a person to be heard as otherwise provided by
law.
(4) 	Rules or policies of a board or commission which govern the opportunity to be heard are
limited to those that:
(a)

Provide guidelines regarding the amount of time an individual has to address the board or
commission;

(b)

Prescribe procedures for allowing representatives of groups or factions on a proposition to
address the board or commission, rather than all members of such groups or factions, at
meetings in which a large number of individuals wish to be heard;

(c)

Prescribe procedures or forms for an individual to use in order to inform the board or
commission of a desire to be heard; to indicate his or her support, opposition, or neutrality
on a proposition; and to indicate his or her designation of a representative to speak for him
or her or his or her group on a proposition if he or she so chooses; or

(d)

Designate a specified period of time for public comment.

(5) 	If a board or commission adopts rules or policies in compliance with this section and
follows such rules or policies when providing an opportunity for members of the public to
be heard, the board or commission is deemed to be acting in compliance with this section.
(6)

A circuit court has jurisdiction to issue an injunction for the purpose of enforcing this
section upon the filing of an application for such injunction by a citizen of this state.

(7)(a) Whenever an action is filed against a board or commission to enforce this section, the
court shall assess reasonable attorney fees against such board or commission if the court
determines that the defendant to such action acted in violation of this section. The court
may assess reasonable attorney fees against the individual filing such an action if the court

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finds that the action was filed in bad faith or was frivolous. This paragraph does not
apply to a state attorney or his or her duly authorized assistants or an officer charged with
enforcing this section.
(b)

Whenever a board or commission appeals a court order that has found the board or
commission to have violated this section, and such order is affirmed, the court shall assess
reasonable attorney fees for the appeal against such board or commission.

(8) 	An action taken by a board or commission which is found to be in violation of this section
is not void as a result of that violation.
286.01141 Criminal justice commissions; public meetings exemption.—
(1)	As used in this section, the term:
(a)

“Duly constituted criminal justice commission” means an advisory commission created by
municipal or county ordinance whose membership is comprised of individuals from the
private sector and the public sector and whose purpose is to examine local criminal justice
issues.

(b)

“Active” has the same meaning as provided in s. 119.011.

(c)

“Criminal intelligence information” has the same meaning as provided in s. 119.011.

(d)

“Criminal investigative information” has the same meaning as provided in s. 119.011.

(1)

That portion of a meeting of a duly constituted criminal justice commission at which
members of the commission discuss active criminal intelligence information or active
criminal investigative information that is currently being considered by, or which may
foreseeably come before, the commission is exempt from s. 286.011 and s. 24(b), Art.
I of the State Constitution, provided that at any public meeting of the criminal justice
commission at which such matter is being considered, the commission members publicly
disclose the fact that the matter has been discussed.

(2)

This section is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2018, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
286.012 Voting requirement at meetings of governmental bodies.--

A member of a state, county, or municipal governmental board, commission, or agency
who is present at a meeting of any such body at which an official decision, ruling, or other
official act is to be taken or adopted may not abstain from voting in regard to any such decision,
ruling, or act; and a vote shall be recorded or counted for each such member present, unless,
with respect to any such member, there is, or appears to be, a possible conflict of interest under
s. 112.311, s. 112.313, s. 112.3143, or additional or more stringent standards of conduct, if
any, adopted pursuant to s. 112.326. If there is, or appears to be, a possible conflict under s.
112.311, s. 112.313, or s. 112.3143, the member shall comply with the disclosure requirements
of s. 112.3143. If the only conflict or possible conflict is one arising from the additional or more
stringent standards adopted pursuant to s. 112.326, the member shall comply with any disclosure
requirements adopted pursuant to s. 112.326. If the official decision, ruling, or act occurs in the
context of a quasi-judicial proceeding, a member may abstain from voting on such matter if the
abstention is to assure a fair proceeding free from potential bias or prejudice.
286.26 Accessibility of public meetings to the physically handicapped.-(1)

Whenever any board or commission of any state agency or authority, or of any agency or
authority of any county, municipal corporation, or other political subdivision, which has
scheduled a meeting at which official acts are to be taken receives, at least 48 hours prior to
the meeting, a written request by a physically handicapped person to attend the meeting,

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directed to the chairperson or director of such board, commission, agency, or authority,
such chairperson or director shall provide a manner by which such person may attend the
meeting at its scheduled site or reschedule the meeting to a site which would be accessible
to such person.
(2)	If an affected handicapped person objects in the written request, nothing contained in
the provisions of this section shall be construed or interpreted to permit the use of human
physical assistance to the physically handicapped in lieu of the construction or use of
ramps or other mechanical devices in order to comply with the provisions of this section.
C.

THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT

CHAPTER 119, FLORIDA STATUTES
119.01 General state policy on public records.-(1)	It is the policy of this state that all state, county, and municipal records are open for
personal inspection and copying by any person. Providing access to public records is a
duty of each agency.
(2)(a)	Automation of public records must not erode the right of access to those records. As each
agency increases its use of and dependence on electronic recordkeeping, each agency must
provide reasonable public access to records electronically maintained and must ensure that
exempt or confidential records are not disclosed except as otherwise permitted by law.
(b)

When designing or acquiring an electronic recordkeeping system, an agency must consider
whether such system is capable of providing data in some common format such as, but not
limited to, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

(c)	An agency may not enter into a contract for the creation or maintenance of a public records
database if that contract impairs the ability of the public to inspect or copy the public
records of the agency, including public records that are online or stored in an electronic
recordkeeping system used by the agency.
(d)	Subject to the restrictions of copyright and trade secret laws and public records exemptions,
agency use of proprietary software must not diminish the right of the public to inspect and
copy a public record.
(e)

Providing access to public records by remote electronic means is an additional method of
access that agencies should strive to provide to the extent feasible. If an agency provides
access to public records by remote electronic means, such access should be provided in the
most cost-effective and efficient manner available to the agency providing the information.

(f )	Each agency that maintains a public record in an electronic recordkeeping system shall
provide to any person, pursuant to this chapter, a copy of any public record in that system
which is not exempted by law from public disclosure. An agency must provide a copy of
the record in the medium requested if the agency maintains the record in that medium,
and the agency may charge a fee in accordance with this chapter. For the purpose of
satisfying a public records request, the fee to be charged by an agency if it elects to provide
a copy of a public record in a medium not routinely used by the agency, or if it elects to
compile information not routinely developed or maintained by the agency or that requires
a substantial amount of manipulation or programming, must be in accordance with s.
119.07(4).
(3)	If public funds are expended by an agency in payment of dues or membership contributions
for any person, corporation, foundation, trust, association, group, or other organization, all
the financial, business, and membership records of that person, corporation, foundation,
trust, association, group, or other organization which pertain to the public agency are
public records and subject to the provisions of s. 119.07.

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119.011 Definitions.-- As used in this chapter, the term:
(1)

“Actual cost of duplication” means the cost of the material and supplies used to duplicate
the public record, but does not include labor cost or overhead cost associated with such
duplication.

(2)

“Agency” means any state, county, district, authority, or municipal officer, department,
division, board, bureau, commission, or other separate unit of government created or
established by law including, for the purposes of this chapter, the Commission on Ethics,
the Public Service Commission, and the Office of Public Counsel, and any other public or
private agency, person, partnership, corporation, or business entity acting on behalf of any
public agency.

(3)(a) “Criminal intelligence information” means information with respect to an identifiable
person or group of persons collected by a criminal justice agency in an effort to anticipate,
prevent, or monitor possible criminal activity.
(b)

“Criminal investigative information” means information with respect to an identifiable
person or group of persons compiled by a criminal justice agency in the course of
conducting a criminal investigation of a specific act or omission, including, but not limited
to, information derived from laboratory tests, reports of investigators or informants, or any
type of surveillance.

(c)

“Criminal intelligence information” and “criminal investigative information” shall not
include:
The time, date, location, and nature of a reported crime.
The name, sex, age, and address of a person arrested or of the victim of a crime except as
provided in s. 119.071(2)(h).
The time, date, and location of the incident and of the arrest.
The crime charged.
Documents given or required by law or agency rule to be given to the person arrested,
except as provided in s. 119.071(2)(h), and, except that the court in a criminal case may
order that certain information required by law or agency rule to be given to the person
arrested be maintained in a confidential manner and exempt from the provisions of s.
119.07(1) until released at trial if it is found that the release of such information would:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a.

Be defamatory to the good name of a victim or witness or would jeopardize the safety of
such victim or witness; and

b. 	Impair the ability of a state attorney to locate or prosecute a codefendant.
6. 	Informations and indictments except as provided in s. 905.26.
(d)
1.
2.

The word “active” shall have the following meaning:
Criminal intelligence information shall be considered “active” as long as it is related to
intelligence gathering conducted with a reasonable, good faith belief that it will lead to
detection of ongoing or reasonably anticipated criminal activities.
Criminal investigative information shall be considered “active” as long as it is related to
an ongoing investigation which is continuing with a reasonable, good faith anticipation of
securing an arrest or prosecution in the foreseeable future.

	In addition, criminal intelligence and criminal investigative information shall be considered
“active” while such information is directly related to pending prosecutions or appeals. The
word “active” shall not apply to information in cases which are barred from prosecution
under the provisions of s. 775.15 or other statute of limitation.
(4)

“Criminal justice agency” means:

(a) 	Any law enforcement agency, court, or prosecutor;

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(b) 	Any other agency charged by law with criminal law enforcement duties;
(c) 	Any agency having custody of criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative
information for the purpose of assisting such law enforcement agencies in the conduct of
active criminal investigation or prosecution or for the purpose of litigating civil actions
under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, during the time that such
agencies are in possession of criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative
information pursuant to their criminal law enforcement duties; or
(d)

The Department of Corrections.

(5)

“Custodian of public records” means the elected or appointed state, county, or municipal
officer charged with the responsibility of maintaining the office having public records, or
his or her designee.

(6)

“Data processing software” means the programs and routines used to employ and control the
capabilities of data processing hardware, including, but not limited to, operating systems,
compilers, assemblers, utilities, library routines, maintenance routines, applications, and
computer networking programs.

(7)

“Duplicated copies” means new copies produced by duplicating, as defined in s. 283.30.

(8)

“Exemption” means a provision of general law which provides that a specified record or
meeting, or portion thereof, is not subject to the access requirements of s. 119.07(1), s.
286.011, or s. 24, Art. I of the State Constitution.

(9)

“Information technology resources” means data processing hardware and software and
services, communications, supplies, personnel, facility resources, maintenance, and
training.

(10) “Paratransit” has the same meaning as provided in s. 427.011.
(11) “Proprietary software” means data processing software that is protected by copyright or
trade secret laws.
(12) “Public records” means all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs,
films, sound recordings, data processing software, or other material, regardless of the
physical form, characteristics, or means of transmission, made or received pursuant to law
or ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business by any agency.
(13) “Redact” means to conceal from a copy of an original public record, or to conceal from an
electronic image that is available for public viewing, that portion of the record containing
exempt or confidential information.
(14) “Sensitive,” for purposes of defining agency-produced software that is sensitive, means only
those portions of data processing software, including the specifications and documentation,
which are used to:
(a)

Collect, process, store, and retrieve information that is exempt from s. 119.07(1);

(b)

Collect, process, store, and retrieve financial management information of the agency, such
as payroll and accounting records; or

(c)

Control and direct access authorizations and security measures for automated systems.

(15) “Utility” means a person or entity that provides electricity, natural gas, telecommunications,
water, chilled water, reuse water, or wastewater.
119.021 Custodial requirements; maintenance, preservation, and retention of
public records.-(1)

Public records shall be maintained and preserved as follows:

(a) 	All public records should be kept in the buildings in which they are ordinarily used.

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(b)	Insofar as practicable, a custodian of public records of vital, permanent, or archival
records shall keep them in fireproof and waterproof safes, vaults, or rooms fitted with
noncombustible materials and in such arrangement as to be easily accessible for convenient
use.
(c)1.	Record books should be copied or repaired, renovated, or rebound if worn, mutilated,
damaged, or difficult to read.
2.
Whenever any state, county, or municipal records are in need of repair, restoration, or
rebinding, the head of the concerned state agency, department, board, or commission; the
board of county commissioners of such county; or the governing body of such municipality
may authorize that such records be removed from the building or office in which such
records are ordinarily kept for the length of time required to repair, restore, or rebind them.
3. 	Any public official who causes a record book to be copied shall attest and certify under oath
that the copy is an accurate copy of the original book. The copy shall then have the force
and effect of the original.
(2)(a) The Division of Library and Information Services of the Department of State shall adopt
rules to establish retention schedules and a disposal process for public records.
(b) 	Each agency shall comply with the rules establishing retention schedules and disposal
processes for public records which are adopted by the records and information management
program of the division.
(c) 	Each public official shall systematically dispose of records no longer needed, subject to the
consent of the records and information management program of the division in accordance
with s. 257.36.
(d)

The division may ascertain the condition of public records and shall give advice and
assistance to public officials to solve problems related to the preservation, creation, filing,
and public accessibility of public records in their custody. Public officials shall assist the
division by preparing an inclusive inventory of categories of public records in their custody.
The division shall establish a time period for the retention or disposal of each series of
records. Upon the completion of the inventory and schedule, the division shall, subject to
the availability of necessary space, staff, and other facilities for such purposes, make space
available in its records center for the filing of semicurrent records so scheduled and in its
archives for noncurrent records of permanent value, and shall render such other assistance
as needed, including the microfilming of records so scheduled.

(3) 	Agency final orders rendered before July 1, 2015, that were indexed or listed pursuant to
s. 120.53, and agency final orders rendered on or after July 1, 2015, that must be listed or
copies of which must be transmitted to the Division of Administrative Hearings pursuant
to s. 120.53, have continuing legal significance; therefore, notwithstanding any other
provision of this chapter or any provision of chapter 257, each agency shall permanently
maintain records of such orders pursuant to the applicable rules of the Department of
State.
(4)(a) Whoever has custody of any public records shall deliver, at the expiration of his or her
term of office, to his or her successor or, if there be none, to the records and information
management program of the Division of Library and Information Services of the
Department of State, all public records kept or received by him or her in the transaction of
official business.
(b)

Whoever is entitled to custody of public records shall demand them from any person
having illegal possession of them, who must forthwith deliver the same to him or her. Any
person unlawfully possessing public records must within 10 days deliver such records to
the lawful custodian of public records unless just cause exists for failing to deliver such
records.

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119.035 Officers-elect.-(1) 	It is the policy of this state that the provisions of this chapter apply to officers-elect upon
their election to public office. Such officers-elect shall adopt and implement reasonable
measures to ensure compliance with the public records obligations set forth in this chapter.
(2)

Public records of an officer-elect shall be maintained in accordance with the policies and
procedures of the public office to which the officer has been elected.

(3) 	If an officer-elect, individually or as part of a transition process, creates or uses an online or
electronic communication or recordkeeping system, all public records maintained on such
system shall be preserved so as not to impair the ability of the public to inspect or copy
such public records.
(4) 	Upon taking the oath of office, the officer-elect shall, as soon as practicable, deliver to the
person or persons responsible for records and information management in such office all
public records kept or received in the transaction of official business during the period
following election to public office.
(5) 	As used in this section, the term “officer-elect” means the Governor, the Lieutenant
Governor, the Attorney General, the Chief Financial Officer, and the Commissioner of
Agriculture.
119.07 Inspection and copying of records; photographing public records;
fees; exemptions.-(1)(a)	Every person who has custody of a public record shall permit the record to be inspected
and copied by any person desiring to do so, at any reasonable time, under reasonable
conditions, and under supervision by the custodian of the public records.
(b) 	A custodian of public records or a person having custody of public records may designate
another officer or employee of the agency to permit the inspection and copying of public
records, but must disclose the identity of the designee to the person requesting to inspect
or copy public records.
(c) 	A custodian of public records and his or her designee must acknowledge requests to
inspect or copy records promptly and respond to such requests in good faith. A good faith
response includes making reasonable efforts to determine from other officers or employees
within the agency whether such a record exists and, if so, the location at which the record
can be accessed.
(d) 	A person who has custody of a public record who asserts that an exemption applies to a
part of such record shall redact that portion of the record to which an exemption has been
asserted and validly applies, and such person shall produce the remainder of such record
for inspection and copying.
(e) 	If the person who has custody of a public record contends that all or part of the record
is exempt from inspection and copying, he or she shall state the basis of the exemption
that he or she contends is applicable to the record, including the statutory citation to an
exemption created or afforded by statute.
(f ) 	If requested by the person seeking to inspect or copy the record, the custodian of public
records shall state in writing and with particularity the reasons for the conclusion that the
record is exempt or confidential.
(g) 	In any civil action in which an exemption to this section is asserted, if the exemption is
alleged to exist under or by virtue of s. 119.071(1)(d) or (f ), (2)(d),(e), or (f ), or (4)(c), the
public record or part thereof in question shall be submitted to the court for an inspection
in camera. If an exemption is alleged to exist under or by virtue of s. 119.071(2)(c), an
inspection in camera is discretionary with the court. If the court finds that the asserted
exemption is not applicable, it shall order the public record or part thereof in question to

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be immediately produced for inspection or copying as requested by the person seeking
such access.
(h) 	Even if an assertion is made by the custodian of public records that a requested record
is not a public record subject to public inspection or copying under this subsection, the
requested record shall, nevertheless, not be disposed of for a period of 30 days after the
date on which a written request to inspect or copy the record was served on or otherwise
made to the custodian of public records by the person seeking access to the record. If a
civil action is instituted within the 30-day period to enforce the provisions of this section
with respect to the requested record, the custodian of public records may not dispose of
the record except by order of a court of competent jurisdiction after notice to all affected
parties.
(i)

The absence of a civil action instituted for the purpose stated in paragraph (g) does not
relieve the custodian of public records of the duty to maintain the record as a public record
if the record is in fact a public record subject to public inspection and copying under this
subsection and does not otherwise excuse or exonerate the custodian of public records
from any unauthorized or unlawful disposition of such record.

(2)(a)	As an additional means of inspecting or copying public records, a custodian of public
records may provide access to public records by remote electronic means, provided exempt
or confidential information is not disclosed.
(b)

The custodian of public records shall provide safeguards to protect the contents of
public records from unauthorized remote electronic access or alteration and to prevent
the disclosure or modification of those portions of public records which are exempt or
confidential from subsection (1) or s. 24, Art. I of the State Constitution.

(c) 	Unless otherwise required by law, the custodian of public records may charge a fee for
remote electronic access, granted under a contractual arrangement with a user, which
fee may include the direct and indirect costs of providing such access. Fees for remote
electronic access provided to the general public shall be in accordance with the provisions
of this section.
(3)(a)	Any person shall have the right of access to public records for the purpose of making
photographs of the record while such record is in the possession, custody, and control of
the custodian of public records.
(b)

This subsection applies to the making of photographs in the conventional sense by use
of a camera device to capture images of public records but excludes the duplication of
microfilm in the possession of the clerk of the circuit court where a copy of the microfilm
may be made available by the clerk.

(c)

Photographing public records shall be done under the supervision of the custodian of
public records, who may adopt and enforce reasonable rules governing the photographing
of such records.

(d)

Photographing of public records shall be done in the room where the public records
are kept. If, in the judgment of the custodian of public records, this is impossible or
impracticable, photographing shall be done in another room or place, as nearly adjacent as
possible to the room where the public records are kept, to be determined by the custodian
of public records. Where provision of another room or place for photographing is required,
the expense of providing the same shall be paid by the person desiring to photograph the
public record pursuant to paragraph (4)(e).

(4)

The custodian of public records shall furnish a copy or a certified copy of the record upon
payment of the fee prescribed by law. If a fee is not prescribed by law, the following fees
are authorized:

(a)1.	Up to 15 cents per one-sided copy for duplicated copies of not more than 14 inches by 8½
inches;

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2. 	No more than an additional 5 cents for each two-sided copy; and
3.
For all other copies, the actual cost of duplication of the public record.
(b)

The charge for copies of county maps or aerial photographs supplied by county
constitutional officers may also include a reasonable charge for the labor and overhead
associated with their duplication.

(c) 	An agency may charge up to $1 per copy for a certified copy of a public record.
(d) 	If the nature or volume of public records requested to be inspected or copied pursuant to
this subsection is such as to require extensive use of information technology resources or
extensive clerical or supervisory assistance by personnel of the agency involved, or both, the
agency may charge, in addition to the actual cost of duplication, a special service charge,
which shall be reasonable and shall be based on the cost incurred for such extensive use of
information technology resources or the labor cost of the personnel providing the service
that is actually incurred by the agency or attributable to the agency for the clerical and
supervisory assistance required, or both.
(e)1. Where provision of another room or place is necessary to photograph public records, the
expense of providing the same shall be paid by the person desiring to photograph the
public records.
2.
The custodian of public records may charge the person making the photographs for
supervision services at a rate of compensation to be agreed upon by the person desiring to
make the photographs and the custodian of public records. If they fail to agree as to the
appropriate charge, the charge shall be determined by the custodian of public records.
(5) When ballots are produced under this section for inspection or examination, no persons
other than the supervisor of elections or the supervisor’s employees shall touch the ballots.
If the ballots are being examined before the end of the contest period in s. 102.168, the
supervisor of elections shall make a reasonable effort to notify all candidates by telephone
or otherwise of the time and place of the inspection or examination. All such candidates, or
their representatives, shall be allowed to be present during the inspection or examination.
(6) 	An exemption contained in this chapter or in any other general or special law shall not limit
the access of the Auditor General, the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government
Accountability, or any state, county, municipal, university, board of community college,
school district, or special district internal auditor to public records when such person states
in writing that such records are needed for a properly authorized audit, examination, or
investigation. Such person shall maintain the exempt or confidential status of that public
record and shall be subject to the same penalties as the custodian of that record for public
disclosure of such record.
(7) 	An exemption from this section does not imply an exemption from s. 286.011. The
exemption from s. 286.011 must be expressly provided.
(8) The provisions of this section are not intended to expand or limit the provisions of Rule
3.220, Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, regarding the right and extent of discovery
by the state or by a defendant in a criminal prosecution or in collateral postconviction
proceedings. This section may not be used by any inmate as the basis for failing to timely
litigate any postconviction action.
119.0701 Contracts; public records.—
(1)

For purposes of this section, the term:

(a)

“Contractor” means an individual, partnership, corporation, or business entity that enters
into a contract for services with a public agency and is acting on behalf of the public agency
as provided under s. 119.011(2).

(b)

“Public agency” means a state, county, district, authority, or municipal officer, or
department, division, board, bureau, commission, or other separate unit of government
created or established by law.

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(2)

CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS--In addition to other contract requirements provided
by law, each public agency contract for services entered into or amended on or after July 1,
2016, must include:

(a)

The following statement, in substantially the following form, identifying the contact
information of the public agency’s custodian or public records in at least 14-point boldfaced
type:
IF THE CONTRACTOR HAS QUESTIONS REGARDING THE APPLICATION
OF CHAPTER 119, FLORIDA STATUTES, TO THE CONTRACTOR’S DUTY TO
PROVIDE PUBLIC RECORDS RELATING TO THIS CONTRACT, CONTACT
THE CUSTODIAN OF PUBLIC RECORDS AT (telephone number, e-mail address,
and mailing address).

(b) 	A provision that requires the contractor to comply with public records laws, specifically to:
1.
Keep and maintain public records required by the public agency to perform the service.
2. 	Upon request from the public agency’s custodian of public records, provide the public
agency with a copy of the requested records, or allow the records to be inspected or copied
within a reasonable time at a cost that does not exceed the cost provided in this chapter or
as otherwise provided by law.
3. 	Ensure that public records that are exempt or confidential and exempt from public records
disclosure requirements are not disclosed except as authorized by law for the duration of
the contract term and following completion of the contract if the contractor does not
transfer the records to the public agency.
4. 	Upon completion of the contract, transfer, at no cost, to the public agency all public
records in possession of the contractor or keep and maintain public records required by the
public agency to perform the service. If the contractor transfers all public records to the
public agency upon completion of the contract, the contractor shall destroy any duplicate
public records that are exempt or confidential and exempt from public records disclosure
requirements. If the contractor keeps and maintains public records upon completion of
the contract, the contractor shall meet all applicable requirements for retaining public
records. All records stored electronically must be provided to the public agency, upon
request from the public agency’s custodian of public records, in a format that is compatible
with the information technology systems of the public agency.
(3)

REQUEST FOR RECORDS; NONCOMPLIANCE. —

(a)	A request to inspect or copy public records relating to a public agency’s contract for services
must be made directly to the public agency. If the public agency does not possess the
requested records, the public agency shall immediately notify the contractor of the request,
and the contractor must provide the records to the public agency or allow the records to be
inspected or copied within a reasonable time.
(b) 	If a contractor does not comply with a public agency’s request for records, the public
agency shall enforce the contract provisions in accordance with the contract.
(c) 	A contractor who fails to provide the public records to the public agency within a reasonable
time may be subject to penalties under s. 119.10.
(4)

CIVIL ACTION. —

(a)	If a civil action is filed against a contractor to compel production of public records relating
to a public agency’s contract for services, the court shall assess and award against the
contractor the reasonable costs of enforcement, including reasonable attorney fees, if
1.

The court determines that the contractor unlawfully refused to comply with the public
records request within a reasonable time; and

2.	At least 8 business days before filing the action, the plaintiff provided written notice of the
public records request, including a statement that the contractor has not complied with the

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request, to the public agency and to the contractor.
(b)	A notice complies with subparagraph (a)2., if it is sent to the public agency’s custodian of
public records and to the contractor at the contractor’s address listed on its contract with
the public agency or to the contractor’s registered agent. Such notices must be sent by
common carrier delivery services or by registered, Global Express Guaranteed, or certified
mail, with postage or shipping paid by the sender and with evidence of delivery, which
must be in an electronic format.
(c)	A contractor who complies with a public records request within 8 business days after the
notice is sent is not liable for the reasonable costs of enforcement.
119.071 General exemptions from inspection or copying of public records.-(1)

AGENCY ADMINISTRATION.--

(a) 	Examination questions and answer sheets of examinations administered by a governmental
agency for the purpose of licensure, certification, or employment are exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. A person who has taken such an
examination has the right to review his or her own completed examination.
(b)1. For purposes of this paragraph, “competitive solicitation” means the process of requesting
and receiving sealed bids, proposals, or replies in accordance with the terms of a competitive
process, regardless of the method of procurement.
2. 	Sealed bids, proposals, or replies received by an agency pursuant to a competitive solicitation
are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art I of the State Constitution until such time
as the agency provides notice of an intended decision or until 30 days after opening the
bids, proposals, or final replies, whichever is earlier.
3. 	If an agency rejects all bids, proposals, or replies submitted in response to a competitive
solicitation and the agency concurrently provides notice of its intent to reissue the
competitive solicitation, the rejected bids, proposals, or replies remain exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution until such time as the agency
provides notice of an intended decision concerning the reissued competitive solicitation or
until the agency withdraws the reissued competitive solicitation. A bid, proposal, or reply
is not exempt for longer than 12 months after the initial agency notice rejecting all bids,
proposals, or replies.
(c) 	Any financial statement that an agency requires a prospective bidder to submit in order to
prequalify for bidding or for responding to a proposal for a road or any other public works
project is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(d)1.	A public record that was prepared by an agency attorney (including an attorney employed
or retained by the agency or employed or retained by another public officer or agency to
protect or represent the interests of the agency having custody of the record) or prepared
at the attorney’s express direction, that reflects a mental impression, conclusion, litigation
strategy, or legal theory of the attorney or the agency, and that was prepared exclusively
for civil or criminal litigation or for adversarial administrative proceedings, or that was
prepared in anticipation of imminent civil or criminal litigation or imminent adversarial
administrative proceedings, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution until the conclusion of the litigation or adversarial administrative proceedings.
For purposes of capital collateral litigation as set forth in s. 27.7001, the Attorney General’s
office is entitled to claim this exemption for those public records prepared for direct appeal
as well as for all capital collateral litigation after direct appeal until execution of sentence
or imposition of a life sentence.
2.
This exemption is not waived by the release of such public record to another public
employee or officer of the same agency or any person consulted by the agency attorney.
When asserting the right to withhold a public record pursuant to this paragraph, the agency
shall identify the potential parties to any such criminal or civil litigation or adversarial
administrative proceedings. If a court finds that the document or other record has been

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improperly withheld under this paragraph, the party seeking access to such document or
record shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs in addition to any other remedy
ordered by the court.
(e) 	Any videotape or video signal that, under an agreement with an agency, is produced, made,
or received by, or is in the custody of, a federally licensed radio or television station or its
agent is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
(f )

Data processing software obtained by an agency under a licensing agreement that prohibits
its disclosure and which software is a trade secret, as defined in s. 812.081, and agencyproduced data processing software that is sensitive are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s.
24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. The designation of agency-produced software as
sensitive shall not prohibit an agency head from sharing or exchanging such software with
another public agency. This paragraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review
Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2021, unless
reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

(2)

AGENCY INVESTIGATIONS.--

(a) 	All criminal intelligence and criminal investigative information received by a criminal
justice agency prior to January 25, 1979, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I
of the State Constitution.
(b)

Whenever criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information held
by a non-Florida criminal justice agency is available to a Florida criminal justice agency
only on a confidential or similarly restricted basis, the Florida criminal justice agency
may obtain and use such information in accordance with the conditions imposed by the
providing agency.

(c)1.	Active criminal intelligence information and active criminal investigative information are
exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
2.a. 	A request made by a law enforcement agency to inspect or copy a public record that is
in the custody of another agency and the custodian’s response to the request, and any
information that would identify whether a law enforcement agency has requested or
received that public record are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution, during the period in which the information constitutes active criminal
intelligence information or active criminal investigative information.
b.

The law enforcement agency that made the request to inspect or copy a public record
shall give notice to the custodial agency when the criminal intelligence information or
criminal investigative information is no longer active so that the request made by the law
enforcement agency, the custodian’s response to the request, and information that would
identify whether the law enforcement agency had requested or received that public record
are available to the public.

c.

This exemption is remedial in nature, and it is the intent of the Legislature that the
exemption be applied to requests for information received before, on, or after the effective
date of this paragraph.

(d) 	Any information revealing surveillance techniques or procedures or personnel is exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. Any comprehensive
inventory of state and local law enforcement resources compiled pursuant to part I,
chapter 23, and any comprehensive policies or plans compiled by a criminal justice agency
pertaining to the mobilization, deployment, or tactical operations involved in responding
to an emergency, as defined in s. 252.34, are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I
of the State Constitution and unavailable for inspection, except by personnel authorized by
a state or local law enforcement agency, the office of the Governor, the Department of Legal
Affairs, the Department of Law Enforcement, or the Division of Emergency Management
as having an official need for access to the inventory or comprehensive policies or plans.

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(e) 	Any information revealing the substance of a confession of a person arrested is exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution, until such time as the
criminal case is finally determined by adjudication, dismissal, or other final disposition.
(f ) 	Any information revealing the identity of a confidential informant or a confidential source
is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(g)1.	All complaints and other records in the custody of any agency which relate to a complaint
of discrimination relating to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap, or
marital status in connection with hiring practices, position classifications, salary, benefits,
discipline, discharge, employee performance, evaluation, or other related activities are
exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution until a finding is
made relating to probable cause, the investigation of the complaint becomes inactive, or
the complaint or other record is made part of the official record of any hearing or court
proceeding.
a.

This exemption does not affect any function or activity of the Florida Commission on
Human Relations.

b. 	Any state or federal agency that is authorized to have access to such complaints or records
by any provision of law shall be granted such access in the furtherance of such agency’s
statutory duties.
2. 	If an alleged victim chooses not to file a complaint and requests that records of the complaint
remain confidential, all records relating to an allegation of employment discrimination are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(h)1. The following criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution:
a. 	Any information that reveals the identity of the victim of the crime of child abuse as
defined by chapter 827 or that reveals the identity of a person under the age of 18 who is
the victim of the crime of human trafficking proscribed in s. 787.06(3)(a).
b. 	Any information which may reveal the identity of a person who is a victim of any sexual
offense, including a sexual offense proscribed in s. 787.06(3)(b), (d), (f ), or (g), chapter
794, chapter 796, chapter 800, chapter 827, or chapter 847.
c. 	A photograph, videotape, or image of any part of the body of the victim of a sexual offense
prohibited under s. 787.06(3)(b), (d), (f ), or (g), chapter 794, chapter 796, chapter 800,
s. 810.145, chapter 827, or chapter 847, regardless of whether the photograph, videotape,
or image identifies the victim.
2.
Criminal investigative information and criminal intelligence information made confidential
and exempt under this paragraph may be disclosed by a law enforcement agency:
a. 	In the furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities.
b.

For print, publication, or broadcast if the law enforcement agency determines that such
release would assist in locating or identifying a person that such agency believes to be
missing or endangered. The information provided should be limited to that needed to
identify or locate the victim and not include the sexual nature of the offense committed
against the person.

c. 	To another governmental agency in the furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities.
3.
This exemption applies to such confidential and exempt criminal intelligence information
or criminal investigative information held by a law enforcement agency before, on, or after
the effective date of the exemption.
4.
This paragraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15, and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2020, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
(i) 	Any criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information that reveals

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the personal assets of the victim of a crime, other than property stolen or destroyed during
the commission of the crime, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution.
(j)1. 	Any document that reveals the identity, home or employment telephone number, home or
employment address, or personal assets of the victim of a crime and identifies that person
as the victim of a crime, which document is received by any agency that regularly receives
information from or concerning the victims of crime, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s.
24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. Any information not otherwise held confidential
or exempt from s. 119.07(1) which reveals the home or employment telephone number,
home or employment address, or personal assets of a person who has been the victim
of sexual battery, aggravated child abuse, aggravated stalking, harassment, aggravated
battery, or domestic violence is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution, upon written request by the victim, which must include official verification
that an applicable crime has occurred. Such information shall cease to be exempt 5 years
after the receipt of the written request. Any state or federal agency that is authorized to
have access to such documents by any provision of law shall be granted such access in the
furtherance of such agency’s statutory duties, notwithstanding this section.
2.a. 	Any information in a videotaped statement of a minor who is alleged to be or who is
a victim of sexual battery, lewd acts, or other sexual misconduct proscribed in chapter
800 or in s. 794.011, s. 827.071, s. 847.012, s. 847.0125, s. 847.013, s. 847.0133, or s.
847.0145, which reveals that minor’s identity, including, but not limited to, the minor’s
face; the minor’s home, school, church, or employment telephone number; the minor’s
home, school, church, or employment address; the name of the minor’s school, church, or
place of employment; or the personal assets of the minor; and which identifies that minor
as the victim of a crime described in this subparagraph, held by a law enforcement agency,
is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
Any governmental agency that is authorized to have access to such statements by any
provision of law shall be granted such access in the furtherance of the agency’s statutory
duties, notwithstanding the provisions of this section.
b. 	A public employee or officer who has access to a videotaped statement of a minor who is
alleged to be or who is a victim of sexual battery, lewd acts, or other sexual misconduct
proscribed in chapter 800 or in s. 794.011, s. 827.071, s. 847.012, s. 847.0125,
s. 847.013, s. 847.0133, or s. 847.0145 may not willfully and knowingly disclose
videotaped information that reveals the minor’s identity to a person who is not assisting
in the investigation or prosecution of the alleged offense or to any person other than the
defendant, the defendant’s attorney, or a person specified in an order entered by the court
having jurisdiction of the alleged offense. A person who violates this provision commits a
misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(k)1.	A complaint of misconduct filed with an agency against an agency employee and all
information obtained pursuant to an investigation by the agency of the complaint of
misconduct is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution until the investigation ceases to be active, or until the agency provides written
notice to the employee who is the subject of the complaint, either personally or by mail,
that the agency has either:
a.

Concluded the investigation with a finding not to proceed with disciplinary action or file
charges; or

b.

Concluded the investigation with a finding to proceed with disciplinary action or file
charges.
2. 	Subparagraph 1. is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2018, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

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(l)1.

As used in this paragraph, the term:

(a)

“Body camera” means a portable electronic recording device that is worn on a law
enforcement officer’s body and that records audio and video data in the course of the
officer performing his or her official duties and responsibilities.

(b)

“Law enforcement officer” has the same meaning as provided in s. 943.10.

(c)

“Personal representative” means a parent, a court-appointed guardian, an attorney, or
an agent of, or a person holding a power of attorney for, a person recorded by a body
camera. If a person depicted in the recording is deceased, the term also means the personal
representative of the estate of the deceased person; the deceased person’s surviving spouse,
parent, or adult child; the deceased person’s attorney or agent; or the parent or guardian of
a surviving minor child of the deceased. An agent must have written authorization of the
recorded person to act on his or her behalf.
2. 	A body camera recording, or a portion thereof, is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if the recording:
a.	Is taken within the interior of a private residence;
b.	Is taken within the interior of a facility that offers health care, mental health care, or social
services; or
c.	Is taken in a place that a reasonable person would expect to be private.
3. 	Notwithstanding subparagraph 2., a body camera recording may be disclosed by a law
enforcement agency:
a.	In furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities; or
b.	To another government agency in the furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities.
4.	A body camera recording, or a portion thereof, shall be disclosed by a law enforcement
agency:
a.	To a person recorded by a body camera; however, a law enforcement agency may disclose
only those portions that are relevant to the person’s presence in the recording.
b.	To the personal representative of a person recorded by a body camera; however, a law
enforcement agency may disclose only those portions that are relevant to the represented
person’s presence in the recording;
c.	To a person not depicted in a body camera recording if the recording depicts a place in
which the person lawfully resided, dwelled, or lodged at the time of the recording; however,
a law enforcement agency may disclose only those portions that record the interior of such
a place.
d.

Pursuant to a court order.

(I)	In addition to any other grounds the court may consider in determining whether to order
that a body camera recording be disclosed, the court shall consider whether:
(A)

Disclosure is necessary to advance a compelling interest;

(B)

The recording contains information that is otherwise exempt or confidential and exempt
under the law;

(C)

The person requesting disclosure is seeking to obtain evidence to determine legal issues in
a case in which the person is a party;

(D)

Disclosure would reveal information regarding a person that is of a highly sensitive personal
nature;

(E)

Disclosure may harm the reputation or jeopardize the safety of a person depicted in the
recording;

(F)

Confidentiality is necessary to prevent a serious and imminent threat to the fair, impartial,

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and orderly administration of justice;
(G)

The recording could be redacted to protect privacy interests; and

(H)

There is good cause to disclose all or portions of a recording.

(II)	In any proceedings regarding the disclosure of a body camera recording, the law
enforcement agency that made the recording shall be given reasonable notice of hearings
and shall be given an opportunity to participate.
5.	A law enforcement agency must retain a body camera recording for at least 90 days.
6.
The exemption provided in subparagraph 2. applies retroactively.
7.
This exemption does not supersede any other public records exemption that existed before
or is created after the effective date of this exemption. Those portions of a recording which
are protected from disclosure by another public records exemption shall continue to be
exempt or confidential and exempt.
8.
This paragraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2020, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
(3)

SECURITY.--

(a)1. 	As used in this paragraph, the term “security system plan” includes all:
a. 	Records, information, photographs, audio and visual presentations, schematic diagrams,
surveys, recommendations, or consultations or portions thereof relating directly to the
physical security of the facility or revealing security systems;
b.

Threat assessments conducted by any agency or any private entity;

c.

Threat response plans;

d. 	Emergency evacuation plans;
e. 	Sheltering arrangements; or
f. 	Manuals for security personnel, emergency equipment, or security training.
2. 	A security system plan or portion thereof for:
a. 	Any property owned by or leased to the state or any of its political subdivisions; or
b. 	Any privately owned or leased property held by an agency is confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This exemption is remedial in
nature, and it is the intent of the Legislature that this exemption apply to security system
plans held by an agency before, on, or after the effective date of this paragraph.
3. 	Information made confidential and exempt by this paragraph may be disclosed:
a. 	To the property owner or leaseholder;
b. 	In furtherance of the official duties and responsibilities of the agency holding the
information;
c. 	To another local, state, or federal agency in furtherance of that agency’s official duties and
responsibilities; or
d. 	Upon a showing of good cause before a court of competent jurisdiction.
(b)1. Building plans, blueprints, schematic drawings, and diagrams, including draft, preliminary,
and final formats, which depict the internal layout and structural elements of a building,
arena, stadium, water treatment facility, or other structure owned or operated by an agency
are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
2.
This exemption applies to building plans, blueprints, schematic drawings, and diagrams,
including draft, preliminary, and final formats, which depict the internal layout and
structural elements of a building, arena, stadium, water treatment facility, or other structure

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owned or operated by an agency before, on, or after the effective date of this act.
3. 	Information made exempt by this paragraph may be disclosed:
a. 	To another governmental entity if disclosure is necessary for the receiving entity to perform
its duties and responsibilities;
b. 	To a licensed architect, engineer, or contractor who is performing work on or related to the
building, arena, stadium, water treatment facility, or other structure owned or operated by
an agency; or
c. 	Upon a showing of good cause before a court of competent jurisdiction.
4.
The entities or persons receiving such information shall maintain the exempt status of the
information.
(c)1. Building plans, blueprints, schematic drawings, and diagrams, including draft, preliminary,
and final formats, which depict the internal layout or structural elements of an attractions
and recreation facility, entertainment or resort complex, industrial complex, retail and
service development, office development, or hotel or motel development, which records
are held by an agency are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution.
2.
This exemption applies to any such records held by an agency before, on, or after the
effective date of this act.
3. 	Information made exempt by this paragraph may be disclosed to another governmental
entity if disclosure is necessary for the receiving entity to perform its duties and
responsibilities; to the owner or owners of the structure in question or the owner’s legal
representative; or upon a showing of good cause before a court of competent jurisdiction.
4.
This paragraph does not apply to comprehensive plans or site plans, or amendments
thereto, which are submitted for approval or which have been approved under local land
development regulations, local zoning regulations, or development-of-regional-impact
review.
5. 	As used in this paragraph, the term:
a.

“Attractions and recreation facility” means any sports, entertainment, amusement, or
recreation facility, including, but not limited to, a sports arena, stadium, racetrack, tourist
attraction, amusement park, or pari-mutuel facility that:

(I)

For single-performance facilities:

(A)

Provides single-performance facilities; or

(B)

Provides more than 10,000 permanent seats for spectators.

(II)

For serial-performance facilities:

(A)

Provides parking spaces for more than 1,000 motor vehicles; or

(B)

Provides more than 4,000 permanent seats for spectators.

b.

“Entertainment or resort complex” means a theme park comprised of at least 25 acres of
land with permanent exhibitions and a variety of recreational activities, which has at least
1 million visitors annually who pay admission fees thereto, together with any lodging,
dining, and recreational facilities located adjacent to, contiguous to, or in close proximity
to the theme park, as long as the owners or operators of the theme park, or a parent or
related company or subsidiary thereof, has an equity interest in the lodging, dining, or
recreational facilities or is in privity therewith. Close proximity includes an area within a
5-mile radius of the theme park complex.

c.

“Industrial complex” means any industrial, manufacturing, processing, distribution,
warehousing, or wholesale facility or plant, as well as accessory uses and structures, under
common ownership that:

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(I)

Provides onsite parking for more than 250 motor vehicles;

(II) 	Encompasses 500,000 square feet or more of gross floor area; or
(III) 	Occupies a site of 100 acres or more, but excluding wholesale facilities or plants that
primarily serve or deal onsite with the general public.
d.

“Retail and service development” means any retail, service, or wholesale business establishment
or group of establishments which deals primarily with the general public onsite and is operated
under one common property ownership, development plan, or management that:

(I)	Encompasses more than 400,000 square feet of gross floor area; or
(II)

Provides parking spaces for more than 2,500 motor vehicles.

e.

“Office development” means any office building or park operated under common
ownership, development plan, or management that encompasses 300,000 or more square
feet of gross floor area.

f.

“Hotel or motel development” means any hotel or motel development that accommodates
350 or more units.

(4)

AGENCY PERSONNEL INFORMATION.--

(a)1. The social security numbers of all current and former agency employees which are held by
the employing agency are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of
the State Constitution.
2.
The social security numbers of current and former agency employees may be disclosed by
the employing agency:
a.	If disclosure of the social security number is expressly required by federal or state law or a
court order.
b.	To another agency or governmental entity if disclosure of the social security number is
necessary for the receiving agency or entity to perform its duties and responsibilities.
c.	If the current or former agency employee expressly consents in writing to the disclosure of
his or her social security number.
(b)1.	Medical information pertaining to a prospective, current, or former officer or employee
of an agency which, if disclosed, would identify that officer or employee is exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. However, such information
may be disclosed if the person to whom the information pertains or the person’s legal
representative provides written permission or pursuant to court order.
2.a

Personal identifying information of a dependent child of a current or former officer or
employee of an agency, which dependent child is insured by an agency group insurance
plan, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. For
purposes of this exemption, “dependent child” has the same meaning as in s. 409.2554.

b.

This exemption is remedial in nature and applies to personal identifying information held
by an agency before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption.

(c) 	Any information revealing undercover personnel of any criminal justice agency is exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(d)1. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “telephone numbers” includes home telephone
numbers, personal cellular telephone numbers, personal pager telephone numbers, and
telephone numbers associated with personal communications devices.
2.a.(I) The home addresses, telephone numbers, social security numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs of active or former sworn or civilian law enforcement personnel, including
correctional and correctional probation officers, personnel of the Department of Children
and Families whose duties include the investigation of abuse, neglect, exploitation, fraud,

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theft, or other criminal activities, personnel of the Department of Health whose duties are
to support the investigation of child abuse or neglect, and personnel of the Department
of Revenue or local governments whose responsibilities include revenue collection and
enforcement or child support enforcement; the home addresses, telephone numbers, social
security numbers, photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses
and children of such personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care
facilities attended by the children of such personnel are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
(II)

The names of the spouses and children of active or former sworn or civilian law enforcement
personnel and the other specified agency personnel identified in sub-sub-subparagraph (I)
are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.

(III)	Sub-sub-subparagraph (II) is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in
accordance with s. 119.15, and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2018, unless reviewed
and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
(IV) The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current
or former nonsworn investigative personnel of the Department of Financial Services
whose duties include the investigation of fraud, theft, worker’s compensation coverage
requirements and compliance, other related criminal activities, or state regulatory
requirement violations; the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth,
and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the names
and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such personnel
are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This sub-subsubparagraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2021, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
b.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of firefighters
certified in compliance with s. 633.408; the home addresses, telephone numbers,
photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such
firefighters; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the
children of such firefighters are exempt from s. 119.07(1).

c.

The home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers of current or former justices of
the Supreme Court, district court of appeal judges, circuit court judges, and county court
judges; the home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment
of the spouses and children of current or former justices and judges; and the names and
locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of current or former
justices and judges are exempt from s. 119.07(1).

d(I). The home addresses, telephone numbers, social security numbers, dates of birth, and
photographs of current or former state attorneys, assistant state attorneys, statewide
prosecutors, or assistant statewide prosecutors; the home addresses, telephone numbers,
social security numbers, photographs, dates of birth, and places of employment of the
spouses and children of current or former state attorneys, assistant state attorneys, statewide
prosecutors, or assistant statewide prosecutors; and the names and locations of schools and
day care facilities attended by the children of current or former state attorneys, assistant
state attorneys, statewide prosecutors, or assistant statewide prosecutors are exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(II) The names of the spouses and children of current or former state attorneys, assistant state
attorneys, statewide prosecutors, or assistant statewide prosecutors are exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(III)	Sub-sub-subparagraph (II) is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in
accordance with s. 119.15, and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2018, unless reviewed
and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
e.

The home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers of general magistrates, special

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magistrates, judges of compensation claims, administrative law judges of the Division
of Administrative Hearings, and child support enforcement hearing officers; the home
addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses
and children of general magistrates, special magistrates, judges of compensation claims,
administrative law judges of the Division of Administrative Hearings, and child support
enforcement hearing officers; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities
attended by the children of general magistrates, special magistrates, judges of compensation
claims, administrative law judges of the Division of Administrative Hearings, and child
support enforcement hearing officers are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of
the State Constitution if the general magistrate, special magistrate, judge of compensation
claims, administrative law judge of the Division of Administrative Hearings, or child
support hearing officer provides a written statement that the general magistrate, special
magistrate, judge of compensation claims, administrative law judge of the Division of
Administrative Hearings, or child support hearing officer has made reasonable efforts
to protect such information from being accessible through other means available to the
public.
f.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former human resource, labor relations, or employee relations directors, assistant directors,
managers, or assistant managers of any local government agency or water management
district whose duties include hiring and firing employees, labor contract negotiation,
administration, or other personnel-related duties; the names, home addresses, telephone
numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such
personnel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the
children of such personnel are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution.

g.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former code enforcement officers; the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates
of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and
the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.

h.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, places of employment, dates of birth, and
photographs of current or former guardians ad litem, as defined in s. 39.820; the names,
home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of the
spouses and children of such persons; and the names and locations of schools and day
care facilities attended by the children of such persons are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s.
24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution, if the guardian ad litem provides a written statement
that the guardian ad litem has made reasonable efforts to protect such information from
being accessible through other means available to the public.

i.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current
or former juvenile probation officers, juvenile probation supervisors, detention
superintendents, assistant detention superintendents, juvenile justice detention officers I
and II, juvenile justice detention officer supervisors, juvenile justice residential officers,
juvenile justice residential officer supervisors I and II, juvenile justice counselors, juvenile
justice counselor supervisors, human services counselor administrators, senior human
services counselor administrators, rehabilitation therapists, and social services counselors
of the Department of Juvenile Justice; the names, home addresses, telephone numbers,
dates of birth, and places of employment of spouses and children of such personnel; and
the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
personnel are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.

j.(I)

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former public defenders, assistant public defenders, criminal conflict and civil regional
counsel, and assistant criminal conflict and civil regional counsel; the home addresses,
telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children

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(II)

of such defenders or counsel; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities
attended by the children of such defenders or counsel are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s.
24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
The names of the spouses and children of the specified agency personnel identified in
sub-sub-subparagraph (I) are exempt from s. 119.07(l) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution. This sub-sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset
Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2019,
unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

k.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, and photographs of current or former investigators
or inspectors of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation; the names, home
addresses, telephone numbers, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such current or former investigators and inspectors; and the names and locations of schools
and day care facilities attended by the children of such current or former investigators and
inspectors are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if
the investigator or inspector has made reasonable efforts to protect such information from
being accessible through other means available to the public. This sub-subparagraph is
subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and
shall stand repealed on October 2, 2017, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through
reenactment by the Legislature.

l.

The home addresses and telephone numbers of county tax collectors; the names, home
addresses, telephone numbers, and places of employment of the spouses and children of
such tax collectors; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended
by the children of such tax collectors are exempt from s. 119.071(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I.
of the State Constitution if the county tax collector has made reasonable efforts to protect
such information from being accessible through other means available to the public. This
sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance
with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2017, unless reviewed and saved
from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

m.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former personnel of the Department of Health whose duties include, or result in, the
determination or adjudication of eligibility for social security disability benefits, the
investigation or prosecution of complaints filed against health care practitioners, or the
inspection of health care practitioners or health care facilities licensed by the Department
of Health; the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of
employment of the spouses and children of such personnel; and the names and locations
of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such personnel are exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if the personnel have made
reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other means
available to the public. This sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset
Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2019,
unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

n.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former impaired practitioner consultants who are retained by an agency or current or former
employees of an impaired practitioner consultant whose duties result in a determination
of a person’s skill and safety to practice a licensed profession; the names, home addresses,
telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of the spouses and children
of such consultants or their employees; and the names and locations of schools and day
care facilities attended by the children of such consultants or employees are exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if a consultant or employee has
made reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other
means available to the public. This sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government
Sunset Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2,
2020, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

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o.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former emergency medical technicians or paramedics certified under chapter 401; the
names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of
the spouses and children of such emergency medical technicians or paramedics; and the
names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such
emergency medical technicians or paramedics are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24, Art.
I of the State Constitution if the emergency medical technicians or paramedics have made
reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other means
available to the public. This sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset
Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2021,
unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

p.

The home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and photographs of current or
former personnel employed in an agency’s office of inspector general or internal audit
department whose duties include auditing or investigating waste, fraud, abuse, theft,
exploitation, or other activities that could lead to criminal prosecution or administrative
discipline; the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of
employment of spouses and children of such personnel; and the names and locations of
schools and day care facilities attended by the children of such personnel are exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if the personnel have made
reasonable efforts to protect such information from being accessible through other means
available to the public. This sub-subparagraph is subject to the Open Government Review
Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2021, unless
reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
3. 	An agency that is the custodian of the information specified in subparagraph 2. and that
is not the employer of the officer, employee, justice, judge, or other person specified in
subparagraph 2. shall maintain the exempt status of that information only if the officer,
employee, justice, judge, other person, or employing agency of the designated employee
submits a written request for maintenance of the exemption to the custodial agency.
4.
The exemptions in this paragraph apply to information held by an agency before, on, or
after the effective date of the exemption.
5. 	Except as otherwise expressly provided in this paragraph, this paragraph is subject to
the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15, and shall stand
repealed on October 2, 2017, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment
by the Legislature.
(5)

OTHER PERSONAL INFORMATION.--

(a)1.a. The Legislature acknowledges that the social security number was never intended to be
used for business purposes but was intended to be used solely for the administration of the
federal Social Security System. The Legislature is further aware that over time this unique
numeric identifier has been used extensively for identity verification purposes and other
legitimate consensual purposes.
b.

The Legislature recognizes that the social security number can be used as a tool to
perpetuate fraud against an individual and to acquire sensitive personal, financial, medical,
and familial information, the release of which could cause great financial or personal harm
to an individual.

c.

The Legislature intends to monitor the use of social security numbers held by agencies in
order to maintain a balanced public policy. 2.a. An agency may not collect an individual’s
social security number unless the agency has stated in writing the purpose for its collection
and unless it is:
(I) 	Specifically authorized by law to do so; or
(II) 	Imperative for the performance of that agency’s duties and responsibilities as prescribed by
law.

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b. 	An agency shall identify in writing the specific federal or state law governing the collection,
use, or release of social security numbers for each purpose for which the agency collects the
social security number, including any authorized exceptions that apply to such collection,
use, or release. Each agency shall ensure that the collection, use, or release of social security
numbers complies with the specific applicable federal or state law.
c. 	Social security numbers collected by an agency may not be used by that agency for any
purpose other than the purpose provided in the written statement.
3. 	An agency collecting an individual’s social security number shall provide that individual
with a copy of the written statement required in subparagraph 2. The written statement
also shall state whether collection of the individual’s social security number is authorized
or mandatory under federal or state law.
4. 	Each agency shall review whether its collection of social security numbers is in compliance
with subparagraph 2. If the agency determines that collection of a social security number
is not in compliance with subparagraph 2., the agency shall immediately discontinue the
collection of social security numbers for that purpose.
5. 	Social security numbers held by an agency are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This exemption applies to social security
numbers held by an agency before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption. This
exemption does not supersede any federal law prohibiting the release of social security
numbers or any other applicable public records exemption for social security numbers
existing prior to May 13, 2002, or created thereafter.
6. 	Social security numbers held by an agency may be disclosed if any of the following apply:
a.

The disclosure of the social security number is expressly required by federal or state law or
a court order.

b.

The disclosure of the social security number is necessary for the receiving agency or
governmental entity to perform its duties and responsibilities.

c.

The individual expressly consents in writing to the disclosure of his or her social security
number.

d.

The disclosure of the social security number is made to comply with the USA Patriot Act
of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, or Presidential Executive Order 13224.

e.

The disclosure of the social security number is made to a commercial entity for the
permissible uses set forth in the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act of 1994, 18
U.S.C. ss. 2721 et seq., the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. ss. 1681 et seq.; or the
Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, 15 U.S.C. ss. 6801 et seq., provided that
the authorized commercial entity complies with the requirements of this paragraph.

f.

The disclosure of the social security number is for the purpose of the administration of
health benefits for an agency employee or his or her dependents.

g.

The disclosure of the social security number is for the purpose of the administration
of a pension fund administered for the agency employee’s retirement fund, deferred
compensation plan, or defined contribution plan.

h.

The disclosure of the social security number is for the purpose of the administration of the
Uniform Commercial Code by the office of the Secretary of State.
For purposes of this subsection, the term:
“Commercial activity” means the permissible uses set forth in the federal Driver’s Privacy
Protection Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. ss. 2721 et seq.; the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C.
ss. 1681 et seq., or the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, 15 U.S.C. ss. 6801
et seq., or verification of the accuracy of personal information received by a commercial
entity in the normal course of its business, including identification or prevention of fraud
or matching, verifying, or retrieving information. It does not include the display or bulk

7.a.
(I)

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(II)

sale of social security numbers to the public or the distribution of such numbers to any
customer that is not identifiable by the commercial entity.
“Commercial entity” means any corporation, partnership, limited partnership,
proprietorship, sole proprietorship, firm, enterprise, franchise, or association that performs
a commercial activity in this state.

b. 	An agency may not deny a commercial entity engaged in the performance of a commercial
activity access to social security numbers, provided the social security numbers will be
used only in the performance of a commercial activity and provided the commercial entity
makes a written request for the social security numbers. The written request must:
(I)
Be verified as provided in s. 92.525;
(II) Be legibly signed by an authorized officer, employee, or agent of the commercial entity;
(III) Contain the commercial entity’s name, business mailing and location addresses, and
business telephone number; and
(IV) Contain a statement of the specific purposes for which it needs the social security numbers
and how the social security numbers will be used in the performance of a commercial
activity, including the identification of any specific federal or state law that permits such
use.
c. 	An agency may request any other information reasonably necessary to verify the identity
of a commercial entity requesting the social security numbers and the specific purposes for
which the numbers will be used.
8.a.	Any person who makes a false representation in order to obtain a social security number
pursuant to this paragraph, or any person who willfully and knowingly violates this
paragraph, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or
s. 775.083.
b. 	Any public officer who violates this paragraph commits a noncriminal infraction,
punishable by a fine not exceeding $500 per violation.
9. 	Any affected person may petition the circuit court for an order directing compliance with
this paragraph.
(b)

Bank account numbers and debit, charge, and credit card numbers held by an agency are
exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This exemption
applies to bank account numbers and debit, charge, and credit card numbers held by an
agency before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption.

(c)1. For purposes of this paragraph, the term:
a.

“Child” means any person younger than 18 years of age.

b.

“Government-sponsored recreation program” means a program for which an agency
assumes responsibility for a child participating in that program, including, but not limited
to, after-school programs, athletic programs, nature programs, summer camps, or other
recreational programs.
2. 	Information that would identify or locate a child who participates in a governmentsponsored recreation program is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution.
3.
Information that would identify or locate a parent or guardian of a child who participates
in a government-sponsored recreation program is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a),
Art. I of the State Constitution.
4.
This exemption applies to records held before, on, or after the effective date of this
exemption.
(d) 	All records supplied by a telecommunications company, as defined by s. 364.02, to
an agency which contain the name, address, and telephone number of subscribers are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.

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(e) 	Any information provided to an agency for the purpose of forming ridesharing
arrangements, which information reveals the identity of an individual who has provided
his or her name for ridesharing, as defined in s. 341.031, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and
s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
(f ) 	Medical history records and information related to health or property insurance provided
to the Department of Economic Opportunity, the Florida Housing Finance Corporation, a
county, a municipality, or a local housing finance agency by an applicant for or a participant
in a federal, state, or local housing assistance program are confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. Governmental entities or their
agents shall have access to such confidential and exempt records and information for
the purpose of auditing federal, state, or local housing programs or housing assistance
programs. Such confidential and exempt records and information may be used in any
administrative or judicial proceeding, provided such records are kept confidential and
exempt unless otherwise ordered by a court.
(g)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Biometric identification information held by an agency before, on, or after the effective date
of this exemption is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
As used in this paragraph, the term “biometric identification information” means:
	Any record of friction ridge detail;
Fingerprints;
Palm prints; and
Footprints.

(h)1. Personal identifying information of an applicant for or a recipient of paratransit services
which is held by an agency is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art.
I of the State Constitution.
2.
This exemption applies to personal identifying information of an applicant for or a
recipient of paratransit services which is held by an agency before, on, or after the effective
date of this exemption.
3.
Confidential and exempt personal identifying information shall be disclosed:
a.

With the express written consent of the applicant or recipient or the legally authorized
representative of such applicant or recipient;

b. 	In a medical emergency, but only to the extent that is necessary to protect the health or life
of the applicant or recipient;
c.

By court order upon a showing of good cause; or

d. 	To another agency in the performance of its duties and responsibilities.
(i)1. For purposes of this paragraph, “identification and location information” means the:
a. 	Home address, telephone number, and photograph of a current or former United States
attorney, assistant United States attorney, judge of the United States Courts of Appeal,
United States district judge, or United States magistrate;
b. 	Home address, telephone number, photograph, and place of employment of the spouse or
child of such attorney, judge, or magistrate; and
c. 	Name and location of the school or day care facility attended by the child of such attorney,
judge, or magistrate.
2. 	Identification and location information held by an agency is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and
s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if such attorney, judge, or magistrate submits to an
agency that has custody of the identification and location information:
a. 	A written request to exempt such information from public disclosure; and
b. 	A written statement that he or she has made reasonable efforts to protect the identification

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and location information from being accessible through other means available to the
public.
(j)1. 	Any information furnished by a person to an agency for the purpose of being provided
with emergency notification by the agency is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art.
I of the State Constitution. This exemption applies to information held by an agency
before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption.
(k)1. For purposes of this paragraph, the term:
a.
“Identification and location information” means the:
(I)	Home address, telephone number, and date of birth of a servicemember, and the telephone
number associated with a servicemember’s personal communication device.
(II)	Home address, telephone number, date of birth, and place of employment of the spouse or
dependent of a servicemember, and the telephone number associated with such spouse’s or
dependent’s personal communication device.
(III)	Name and location of a school attended by the spouse of a servicemember or a school or
day care facility attended by a dependent of a servicemember.
b.

“Servicemember” means a current or former member of the Armed Forces of the United
States, a reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States, or the National
Guard, who served after September 11, 2001.
2.	Identification and location information held by an agency is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and
s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution if the servicemember submits to an agency that has
custody of the identification and location information:
a.	A written request to exempt the identification and location information from public
disclosure; and
b.	A written statement that he or she has made reasonable efforts to protect the identification
and location information from being accessible through other means available to the
public.
3.
This exemption applies to identification and location information held by an agency
before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption.
4.

This paragraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2020, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

119.0711 Executive branch agency exemptions from inspection or copying of public
records.-When an agency of the executive branch of state government seeks to acquire real property
by purchase or through the exercise of the power of eminent domain, all appraisals, other reports
relating to value, offers, and counteroffers must be in writing and are exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution until execution of a valid option contract or a written
offer to sell that has been conditionally accepted by the agency, at which time the exemption
shall expire. The agency shall not finally accept the offer for a period of 30 days in order to allow
public review of the transaction. The agency may give conditional acceptance to any option or
offer subject only to final acceptance by the agency after the 30-day review period. If a valid
option contract is not executed, or if a written offer to sell is not conditionally accepted by the
agency, then the exemption shall expire at the conclusion of the condemnation litigation of the
subject property. An agency of the executive branch may exempt title information, including
names and addresses of property owners whose property is subject to acquisition by purchase
or through the exercise of the power of eminent domain, from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I
of the State Constitution to the same extent as appraisals, other reports relating to value, offers,
and counteroffers. For the purpose of this subsection, the term “option contract” means an
agreement of an agency of the executive branch of state government to purchase real property

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subject to final agency approval. This subsection has no application to other exemptions from
s. 119.07(1) which are contained in other provisions of law and shall not be construed to be an
express or implied repeal thereof.
119.0712 Executive branch agency-specific exemptions from inspection or copying
of public records.-(1)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.--All personal identifying information contained in
records relating to an individual’s personal health or eligibility for health-related services
held by the Department of Health is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s.
24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution, except as otherwise provided in this subsection.
Information made confidential and exempt by this subsection shall be disclosed:

(a)

With the express written consent of the individual or the individual’s legally authorized
representative.

(b) 	In a medical emergency, but only to the extent necessary to protect the health or life of the
individual.
(c)

By court order upon a showing of good cause.

(d) 	To a health research entity, if the entity seeks the records or data pursuant to a research
protocol approved by the department, maintains the records or data in accordance with the
approved protocol, and enters into a purchase and data-use agreement with the department,
the fee provisions of which are consistent with s. 119.07(4). The department may deny
a request for records or data if the protocol provides for intrusive follow-back contacts,
has not been approved by a human studies institutional review board, does not plan for
the destruction of confidential records after the research is concluded, is administratively
burdensome, or does not have scientific merit. The agreement must restrict the release of
any information that would permit the identification of persons, limit the use of records or
data to the approved research protocol, and prohibit any other use of the records or data.
Copies of records or data issued pursuant to this paragraph remain the property of the
department.
(2) DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY AND MOTOR VEHICLES.-(a)

For purposes of this subsection, the term “motor vehicle record” means any record that
pertains to a motor vehicle operator’s permit, motor vehicle title, motor vehicle registration,
or identification card issued by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles.

(b)

Personal information, including highly restricted personal information as defined in 18
U.S.C. s. 2725, contained in a motor vehicle record is confidential pursuant to the federal
Driver’s Privacy Protection Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. ss. 2721 et seq. Such information may
be released only as authorized by that act; however, information received pursuant to that
act may not be used for mass commercial solicitation of clients for litigation against motor
vehicle dealers.

(c)	E-mail addresses collected by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles
pursuant to s. 319.40(3), s. 320.95(2), or s. 322.08(9) are exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This exemption applies retroactively. This
paragraph is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with s.
119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2020, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
(d)1.	Emergency contact information contained in a motor vehicle record is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.
2.
Without the express consent of the person to whom such emergency contact information
applies, the emergency contact information contained in a motor vehicle record may be
released only to law enforcement agencies for purposes of contacting those listed in the
event of an emergency.

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(3)

OFFICE OF FINANCIAL REGULATION. --The following information held by the
Office of Financial Regulation before, on, or after July 1, 2011, is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution:

(a) 	Any information received from another state or federal regulatory, administrative, or
criminal justice agency that is otherwise confidential or exempt pursuant to the laws of
that state or pursuant to federal law.
(b)	Any information that is received or developed by the office as part of a joint or multiagency
examination or investigation with another state or federal regulatory, administrative, or
criminal justice agency. The office may obtain and use the information in accordance
with the conditions imposed by the joint or multiagency agreement. This exemption does
not apply to information obtained or developed by the office that would otherwise be
available for public inspection if the office had conducted an independent examination or
investigation under Florida law.
119.0713 Local government agency exemptions from inspection or copying of public
records.-(1) 	All complaints and other records in the custody of any unit of local government which
relate to a complaint of discrimination relating to race, color, religion, sex, national origin,
age, handicap, marital status, sale or rental of housing, the provision of brokerage services,
or the financing of housing are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State
Constitution until a finding is made relating to probable cause, the investigation of the
complaint becomes inactive, or the complaint or other record is made part of the official
record of any hearing or court proceeding. This provision does not affect any function or
activity of the Florida Commission on Human Relations. Any state or federal agency that
is authorized to have access to such complaints or records by any provision of law shall be
granted such access in the furtherance of such agency’s statutory duties. This subsection
does not modify or repeal any special or local act.
(2)(a)	As used in this subsection, the term “unit of local government” means a county, municipality,
special district, local agency, authority, consolidated city-county government, or any other
local governmental body or public body corporate or politic authorized or created by
general or special law.
(b)

The audit report of an internal auditor and the investigative report of the inspector general
prepared for or on behalf of a unit of local government becomes a public record when the
audit or investigation becomes final. An audit or investigation becomes final when the
audit report or investigative report is presented to the unit of local government. Audit
workpapers and notes related to such audit and information received, produced, or derived
from an investigation are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I
of the State Constitution until the audit or investigation is complete and the audit report
becomes final or when the investigation is no longer active. An investigation is active if it
is continuing with a reasonable, good faith anticipation of resolution and with reasonable
dispatch.

(3)	Any data, record, or document used directly or solely by a municipally owned utility to
prepare and submit a bid relative to the sale, distribution, or use of any service, commodity,
or tangible personal property to any customer or prospective customer is exempt from s.
119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution. This exemption commences when
a municipal utility identifies in writing a specific bid to which it intends to respond. This
exemption no longer applies when the contract for sale, distribution, or use of the service,
commodity, or tangible personal property is executed, a decision is made not to execute
such contract, or the project is no longer under active consideration. The exemption in
this subsection includes the bid documents actually furnished in response to the request
for bids. However, the exemption for the bid documents submitted no longer applies after
the bids are opened by the customer or prospective customer.

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(4)(a) Proprietary confidential business information means information, regardless of form or
characteristics, which is held by an electric utility that is subject to chapter 119, is intended
to be and is treated by the entity that provided the information to the electric utility as
private in that the disclosure of the information would cause harm to the entity providing
the information or its business operations, and has not been disclosed unless disclosed
pursuant to a statutory provision, an order of a court or administrative body, or a private
agreement that provides that the information will not be released to the public. Proprietary
confidential business information includes, but is not limited to:
1.	Trade secrets.
2.	Internal auditing controls and reports of internal auditors.
3.	Security measures, systems, or procedures.
4.	Information concerning bids or other contractual data, the disclosure of which would
impair the efforts of the electric utility to contract for goods or services on favorable terms.
5.	Information relating to competitive interests, the disclosure of which would impair the
competitive business of the provider of the information.
(b)

Proprietary confidential business information held by an electric utility that is subject to
chapter 119 in conjunction with a due diligence review of an electric project as defined
in s. 163.01(3)(d) or a project to improve the delivery, cost, or diversification of fuel or
renewable energy resources is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art.
I of the State Constitution.

(c)	All proprietary confidential business information described in paragraph (b) shall be
retained for 1 year after the due diligence review has been completed and the electric utility
has decided whether or not to participate in the project.
(d)

This subsection is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15, and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2018, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

(5)(a) The following information held by a utility owned or operated by a unit of local government
is exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution:
1. 	Information related to the security of the technology, processes, or practices of a utility
owned or operated by a unit of local government that are designed to protect the utility’s
networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access,
which information, if disclosed would facilitate the alteration, disclosure, or destruction of
such data or information technology resources.
2. 	Information related to the security of existing or proposed information technology systems
or industrial control technology systems of a utility owned or operated by a unit of local
government, which, if disclosed, would facilitate unauthorized access to, and alteration or
destruction of, such systems in a manner that would adversely impact the safe and reliable
operation of the systems and the utility.
(b)

The exemption applies to such information held by a utility owned or operated by a unit
of local government before, on, or after the effective date of this exemption.

(c)

This subsection is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with
s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2021, unless reviewed and saved from
repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.
119.0714 Court files; court records; official records.--

(1)

COURT FILES.--Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to exempt from s. 119.07(1)
a public record that was made a part of a court file and that is not specifically closed by
order of court, except:

(a) 	A public record that was prepared by an agency attorney or prepared at the attorney’s
express direction as provided in s. 119.071(1)(d).

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(b)

Data processing software as provided in s. 119.071(1)(f ).

(c) 	Any information revealing surveillance techniques or procedures or personnel as provided
in s. 119.071(2)(d).
(d) 	Any comprehensive inventory of state and local law enforcement resources, and any
comprehensive policies or plans compiled by a criminal justice agency, as provided in s.
119.071(2)(d).
(e) 	Any information revealing the substance of a confession of a person arrested as provided in
s. 119.071(2)(e).
(f ) 	Any information revealing the identity of a confidential informant or confidential source
as provided in s. 119.071(2)(f ).
(g) 	Any information revealing undercover personnel of any criminal justice agency as provided
in s. 119.071(4)(c).
(h)

Criminal intelligence information or criminal investigative information that is confidential
and exempt as provided in s. 119.071(2)(h).

(i) 	Social security numbers as provided in s. 119.071(5)(a).
(j)

Bank account numbers and debit, charge, and credit card numbers as provided in s.
119.071(5)(b).

(2)

COURT RECORDS.--

(a) 	Until January 1, 2012, if a social security number or a bank account, debit, charge, or
credit card number is included in a court file, such number may be included as part of the
court record available for public inspection and copying unless redaction is requested by
the holder of such number or by the holder’s attorney or legal guardian.
(b) 	A request for redaction must be a signed, legibly written request specifying the case name,
case number, document heading, and page number. The request must be delivered by
mail, facsimile, electronic transmission, or in person to the clerk of the court. The clerk of
the court does not have a duty to inquire beyond the written request to verify the identity
of a person requesting redaction.
(c)

A fee may not be charged for the redaction of a social security number or a bank account,
debit, charge, or credit card number pursuant to such request.

(d)

The clerk of the court has no liability for the inadvertent release of social security numbers,
or bank account, debit, charge, or credit card numbers, unknown to the clerk of the court
in court records filed on or before January 1, 2012.

(e)1. 	On January 1, 2012, and thereafter, the clerk of the court must keep social security
numbers confidential and exempt as provided for in s. 119.071(5)(a), and bank account,
debit, charge, and credit card numbers exempt as provided for in s. 119.071(5)(b), without
any person having to request redaction.
2. 	Section 119.071(5)(a)7. and 8. does not apply to the clerks of the court with respect to
court records.
(f ) 	A request for maintenance of a public records exemption in s. 119.071(4)(d)2. made
pursuant to s. 119.071(4)(d)3. must specify the document type, name, identification
number, and page number of the court record that contains the exempt information.
(3)

OFFICIAL RECORDS.--

A person who prepares or files a record for recording in the official records as provided
in chapter 28 may not include in that record a social security number or a bank account, debit,
charge, or credit card number unless otherwise expressly required by law.
(a) 	If a social security number or a bank account, debit, charge, or credit card number is

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included in an official record, such number may be made available as part of the official
records available for public inspection and copying unless redaction is requested by the
holder of such number or by the holder’s attorney or legal guardian.
1. 	If such record is in electronic format, on January 1, 2011, and thereafter, the county
recorder must use his or her best effort, as provided in paragraph (d), to keep social
security numbers confidential and exempt as provided for in s. 119.071(5)(a), and to keep
complete bank account, debit, charge, and credit card numbers exempt as provided for in
s. 119.071(5)(b), without any person having to request redaction.
2. 	Section 119.071(5)(a)7. and 8. does not apply to the county recorder with respect to
official records.
(b)

The holder of a social security number or a bank account, debit, charge, or credit card
number, or the holder’s attorney or legal guardian, may request that a county recorder
redact from an image or copy of an official record placed on a county recorder’s publicly
available Internet website or on a publicly available Internet website used by a county
recorder to display public records, or otherwise made electronically available to the public,
his or her social security number or bank account, debit, charge, or credit card number
contained in that official record.
1. 	A request for redaction must be a signed, legibly written request and must be delivered by
mail, facsimile, electronic transmission, or in person to the county recorder. The request
must specify the identification page number of the record that contains the number to be
redacted.
2.
The county recorder does not have a duty to inquire beyond the written request to verify
the identity of a person requesting redaction.
3. 	A fee may not be charged for redacting a social security number or a bank account, debit,
charge, or credit card number.
(c) 	A county recorder shall immediately and conspicuously post signs throughout his or her
offices for public viewing, and shall immediately and conspicuously post on any Internet
website or remote electronic site made available by the county recorder and used for the
ordering or display of official records or images or copies of official records, a notice stating,
in substantially similar form, the following:
1. 	On or after October 1, 2002, any person preparing or filing a record for recordation in the
official records may not include a social security number or a bank account, debit, charge,
or credit card number in such document unless required by law.
2. 	Any person has a right to request a county recorder to remove from an image or copy of
an official record placed on a county recorder’s publicly available Internet website or on a
publicly available Internet website used by a county recorder to display public records, or
otherwise made electronically available to the general public, any social security number
contained in an official record. Such request must be made in writing and delivered by
mail, facsimile, or electronic transmission, or delivered in person, to the county recorder.
The request must specify the identification page number that contains the social security
number to be redacted. A fee may not be charged for the redaction of a social security
number pursuant to such a request.
(d) 	If the county recorder accepts or stores official records in an electronic format, the county
recorder must use his or her best efforts to redact all social security numbers and bank
account, debit, charge, or credit card numbers from electronic copies of the official
record. The use of an automated program for redaction is deemed to be the best effort
in performing the redaction and is deemed in compliance with the requirements of this
subsection.
(e)

The county recorder is not liable for the inadvertent release of social security numbers, or
bank account, debit, charge, or credit card numbers, filed with the county recorder.

(f ) 	A request for maintenance of a public records exemption in s. 119.071(4)(d)2. made

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pursuant to s. 119.071(4)(d)3. must specify the document type, name, identification
number, and page number of the official record that contains the exempt information.
119.084 Copyright of data processing software created by governmental agencies; sale
price and licensing fee.-(1)

As used in this section, “agency” has the same meaning as in s. 119.011(2), except that the
term does not include any private agency, person, partnership, corporation, or business entity.

(2) 	An agency is authorized to acquire and hold a copyright for data processing software
created by the agency and to enforce its rights pertaining to such copyright, provided that
the agency complies with the requirements of this subsection.
(a) 	An agency that has acquired a copyright for data processing software created by the agency
may sell or license the copyrighted data processing software to any public agency or private
person. The agency may establish a price for the sale and a licensing fee for the use of such
data processing software that may be based on market considerations. However, the prices
or fees for the sale or licensing of copyrighted data processing software to an individual
or entity solely for application to information maintained or generated by the agency
that created the copyrighted data processing software shall be determined pursuant to s.
119.07(4).
(b)

Proceeds from the sale or licensing of copyrighted data processing software shall be
deposited by the agency into a trust fund for the agency’s appropriate use for authorized
purposes. Counties, municipalities, and other political subdivisions of the state may
designate how such sale and licensing proceeds are to be used.

(c)

The provisions of this subsection are supplemental to, and shall not supplant or repeal, any
other provision of law that authorizes an agency to acquire and hold copyrights.
119.092 Registration by federal employer’s registration number.--

Each state agency which registers or licenses corporations, partnerships, or other business
entities shall include, by July 1, 1978, within its numbering system, the federal employer’s
identification number of each corporation, partnership, or other business entity registered or
licensed by it. Any state agency may maintain a dual numbering system in which the federal
employer’s identification number or the state agency’s own number is the primary identification
number; however, the records of such state agency shall be designed in such a way that the record
of any business entity is subject to direct location by the federal employer’s identification number.
The Department of State shall keep a registry of federal employer’s identification numbers of all
business entities, registered with the Division of Corporations, which registry of numbers may
be used by all state agencies.
119.10 Violation of chapter; penalties.-(1) 	Any public officer who:
(a) 	Violates any provision of this chapter commits a noncriminal infraction, punishable by
fine not exceeding $500.
(b)

Knowingly violates the provisions of s. 119.07(1) is subject to suspension and removal or
impeachment and, in addition, commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as
provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

(2) 	Any person who willfully and knowingly violates:
(a) 	Any of the provisions of this chapter commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable
as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(b) 	Section 119.105 commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s.
775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

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119.105 Protection of victims of crimes or accidents.-Police reports are public records except as otherwise made exempt or confidential. Every
person is allowed to examine nonexempt or nonconfidential police reports. A person who comes
into possession of exempt or confidential information contained in police reports may not use
that information for any commercial solicitation of the victims or relatives of the victims of the
reported crimes or accidents and may not knowingly disclose such information to any third
party for the purpose of such solicitation during the period of time that information remains
exempt or confidential. This section does not prohibit the publication of such information to
the general public by any news media legally entitled to possess that information or the use of
such information for any other data collection or analysis purposes by those entitled to possess
that information.
119.11 Accelerated hearing; immediate compliance.-(1)

Whenever an action is filed to enforce the provisions of this chapter, the court shall set an
immediate hearing, giving the case priority over other pending cases.

(2)

Whenever a court orders an agency to open its records for inspection in accordance with
this chapter, the agency shall comply with such order within 48 hours, unless otherwise
provided by the court issuing such order, or unless the appellate court issues a stay order
within such 48-hour period.

(3) 	A stay order shall not be issued unless the court determines that there is a substantial
probability that opening the records for inspection will result in significant damage.
(4) 	Upon service of a complaint, counterclaim, or cross-claim in a civil action brought to
enforce the provisions of this chapter, the custodian of the public record that is the subject
matter of such civil action shall not transfer custody, alter, destroy, or otherwise dispose of
the public record sought to be inspected and examined, notwithstanding the applicability
of an exemption or the assertion that the requested record is not a public record subject
to inspection and examination under s. 119.07(1), until the court directs otherwise. The
person who has custody of such public record may, however, at any time permit inspection
of the requested record as provided in s. 119.07(1) and other provisions of law.
119.12 Attorney’s fees.-If a civil action is filed against an agency to enforce the provisions of this chapter and if the
court determines that such agency unlawfully refused to permit a public record to be inspected
or copied, the court shall assess and award, against the agency responsible, the reasonable costs of
enforcement including reasonable attorneys’ fees.
119.15 Legislative review of exemptions from public meeting and public records
requirements.-(1)

This section may be cited as the “Open Government Sunset Review Act.”

(2)

This section provides for the review and repeal or reenactment of an exemption from s. 24,
Art. I of the State Constitution and s. 119.07(1) or s. 286.011. This act does not apply to
an exemption that:

(a)

Is required by federal law; or

(b) 	Applies solely to the Legislature or the State Court System.
(3) 	In the 5th year after enactment of a new exemption or substantial amendment of an
existing exemption, the exemption shall be repealed on October 2nd of the 5th year, unless
the Legislature acts to reenact the exemption.
(4)(a)	A law that enacts a new exemption or substantially amends an existing exemption must

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state that the record or meeting is:
1. 	Exempt from s. 24, Art. I of the State Constitution;
2. 	Exempt from s. 119.07(1) or s. 286.011; and
3. 	Repealed at the end of 5 years and that the exemption must be reviewed by the Legislature
before the scheduled repeal date.
(b)

For purposes of this section, an exemption is substantially amended if the amendment
expands the scope of the exemption to include more records or information or to include
meetings as well as records. An exemption is not substantially amended if the amendment
narrows the scope of the exemption.

(c)

This section is not intended to repeal an exemption that has been amended following
legislative review before the scheduled repeal of the exemption if the exemption is not
substantially amended as a result of the review.
(5)(a) By June 1 in the year before the repeal of an exemption under this section, the Office of
Legislative Services shall certify to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House
of Representatives the language and statutory citation of each exemption scheduled for
repeal the following year.
(b) 	An exemption that is not identified and certified to the President of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives is not subject to legislative review and repeal under
this section. If the office fails to certify an exemption that it subsequently determines should
have been certified, it shall include the exemption in the following year’s certification after
that determination.
(6)(a)	As part of the review process, the Legislature shall consider the following:
1.
What specific records or meetings are affected by the exemption?
2.
Whom does the exemption uniquely affect, as opposed to the general public?
3.
What is the identifiable public purpose or goal of the exemption?
4.
Can the information contained in the records or discussed in the meeting be readily
obtained by alternative means? If so, how?
5. 	Is the record or meeting protected by another exemption?
6. 	Are there multiple exemptions for the same type of record or meeting that it would be
appropriate to merge?
(b) 	An exemption may be created, revised, or maintained only if it serves an identifiable
public purpose, and the exemption may be no broader than is necessary to meet the public
purpose it serves. An identifiable public purpose is served if the exemption meets one of
the following purposes and the Legislature finds that the purpose is sufficiently compelling
to override the strong public policy of open government and cannot be accomplished
without the exemption:
1. 	Allows the state or its political subdivisions to effectively and efficiently administer a
governmental program, which administration would be significantly impaired without the
exemption;
2.
Protects information of a sensitive personal nature concerning individuals, the release of
which information would be defamatory to such individuals or cause unwarranted damage
to the good name or reputation of such individuals or would jeopardize the safety of
such individuals. However, in exemptions under this subparagraph, only information that
would identify the individuals may be exempted; or
3.
Protects information of a confidential nature concerning entities, including, but not limited
to, a formula, pattern, device, combination of devices, or compilation of information
which is used to protect or further a business advantage over those who do not know or use
it, the disclosure of which information would injure the affected entity in the marketplace.
(7) 	Records made before the date of a repeal of an exemption under this section may not

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be made public unless otherwise provided by law. In deciding whether the records shall
be made public, the Legislature shall consider whether the damage or loss to persons or
entities uniquely affected by the exemption of the type specified in subparagraph (6)(b)2.
or subparagraph (6)(b)3. would occur if the records were made public.
(8)

Notwithstanding s. 768.28 or any other law, neither the state or its political subdivisions nor any
other public body shall be made party to any suit in any court or incur any liability for the repeal
or revival and reenactment of an exemption under this section. The failure of the Legislature to
comply strictly with this section does not invalidate an otherwise valid reenactment.

D.

Exempt and confidential records and meetings- exemption summaries. It is
recommended that these summaries be used as a reference only--interested parties
should refer to the full text in the Florida Statutes before drawing legal conclusions.

NOTE: Due to space limitations, exemptions contained in Chs. 119 and 286, F.S., are
not included in this Appendix; please refer to Appendix B (containing the text of s. 286.011,
F.S., and related statutes) and Appendix C (containing the complete text of Ch. 119, F.S)
for these exemptions.
Section 11.0431(2), F.S. -- The text of s. 11.0431, F.S., relating to exemptions from
disclosure for legislative records, is set forth in Appendix E.
Section 11.045(5)(b), F.S. -- The legislative committee responsible for ethical conduct of
lobbyists shall make sufficient deletions in advisory opinions issued pursuant to this subsection
to prevent disclosing the identity of persons in the decisions or opinions.
Section 11.26(1), F.S. -- Subject to s. 11.0431, legislative employees may not reveal to
anyone outside the area of their direct responsibility the contents or nature of any request for
services made by a legislator except with the consent of the member making the request.
Section 11.45(3)(i), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to Enterprise
Florida, Inc., who desires to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt from public disclosure
requirements and such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 11.45(3)(j), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to the capital
development board who desires to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure requirements and such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 11.45(4)(c), F.S. -- Audit reports prepared by the Auditor General become public
records when final. Audit workpapers and notes are not public records; however, those materials
necessary to support the computations in the final audit report may be made available by majority
vote of the Legislative Auditing Committee after a public hearing showing proper cause.
Section 11.51(4), F.S. -- Work papers held by the Office of Program Policy Analysis and
Government Accountability (OPPAGA) which relate to an authorized project or a research
product are exempt.
Section 14.28, F.S. -- All records developed or received by a state entity relating to a Board
of Executive Clemency investigation are exempt from disclosure; however, such records may be
released upon the approval of the Governor.
Section 15.07, F.S. -- The journal of the executive session of the Senate shall be kept free
from inspection or disclosure except upon order of the Senate or court of competent jurisdiction.
Section 17.0401, F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided by this section, information relative
to an investigation by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to s. 17.04 is confidential and exempt
from disclosure until the investigation is complete or ceases to be active, or if the Chief Financial

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Officer submits such information to a law enforcement or prosecutorial agency, until that agency’s
investigation is complete or ceases to be active as that term is defined in the section.
Section 17.076(5), F.S. -- All direct deposit records made prior to October 1, 1986, are
exempt from s. 119.07(1). With respect to direct deposit records made on or after October
1, 1986, the names of the authorized financial institutions and the account numbers of the
beneficiaries, as defined in the section, are confidential and exempt.
Section 17.325(3), F.S. -- A caller on the governmental efficiency hotline established by
the Chief Financial Officer under this section may remain anonymous, and, if the caller provides
his or her name, the name is confidential.
Section 20.055(6)(b), F.S. -- Inspector general audit workpapers and reports are public
records to the extent that they do not include information which has been made confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1). However, when the inspector general or a member of the staff receives
from an individual a complaint or information that falls within the definition provided in s.
112.3187(5), the name or identity of the individual shall not be disclosed to anyone else without
the individual’s written consent, unless the inspector general determines that such disclosure is
unavoidable during the course of the audit or investigation.
Section 24.105(12)(a), F.S. -- The Department of the Lottery shall determine by rule
information, as set forth in the exemption, relating to the operation of the lottery which is
confidential and exempt from disclosure. To be deemed confidential, the information must be
necessary to the security and integrity of the lottery. Confidential information may be released
to other governmental entities as needed in connection with the performance of their duties;
such governmental entities shall retain the confidentiality of the information as provided for in
the subsection.
Section 24.105(12)(b), F.S. -- The Department of the Lottery shall maintain the
confidentiality of the street address and telephone number of a winner, in that such information
is confidential and exempt from disclosure, unless the winner consents to the release of such
information, or as provided for in s. 24.115(4) or s. 409.2577.
Section 24.108(7)(b), F.S. -- The portion of the Lottery Department’s security report
that contains specific recommendations is confidential and exempt from disclosure and may be
released only as authorized in the subsection.
Section 27.151, F.S. -- An executive order assigning or exchanging state attorneys pursuant
to s. 27.14 or s. 27.15, if designated by the Governor to be confidential, is exempt from disclosure.
The Governor may make public any such executive order by a subsequent executive order and
at the expiration of a confidential executive order or any extensions thereof, the executive order
and all associated orders and reports shall be open to the public pursuant to Ch. 119 unless the
information contained in the executive order is confidential pursuant to cited laws.
Section 28.222(3)(g), F.S. -- Certified copies of death certificates authorized for issuance
by the Department of Health which exclude information made confidential under s. 382.008
and certified death certificates issued by another state shall be recorded by the clerk of circuit
court.
Section 28.2221, F.S. -- The clerk of court is prohibited from placing certain records
(military discharge or death certificate, and family law, probate, or juvenile court records) on a
publicly available Internet website. Those records which have already been placed on the Internet
must be removed if the subject of the record requests removal.

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Section 39.00145(4), F.S. -- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all state and
local agencies and programs that provide services to children or that are responsible for a child’s
safety, including the listed agencies, and any provider contracting with such agencies, may share
with each other confidential records or information if the records or information are reasonably
necessary to ensure access to appropriate services for the child. However, records or information
made confidential by federal law may not be shared. Also, this subsection does not apply to
information concerning clients and records of certified domestic violence centers which are
confidential under s. 39.908 and privileged under s. 90.5036.
Section 39.0132(3), F.S. -- The clerk shall keep official records required by this chapter
separate from other court records. The records may be inspected only upon court order by persons
deemed to have a proper interest therein, except that, subject to the provisions of s. 63.162,
a child and the parents of the child and their attorneys, guardian ad litem, law enforcement
agencies, the Department of Children and Family Services and its designees shall have a right to
inspect and copy records pertaining to the child.
Section 39.0132(4)(a)1., F.S. -- All information obtained pursuant to this part in the
discharge of official duty by any of the officials specified in the subsection is confidential and may
not be disclosed to anyone other than persons entitled to receive such information under Ch. 39
or upon court order.
Section 39.0132(4)(a)2., F.S. -- The following information held by a guardian ad litem
is confidential and exempt: medical, mental health, substance abuse, child care, education, law
enforcement, court, social services, and financial records; and any other information maintained
by a guardian ad litem which is identified as confidential information under Ch. 39, F.S. Such
confidential and exempt information may not be disclosed to anyone except as authorized in the
exemption.
Section 39.201(1)(d), F.S. -- Reporters to the central abuse hotline in the designated
occupation categories are required to provide their names to the hotline staff. The names of
reporters shall be entered into the record of the report but shall be held confidential as provided
in s. 39.202.
Section 39.201(2)(h), F.S. -- A telephone number, fax number, or Internet protocol (IP)
address from which the report was received by the hotline which is included in the abuse report
pursuant to this subsection shall enjoy the same confidentiality provided to the identity of the
reporter pursuant to s. 39.202.
Section 39.202(1), F.S. -- All records held by the Department of Children and Family
Services concerning reports of child abandonment, abuse or neglect including reports made to
the central abuse hotline and all records generated as a result of such reports are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall not be disclosed except as specifically authorized by this
chapter. Such exemption from s. 119.07(1) applies to information in possession of those entities
granted access pursuant to this section.
Section 39.202(2)(o), F.S. -- Access to records concerning reports of child abuse or
neglect shall be granted to any person in the event of the death of a child determined to be a
result of abuse, abandonment, or neglect. Information identifying the person reporting abuse,
abandonment, or neglect shall not be released, nor shall any information otherwise made
confidential or exempt by law.
Section 39.202(5), F.S. -- The name of any person reporting child abuse, abandonment,
or neglect shall not be released to any person except as authorized in the subsection, without the
written consent of the reporter.

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Section 39.202(6), F.S. -- All records and reports of the child protection team of the
Department of Health are confidential and exempt from ss. 119.07(1) and 456.057, and shall
not be disclosed, except as provided in the subsection.
Section 39.301(18), F.S. -- When the initial interview with the child in a child protective
investigation or criminal investigation is conducted at school in the presence of school staff,
information received during the interview or from any other source regarding the alleged abuse or
neglect of the child shall be confidential and exempt, except as otherwise provided by court order.
Section 39.507(2), F.S. -- Dependency adjudicatory hearings are open to the public,
unless by special order the court determines that the public interest or welfare of the child is best
served by closing the hearing.
Section 39.510(4) and (5), F.S. -- The case on appeal in a dependency proceeding and any
papers filed in appellate court shall be entitled with child’s initials. The papers shall remain sealed
and shall not be open to public inspection. The original order of the appellate court with papers
filed in an appeal shall be sealed and not open to inspection except by order of the appellate court.
Section 39.702(5)(d), F.S. -- An independent not-for-profit agency authorized to
administer a citizen review panel established to make recommendations concerning foster care as
provided in this section shall ensure that all panel members have read, understood, and signed an
oath of confidentiality relating to written or verbal information provided to members for review
hearings.
Section 39.809(4), F.S. -- All hearings involving termination of parental rights are
confidential and closed to the public.
Section 39.814(3) and (4), F.S. -- All court records required by this part (termination of
parental rights) shall be kept separate from other records. Such records are not open to public
inspection. All information obtained pursuant to this part by officials specified therein shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may not be disclosed to anyone other than the
authorized officials and agencies, except by court order.
Section 39.815(4) and (5), F.S. -- An appeal in a case involving a termination of parental
rights must be docketed, and any papers filed in the appellate court must be titled with the
initials, but not the name, of the child and the court case number, and the papers must remain
sealed in the office of the appellate court clerk when not in use by the court and may not be open
to public inspection. The original order of the appellate court, with all papers filed in the case on
appeal, must remain in the clerk’s office, sealed and not open to inspection except by court order.
Section 39.821(1), F.S. -- Information collected pursuant to the security background
investigation for a guardian ad litem is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 39.827(4), F.S. -- The hearing for appointment of a guardian advocate is
confidential. The court records are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may be
inspected only upon court order or by the persons and entities identified in the subsection. All
information obtained pursuant to this part is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall
not be disclosed to anyone other than authorized personnel of the court or the Department of
Children and Family Services and its designees, except upon court order.
Section 39.908, F.S. -- Information about clients received by the Department of Children
and Family Services or by authorized persons employed by or volunteering services to a domestic
violence center, through files, reports, inspection or otherwise is confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1). Except as provided in the section, information about the location of domestic
violence centers and facilities is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 40.50(2), F.S. -- The court should emphasize the confidentiality of notes taken by
jurors as provided in this subsection.
Section 44.102(3), F.S. -- All written communications in a court-ordered mediation
proceeding, other than an executed settlement agreement, shall be exempt from the requirements
of Ch. 119.
Section 44.201(5), F.S. -- Any information relating to a dispute which is obtained by any
person while performing any duties for a Citizen Dispute Settlement Center is exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 44.405(1), F.S. -- Except as provided in the section, mediation communications,
as defined in the Mediation Confidentiality and Privilege Act, are confidential.
Section 61.1827, F.S. -- Any information that reveals the identity of applicants for or
recipients of child-support services, including the name, address, and telephone number of such
persons, held by a non-Title IV-D county child-support enforcement agency is confidential and
exempt from public disclosure requirements.
Section 61.183(3), F.S. -- Information concerning mediation proceedings involving
contested issues relating to custody parental responsibility, primary residence, access to, visitation
with, or support of a child pursuant to this section which is obtained by any person performing
mediation duties is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 61.404, F.S. -- A guardian ad litem shall maintain as confidential all information
and documents received from any source described in s. 61.403(2) and may not disclose such
information or documents except, in the guardian ad litem’s discretion, in a report to the court
or as directed by the court.
Section 63.022(4)(i), F.S. -- The records of all proceedings concerning custody and
adoption of a minor are confidential and exempt except as provided in s. 63.162.
Section 63.0541, F.S. -- All information contained in the Florida Putative Father Registry
is confidential and exempt except as provided in the section.
Section 63.089(8), F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, all records relating to a
petition to terminate parental rights pending adoption are subject to the provisions of s. 63.162,
F.S.
Section 63.102(1), F.S. -- Except for a joint petition for the adoption of a stepchild, a
relative, or an adult, any name by which the minor was previously known may not be disclosed
in the petition for adoption, the notice of hearing, or the judgment of adoption, or the court
docket as provided in s. 63.162(3).
Section 63.162(1), F.S. -- Hearings held in proceedings under the Florida Adoption Act
are closed.
Section 63.162(2), F.S. -- All papers and records pertaining to an adoption are confidential
and subject to inspection only upon court order. Adoption papers and records of the Department
of Children and Family Services, a court, or any other governmental agency are exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 63.162(4), F.S. -- A person may not disclose from the records the name and
identity of a birth parent, an adoptive parent, or an adoptee except as authorized in the subsection.
Section 63.162(6), F.S. -- Except as provided in s. 63.162(4), identifying information

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regarding birth parents, adoptive parents, and adoptees may not be disclosed unless a birth
parent, adoptive parent, or adoptee has authorized in writing the release of such information
concerning himself or herself.
Section 63.165(1), F.S. -- Except as provided in this section, information in the state
registry of adoption information is confidential and exempt.
Section 68.083(8), F.S. -- The complaint and information held by the Department of
Legal Affairs pursuant to an investigation of a violation of the False Claims Act is confidential
and exempt and may not be disclosed until the investigation is complete, or as otherwise provided
in the exemption.
Section 69.081(8), F.S. -- Any portion of an agreement which conceals information
relating to the settlement or resolution of any claim or action against an agency is void, contrary
to public policy and may not be enforced.
Section 73.0155, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, specified business
information provided by the owner of a business to a governmental condemning authority as
part of an offer of business damages is confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements,
if the owner requests in writing that the business information be held confidential and exempt.
Section 90.502(5), F.S. -- Communications made by a person who seeks or receives
services from the Department of Revenue under the child support enforcement program to
the attorney representing the department shall be confidential and privileged and shall not be
disclosed to anyone other than the agency except as provided in this section.
Section 92.56, F.S. -- The confidential and exempt status of criminal intelligence
information or criminal investigative information made confidential and exempt pursuant to s.
119.071(2)(h) must be maintained in court records pursuant to s. 119.0714(1)(h) and in court
proceedings, including testimony from witnesses.
Section 97.057(2)(a)4. and 5., F.S. -- All declinations to register to vote pursuant to this
section (relating to voter registration by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles)
will remain confidential and may be used only for voter registration purposes. The particular
driver license office in which the person applies to register to vote or updates a voter registration
record will remain confidential and may be used only for voter registration purposes.
Section 97.0585, F.S. -- The following information is confidential and exempt and may be
used only for purposes of voter registration: declinations to register to vote made pursuant to ss.
97.057 and 97.058; information relating to the place where a person registered to vote or where
a person updated a voter registration; the social security number, driver license number, and
Florida identification number of a voter registration applicant or voter. The signature of a voter
registration applicant or a voter is exempt from the copying requirements.
Section 98.045(3), F.S. -- Each supervisor shall maintain for at least 2 years and make
available for public inspection and copying, all records concerning implementation of registration
list maintenance programs and activities conducted pursuant to cited statutes. The records must
include lists of the name and address of each person to whom a notice was sent and information
as to whether each such person responded to the mailing, but may not include any information
that is confidential or exempt from public records requirements under the Election Code.
Section 101.5607(1)(d), F.S. -- Section 119.071(1)(f ) which provides an exemption from
s. 119.07(1) for data processing software designated as sensitive, applies to all software on file
with the Department of State.

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Section 101.62(3), F.S. -- Information regarding a request for a vote-by-mail ballot that
is recorded by the supervisor of elections pursuant to this subsection is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and shall be made available to or reproduced only for the individuals and
entities set forth in the exemption, for political purposes only.
Section 106.0706, F.S. -- All user identifications and passwords held by the Department
of State pursuant to s. 106.0705 are confidential and exempt from disclosure. Information
entered in the electronic filing system for purposes of generating a report pursuant to s. 106.0705
is exempt but is no longer exempt once the report is generated and filed with the Division of
Elections.
Section 106.25(7), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the subsection, sworn complaints
filed pursuant to Ch. 106 with the Florida Elections Commission, investigative reports or other papers
of the commission relating to a violation of Chs. 106 or 104, and proceedings of the commission
relating to a violation of said chapters are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 286.011.
Section 110.1091(2), F.S. -- A state employee’s personal identifying information contained
in records held by the employing agency relating to an employee’s participation in an employee
assistance program is confidential and exempt.
Section 110.1127(2)(d) and (e), F.S. -- It is a first degree misdemeanor to willfully use
information contained in records obtained pursuant to employment screening required for certain
positions for purposes other than background screening or investigation for employment, or to
release such information to other persons for purposes other than preemployment screening or
investigation. It is a felony of the third degree for any person willfully, knowingly, or intentionally
to use juvenile records information for any purpose other than those specified in this section or to
release such information to other persons for purposes other than those specified in the section.
Section 110.123(5)(a), F.S. -- A physician’s fee schedule used in the health and accident
plan is not available for inspection or copying by medical providers or other persons not involved
in the administration of the state group insurance program.
Section 110.123(9), F.S. -- Patient medical records and medical claims records of state
employees, former state employees, and their eligible covered dependents, in the custody or
control of the state group insurance program are confidential and exempt.
Section 110.201(4), F.S. -- All discussions between the Department of Management
Services and the Governor, and between the Department of Management Services and the
Administration Commission, or agency heads, or between any of their respective representatives,
relative to collective bargaining, are exempt from s. 286.011 and all work products relative to
collective bargaining developed in conjunction with such discussions are confidential and exempt.
Section 112.0455(8)(l), F.S. -- All documentation relative to a state agency employer’s
explanation as to why a job applicant or employee’s explanation of positive drug test results is
unsatisfactory, along with the report of the positive test results, are confidential and exempt.
Section 112.0455(8)(t), F.S. -- The documentation prepared by a state agency employer
which formed the basis of the employer’s determination that reasonable suspicion existed to
warrant drug testing under this section is confidential and exempt, except that a copy of this
documentation shall be given to the employee upon request.
Section 112.0455(11)(a), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, all information,
interviews, reports, statements, memoranda, and drug test results, written or otherwise, received
or produced as a result of a state agency’s drug testing program are confidential and are exempt
from disclosure except as provided in this section.

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Section 112.08(7), F.S. -- Medical records and medical claims records in the custody of
county or municipal government relating to county or municipal employees, former county or
municipal employees, or eligible dependents of such employees enrolled in a county or municipal
group insurance plan or self-insurance plan are confidential and are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Such records shall not be furnished to any person other than the employee or the employee’s legal
representative, except as provided in the subsection.
Section 112.08(8), F.S. -- Patient medical records and medical claims records of water
management district employees, former employees, and eligible dependents in the custody or
control of a water management district under its group insurance plan established pursuant to s.
373.605 are confidential and exempt. Such records shall not be furnished to any person other
than the employee or the employee’s legal representative except as provided in the subsection.
Section 112.21(1), F.S. -- All records identifying individual participants in any contract or
account under s. 112.21 (relating to tax-sheltered annuities or custodial accounts for governmental
employees) and their personal account activities are confidential and exempt.
Section 112.215(7), F.S. -- All records identifying individual participants in any deferred
compensation plan and their personal account activities shall be confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1).
Section 112.3188(1), F.S. -- The identity of an individual who discloses in good faith
to the Chief Inspector General, an agency inspector general, a local chief executive officer, or
other appropriate local official information that alleges that an employee or agent of an agency
or independent contractor has violated certain laws or committed, or is suspected of committing,
specified acts may not be disclosed to anyone other than staff of the above officials without the
written consent of the individual, unless such official determines that disclosure is authorized for
the reasons specified in the subsection.
Section 112.3188(2), F.S. -- Except as specifically authorized by s. 112.3189, or this
subsection, all information received by the Chief Inspector General or an agency inspector
general or information produced or derived from fact-finding or other investigations conducted
by the Department of Law Enforcement or the Florida Commission on Human Relations, is
confidential and exempt from disclosure if the information is being received or derived from
allegations as set forth in subsection (1) and an investigation is active. All information received
by a local chief executive officer or appropriate local official or information produced or derived
from fact-finding or investigations conducted by a local government pursuant to s. 112.3187(8)
(b), is confidential and exempt if the information is received or derived from allegations as set
forth in s. 112.3188(1)(a) or (b) and the investigation is active.
Section 112.31901, F.S. -- If certified pursuant to the exemption, an investigatory record
of the Chief Inspector General within the Office of the Governor or of the employee designated
by an agency head as the agency inspector general under s. 112.3189 is exempt from disclosure
requirements for the time period specified in the exemption. The provisions of this section do not
apply to whistle-blower investigations conducted pursuant to the whistle-blower act.
Section 112.3215(8)(b), F.S. -- All proceedings, the complaint, and other records relating
to the investigation of a sworn complaint of a violation of this section which relates to executive
branch and Constitution Revision Commission lobbyists, and any meeting held pursuant to
the investigation, are confidential and exempt from disclosure until the alleged violator requests
in writing that such investigation and associated records and meetings be made public, or until
the Ethics Commission determines whether probable cause exists to believe that a violation has
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Section 112.3215(8)(d), F.S. -- Records relating to an audit of a lobbying firm lobbying
the executive branch or the Constitution Revision Commission or an investigation of violations
of the lobbying compensation reporting laws and any meetings held pursuant to the investigation
or at which such an audit is discussed are exempt from public records and meetings requirements
either until the lobbying firm requests in writing that such records and meetings be made public
or until the Commission on Ethics determines there is probable cause that the audit reflects a
violation of the reporting laws.
Section 112.324(2), F.S. -- The complaint and records relating to the complaint or to
any preliminary investigation held by the Ethics Commission or other specified entities are
confidential and exempt from public disclosure. Written referrals and records relating to such
referrals held by the Commission and referring entities, and records relating to any preliminary
investigation of such referrals held by the Commission are confidential and exempt. Any portion
of a proceeding conducted by the Commission or other specified entities pursuant to a complaint
or referral are exempt from open meetings requirements. The above exemptions apply until: the
complaint is dismissed as legally insufficient; the alleged violator requests in writing that such
records and proceedings be made public; the Commission determines that it will not investigate
a referral; or the Commission or other listed entity determines whether probable cause exists to
believe that a violation has occurred.
Section 112.532(4)(b), F.S. -- The contents of the complaint and investigation shall
remain confidential until such time as the employing law enforcement agency makes a final
determination whether or not to issue a notice of disciplinary action consisting of suspension
with loss of pay, demotion, or dismissal.
Section 112.533(2)(a), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, a complaint
filed against a law enforcement officer or correctional officer with a law enforcement agency or
correctional agency and all information obtained pursuant to the investigation of the complaint
is confidential until the investigation ceases to be active, or until the agency head or agency head’s
designee provides written notice to the officer who is the subject of the complaint, that the agency
has either concluded the investigation with a finding not to proceed with disciplinary action or
to file charges; or concluded the investigation with a finding to proceed with disciplinary action
or to file charges.
NOTE:
DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS, THE
EXEMPTIONS FROM DISCLOSURE FOUND IN
CHAPTER 119 (THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT) ARE NOT
SUMMARIZED IN THIS APPENDIX. PLEASE REFER TO
APPENDIX C (CONTAINING THE COMPLETE TEXT OF
CH. 119) FOR THE CH. 119 EXEMPTIONS.
Section 121.031(5), F.S. -- The names and addresses of retirees are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1) to the extent that no state or local governmental agency may provide
the names or addresses of such persons in aggregate, compiled, or list form to any person except
as authorized in the subsection.
Section 121.4501(19), F.S. -- Personal identifying information of a member in the
investment plan contained in Florida Retirement System records held by the State Board of
Administration or the Department of Management Services is exempt from public disclosure
requirements.
Section 125.0104(3)(h), F.S. -- Department of Revenue records showing the amount of
tourist development taxes collected, including the amount of taxes collected for and from each
county in which the tourist development tax is applicable, are open for inspection except as
provided in s. 213.053.

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Section 125.0104(9)(d)1., F.S. -- Information given to a county tourism promotion
agency which, if released, would reveal the identity of persons or entities who provide information
as a response to a sales promotion effort, an advertisement, or a research project or whose names,
addresses, meeting or convention plan information or accommodations or other visitation needs
become booking or reservation list data, is exempt from disclosure.
Section 125.0104(9)(d)2. and 3., F.S. -- When held by a county tourism promotion
agency, the following are exempt from disclosure: booking business records, as defined in s.
255.047; trade secrets and commercial or financial information gathered from a person and
privileged or confidential, as defined and interpreted under 5 U.S.C. s. 552(b)(4), as amended;
and a trade secret, as defined in s. 812.081, F.S.
Section 125.012(26), F.S. -- Pursuant to authorization granted by this section concerning
certain transportation-related projects defined in s. 125.011, a board of county commissioners is
empowered to maintain the confidentiality of trade information and data to the extent that such
information is protected under applicable federal and federally-enforced patent and copyright
laws.
Section 125.025, F.S. -- Pursuant to authorization granted by this section concerning
operation of export trading companies, a board of county commissioners is empowered to
maintain the confidentiality of trade information to the extent such information is protected
under applicable federal export trading company law, and under federal and federally enforced
patent and copyright laws.
Section 125.355(1), F.S. -- Appraisals, offers, and counteroffers relating to a county’s
purchase of real property pursuant to this section are not available for public disclosure and are
exempt from s. 119.07(1) until an option contract is executed or, if no option contract is executed,
until 30 days before a contract or agreement for purchase is considered for approval by the board
of county commissioners. If a contract or agreement for purchase is not submitted to the board
for approval, then the exemption from s. 119.07(1) expires 30 days after the negotiations end.
A county that does not utilize the exemptions provided in this section may follow any procedure
not in conflict with Ch. 119 for the purchase of real property which is authorized in its charter
or established by ordinance.
Section 125.585(2), F.S. -- A county employee’s personal identifying information
contained in records held by the employing county relating to that employee’s participation in an
employee assistance program is confidential and exempt.
Section 125.901(11), F.S. -- Personal identifying information of a child or the parent
or guardian of the child, held by a council on children’s services, juvenile welfare board, or
other similar entity created under this section or by special law, or held by a service provider or
researcher under contract with such entity, is exempt from disclosure requirements.
Section 163.01(15)(m), F.S. -- Material received by a public agency in connection with its
joint ownership or right to the services, output, capacity, or energy of an electric project under the
Florida Interlocal Cooperation Act, which is designated by the person supplying such material
as proprietary confidential business information, as defined in the paragraph, or which a court
of competent jurisdiction has designated as confidential or secret, shall be kept confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 163.64, F.S. -- An agency that participates in the creation or administration of
a collaborative client information system may share client information, including confidential
client information, with other members of the collaborative system as long as the restrictions
governing the confidential information are observed by any other agency granted access to the
confidential information.

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Section 166.0444, F.S. -- A municipal employee’s personal identifying information
contained in records held by the employing municipality relating to that employee’s participation
in an employee assistance program is confidential and exempt.
Section 166.045(1), F.S. -- Appraisals, offers, and counteroffers relating to a municipality’s
purchase of real property pursuant to this section are not available for public disclosure and
are exempt from s. 119.07(1) until an option contract is executed or, if no option contract is
executed, until 30 days before a contract or agreement for purchase is considered for approval by
the governing body of the municipality. If a contract or agreement for purchase is not submitted
to the governing body for approval, then the exemption from s. 119.07(1) expires 30 days after
the negotiations end. A municipality that does not utilize the exemptions from Ch. 119 provided
in this section may follow any procedure not in conflict with Ch. 119 for the purchase of real
property which is authorized in its charter or established by ordinance.
Section 192.0105(4), F.S. -- Taxpayers have the right to have information kept
confidential, including those records set forth in the exemption.
Section 192.105, F.S. -- Federal tax information obtained pursuant to 26 U.S.C. s. 6103
is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 193.074, F.S. -- All returns of property and returns required by former s. 201.022
submitted by the taxpayer pursuant to law shall be deemed to be confidential in the hands of the
property appraiser, the clerk of the circuit court, the Department of Revenue, the tax collector,
the Auditor General, and the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability,
and their employees and persons acting under their supervision and control, except upon court
order or order of an administrative body having quasi-judicial powers in ad valorem tax matters.
Section 193.114(5), F.S. -- For the purpose of furnishing copies of the tax roll under
119.07(1), the property appraiser is the custodian of the tax roll. The Department of Revenue or
any state or local agency may use copies of the tax roll received by it for official purposes and shall
permit inspection and examination thereof pursuant to s. 119.07(1), but is not required to furnish
copies of the records. A social security number submitted under s. 196.011(1) (application for
tax exemption) is confidential and exempt.
Section 195.027(3), F.S. -- Financial records produced by a taxpayer under this section
shall be confidential in the hands of the property appraiser, the Department of Revenue, the tax
collector, and the Auditor General and shall not be divulged to any person, firm, or corporation,
except upon court order or order of an administrative body having quasi-judicial powers in ad
valorem tax matters, and such records are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 195.027(6), F.S. -- The information form disclosing unusual fees, costs and terms
of financing of the sale or purchase of property shall be filed with the clerk of the circuit court
at the time of recording and shall be confidential and exempt in the hands of all persons after
delivery to the clerk, except as provided in the subsection.
Section 195.084(1), F.S. -- This section (authorizing the exchange of information among
the Department of Revenue, the property appraisers, the tax collector, the Auditor General, and
the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability) shall supersede statutes
prohibiting disclosure only with respect to those entities, but the Department of Revenue may
establish regulations setting reasonable conditions upon access to and custody of such information.
The Auditor General, the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability,
the tax collectors and the property appraisers shall be bound by the same requirements of
confidentiality as the department.
Section 195.096(2)(e), F.S. -- All data and samples developed or obtained by the
Department of Revenue in the conduct of assessment ratio studies are confidential and exempt

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until a presentation of the study findings is made to the property appraiser.
Section 196.101(4)(c), F.S. -- Records of gross income produced by a taxpayer claiming
exemption for totally and permanently disabled persons are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and are
confidential in the hands of the property appraiser, the Department of Revenue, the tax collector,
the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability, and the Auditor General
and shall not be divulged to any person, firm, or corporation, except upon court order or order of
an administrative body having quasi-judicial powers in ad valorem tax matters.
Section 197.3225(1), F.S. – A taxpayer’s e-mail address held by a tax collector for sending
specified tax notices or for obtaining the taxpayer’s consent to send notices is exempt from
disclosure requirements.
Section 202.195, F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in
the exemption, which is obtained from a telecommunications company or franchised cable
company for the purposes of imposing fees for occupying the public rights-of-way, assessing
the local communications services tax, or regulating the public rights-of-way, held by a local
government entity, is confidential and exempt from public disclosure requirements. Maps or
other engineering data held by a local governmental entity that relate to the exact location and
capacity of facilities for the provision of communications services shall be exempt from disclosure
but only for 60 days after completion of construction of the facilities.
Section 206.27(2), F.S. -- Any information concerning audits in progress or those records
or files of the Department of Revenue described in this section which are currently the subject
of pending investigation by the Department of Revenue or the Florida Department of Law
Enforcement are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and are considered confidential; and may not be
released except as authorized in the subsection.
Section 211.125(10), F.S. -- All returns and information filed with the Department of
Revenue under this part providing for a tax on production of oil and gas are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), and such returns or information shall be protected from unauthorized
disclosures as provided in s. 213.053.
Section 211.33(5), F.S. -- The use of information contained in any tax return filed by
a producer (i.e., a person severing solid minerals from the soils and waters of the state) or in
any books, records or documents of a producer shall be as provided in s. 213.053, and shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 212.0305(3)(d), F.S. -- Records of the Department of Revenue showing the
amount of taxes collected, including taxes collected from each county in which a resort tax
is levied, are subject to the provisions of s. 213.053, and are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 213.015(9), F.S. -- Unless otherwise specified by law, Florida taxpayers have the
right to have taxpayer tax information kept confidential.
Section 213.053(2)(a), F.S. -- All information contained in returns, reports, accounts,
or declarations received by the Department of Revenue, including investigative reports and
information and including letters of technical advice, is confidential except for official purposes
and is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 213.0532(8), F.S. -- Any financial records obtained pursuant to this section
relating to information-sharing arrangements between the Department of Revenue and
financial institutions may be disclosed only for the purpose of, and to the extent necessary for,
administration and enforcement of the tax laws of this state.

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Section 213.0535(5), F.S. -- A provision of law imposing confidentiality upon data shared
under this section (providing for the Registration Information Sharing and Exchange Program
within the Department of Revenue), including, but not limited to, a provision imposing penalties
for disclosure, applies to recipients of this data and their employees. Data exchanged under this
section may not be provided to a person or entity except as authorized in the exemption.
Section 213.21(3)(a), F.S. -- The Department of Revenue shall maintain records of all
compromises of a taxpayer’s liability; the records of compromises shall not be subject to disclosure
pursuant to s. 119.07(1) and shall be considered confidential information governed by s. 213.053.
Section 213.22(2), F.S. -- The Department of Revenue may not disclose, pursuant to
s. 119.07(1), a technical assistance advisement or request therefor to any person other than
the person requesting the advisement or his or her representative, or for official departmental
purposes without deleting identifying details of the person to whom the advisement was issued.
Section 213.27(6), F.S. -- Confidential information shared by the Department of Revenue
with debt collection or auditing agencies under contract with the department is exempt from s.
119.07(1) and such debt collection or auditing agencies are bound by the same requirements of
confidentiality as the department.
Section 213.28(6), F.S. -- Certified public accountants entering into contracts with the
Department of Revenue are bound by the same confidentiality requirements and subject to the same
penalties as the department under s. 213.053. Any return, return information, or documentation
obtained from the Internal Revenue Service under an information-sharing agreement is confidential
and exempt from disclosure and shall not be divulged or disclosed in any manner by any department
officer or employee to any certified public accountant under a contract authorized by this section
unless the department and the Internal Revenue Service mutually agree to such disclosure.
Section 215.4401(1), F.S. -- Records and information of the State Board of Administration
relating to acquiring, hypothecating, or disposing of real property or specified related interests are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) in order to achieve certain stated purposes. Records
relating to value, offers, counteroffers, or negotiations are confidential and exempt until closing is
complete and all funds have been disbursed. Records relating to tenants, leases, and other specified
matters are confidential and exempt until the executive director determines that release would not
be detrimental to the board’s interest or conflict with its fiduciary responsibilities.
Section 215.4401(2), F.S. -- Records and other information relating to investments made
by the State Board of Administration are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until 30 days
after completion of an investment transaction. However, if in the executive director’s opinion,
it would be detrimental to the board’s financial interests or cause a conflict with its fiduciary
responsibilities, information concerning service provider fees may be kept confidential until 6
months after negotiations relating to such fees have been terminated.
Section 215.4401(3)(b), F.S. -- “Proprietary confidential business information”, as defined
in the exemption, that is held by the State Board of Administration regarding alternative investments
is confidential and exempt for a period of 10 years after the termination of the alternative investment
unless disclosure is permitted under the circumstances set forth in the exemption.
Section 215.555(4)(f ), F.S. -- Information described in 215.557 which is contained in
an examination report conducted on an insurer pursuant to this subsection, is confidential and
exempt, as provided in s. 215.557.
Section 215.557, F.S. -- The reports of insured values under certain insurance policies by
zip code submitted to the State Board of Administration pursuant to s. 215.555 are confidential
and exempt.

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Section 220.242, F.S. -- Estimated tax returns filed under the Florida Income Tax Code
are confidential, and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 252.355(4), F.S. -- Records relating to the registration of persons with special
needs for emergency management purposes pursuant to this section are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), except such information is available to other emergency response agencies, as
determined by the local emergency management director. Local law enforcement agencies shall
be given complete shelter roster information upon request.
Section 252.88(1), F.S. -- Trade secret information which applicable federal law authorizes
an employer to exclude from materials submitted shall be furnished to the State Hazardous
Materials Emergency Response Commission upon request. However, such information shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall not be disclosed by the Commission except
as authorized in the subsection.
Section 252.88(2) and (3), F.S. -- When applicable law authorizes the withholding
of disclosure of the location of specific hazardous chemicals, such information is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1). All information, including, but not limited to, site plans and
specific location information on hazardous chemicals furnished to a fire department pursuant to
applicable law, shall be confidential and exempt while in the possession of the fire department.
Section 252.905(1), F.S. -- Any information furnished by a person or a business to the
Division of Emergency Management for the purpose of being provided assistance with emergency
planning is exempt.
Section 252.943, F.S. -- In accordance with the federal Clean Air Act, trade secret
information provided to the Division of Emergency Management by the owner or operator of
a stationary source subject to the Accidental Release Prevention Program is confidential and
exempt from disclosure, except as provided in the exemption.
Section 253.025(8)(f ), F.S. – Except as provided in the exemption, appraisal reports
prepared for the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund or an agency are
confidential and exempt until an option contract is executed or, if no option contract is executed,
until 2 weeks before a contract or agreement for purchase is considered for approval by the board
of trustees.
Section 253.025(9)(d), F.S. -- All offers or counteroffers shall be documented in writing
and shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until an option contract is executed, or
if no option contract is executed, until 2 weeks before a contract or agreement for purchase is
considered for approval by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund.
Section 253.0341(8)(a), F.S. -- A written valuation of land determined to be surplus
and related documents are confidential and exempt. The exemption expires 2 weeks before the
contract or agreement regarding the disposition of the surplus land is first considered for approval
by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. Prior to expiration of the
exemption, disclosure of certain information is authorized under the circumstances described in
the exemption.
Section 255.047(2), F.S. -- The booking business records (as defined in the section) of
a publicly owned or operated convention center, sports stadium, coliseum, or auditorium are
exempt from disclosure. However, such facility shall furnish its booking business records and
related information to the Department of Revenue upon the department’s request if necessary for
the department to administer its duties.
Section 255.065(15), F.S. – An unsolicited proposal received by a responding public entity
is exempt until such time as the entity provides notice of an intended decision for a qualifying

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project, as defined in this section relating to public-private partnerships, or as otherwise provided
in the exemption. Any portion of a meeting of a responsible public entity during which an
unsolicited proposal that is exempt is discussed is exempt from s. 286.011, F.S. A complete
recording must be made of any portion of an exempt meeting. No portion of the exempt meeting
may be held off the record. The recording becomes public under the circumstances provided in
the exemption.
Section 257.261, F.S. -- Registration and circulation records of public libraries, except
statistical reports of registration and circulation are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Except as authorized by court order, a person may not make known in any manner any
information contained in such records, except as provided in this section. Violation of this section
is a second degree misdemeanor.
Section 257.38(2) and (3), F.S. -- Public records transferred to the Division of Library
and Information Services of the Department of State are subject to s. 119.07(1), except that
any record provided by law to be confidential shall not be made accessible until 50 years after
creation of the record. Any nonpublic manuscript or other archival material which is placed in
the keeping of the division under special terms and conditions, shall be made accessible only in
accordance with such terms and conditions and shall be exempt from s. 119.07(1) to the extent
necessary to meet the terms and conditions for a nonpublic manuscript or other archival material.
Section 257.38(4), F.S. -- Any nonpublic manuscript or other archival material that is
donated to and held by an official archive of a municipality or county contingent upon special
terms and conditions that limit the right to inspect or copy such material is confidential and
exempt from disclosure requirements except as otherwise authorized in the special conditions.
Such nonpublic manuscript or archival material shall be made available for inspection and
copying 50 years after the date of the creation of the nonpublic manuscript or material, at an
earlier date specified in the special terms and conditions, or upon a showing of good cause before
a court of competent jurisdiction.
Section 265.605(2), F.S. -- Information which, if released, would identify donors and
amounts contributed by donors to the Cultural Endowment Program Trust Fund, or to the local
organization’s matching fund, is, at the request of the donor, confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1). Information which, if released, would identify prospective donors is confidential and
exempt unless the name has been obtained from another organization or source.
Section 265.7015, F.S. -- If a donor or prospective donor of a donation made for the
benefit of a publicly owned performing arts center, as defined in the exemption, desires to remain
anonymous, information that would identify the name, address, or telephone number of that
donor or prospective donor is confidential and exempt.
Section 265.703(3), F.S. -- Information of the Museum of Florida History citizen support
organization which is confidential and exempt pursuant to s. 267.17 shall retain its confidential
and exempt status.
Section 267.076, F.S. -- Information identifying a donor or prospective donor to a
publicly owned house museum designated by the United States Department of the Interior as a
National Historic Landmark who desires to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt.
Section 267.135, F.S. -- Information identifying the location of an archaeological site
held by the Division of Historical Resources of the Department of State is exempt from public
disclosure if the division finds that disclosure will create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or
destruction at such site.
Section 267.17(3), F.S. -- The identity of donors who desire to remain anonymous shall
be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and that anonymity shall be maintained in the

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auditor’s report of a citizen support organization to the Division of Historical Resources of the
Department of State.
Section 267.1732(8), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor of property to a
direct-support organization of the University of West Florida which is established to support the
historic preservation efforts of the university, who desires to remain anonymous, is confidential
and exempt from disclosure; and that anonymity must be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 267.1736(9), F.S. -- Any information identifying a donor or prospective donor to
the direct-support organization, authorized by the University of Florida to assist it in the historic
preservation of the City of St. Augustine, who desires to remain anonymous, is confidential and
exempt, and that anonymity must be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 272.136(7)(a), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to the directsupport organization of the Florida Historic Capitol Museum who desires to remain anonymous
is confidential and exempt.
Section 279.11(1), F.S. -- Records with regard to ownership of, or security interests in,
registered public obligations are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 280.16(3), F.S. -- Any information contained in a report of a qualified public
depository required under this chapter or any rule adopted under this chapter, together with
any information required of a financial institution that is not a qualified public depository, is, if
made confidential by any law of the United States or of this state, confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and not subject to dissemination to anyone other than the Chief Financial Officer
under this chapter.
Section 281.301, F.S. -- The following are confidential and exempt from ss. 119.07(1)
and 286.011: Information relating to the security systems for any property owned by or leased
to the state or any of its political subdivisions; information relating to the security systems for
any privately owned or leased property which is in the possession of any agency as defined in s.
119.011(2); and all meetings relating directly to or that would reveal such systems or information.
Information may be disclosed as provided in the exemption.
Section 282.318(4)(d)(e)(g)(j), F.S. -- The following information is confidential and
exempt and may not be disclosed except as provided in the subsection: risk assessment information
to determine security threats to data, information, and information technology resources of
the agency; internal policies and procedures to assure the security of the data and information
technology resources that, if disclosed, could facilitate the unauthorized modification, disclosure,
or destruction of data, information, or information technology resources; and results of
periodic internal audits and evaluations of the information technology security program for
an agency’s data and information technology resources. Records held by a state agency which
identify detection, investigation, or response practices for suspected or confirmed information
technology breaches, if the disclosure of such records would facilitate unauthorized access to
or unauthorized modification, disclosure, or destruction of data or information technology
resources, are confidential and exempt. Disclosure is authorized as provided in the exemption.
Section 282.318(5), F.S. -- Portions of risk assessments and other reports of a state
agency’s information technology security system are confidential and exempt if disclosure would
facilitate unauthorized access to or unauthorized modification, disclosure or destruction of
data or information as described in the exemption. Disclosure is authorized as provided in the
exemption.
Section 284.40(2), F.S. -- Claims files maintained by the Division of Risk Management
of the Department of Financial Services are confidential, and shall be only for the use of the
Department of Financial Services in fulfilling its duties and are exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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NOTE: DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS, THE EXEMPTIONS
FROM DISCLOSURE FOUND IN CHAPTER 286 ARE
NOT SUMMARIZED IN THIS APPENDIX. THE TEXT OF
THESE EXEMPTIONS IS CONTAINED IN APPENDIX B
(SUNSHINE LAW AND RELATED STATUTES).
Section 287.0595(3), F.S. -- Bids submitted to the Department of Environmental
Protection for pollution response action contracts are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1),
until selection of a bidder on such contract has been made and a contract signed or until the bids
are no longer under active consideration.
Section 288.047(5)(e), F.S. -- Information relating to wages and performance of
participants which is submitted pursuant to a grant agreement prepared by CareerSource Florida,
Inc., pursuant to the Quick-Response Training Program which, if released, would disclose the
identity of the person to whom the information pertains or the person’s employer is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 288.047(7), F.S. -- In providing instruction pursuant to the Quick-Response
Training Program, materials relating to methods of manufacture or production, potential trade
secrets, business transactions, or proprietary information received or discovered by employees of
specified agencies are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 288.075, F.S. -- If a private entity requests in writing before an economic incentive
agreement is signed that an economic development agency (EDA) maintain the confidentiality of
information concerning the plans, intentions, or interests of the private entity to locate, relocate
or expand its business activities in Florida, the information is confidential and exempt from
disclosure for 12 months after the EDA receives a request for confidentiality or the information
is otherwise disclosed, whichever occurs first. An EDA may extend the period of confidentiality
for up to an additional 12 months under certain conditions. If a final project order for a signed
economic development agreement is issued, then the information remains confidential and
exempt for 180 days after the final project order is issued, until a date specified in the final project
order, or until the information is otherwise disclosed, whichever occurs first. However, such
confidentiality may not extend beyond the period of confidentiality established in the exemption.
Trade secrets and the federal employer identification number, reemployment assistance account
number, or Florida sales tax registration number held by an EDA are confidential and exempt,
as well as other records as described in the exemption. Specified information held by an EDA
relating to a specific business participating in an economic incentive program is no longer
confidential or exempt 180 days after a final project order for an economic incentive agreement is
issued, until a date specified in the final project order, or if the information is otherwise disclosed,
whichever occurs first.
Section 288.1226(6), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to the Florida
Tourism Industry Marketing Corporation who desires to remain anonymous and all information
identifying such donor or prospective donor are confidential and exempt from disclosure, and
such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 288.1226(8), F.S. -- The identity of any person who responds to a marketing or
advertising research project conducted by the Florida Tourism Industry Marketing Corporation
pursuant to this section, and trade secrets, as defined by s. 812.081, obtained pursuant to such
research, are exempt from disclosure.
Section 288.776(3)(d), F.S. -- Personal financial records, trade secrets or proprietary
information of applicants for loans extended by the Florida Export Finance Corporation are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 288.809(4), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to the Florida

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Intergovernmental Relations Foundation who desires to remain anonymous and all information
identifying such donor or prospective donor are confidential and exempt from disclosure, and
such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report of the foundation.
Section 288.9520, F.S. -- Materials that relate to methods of manufacture or production,
potential trade secrets, potentially patentable material, actual trade secrets, business transactions,
financial and proprietary information and agreements or proposals to receive funding that are
received, generated, ascertained, or discovered by Enterprise Florida, Inc., including its affiliates
and participants, are confidential and exempt from disclosure, except that a recipient of Enterprise
Florida, Inc., research funds shall make available, upon request, the title and description of the
project, the name of the researcher, and the amount and source of funding provided for the
project.
Section 288.9607(5), F.S. -- Personal financial records, trade secrets or proprietary
information of applicants delivered to or obtained by the Florida Development Finance
Corporation are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 288.9626(2) and (3), F.S. -- The following records held by the Florida
Opportunity Fund are confidential and exempt: materials relating to methods of manufacture
or production, potential trade secrets, or patentable material received, generated, ascertained,
or discovered during the course of research or through research projects and that are provided
by a proprietor; information that would identify an investor or potential investor who desires
to remain anonymous in projects reviewed by the Fund; as well as proprietary confidential
business information regarding alternative investments for 7 years after the termination of the
alternative investment. That portion of the meeting of the board of the Fund at which such
confidential information is discussed is exempt; the exempt portion of the meeting shall be
recorded and transcribed as provided therein. The transcript and minutes of the exempt meeting
are confidential.
Section 288.9627(2) and (3), F.S. -- The following records held by the Institute for the
Commercialization of Public Research are confidential and exempt: materials relating to methods
of manufacture or production, potential trade secrets, or patentable material received, generated,
ascertained, or discovered through research by universities and other publicly supported
organizations in this state and that are provided to the Institute by a proprietor; information that
would identify an investor or potential investor who desires to remain anonymous in projects
reviewed by the Institute for assistance; information received from a person in another state or
the Federal Government which is otherwise confidential or exempt by law of that entity; and
proprietary confidential business information for 7 years after the termination of the Institute’s
financial commitment to the company. Meetings of the board of the Institute at which such
confidential information is discussed are exempt; the exempt portion of the meeting shall be
recorded and transcribed as provided therein. The transcript and minutes of the exempt meeting
are confidential.
Section 288.985, F.S. -- Specified information held by the Florida Defense Support Task
Force relating to selection criteria for the realignment and closure of military bases and missions
is exempt and that portion of Task Force meetings where exempt records are presented and
discussed is exempt as well as records generated during the closed meeting.
Section 292.055(9), F.S. -- Any information identifying a donor or prospective donor
to the Department of Veterans’ Affairs direct-support organization who desires to remain
anonymous is confidential and exempt; portions of meetings of the direct-support organization
during which the identity of such donor or potential donor is discussed are exempt.
Section 296.09(1), F.S. -- The health record and annual reevaluation of residents of the
Veterans’ Domiciliary Home of Florida are confidential and exempt from disclosure and must be
preserved for a period of time as determined by the director.

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Section 310.102(3)(e) and (5)(a), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the section,
all information obtained by the probable cause panel of the Board of Pilot Commissioners from
the consultant as part of an approved treatment program for impaired licensees is confidential
and exempt. Except as otherwise provided in the section, all information obtained by the
consultant and the Department of Business and Professional Regulation pursuant to this section
is confidential and exempt.
Section 311.13, F.S. -- Seaport security plans created pursuant to s. 311.12 are exempt
from public disclosure. Materials that depict critical seaport operating facilities are also exempt
if the seaport reasonably determines that such items contain information that is not generally
known and that could jeopardize seaport security. The exemption does not apply to information
relating to real estate leases, layout plans, blueprints, and information related thereto.
Section 315.18, F.S. -- Any proposal or counterproposal exchanged between a deepwater
port listed in s. 311.09(1) and any nongovernmental entity, relating to the sale, use or lease of land
or of port facilities, and any financial records submitted by any nongovernmental entity to such a
deepwater port for the purpose of the sale, use or lease of land or of port facilities, are confidential
and exempt from disclosure until 30 days before such proposal or counterproposal is considered
for approval by the governing body of the deepwater port. If no proposal or counterproposal is
submitted to the governing body, the proposal or counterproposal shall cease to be exempt 90
days after the cessation of negotiations.
Section 316.066(2)(a), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the exemption, crash
reports that reveal the identity, home or employment telephone number or home or employment
address of, or other personal information concerning the parties involved in the crash and that are
held by an agency that regularly receives or prepares information from or concerning the parties
to motor vehicle crashes are confidential and exempt from public disclosure requirements for a
period of 60 days after the date the report is filed.
Section 316.0777(2)(3), F.S. -- Certain images and data obtained through the use of an
automated license plate recognition system and personal identifying information of an individual
in data generated from such images are confidential and exempt. Disclosure is authorized in
specified circumstances.
Section 320.025(3), F.S. -- All records relating to the registration application of a law
enforcement agency, Attorney General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit, or public defender’s
office for motor vehicle or vessel registration and license plates or decals issued under fictitious
names, are exempt from s. 119.07(1) as long as the information is retained by the Department of
Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles.
Section 320.05(2), F.S. -- Information on motor vehicle or vessel registration records of
the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles shall not be made available to a person
unless the person requesting the information furnishes positive proof of identification.
Section 322.125(3) and (4), F.S. -- When a member of the Medical Advisory Board
acts directly as a consultant to the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles, a board
member’s individual review of the physical and mental qualifications of a licensed driver or
applicant is exempt from s. 286.011. Reports received or made by the board or its members
for the purpose of assisting the department in determining whether a person is qualified to be
licensed are for confidential use of the board or department and may not be divulged to any
person except to the driver or applicant or used as evidence in any trial except proceedings under
s. 322.271 or s. 322.31.
Section 322.126(3), F.S. -- Disability reports are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) and may be used solely for the purpose of determining the qualifications of any person
to operate a motor vehicle.

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Section 322.142(4), F.S. -- Reproductions of color photographic or digital imaged licenses
may be made and issued only for the purposes set forth in the subsection and are exempt from
s. 119.07(1).
Section 322.20(3), F.S. -- The release by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor
Vehicles of the driver history record, with respect to crashes involving a licensee, shall not include
any notation or record of the occurrence of a motor vehicle crash unless the licensee received a
traffic citation as a direct result of the crash, and to this extent such notation or record is exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 322.20(9), F.S. -- The Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles shall
furnish without charge specified driver license information from its records to the courts for the
purpose of jury selection or to any state agency, state attorney, sheriff or chief of police. Such
court, state agency, state attorney, or law enforcement agency may not sell, give away, or allow the
copying of such information.
Section 324.242, F.S. -- Information as set forth in the exemption that pertains to personal
injury protection and property damage liability insurance policies held by the Department
of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is confidential and exempt. Specified disclosures are
authorized as set forth in the exemption.
Section 328.40(3), F.S. -- All records kept or made by the Department of Highway Safety
and Motor Vehicles under the vessel registration law are public records except for confidential
reports.
Section 331.22, F.S. -- Airport security plans of an aviation authority or aviation
department of a county or municipality which operates an international airport are exempt from
disclosure. In addition, except as otherwise provided in the section, specified materials that depict
critical airport operating facilities are exempt to the extent that the authority or department
which operates an airport determines that such information is not generally known and could
jeopardize the security of the airport.
Section 331.326, F.S. -- Information held by Space Florida which is a trade secret, as
defined in s. 812.081, is confidential and exempt from disclosure and may not be disclosed.
Any meeting or portion of a meeting of Space Florida’s board is exempt from open meetings
requirements when the board is discussing trade secrets. Any public record generated during the
closed portions of the meetings, is confidential and exempt.
Section 334.049(4), F.S. -- Information obtained by the Department of Transportation
as a result of research and development projects and revealing a method of process, production,
or manufacture which is a trade secret as defined by s. 688.002, is confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1).
Section 337.14(1), F.S. -- Financial information required by the Department of
Transportation pursuant to this subsection shall be confidential and exempt.
Section 337.162, F.S. -- Complaints submitted to the Department of Business and
Professional Regulation and maintained by the Department of Transportation pursuant
to this section relating to alleged violations of state professional licensing laws or rules shall
be confidential and exempt. Any complaints submitted to the Department of Business and
Professional Regulation are confidential and exempt.
Section 337.168, F.S. -- The Department of Transportation’s official project cost estimates
and potential bidders’ identities are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) for a limited
period of time as prescribed therein. The department’s bid analysis and monitoring system is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 338.155(6), F.S. -- Personal identifying information held by the Department of
Transportation, a county, a municipality, or an expressway authority for the purpose of paying,
prepaying, or collecting tolls and associated charges due for the use of toll facilities is exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 339.0805(1)(c), F.S. -- The application and financial information required for
certification by the Department of Transportation as a socially and economically disadvantaged
business enterprise are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 339.55(10)(a), F.S. – Financial information, as defined in the exemption, of a
private entity applicant required by the Department of Transportation as part of the application
process for loans or credit enhancements from the state-funded infrastructure bank is exempt
from s. 119.07(1). The exemption does not apply to records of an applicant who is in default of
a loan issued under this section.
Section 341.0521, F.S. -- Personal identifying information held by a public transit
provider for the purpose of facilitating the prepayment of transit fares or the acquisition of a
prepaid transit fare card or similar device is exempt from disclosure.
Section 350.121, F.S. -- Any records obtained by the Public Service Commission pursuant
to an inquiry are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) while such inquiry is pending. If,
at the conclusion of an inquiry the commission undertakes a formal proceeding, any matter
determined by the commission or by a court or administrative agency to be trade secrets or
confidential proprietary business information coming into its possession pursuant to such inquiry
shall be confidential and exempt.
Section 364.107, F.S. -- Personal identifying information of a participant in a
telecommunications carrier’s Lifeline Assistance Plan under s. 364.10 held by the Public Service
Commission is confidential and exempt except as provided therein.
Section 364.183, F.S. -- Records provided by a telecommunications company to the Public
Service Commission which are found by the commission to constitute proprietary confidential
business information as defined in the section shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 365.171(12)(a) and (b), F.S. -- Any record, recording, or information, or portions
thereof, obtained by a public agency or public safety agency for the purpose of providing emergency
services and which reveals the name, address, telephone number, or personal information about,
or information which may identify any person requesting emergency service or reporting an
emergency by accessing an emergency communications E911 system is confidential and exempt
from public disclosure requirements except that such record or information may be disclosed to
a public safety agency. The exemption applies only to the name, address, telephone number, or
personal information which may identify any person requesting emergency services or reporting
an emergency while such information is in the custody of the public agency or public safety agency
providing emergency services. However, disclosure of the location of a coronary emergency to
a private person or entity that owns an automated external defibrillator is authorized in some
circumstances, as set forth in the exemption.
Section 365.174, F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in the
exemption, that is submitted by a wireless service provider to the E911 Board, the Department
of Management Services technology office, or the Department of Revenue, is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may not be disclosed except as provided in the exemption.
Section 366.093, F.S. -- Records provided by a public utility company to the Public
Service Commission which, upon the request of the public utility or any person, are found by the
commission to constitute proprietary confidential business information as defined in the section
shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 367.156, F.S. -- Records provided by a water or wastewater utility to the Public
Service Commission which, upon the request of the utility or any person, are found by the
commission to constitute proprietary confidential business information as defined in the section
shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 368.108, F.S. -- Records provided by a natural gas transmission company to the
Public Service Commission which, upon the request of the company or any other person, are
found by the commission to constitute proprietary confidential business information as defined
in the section shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 373.139(3)(a), F.S. -- Appraisal reports, offers, and counteroffers for the
acquisition of real property by water management districts created under Ch. 373 are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until an option contract is executed, or, if no option contract is
executed, until 30 days before a contract or agreement for purchase is considered for approval by
the governing board. However, disclosure is authorized under some circumstances as described
in the subsection. If negotiations are terminated by the district, the appraisal report, offers and
counteroffers shall become available pursuant to s. 119.07(1).
Section 373.69ArticleXIII(a)(8) and (9), F.S. -- The mediator selected by parties to
the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin Compact shall not divulge confidential
information disclosed to the mediator by the parties or by witnesses in the course of the mediation.
All records received by a mediator while serving as mediator shall be considered confidential and
each party to the mediation shall maintain the confidentiality of the information.
Section 377.075(4)(f ), F.S. -- Company data collected by the State Geologist from
specified agencies may be maintained as confidential subject to the same requirements as that
required by the federal agency of jurisdiction or, if no specific language exists in federal law, the
confidential period shall not exceed 10 years.
Section 377.22(2)(h), F.S. -- Information required by this paragraph relating to oil and gas
resources, at the request of the operator, shall be exempt from s. 119.07(1) and held confidential
by the Division of Resource Management of the Department of Environmental Protection for a
period of 1 year after the completion of a well.
Section 377.2408(3), F.S. -- Any information relating to the location of the geophysical
operation and other information relating to leasing plans, exploration budgets, and other
proprietary information that could provide an economic advantage to competitors shall be kept
confidential by the Department of Environmental Protection for 10 years and exempt from s.
119.07(1), and shall not be released to the public without the consent of the person submitting
the application to conduct geophysical operations.
Section 377.2409, F.S. -- Information on geophysical activities conducted on stateowned mineral lands received by the Division of Resource Management of the Department
of Environmental Protection pursuant to this section shall, upon the request of the person
conducting the activities, be held confidential for 10 years and shall be exempt from disclosure.
Section 377.2421(2), F.S. -- Geologic data which is maintained by the Division of
Resource Management of the Department of Environmental Protection pursuant to this section
shall be subject to the same confidentiality requirements that are required by the federal agency
and are exempt from s. 119.07(1) to the extent necessary to meet federal requirements.
Section 377.2424(3), F.S. -- The Department of Environmental Protection shall share
geophysical permit information with a county or municipality upon request and may, on its
own initiative, share such information with a county or municipality. However, the county
or municipality shall maintain the confidential status of such information, as required by s.
377.2408(3) and such information is exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 377.606, F.S. -- Proprietary information obtained by the Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services as the result of a required report, investigation, or verification
relating to energy resources shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) if disclosure
would be likely to cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person providing the
information and the provider has requested confidentiality.
Section 377.701(4), F.S. -- No state employee may divulge or make known in any
manner any proprietary information under the Petroleum Allocation Act, if the disclosure of such
information would be likely to cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person
providing such information and if the person requests that such information be held confidential,
except in accordance with a court order, or in the publication of statistical information compiled
by methods which would not disclose the identity of individual suppliers or companies. Such
proprietary information is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 378.208(5), F.S. -- The Department of Environmental Protection may adopt
rules to require mine operators to submit a copy of their most recent annual financial statements.
The financial statement, except for a financial statement that is a public record in the custody
of another governmental agency, shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07, and the
department shall ensure the confidentiality of such statements.
Section 378.406(1)(a), F.S. -- Any information relating to prospecting, rock grades,
or secret processes or methods of operation which may be required, ascertained, or discovered
by inspection or investigation shall be exempt from s. 119.07(1) if the applicant requests the
Department of Environmental Protection to keep such information confidential and informs
the department of the basis for such confidentiality. Should the secretary determine that such
information shall not be confidential, the secretary shall provide notice of his or her intent to
release the information.
Section 379.223(3), F.S. -- The identity and all information identifying a donor or
prospective donor to a citizen support organization established by the Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission who desires to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt from
disclosure, and such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report of the citizen support
organization.
Section 379.362(6), F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, reports required of
wholesale dealers regarding saltwater products are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 381.0031(6), F.S. -- Information submitted in reports of diseases of public health
significance to the Department of Health as required by this section is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), and shall be made public only when necessary to public health.
Section 381.004(2), (3), (4), and (5), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided, human
immunodeficiency virus test results, and the identity of any person upon whom a test has been
performed, are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). No person to whom the results of a
test have been disclosed pursuant to this section may disclose the results to another person except
as authorized in the section. Such confidential information is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 381.0041(9), F.S. -- All blood banks shall be governed by the provisions of s.
381.004(2) relating to confidentiality of HIV test results and the identity of test subjects.
Section 381.0055(1) and (2), F.S. -- Information which is confidential by operation of
law and which is obtained by the Department of Health and the health agencies specified in this
section relating to quality assurance activities shall retain its confidential status and be exempt
from s. 119.07(1). Such information which is obtained by a hospital or health care provider from
the department or health agencies pursuant to this section shall retain its confidential status and
be exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 381.0055(3), F.S. -- Portions of meetings, proceedings, reports and records of
the Department of Health and the health agencies set forth in this section, which relate solely to
patient care quality assurance and where specific persons or incidents are discussed are confidential
and exempt from s. 286.011, and are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 381.0056(4)(a)16., F.S. -- Provisions in the school health services plan developed
pursuant to this section for maintenance of health records of individual students must be in
accordance with s. 1002.22, relating to confidentiality of student records.
Section 381.775, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, all oral and written records,
information, letters, and reports received, made, or maintained by the Department of Health
relative to any applicant for or recipient of services under the brain and spinal cord injury
program are privileged, confidential, and exempt from s. 119.07(1). The in camera proceeding
before designated officials to determine whether records are relevant to an inquiry and should be
released and all records relating thereto are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 381.82(3)(d), F.S. -- Research grant applications provided to the Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Grant Advisory Board and any records generated by the board relating to review
of such applications, except final recommendations, are confidential. Those portions of a meeting
during which applications are discussed are exempt, but the closed portions must be recorded.
Section 381.83(1), F.S. -- Trade secrets as defined in s. 812.081 obtained by the
Department of Health pursuant to Ch. 381 relating to public health are confidential and exempt
from disclosure except as provided in the section. The person submitting such trade secret
information must request that it be kept confidential and inform the department of the basis for
the claim of trade secret. The department shall determine whether the information, or portions
thereof, is a trade secret.
Section 381.8531, F.S. -- The following information held by the Florida Center for Brain
Tumor Research is confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements: Any information
received from an individual from another state or nation or the federal government that is
otherwise confidential or exempt. Personal identifying information of a donor to the central
repository or the brain tumor registry is also confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 381.92201(1), (2), and (3), F.S. -- Records relating to biomedical research grant
applications presented to the peer review panel are confidential and exempt; that portion of a
peer review panel in which grant applications under cited statutes are discussed is exempt from
public meetings requirements; and records generated by the peer review panel relating to review
of such applications, except final recommendations, are confidential and exempt. Also published
at s. 215.56021, F.S.
Section 381.95(1), F.S. -- Information identifying or describing the name, location,
pharmaceutical cache, contents, capacity, equipment, physical features, or capabilities of
individual medical facilities, storage facilities, or laboratories established, maintained, or regulated
by the Department of Health as part of the state’s plan of defense against terrorism is exempt from
public disclosure requirements.
Section 381.987(1)(2), F.S. -- Identifying information as described in the exemption
which is held by the Department of Health in the compassionate use registry of patients and
physicians using or dispensing low-THC cannabis is confidential and exempt.
Section 382.008(6), F.S. -- All information relating to cause of death in all death and fetal
death records and the parentage, marital status, and medical information included in all fetal
death records are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except for health research purposes
approved by the Department of Health, nor shall copies of same be provided except as provided
in s. 382.025.

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Section 382.013(4), F.S. -- In the event that a child of undetermined parentage is later
identified and a new certificate of birth is prepared, the original birth certificate shall be sealed
and filed, shall be confidential and exempt, and shall not be opened to inspection except by, nor
shall certified copies of the same be issued except by court order to, any person other than the
registrant if of legal age.
Section 382.013(5), F.S. -- The original birth certificate shall contain all information
required by the Department of Health for legal, social, and health research purposes. However,
information concerning parentage, marital status, and medical details shall be confidential and
exempt, except for health research purposes as approved by the department, nor shall copies be
issued except as provided by s. 382.025.
Section 382.017(1), F.S. -- After registering a certificate of foreign birth in the new name
of an adoptee, the Department of Health shall place the adoption report or decree under seal, not
to be broken except pursuant to court order.
Section 382.025(1), F.S. -- Except for birth records over 100 years old which are not
under seal pursuant to court order, all birth records of this state are confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1). Certified copies of the original birth certificate or a new or amended certificate,
or affidavits thereof, are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall be issued only as
authorized by the Department of Health to those individuals and entities listed in the subsection.
Section 382.025(2), F.S. -- A certification of the death or fetal death certificate which
includes the confidential portions, shall be issued by the Department of Health only to the
individuals and entities specified in the subsection. All portions of a death certificate shall cease
to be exempt 50 years after the death.
Section 382.025(3), F.S. -- Records or data issued by the Department of Health to
government and research entities as set forth in this subsection are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and
copies of records or data issued pursuant to this subsection remain the property of the department.
Section 382.025(4), F.S. -- Except as provided in this section, preparing or issuing
certificates of live birth, death, or fetal death is exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1), F.S.
Section 383.14(3)(d), F.S. -- The confidential registry of cases maintained by the
Department of Health pursuant to this section [relating to phenylketonuria and other metabolic,
hereditary and congenital disorders] shall be exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 383.32(3), F.S. -- Birth center clinical records are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1). A client’s clinical records shall be open to inspection only if the client has
signed a consent to release information or the review is made for a licensure survey or complaint
investigation.
Section 383.325, F.S. -- Inspection reports of birth centers which have been filed with or
issued by any governmental agency are to be maintained as public information. However, any
record which, by state or federal law or regulation, is deemed confidential shall be exempt from
s. 119.07(1) and shall not be distributed or made available as public information unless or until
such confidential status expires, except as provided in s. 383.32(2)(c) requiring records to be
made available for audit by licensure personnel.
Section 383.412, F.S. – Information held by the State Child Abuse Death Review
Committee or local committee which reveals the identity of the surviving siblings of a deceased
child whose death occurred as the result of a verified report of abuse or neglect is confidential
and exempt. Any information held by the Committee or a local committee which reveals the
identity of a deceased child whose death is not the result of abuse or neglect, or the identity of the
surviving siblings, family members, or others living in the deceased child’s home, is confidential

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and exempt. Portions of committee meetings at which information made confidential and
exempt pursuant to subsection (2) are discussed are exempt from open meetings requirements.
The closed portion of the meeting must be recorded; the recording is exempt from disclosure.
Section 383.51, F.S. -- The identity of parents who leave a newborn infant at a hospital,
emergency medical services station, or fire station in accordance with s. 383.50, is confidential
and exempt from public disclosure requirements.
Section 384.26(2), F.S. -- All information gathered by the Department of Health and its
authorized representatives in the course of contact investigation of sexually transmissible disease
infection shall be considered confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and subject to the
provisions of s. 384.29.
Section 384.282(3), F.S. -- Except as provided in this section, the name of any person
subject to proceedings initiated by the Department of Health relating to a public health threat
resulting from a sexually transmissible disease, shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 384.287(6), F.S. -- An authorized person who receives the results of a test
for sexually transmissible disease pursuant to this section, which results disclose human
immunodeficiency virus infection and are otherwise confidential pursuant to law, shall maintain
the confidentiality of the information received and the identity of the person tested as required
by s. 381.004.
Section 384.29, F.S. -- All information and records held by the Department of Health
and its authorized representatives relating to known or suspected cases of sexually transmissible
diseases are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Such information may not be released or
made public by the department or its representatives, or by a court or parties to a lawsuit, except
as provided in the section. Except as provided in the section, information disclosed pursuant to
a subpoena is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 384.30(2), F.S. -- The fact of consultation, examination, and treatment of a minor
for a sexually transmissible disease is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall not be
divulged directly or indirectly, such as sending a bill for services rendered to a parent or guardian,
except as provided in s. 384.29.
Section 385.202(3), F.S. -- Information which discloses or could lead to the disclosure of
the identity of any person whose condition or treatment has been reported and studied pursuant
to this section relating to the statewide cancer registry shall be confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) except as provided in the subsection.
Section 390.01114(4)(f ), F.S. -- A court that conducts proceedings for a waiver of the
notice requirements pertaining to a minor seeking to terminate her pregnancy shall order that
a confidential record be maintained. All hearings under this section, including appeals, shall
remain confidential and closed to the public, as provided by court rule.
Section 390.01116, F.S. -- Any information that can be used to identify a minor petitioning
a circuit court for a judicial waiver, as provided in s. 390.01114, of the notice requirements under
the Parental Notice of Abortion Act if held by a circuit court, an appellate court, the office of
criminal conflict and civil regional counsel, or the Justice Administrative Commission.
Section 390.0112(4), F.S. -- Reports concerning pregnancy termination which are
submitted to the Agency for Health Care Administration pursuant to this section shall be
confidential and exempt and shall not be revealed except upon court order in a civil or criminal
proceeding.

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Section 392.54(2), F.S. -- All information gathered by the Department of Health and
its authorized representatives in the course of contact investigation of tuberculosis exposure or
infection shall be confidential, subject to the provisions of s. 392.65. Such information is exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 392.545(3), F.S. -- The name of any person subject to proceedings initiated by the
Department of Health relating to a public health threat from tuberculosis shall not be revealed by
the department, its authorized representatives, the courts, and other parties to the lawsuit except
as permitted in s. 392.65.
Section 392.65, F.S. -- All information and records held by the Department of Health and
its authorized representatives relating to known or suspected cases of tuberculosis or exposure to
tuberculosis shall be strictly confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Such information may
not be released or made public by the department or its representatives, or by a court or parties to
a lawsuit, except as authorized in the subsection. Except as provided in the section, information
disclosed pursuant to a subpoena is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 393.0674, F.S. -- It is a third degree felony for any person to willfully, knowingly,
or intentionally release information from the juvenile records, and a first degree misdemeanor for
any person to willfully, knowingly, or intentionally release information from the criminal records
or central abuse registry, of a person obtained under s. 393.0655, s. 393.066, or s. 393.067 to any
other person for any purpose other than screening for employment as specified in those sections.
Section 393.13(4)(i)1., F.S. -- Central client records of persons with developmental
disabilities are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and no part of such records shall be
released except as authorized in this paragraph.
Section 394.4615(1) and (7), F.S. -- Clinical records of persons subject to “The Baker
Act” are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Such records may be released only under
the circumstances specified in the statute. Any person, agency, or entity receiving information
pursuant to this section shall maintain such information as confidential and exempt.
Section 394.467(6)(a)3., F.S. -- The independent expert’s report which is submitted at a
hearing on involuntary inpatient placement is confidential and not discoverable, unless the expert
is to be called as a witness for the patient at the hearing.
Section 394.907(7), F.S. -- Records of quality assurance programs of community mental
health centers which relate solely to actions taken in carrying out the provisions of this section
and records obtained by the Department of Children and Family Services to determine licensee
compliance with this section are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Meetings or portions
of meetings of quality assurance program committees that relate solely to actions taken pursuant
to this section are exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 394.921(2), F.S. – Psychological or psychiatric reports, drug and alcohol reports,
treatment records, medical records, or victim impact statements that have been submitted to the
court or admitted into evidence in Jimmy Ryce Act proceedings shall be part of the record but
shall be sealed and may be opened only pursuant to a court order.
Section 395.0162(2), F.S. -- Any records, reports or documents which are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), shall not be distributed or made available for purposes of
compliance with this section (relating to inspection reports of licensed facilities) unless or until
such confidential status expires.
Section 395.0193(4), F.S. -- Reports of final disciplinary actions taken by the governing
board of a licensed facility pursuant to s. 395.0193(3) which have been forwarded to the Division
of Health Quality Assurance of the Agency for Health Care Administration pursuant to this

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subsection are not subject to inspection under the provisions of s. 119.07(1), even if the division’s
investigation results in a finding of probable cause.
Section 395.0193(7), F.S. -- The proceedings and records of peer review panels,
committees, or governing boards of licensed facilities (i.e., a hospital or surgical facility licensed
in accordance with Ch. 395) which relate solely to actions taken in carrying out this section
(i.e., disciplinary proceedings against staff) are not subject to inspection under s. 119.07(1) and
meetings held to achieve the objectives of such panels, committees or governing boards are not
open to the public under Ch. 286.
Section 395.0197(6)(c), F.S. -- The annual report submitted by a facility licensed
under Ch. 395 (hospitals and surgical facilities) to the Agency for Health Care Administration
concerning information on incidents as provided in this section is confidential and is not available
to the public pursuant to s. 119.07(1) or any other law providing access to public records.
Section 395.0197(7), F.S. -- An adverse incident report submitted by a facility licensed
under Ch. 395 to the Agency for Health Care Administration pursuant to this subsection shall
not be available to the public pursuant to s. 119.07(1) or any other law providing access to public
records, except as authorized therein.
Section 395.0197(13), F.S. -- Records of licensed facilities which are obtained by the
Agency for Health Care Administration under cited subsections in order to carry out the
provisions of this section relating to incidents and injuries are not available to the public under
s. 119.07(1), nor shall they be discoverable or admissible in any civil or administrative action,
except in disciplinary proceedings by the agencies set forth in the subsection.
Section 395.0197(14), F.S. -- The meetings of the committees and governing board of a
facility licensed under this chapter (hospitals and surgical facilities) held solely for the purpose
of achieving the objectives of risk management as provided by this section shall not be open to
the public under Ch. 286. The records of such meetings are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1), except as provided in subsection (13).
Section 395.1025, F.S. -- Notification to an emergency medical technician, paramedic
or other person that a patient they treated or transported has an infectious disease shall be done
in a manner to protect the confidentiality of such patient information and shall not include the
patient’s name.
Section 395.1046(3), F.S. -- A complaint against a hospital and all information obtained
by the Agency for Health Care Administration during an investigation pursuant to this section
are exempt from disclosure and may not be disclosed until 10 days after probable cause has been
found by the agency or the subject of the investigation waives his or her privilege of confidentiality,
whichever occurs first. In cases where the agency finds the complaint is not legally sufficient or
when the agency determines that no probable cause exists, all such records are confidential and
exempt from disclosure; however, the complaint and a summary of the agency’s findings shall be
available although information identifying an individual shall not be disclosed.
Section 395.1056, F.S. -- Those portions of a comprehensive emergency management
plan that address the response of a public or private hospital to an act of terrorism held by
specified agencies are confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements but may be disclosed
to another agency for anti-terrorism efforts as set forth in the exemption. That portion of a public
meeting which would reveal information contained in a comprehensive emergency management
plan that addresses the response of a hospital to an act of terrorism is exempt from open meetings
requirements.

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Section 395.3025(4), F.S. -- Patient records are confidential and must not be disclosed
without the consent of the patient or his or her legal representative except that appropriate
disclosure may be made as provided in the subsection.
Section 395.3025(7)(a), F.S. -- If the content of any patient treatment record is provided
under this section, the recipient, if other than the patient or the patient’s representative, may use
such information only for the purpose provided and may not further disclose any information
unless expressly permitted by written consent of the patient. The content of such patient records
is confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 395.3025(8), F.S. -- Patient records at hospitals and surgical facilities are exempt
from disclosure under s. 119.07(1), except as provided in subsections (1) through (5) of this
section.
Section 395.3025(9), F.S. -- A facility licensed under Ch. 395 (hospitals and surgical
facilities) may prescribe the content and custody of limited-access records which the facility may
maintain on its employees. Such records are limited to information regarding evaluations of
employee performance and shall be accessible only as provided in the subsection. Such limitedaccess employee records are exempt from s. 119.07(1) for a period of 5 years from the date such
records are designated limited-access records.
Section 395.3025(10) and (11), F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, the home
addresses, telephone numbers, and photographs of employees of any licensed hospital or surgical
facility who provide direct patient care or security services, as well as specified information about
the spouses and children of such employees, are confidential and exempt. The same information
must also be held confidential by the facility upon written request by other employees who have
a reasonable belief, based upon specific circumstances that have been reported in accordance
with the procedure adopted by the facility, that release of the information may be used to
threaten, intimidate, harass, inflict violence upon, or defraud the employee or any member of
the employee’s family.
Section 395.3035(2), F.S. -- Certain public hospital records and information, including
contracts for managed care arrangements, strategic plans, trade secrets, as described in the
subsection, are confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 395.3035(3), F.S. -- Those portions of a meeting of a public hospital’s governing
board, relating to contract negotiations as described in the subsection are exempt from the public
meeting requirements; however, all governing board meetings at which the board is scheduled
to vote on contracts, except managed care contracts, are open to the public. All portions of a
board meeting closed to the public shall be subject to procedural requirements as set forth in the
subsection.
Section 395.3035(4), F.S. -- Those portions of a meeting of a public hospital’s governing
board at which written strategic plans that are confidential pursuant to s. 395.3035(2), are
discussed, reported on, modified, or approved by the governing board are exempt from open
meetings requirements provided that certain procedural requirements as set forth in the
subsection are complied with.
Section 395.3035(5), F.S. -- Any public records such as tapes, minutes, and notes,
generated at a public hospital governing board meeting which is closed to the public pursuant to
this section are confidential and exempt from disclosure. All such records shall be retained and
shall cease to be exempt at the same time as the transcript of the meeting becomes available to
the public.
Section 395.3036, F.S. -- The records of a private entity that leases a public hospital or
other public health care facility are confidential and exempt from disclosure and the meetings of

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the governing board of a private entity are exempt from open meetings requirements when the
public lessor complies with the public finance accountability provisions of s. 155.40(18) with
respect to the transfer of any public funds to the private lessee and when the private lessee meets
at least 3 of 5 criteria set forth in the exemption.
Section 395.4025(12), F.S. -- Patient care, transport, or treatment records or reports, or
patient care quality assurance proceedings, records, or reports obtained or made pursuant to this
section (relating to trauma centers) or pursuant to other statutes cited in the subsection, must be
held confidential by the Department of Health and are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 395.404(1)(b), F.S. -- Trauma registry data obtained pursuant to this subsection
are confidential and exempt from disclosure except as set forth in the statute.
Section 395.51(1) and (2), F.S. -- Information which is confidential by operation of
law and which is obtained by a trauma agency or committee assembled pursuant to s. 395.50,
shall retain its confidential status and be exempt from s. 119.07(1). Such information which is
obtained by a hospital or emergency medical services provider from a trauma agency or committee
shall retain its confidential status and be exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 395.51(3), F.S. -- Portions of meetings, proceedings, reports and records of a
trauma agency or committee assembled pursuant to this chapter, which relate solely to patient
care quality assurance are confidential and exempt from s. 286.011. Patient care quality assurance,
for the purpose of this section, shall include consideration of specific persons, cases, incidents
relevant to the performance of quality control and system evaluation.
Section 397.334(10), F.S. -- Information relating to a participant or a person considered
for participation in a treatment-based drug court program which is contained in specified records
is confidential and exempt. Disclosure is permitted under specified conditions.
Section 397.419(5), F.S. -- Records of substance abuse service providers which relate
solely to actions taken in carrying out this section relating to quality improvement and records
obtained by the Department of Children and Families to determine a provider’s compliance
with this section are confidential and exempt. Meetings or portions of meetings of quality
improvement program committees that relate solely to actions taken pursuant to this section are
exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 397.461(3), F.S. -- It is a first degree misdemeanor to willfully, knowingly, or
intentionally release any criminal or juvenile information obtained under Ch. 397, “Substance
Abuse Services,” for any purpose other than background checks of personnel for employment.
Section 397.501(7), F.S. -- Records of substance abuse service providers pertaining to the
identity, diagnosis, and prognosis of and service provision to any individual are confidential in
accordance with Ch. 397 and federal confidentiality regulations, and are exempt from disclosure.
Such records may not be disclosed without the individual’s written consent except under
circumstances specified in the subsection.
Section 397.752, F.S. -- An inmate’s substance abuse service records are confidential in
accordance with s. 397.501(7).
Section 400.0077(1), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the subsection, the following
records relating to long-term care ombudsman councils are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1): resident records held by an ombudsman or by the state or a local ombudsman council;
the names or identities of complainants or residents involved in a complaint; and any other
information about a complaint.

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Section 400.0077(2), F.S. -- That portion of a long-term care ombudsman council
meeting in which the council discusses information that is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) is closed to the public and exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 400.022(1)(m), F.S. -- Personal and medical records of nursing home residents
are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 400.0255(14), F.S. -- Except as provided in this subsection, in any proceeding
under this section (relating to hearings of facility decisions to transfer or discharge nursing home
residents) the following information concerning the parties is confidential and exempt from
disclosure: names and addresses, medical services provided, social and economic conditions,
personal information evaluations, medical data, and information verifying income eligibility and
amount of medical assistance payments.
Section 400.119, F.S. -- Records of meetings of the risk management and quality
assurance committee of a long-term care facility, as well as incident reports filed with the facility’s
risk manager and administrator, notifications of the occurrence of an adverse incident, and
adverse-incident reports from the facility are confidential and exempt. Meetings of an internal
risk management and quality assurance committee are exempt from open meetings requirements
and are not open to the public.
Section 400.494(1), F.S. -- Information about patients received by persons employed
by, or providing services to, a home health agency or received by the licensing agency through
reports or inspection is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall be disclosed only as
authorized in the exemption.
Section 400.611(3), F.S. -- Patient records of hospice care are confidential and may not
be released except as provided in the subsection. Information obtained from patient records by
a state agency pursuant to its statutory authority to compile statistical data is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 400.945, F.S. -- Medical and personal identifying information about patients of a
home medical equipment provider which is received by the licensing agency through reports or
inspection is confidential and exempt.
Section 401.30(3), F.S. -- Reports to the Department of Health from emergency medical
services licensed pursuant to Part III, Ch. 401, which cover statistical data are public records
except that the names of patients and other patient identifying information contained in such
reports are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 401.30(4), F.S. -- Records of emergency calls which contain patient examination
or treatment information are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and may not be
disclosed except as provided in the subsection.
Section 401.414(3), F.S. -- A complaint concerning an alleged violation of Part III of Ch.
401, relating to emergency medical services, and all information obtained in the investigation
by the Department of Health shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until 10 days
after probable cause is found or the subject of the investigation waives confidentiality, whichever
occurs first. However, the department is not prohibited from providing such information to a
law enforcement or regulatory agency.
Section 401.425(5), F.S. -- The records obtained or produced by an emergency medical
review committee providing quality assurance activities as described in subsections (1) through
(4) of the section are exempt from disclosure and committee proceedings and meetings regarding
quality assurance activities are exempt from open meetings requirements.

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Sections 402.165(8) and 402.166(8), F.S. -- All information obtained or produced by
the Florida Statewide Advocacy Council or by a local advocacy council that is made confidential
by law, that relates to the identity of a client subject to the protections of this section, or that
relates to the identity of an individual providing information to the council about abuse or alleged
violations of rights, is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Portions of meetings before such
councils relating to the identity of such individuals or where testimony is provided relating to
records otherwise made confidential by law are not subject to open meetings requirements. All
records prepared by council members which reflect a mental impression, investigative strategy,
or theory are exempt from s. 119.07(1) until completion of the investigation or the investigation
ceases to be active as defined in the section.
Section 402.22(3), F.S. -- Statutory confidentiality requirements apply to information
used by interdisciplinary teams involved in decisions regarding the design and delivery of specified
services to students residing in residential care facilities operated by the Department of Children
and Families and the Agency for Persons with Disabilities, and such information is exempt from
ss. 119.07(1) and 286.011.
Section 402.308(3)(a), F.S. -- Disclosure of the social security number submitted by an
applicant for a child care facility license issued by the Department of Children and Families shall
be limited to child support enforcement purposes.
Section 403.067(7)(c)5., F.S. -- Agricultural records relating to production methods,
profits, or financial information held by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
in connection with its duties relating to water pollution reduction are confidential and exempt
from disclosure requirements.
Section 403.074(3), F.S. -- Proprietary information obtained by the Department of
Environmental Protection during a visit to provide onsite technical assistance pursuant to the
Pollution Prevention Act shall be treated in accordance with s. 403.111, unless such confidentiality
is waived by the party who requested assistance.
Section 403.111, F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section, upon a determination
of confidentiality by the Department of Environmental Protection in accordance with the
standard and procedures established in subsection (1), specified manufacturing or financial
information which is obtained through inspection or investigation by the department shall be
exempt from s. 119.07(1), shall not be disclosed in public hearings, and shall be kept confidential
by the department.
Section 403.7046(2) and (3)(b), F.S. -- Information reported to the Department of
Environmental Protection or to a local government by a recovered materials dealer pursuant to
this section which, if disclosed, would reveal a trade secret, as defined in s. 812.081, is confidential
and exempt from disclosure.
Section 403.73(1), F.S. -- Trade secrets as defined in s. 812.081 contained in records,
reports, or information obtained from any person under the Florida Resource Recovery and
Management Act which have been determined by the Department of Environmental Protection,
in accordance with the procedures set forth in this section, to constitute trade secrets, are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) except as provided in the subsection.
Section 405.02, F.S. -- Research groups, governmental health agencies, medical societies
and in-hospital medical staff committees may use or publish released information only for the
purpose of advancing medical research or education.
Section 405.03, F.S. -- The identity of any person treated or studied as provided in this
chapter (relating to medical information available for research) shall be confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 406.075(3)(b), F.S. -- All proceedings and findings of the probable cause panel
investigating a medical examiner are exempt from s. 286.011 until probable cause has been found
or the subject of the investigation waives confidentiality. The complaint, investigative findings,
and recommendations of the probable cause panel are exempt from s. 119.07(1) until 10 days after
probable cause has been found or until the subject has waived confidentiality. The commission
may provide such information at any time to any law enforcement or regulatory agency.
Section 406.135, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, autopsy photographs and
video and audio recordings of an autopsy held by the medical examiner are confidential and
exempt from public disclosure.
Section 406.136, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, photographs, videos, or
audio recordings depicting or recording the killing of a law enforcement officer who was acting
in accordance with his or her official duties are confidential and exempt from public disclosure.
Section 408.061(1)(d), F.S. -- Specific provider contract reimbursement data which are
obtained by the Agency for Health Care Administration from health care facilities, health care
providers, or health insurers as a result of onsite inspections may not be used by the state for
purposes of direct provider contracting and are confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 408.061(7), F.S. -- Portions of patient records obtained or generated by the
Agency for Health Care Administration which contain identifying information of any person
or the spouse, relative, or guardian of such person or any other identifying information which is
patient-specific or otherwise identifies the patient, either directly or indirectly, are confidential
and exempt from disclosure.
Section 408.061(8), F.S. -- The identity of any health care provider, health care facility,
or health care insurer who submits proprietary business information, as defined in the section, to
the Agency for Health Care Administration is confidential and exempt from disclosure except as
provided in the subsection.
Section 408.061(10), F.S. -- Confidential health care information may be released to other
governmental entities or to parties contracting with the Agency for Health Care Administration;
however, the receiving entity shall retain the confidentiality of such information as provided in
this section.
Section 408.185, F.S. -- Trade secrets and other confidential proprietary business
information submitted by a member of the health care community to the Office of the Attorney
General pursuant to a request for an antitrust no-action letter are confidential and exempt from
disclosure for one year after the date of submission.
Section 408.7056(14), F.S. -- Any information that identifies a subscriber which is held
by the subscriber assistance panel, Agency for Health Care Administration, or the Department of
Financial Services pursuant to this section is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Meetings
of the panel shall be open to the public unless the provider or subscriber whose grievance will
be heard requests a closed meeting or the agency or the department determines that information
which discloses the subscriber’s medical treatment or history or information relating to internal
risk management programs may be revealed at the panel meeting, in which case that portion
of the meeting shall be exempt from open meetings requirements. All closed meetings shall be
recorded by a certified court reporter.
Section 408.910(14), F.S. -- Personal identifying information of an enrollee or participant
in the Florida Health Choices Program is confidential and exempt from public disclosure. In
addition, certain proprietary confidential business information is confidential.
Section 409.1678(6), F.S. – Information about the location of a safe house, safe foster

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home, or other residential facility serving victims of sexual exploitation, as defined in cited
statute, which is held by an agency, is confidential and exempt; however, the information may be
disclosed as provided in the exemption.
Section 409.175(12), F.S. -- It is unlawful for any person, agency, summer day camp,
or summer 24-hour camp providing care for children to release information from the criminal
or juvenile records obtained under this section to any other person for any purpose other than
screening for employment as specified in this section.
Section 409.175(16), F.S. -- Specified personal information about foster parent applicants,
licensed foster parents, and the families of foster parent applicants and licensees, held by the
Department of Children and Families is exempt from disclosure unless otherwise provided by
a court or as provided in the exemption. The name, address, and telephone number of persons
providing character or neighbor references are exempt.
Section 409.176(12), F.S. -- It is unlawful for any person or facility to release information
from the criminal or juvenile records obtained under Ch. 435, s. 409.175 or this section (relating
to registration of residential child-caring agencies) for any purpose other than screening for
employment as specified in those statutes.
Section 409.25661, F.S. -- Information obtained by the Department of Revenue under
an insurance claims data exchange system is confidential and exempt until such time as the
department determines whether a match exists. If a match exists, such information becomes
available for public disclosure. If a match does not exist, the nonmatch information shall be
destroyed as provided in s. 409.25659, F.S.
Section 409.2577, F.S. -- Information gathered or used by the parent locator service is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and such information may be made available only to
the persons and agencies and for the purposes listed in the section.
Section 409.2579, F.S. -- Information concerning applicants for or recipients of Title
IV-D child support services is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). The use or disclosure of
such information by the IV-D program is limited to the purposes, and subject to the limitations,
set forth in the section.
Section 409.441(4), F.S. -- All information about clients which is part of a runaway youth
center’s intake and client records system is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 409.821, F.S. -- Information identifying a Florida Kidcare applicant or enrollee
held by specified agencies is confidential and exempt, and may be disclosed only as authorized
in the exemption.
Section 409.910(17)(i), F.S. -- All information obtained and documents prepared
pursuant to an investigation of a Medicaid recipient, the recipient’s legal representative, or any
other person relating to an allegation of recipient fraud or theft is confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1): until such time as the Agency for Health Care Administration takes final agency
action; until the case is referred for criminal prosecution; until an indictment or information is
filed in a criminal case; or at all times if otherwise protected by law.
Section 409.910(20)(a), F.S. -- All information obtained from the Office of Insurance
Regulation of the Financial Services Commission relative to certain items of medical care
and services furnished to eligible persons provided health services under this section shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except as provided therein.
Section 409.91196(1) and (2), F.S. -- The rebate amount, percent of rebate, manufacturer’s
pricing, and supplemental rebate, and other trade secrets that the Agency for Health Care

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Administration has identified for use in negotiations, held by the agency under cited statute are
confidential and exempt from public disclosure requirements. That portion of a meeting of the
Medicaid Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committee at which this information is discussed is
exempt from public meetings requirements. A record of an exempt portion of a meeting must
be made and maintained.
Section 409.913(12), F.S. -- The complaint and all information obtained pursuant to an
investigation of a Medicaid provider, or the authorized representative of a provider, relating to an
allegation of fraud, abuse, or neglect are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until such
time as the Agency for Health Care Administration takes final agency action; until the Attorney
General refers the case for criminal prosecution; until 10 days after the complaint is determined
to be without merit; or at all times if otherwise protected by law.
Section 409.920(9)(f ), F.S. -- Pursuant to the conduct of the statewide program of
Medicaid fraud control, the Attorney General shall safeguard the privacy rights of all individuals
and provide safeguards to prevent the use of patient medical records beyond the scope of a specific
investigation of fraud or abuse without the patient’s written consent.
Section 410.037, F.S. -- Information about disabled adults receiving services under ss.
410.031-410.036 (relating to home care of disabled adults) which is received by the Department
of Children and Families or its authorized employees, or by persons who provide services to
disabled adults or elderly persons as volunteers or pursuant to contracts with the department is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Such information may not be disclosed publicly in
a manner that identifies a disabled adult without the written consent of the person or his or her
legal guardian.
Section 410.605, F.S. -- Information about disabled adults receiving services under the
Community Care for Disabled Adults Act which is received by the Department of Children
and Families or its authorized employees, or by persons who provide services to disabled adults
as volunteers or pursuant to contracts with the department is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1). Such information may not be disclosed publicly in a manner which would identify a
disabled adult without the written consent of such person or the disabled adult’s legal guardian.
Section 413.012(1), F.S. -- All records furnished to the Division of Blind Services in
connection with state or local vocational rehabilitation programs and containing information as
to personal facts about applicants or clients given to the state or local vocational rehabilitation
agency, its representatives or its employees in the course of the administration of the program
including lists of names, addresses and records of client evaluations are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 413.341, F.S. -- Oral and written records, information, letters and reports
received, made, or maintained by the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Department of
Education relative to any applicant or eligible individual are privileged, confidential, and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), and may not be released except as provided in the section. Records that
come into the possession of the division and that are confidential by other provisions of law are
confidential and exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1), and may not be released by the
division, except as provided in this section.
Section 413.405(11), F.S. -- Meetings, hearings, and forums of the Florida Rehabilitation
Council established to assist the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation in the planning and
development of statewide rehabilitation programs and services shall be open and accessible to the
public unless there is a valid reason for an executive session.
Section 413.615(7)(a) and (b), F.S. -- The identity of, and all information identifying, a
donor or prospective donor to the Florida Endowment Foundation for Vocational Rehabilitation
who desires to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Portions of

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the meetings of the foundation during which the identity of donors or prospective donors is
discussed are exempt from open meetings requirements. Records relating to clients or applicants
to the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation that come into the possession of the foundation and
that are confidential by other provisions of law are confidential and exempt from disclosure, and
may not be released by the foundation. Portions of meetings of the foundation during which the
identities of such clients or applicants are discussed are exempt from open meetings requirements.
Section 413.615(11), F.S. -- The identities of donors and prospective donors to the
Florida Endowment for Vocational Rehabilitation who desire to remain anonymous shall be
protected and the anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 414.106, F.S. -- That portion of a meeting held by the Department of Children and
Families, CareerSource Florida, Inc., or a local workforce development board or local committee
created pursuant to s. 455.007 at which personal identifying information contained in records
relating to temporary cash assistance is discussed is exempt from open meetings requirements, if
the information identifies a participant, a participant’s family or household member.
Section 414.295(1), F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, personal identifying
information of a temporary cash assistance program participant, a participant’s family or a
participant’s family or household member, except for information identifying a noncustodial
parent, held by the agencies set forth in the exemption, is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure requirements.
Section 415.1045(1)(a), F.S. -- All photographs and videotapes taken during the course
of a protective investigation of alleged abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult are confidential and
exempt from public disclosure as provided in s. 415.107.
Section 415.107(1), F.S. -- All records concerning reports of abuse, neglect or exploitation
of a vulnerable adult, including reports made to the central abuse hotline and all records generated
as a result of such reports are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may not be disclosed
except as authorized in ss. 415.101-415.113.
Section 415.107(3)(l), F.S. -- Access to records concerning reports of abuse, neglect or
exploitation of a vulnerable adult shall be granted to any person in the event of the death of
a vulnerable adult determined to be a result of abuse, neglect, or exploitation. Information
identifying the person reporting abuse, neglect or exploitation shall not be released. Any
information otherwise made confidential or exempt by law shall not be released pursuant to this
paragraph.
Section 415.107(6), F.S. -- The identity of any person reporting adult abuse, neglect or
exploitation may not be released without that person’s written consent to any person except as
authorized in the subsection. This subsection grants protection only for the person who reports
adult abuse, neglect or exploitation and protects only the fact that the person is the reporter.
Section 415.111(2), F.S. -- A person who knowingly and willfully makes public
or discloses any confidential information contained in the central abuse hotline, or in other
computer systems, or in the records of any case of abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable
adult except as provided in ss. 415.101-415.113 commits a second degree misdemeanor.
Section 427.705(6), F.S. -- The names, addresses, and telephone numbers provided to the
Public Service Commission or administrator of the telecommunications access system established
for the hearing impaired and speech impaired populations, by applicants for specialized
telecommunications devices are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). The information
may be released to contractors only for the purposes set forth in the subsection.

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Section 430.105, F.S. -- Personal identifying information in a record held by the
Department of Elderly Affairs that relates to an individual’s health or eligibility for or receipt
of health-related, elder care, or long-term care services is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure requirements. Such information may be disclosed to another governmental entity
for the purpose of administering the department’s programs for the elderly or if the affected
individual or his or her legal representative provides written consent.
Section 430.207, F.S. -- Information about functionally impaired elderly persons receiving
services under the Community Care for the Elderly Act which is received by the Department of
Elderly Affairs or its authorized employees, or by persons who provide services to functionally
impaired elderly persons as volunteers or pursuant to contracts with the department is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 430.504, F.S. -- Information about clients of programs created or funded under
s. 430.501 or s. 430.503 (relating to Alzheimer’s Disease) which is received by the Department
of Elderly Affairs or its authorized employees, or by persons who provide services to clients of
programs created or funded under these sections as volunteers or pursuant to contracts with the
department is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 430.608, F.S. -- Identifying information about elderly persons receiving services
under ss. 430.601-430.606 which is collected and held by the Department of Elderly Affairs
or its employees, by volunteers, or by persons who provide services to elderly persons under
ss. 430.601-430.606 through contracts with the department, is confidential and exempt from
disclosure.
Section 435.09, F.S. -- No criminal or juvenile information obtained under this section
may be used for any other purpose than determining whether persons meet the minimum
standards for employment or for an owner or director of a covered service provider. The criminal
and juvenile records obtained by the department or employer are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 440.102(8), F.S. -- Except as provided in this subsection, all information,
interviews, reports, statements, memoranda, and drug test results received or produced as a result
of a drug-testing program are confidential and exempt from disclosure, and may not be used
or received in evidence, obtained in discovery, or disclosed in any public or private proceedings
except in accordance with this section or in determining compensability under the workers’
compensation law.
Section 440.108, F.S. -- All investigatory records made or received pursuant to s.
440.107, [relating to enforcement of employer compliance with workers’ compensation coverage
requirements], and any records necessary to complete an investigation held by the Department of
Financial Services are confidential and exempt until the investigation is completed or ceases to be
“active” as defined in the exemption. After the investigation is completed or ceases to be active,
information in the records remains confidential and exempt if it would jeopardize the integrity
of another active investigation; reveal a trade secret, business or personal financial information
or personal identifying information regarding the identity of a confidential informant; defame
or cause unwarranted damage to the good name or reputation of an individual or jeopardize the
safety of an individual, or reveal investigative techniques or procedures.
Section 440.125, F.S. -- Medical records and reports of an injured employee and any
information identifying an injured employee in medical bills provided to the Department
of Financial Services pursuant to s. 440.13, are confidential and exempt, except as otherwise
provided by this section and Ch. 440.
Section 440.132, F.S. -- Investigatory records of the Agency for Health Care Administration
made or received pursuant to s. 440.134, and any examination records necessary to complete an
investigation are confidential and exempt, until the investigation is completed or ceases to be

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“active,” as that term is defined in the subsection, except that medical records which specifically
identify patients must remain confidential and exempt.
Section 440.25(3), F.S. -- Information from the files, reports, case summaries, mediator’s
notes, or other communications or materials, oral or written, relating to a mediation conference
under the Workers’ Compensation Law obtained by any person performing mediation duties is
privileged and confidential and may not be disclosed without the written consent of all parties
to the conference.
Section 440.3851, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, claims files of the Florida
Self-Insurers Guaranty Association, Incorporated, and medical records that are part of a claims
file and other information relating to the medical condition or medical status of a claimant, are
confidential and exempt. Portions of meetings of the Association at which such confidential
records are discussed are exempt from open meetings requirements.
Section 440.39(7), F.S. -- Documents and inspection results produced pursuant to this
subsection relating to investigation and prosecution of claims against third-party tortfeasors, are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 440.515, F.S. -- The Department of Financial Services shall maintain reports from
self-insurers filed pursuant to former s. 440.51(6) as confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
The reports shall be released only as authorized in this section.
Section 443.101(11)(c), F.S. -- Disclosure of drug tests and other information pertaining
to drug testing of individuals who receive compensation under this chapter (Reemployment
Assistance) shall be governed by s. 443.1715.
Section 443.1316(2)(b), F.S. -- Provisions of cited statutes which relate to confidentiality
of records apply to collection of reemployment assistance contributions and reimbursements by
the Department of Revenue unless prohibited by federal law.
Section 443.1715(1), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, information revealing
an employing unit’s or individual’s identity obtained from an employing unit or any individual
under the administration of Ch. 443 (Reemployment Assistance), is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1) and may be disclosed only as authorized in the subsection.
Section 443.1715(3)(b), F.S. -- Unless otherwise authorized by law, information described
in the subsection and received by an employer through a drug-testing program, or obtained by a
public employee under this chapter (Reemployment Assistance) is confidential and exempt until
introduced into the public record under a hearing conducted under s. 443.151(4).
Section 446.52, F.S. -- Information about displaced homemakers receiving services under
cited statutes which is received by the Department of Economic Opportunity or its authorized
employees, or by persons who provide services to displaced homemakers as volunteers or pursuant
to contracts with the department is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 447.045, F.S. -- Neither the Department of Business and Professional Regulation
nor any investigator or employee of the department shall divulge the information obtained
pursuant to the processing of applicant fingerprints and such information is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 447.205(10), F.S. -- Deliberations of the Public Employees Relations Commission
in any proceeding before it are exempt from s. 286.011 except any hearing held or oral argument
heard by the commission pursuant to Ch. 120 or Ch. 447 shall be open to the public. All draft
orders developed in preparation for or preliminary to the issuance of a final written order are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 447.307(2), F.S. -- The petitions and dated statements signed by employees
regarding whether employees desire to be represented in a proposed bargaining unit are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except that an employee, employer, or employee
organization shall be given an opportunity to verify and challenge signatures as provided in the
subsection.
Section 447.605(1), F.S. -- All discussions between the chief executive officer of a public
employer, or his or her representative, and the legislative body or the public employer relative to
collective bargaining shall be closed and exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 447.605(3), F.S. -- All work products developed by the public employer in
preparation for and during collective bargaining negotiations shall be confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 455.213(9), F.S. -- Disclosure of a license applicant’s social security number
obtained by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation pursuant to this section
shall be limited to the purpose of administration of the child support enforcement program and
use by the department, and as otherwise provided by law.
Section 455.217(5), F.S. -- Meetings and records of meetings of any member of the
Department of Business and Professional Regulation or of any board within the department held
for the exclusive purpose of creating or reviewing licensure examination questions or proposed
examination questions are confidential and exempt from ss. 119.07(1) and 286.011.
Section 455.2235(3), F.S. -- Information relating to the mediation of a case pursuant to
this section shall be subject to the confidentiality provisions of s. 455.225.
Section 455.225(2), F.S. -- For cases dismissed prior to a finding of probable cause, the
report submitted by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation regarding dismissal
of a complaint which the department has previously determined to be legally sufficient is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 455.225(4), F.S. -- All proceedings of a probable cause panel of a board within the
Department of Business and Professional Regulation are exempt from s. 286.011 until 10 days
after the panel finds probable cause or until the subject of the investigation waives confidentiality.
Section 455.225(10), F.S. -- The complaint and all information obtained pursuant to
an investigation by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), until 10 days after probable cause has been found or until the
regulated professional or subject of the investigation waives confidentiality, whichever is first.
However, this exemption does not apply to actions against unlicensed persons pursuant to s.
455.228 or the applicable practice act.
Section 455.229(1) and (2), F.S. -- Information required by the Department of Business
and Professional Regulation of an applicant is open to public inspection pursuant to s. 119.07,
except financial information, medical information, school transcripts, examination questions,
answers, papers, grades and grading keys, which are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and shall not be discussed with or made accessible to anyone except as provided in the subsection.
Information supplied to the department which is exempt or confidential remains exempt or
confidential while in the custody of the department. Examination questions and answers may be
considered only in camera in any Ch. 120 administrative proceeding. Examination questions and
answers provided at the hearing are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) unless invalidated
by the administrative law judge.
Section 455.232(1), F.S. -- No officer, employee or person under contract with the
Department of Business and Professional Regulation or any board therein, or any subject of an

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investigation shall convey knowledge or information to any person not lawfully entitled to such
information or knowledge about any meeting or public record, which at the time such knowledge
or information is conveyed, is exempt from ss. 119.01, 119.07(1) or 286.011.
Section 455.32(15), F.S. -- The exemptions set forth in cited provisions of Ch. 455, relating
to records of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation, also apply to records
held by the corporation with which the department contracts pursuant to the Management
Privatization Act.
Section 456.014(1) and (2), F.S. -- Information required by the Department of Health
of an applicant is open to public inspection pursuant to s. 119.07, except financial information,
medical information, school transcripts, examination questions, answers, papers, grades and
grading keys, which are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall not be discussed
with or made accessible to anyone except as provided in the subsection. Examination questions
and answers may be considered only in camera in any Ch. 120 administrative proceeding.
Examination questions and answers provided at the hearing are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) unless invalidated by the administrative law judge.
Section 456.017(4), F.S. -- Meetings of any member of the Department of Health or of
any board within the department held for the exclusive purpose of creating or reviewing licensure
examination questions or proposed examination questions are exempt from open meetings
requirements and any public records such as tape recordings, minutes, or notes, generated during
or as a result of such meetings are confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 456.046, F.S. -- A patient name or other information that identifies a patient
which is in a record obtained by the Department of Health for the purpose of compiling a
practitioner profile pursuant to s. 456.041 is confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 456.051(1), F.S. -- The report of a claim or action for damages for personal
injury which is required to be filed with the Department of Health under cited statutes is public
information except for the name of the claimant or injured person, which remains confidential.
Section 456.057(7)(a), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the exemption, patient
records generated by health care practitioners may not be furnished to any person other than the
patient, the patient’s legal representative, or other health care practitioners and providers involved
in the patient’s care and treatment.
Section 456.057(9), F.S. -- All patient records obtained by the Department of Health
and any other documents maintained by the department which identify the patient by name
are confidential and exempt and shall be used solely for the purpose of the department and the
appropriate board in disciplinary proceedings.
Section 456.073(2), F.S. -- For cases dismissed prior to a finding of probable cause, the
report submitted by the Department of Health regarding dismissal of a complaint which the
department has previously determined to be legally sufficient is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 456.073(4), F.S. -- All proceedings of a probable cause panel of a board within the
Department of Health are exempt from s. 286.011 until 10 days after the panel finds probable
cause or until the subject of the investigation waives confidentiality.
Section 456.073(9)(c), F.S. -- The identity of the expert whose report supported the
Department of Health’s recommendation for closure of a complaint, which report is provided to
the complainant in accordance with this paragraph, shall remain confidential.

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Section 456.073(10), F.S. -- Except as provided in this subsection, a complaint and all
information obtained pursuant to an investigation by the Department of Health is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), until 10 days after probable cause has been found or until the
regulated professional or subject of the investigation waives confidentiality, whichever is first.
Section 456.076(4)(e), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the section, all information
concerning a practitioner obtained from the consultant by the probable cause panel or the
Department of Health as part of an approved treatment program for impaired practitioners shall
remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 456.076(6)(a), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the section, all information
obtained by the consultant and the Department of Health from an approved treatment provider
regarding a licensee’s impairment and participation in the treatment program is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 456.078(4), F.S. -- Information relating to the mediation of a case pursuant to
this section shall be subject to the confidentiality provisions of s. 456.073.
Section 456.082, F.S. -- No officer, employee or person under contract with the
Department of Health, or any subject of an investigation shall convey knowledge or information
to any person not lawfully entitled to such information or knowledge about any meeting or
public record, which at the time such knowledge or information is conveyed, is exempt from ss.
119.01, 119.07(1) or 286.011.
Section 458.3193, F.S. -- All personal identifying information contained in records
provided by physicians licensed under chapter 458 or 459 in response to physician workforce
surveys required as a condition of license renewal and held by the Department of Health is
confidential and exempt, and shall be disclosed only as provided in the subsection. NOTE: Also
published in s. 459.0083, F.S.
Section 458.331(1)(s), F.S. -- If the Department of Health files a petition for enforcement
against a physician pursuant to this paragraph, the licensee shall not be named or identified
by initials in any public court records or documents, and the proceedings shall be closed to
the public. See also ss. 457.109(1)(o) (acupuncturist); 459.015(1)(w) (osteopathic physician);
464.018(1)(j) (nurse); 466.028(1)(s) (dentist), and 486.125(1)(a)1., F.S. (physical therapist).
Section 458.337(3), F.S. -- Records of a medical organization or hospital taking
disciplinary action against a physician which have been furnished to the Department of Health
for the purpose of disciplinary proceedings shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 458.339(3), F.S. -- Medical reports pertaining to the mental and physical
condition of physicians which are maintained by the Department of Health pursuant to this
section shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until probable cause is found and
an administrative complaint is issued.
Section 458.341, F.S. -- Patient medical records obtained during a search of a physician’s
office by the Department of Health pursuant to this section are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 459.016(3), F.S. -- Records of a medical organization taking disciplinary action
against an osteopathic physician which have been furnished to the Department of Health for the
purpose of disciplinary proceedings shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 459.017(3), F.S. -- Medical reports pertaining to the mental and physical
condition of osteopathic physicians which are maintained by the Department of Health pursuant
to this section shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until probable cause is

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found and an administrative complaint issued.
Section 459.018, F.S. -- Patient medical records obtained during a search of an osteopathic
physician’s office by the Department of Health pursuant to this section are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 464.0096, F.S., -- Specified records obtained from the coordinated licensure
health information system established in s. 464.0095 are exempt as are portions of meetings of
the Interstate Commission of Nurse Licensure Compact Administrators where exempt records
are discussed.
Section 464.208(2), F.S. -- Criminal records or juvenile records relating to vulnerable
adults that are obtained by the Board of Nursing for purposes of determining whether a person
meets the requirements of Part II of Ch. 464, relating to certified nursing assistants are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 465.017(3), F.S. -- Except as permitted in the enumerated chapters, records
maintained in a pharmacy relating to the filling of prescriptions and the dispensing of medicinal
drugs shall not be furnished to persons other than the patient or legal representative, or to the
department or to the patient’s spouse if the patient is incapacitated and has provided written
authorization. Rules adopted by the Board of Pharmacy relative to disposal of records of
prescription drugs shall be consistent with the duty to preserve the confidentiality of such records
in accordance with applicable state and federal law.
Section 466.022(3), F.S. -- Peer review information regarding dentists obtained by the
Department of Health as background information shall remain confidential and exempt from ss.
119.07(1) and 286.011 regardless of whether probable cause is found.
Section 466.0275(2), F.S. -- Medical reports pertaining to the mental and physical
condition of dentists which are maintained by the Department of Health pursuant to this section
shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until probable cause is found and an
administrative complaint is issued.
Section 466.041(3), F.S. -- Any report of hepatitis B carrier status filed by a licensee or
applicant in compliance with the requirements established by the Board of Dentistry shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except for the purpose of investigation or prosecution
of an alleged violation of this chapter by the Department of Health.
Section 466.051(1), F.S. -- Personal identifying information that is contained in a record
provided by a dentist or dental hygienist in response to a dental workforce survey and held by the
Department of Health is confidential and exempt.
Section 471.038(7), F.S. -- The exemptions set forth in ss. 455.217, 455.225, and
455.229, for records of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation apply to records
created or maintained by the Florida Engineers Management Corporation, except as provided in
the subsection.
Section 472.0131(5), F.S. -- Meetings and records of meetings of any member of the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services or of the Board of Professional Surveyors and
Mappers held for the exclusive purpose of creating or reviewing licensure examination questions
or proposed examination questions are confidential and exempt; however, the exemption does
not affect the right of a person to review an examination as provided in subsection (3).
Section 472.0201(1) and (2), F.S. -- All information required by the Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services of any applicant shall be a public record and open to public
inspection except financial information, medical information, school transcripts, examination

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questions, answers, papers, grades, and grading keys, which are confidential and exempt and
shall not be discussed with or made accessible to anyone except as provided therein. Any
information supplied to the department by any other agency which is exempt from Ch. 119
or is confidential shall remain exempt or confidential pursuant to applicable law while in the
custody of the department. Examination questions and answers provided by the department
to an administrative law judge in an administrative hearing are confidential and exempt unless
invalidated by the administrative law judge.
Section 472.02011, F.S. -- An officer, employee, or person under contract with the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services or the Board of Professional Surveyors and
Mappers, or any subject of an investigation may not convey knowledge or information to any
person who is not lawfully entitled to such knowledge or information about any public meeting
or public record, which at the time such knowledge or information is conveyed is exempt from
disclosure.
Section 472.033(2), (4), and (10), F.S. -- For cases involving a complaint to the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services that are dismissed before a finding of
probable cause, the report of the department is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). All
proceedings of the probable cause panel are exempt from s. 286.011 until 10 days after probable
cause has been found to exist by the panel or until the subject of the investigation waives his or
her privilege of confidentiality. The complaint and all information obtained pursuant to the
investigation by the department are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until 10 days
after probable cause has been found to exist by the probable cause panel or by the department,
or until the regulated professional or subject of the investigation waives his or her privilege of
confidentiality, whichever occurs first. However, the exemption does not apply to actions against
unlicensed persons pursuant to s. 472.036.
Section 474.214(1)(h), F.S. -- If the Department of Business and Professional Regulation
files a petition for enforcement against a veterinarian pursuant to this paragraph, the licensee
shall not be named or identified by initials in any other public court records and the enforcement
proceedings shall be closed.
Section 474.2167, F.S. – Animal medical records held by a state college of veterinary
medicine are confidential and exempt.
Section 474.2185, F.S. -- Medical reports pertaining to the mental and physical condition
of veterinarians which are maintained by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation
pursuant to this section shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until probable
cause is found and an administrative complaint is issued.
Section 481.205(3)(a), F.S. -- Complaints and any information obtained pursuant to an
investigation by the Board of Architecture and Interior Design are confidential and exempt from
disclosure as provided in s. 455.225(2) and (10), F.S.
Section 487.031(5), F.S. -- Information relative to formulas of products acquired by the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services pursuant to the registration of pesticides is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 487.041(5), F.S. -- Confidential data received from the Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services by governmental agencies in providing review and comment to the
department regarding pesticide registration shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 493.6121(5), F.S. -- Criminal justice information submitted to the Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Services pursuant to the department’s prescribed duties relating to
licensure of private investigative, private security, and repossession services, is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 493.6121(7), F.S. -- An investigation conducted by the Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services pursuant to this chapter relating to private investigative, private security,
and repossession services, is exempt from s. 119.07(1) until a probable cause determination has
been made, the case is closed prior to a determination of probable cause, or the subject of the
investigation waives confidentiality.
Section 493.6122, F.S. -- The residence telephone number and residence address of certain
licensees maintained by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except that this information may be provided to law enforcement
agencies. When the residence telephone number or address is or appears to be the business
telephone number or address, this information is public record.
Section 494.00125(1), F.S. -- Except as provided therein, information relating to
an investigation by the Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to the Mortgage Brokerage
and Mortgage Lending Act, including any consumer complaint received by the office or the
Department of Financial Services, is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the
investigation is completed or ceases to be “active” as defined in the subsection, unless disclosure
would result in certain enumerated consequences. If the investigation could endanger the safety
of employees or their families, specified information about such personnel and their families is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 494.00125(2), F.S. -- All audited statements submitted pursuant to this act
(relating to mortgage brokerage and lending) are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1),
except that employees of the Office of Financial Regulation shall have access to such information
in the administration and enforcement of the act and prosecution of violations.
Section 494.00125(3), F.S. -- Credit history information and credit scores held by
the Office of Financial Regulation and related to licensing under ss. 494.001-494.0077 are
confidential and exempt except as provided therein.
Section 497.172(1), F.S. -- Portions of meetings of the Board of Funeral, Cemetery, and
Consumer Services at which licensure examination questions or answers are discussed are exempt
from open meetings requirements; however, the closed meetings must be recorded. Such recordings
are exempt from disclosure. Except as provided in the exemption, financial examination and
inspection records are confidential and exempt until the examination or inspection is completed
or ceases to be active. Information relating to an investigation of a violation is confidential
and exempt until the investigation is completed or ceases to be active or until 10 days after a
determination regarding probable cause is made. Trade secrets are confidential and exempt.
Section 497.172(2), F.S. -- Meetings of the probable cause panel of the Board of Funeral,
Cemetery, and Consumer Services, pursuant to s. 497.153 are exempt from open meeting
requirements although such meetings must be recorded. Records of exempt meetings of the
probable cause panel are exempt from disclosure requirements until 10 days after a determination
regarding probable cause is made.
Section 497.172(3) and (4), F.S. -- Except as provided therein, information held by the
Department of Financial Services pursuant to a financial examination or inspection under Ch.
497 are confidential and exempt until the examination or inspection is completed or ceases to
be active. Information held by the department relating to an investigation of a violation of Ch.
497 is confidential and exempt until the investigation is completed or ceases to be active or until
10 days after a determination regarding probable cause is made. Trade secrets are confidential
and exempt.
Section 499.051(7)(a)(b), F.S. -- The complaint and all information obtained pursuant
to an investigation by the Department of Health under the Florida Drug and Cosmetic Act
are confidential and exempt from disclosure until the investigation and enforcement action are

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completed. Trade secret information as defined in s. 812.081 must remain confidential as long
as the information is held by the department.
Section 500.148(3), F.S. -- Information deemed confidential under cited federal
enactments and which is provided to the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
during a joint food safety or food illness investigation, as a requirement for conducting a federalstate contract or partnership activity, or for regulatory review, is confidential and exempt and may
not be disclosed except as provided in the exemption.
Section 501.171(11), F.S. -- Information received by the Department of Legal Affairs
pursuant to a notice of a data breach or pursuant to certain investigations is confidential until
the investigation is completed or ceases to be active. Disclosure is authorized under specified
circumstances.
Section 501.2065, F.S. -- Criminal or civil intelligence, investigative information, or any
other information held by any state or federal agency that is obtained by the Department of
Legal Affairs in the course of an investigation under Part II of Ch. 501 and that is confidential or
exempt from s. 119.07(1) retains its status as confidential or exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 502.222, F.S. -- Information in the records of the Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services which would reveal a trade secret of a dairy industry business is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 517.12(14), F.S. -- Currency transaction reports filed with the Office of Financial
Regulation by dealers and investment advisers pursuant to this subsection are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1) except as provided in the subsection.
Sections 517.2015 (securities) and s. 520.9965 (retail installment sales), F.S. -- Except
as provided in the exemption, information relating to an investigation by the Office of Financial
Regulation pursuant to the Florida Securities and Investor Protection Act, or pursuant to the
retail installment sales laws, including a consumer complaint, is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be “active” as defined in the subsection,
unless disclosure would result in any of the enumerated consequences. If the investigation could
endanger the safety of employees or their families, specified information about such personnel
and their families is confidential and exempt.
Section 517.2016, F.S. -- Information that would reveal examination techniques or
procedures used by the Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to the Florida Securities and
Investor Protection Act is confidential and exempt.
Section 526.311(2), F.S. -- Any records, documents, or other business material, regardless
of form or characteristics, obtained by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
in an investigation of an alleged violation of the Motor Fuel Marketing Practices Act are
confidential and exempt from disclosure, while the investigation is pending. At the conclusion
of the investigation, any matter determined by the department or by a state or federal judicial or
administrative body to be a trade secret or proprietary confidential business information held by
the department pursuant to such investigation shall be confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 527.0201(8), F.S. -- Liquefied petroleum gas competency examinations of the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services are confidential and exempt.
Section 527.062(1), F.S. -- Information compiled by the Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services pursuant to an investigation of an accident involving liquefied petroleum gas
or equipment is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed
or ceases to be “active” as defined in the subsection.

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Section 539.003, F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, records relating to
pawnbroker transactions delivered to appropriate law enforcement officials are confidential and
exempt.
Section 542.28(9), F.S. -- Notwithstanding s. 119.07(1), it is the duty of the Attorney
General or a state attorney to maintain the secrecy of all evidence, testimony, documents, work
product, or other results of an investigative demand relevant to an antitrust investigation;
however, the Attorney General or state attorney may disclose such investigative evidence to the
agencies enumerated in the section.
Section 548.021(2), F.S. -- Disclosure of a license applicant’s social security number
which is obtained by the State Athletic Commission pursuant to the statute is limited to child
support enforcement purposes.
Section 548.062(2), F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in
the exemption, provided by a promoter to the Florida State Boxing Commission or obtained by
the commission through an audit of a promoter’s books and records is confidential and exempt.
Disclosure is authorized under specified circumstances.
Section 550.0251(9), F.S. -- All information obtained by the Division of Pari­mutuel
Wagering of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation pursuant to an investigation
for an alleged violation of the chapter or rules of the division is exempt from disclosure until
an administrative complaint is issued or the investigation is closed or ceases to be active, as
defined therein. The division may, however, provide information to any law enforcement
agency or other regulatory agency. With the exception of active criminal intelligence or criminal
investigative information and any other information that, if disclosed, would jeopardize the
safety of an individual, all other information, records and transcriptions become public when the
investigation is closed or ceases to be active.
Section 550.2415(1)(a), F.S. -- Test results and the identities of racing animals being
tested and of their trainers and owners are confidential and exempt for 10 days after testing of
all samples collected on a particular day has been completed and any positive test results derived
from such samples have been reported to the director of the Division of Pari-mutuel Wagering or
administrative action has been commenced.
Section 556.113, F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information held by Sunshine
State One-Call of Florida, Inc., for the purpose of describing the extent and root cause of damage
to an underground facility or using the member ticket management software system is exempt.
Section 559.5558(2), F.S.-- Information held by the Office of Financial Regulation
pursuant to an investigation or examination of a violation of statutes relating to consumer
collection practices is confidential and exempt until the investigation or examination is
complete or no longer active. Disclosure is authorized to a law enforcement agency or another
administrative agency in the performance of its official duties and responsibilities. However,
specified information, including certain consumer information, remains confidential.
Section 560.129, F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the exemption, information
concerning an investigation or examination by the Office of Financial Regulation pursuant
to the Money Transmitter’s Code, including any consumer complaint received by the office
or the Department of Financial Services, is confidential and exempt from disclosure until the
investigation or examination ceases to be “active” as that term is defined in the exemption.
Confidentiality is also provided for other records such as trade secrets and personal financial
records. Other records may also remain confidential if disclosure would result in any of the
consequences listed in the exemption. Quarterly reports submitted by a money transmitter are
confidential.

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Section 560.312(1)(2), F.S. -- Payment instrument transaction information held by the
Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to s. 560.310, F.S. (check cashing and foreign currency
exchangers) which identifies a licensee, payor, payee, or conductor is confidential and exempt,
except as provided in the exemption.
Section 560.4041, F.S. -- Information that identifies a drawer or deferred presentment
provider contained in the database authorized under s. 560.404, is confidential and exempt from
public disclosure requirements and may not be released except as provided in the subsection.
Section 561.19(2)(b), F.S. -- Any portion of the drawing results of a particular county
to determine which applicants are to be considered for beverage licenses which reveals the rank
order of persons not receiving notice of selection is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1),
until such time as all of the licenses from that county’s drawing have been issued.
Section 569.215(1), F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information received by
specified state officials or outside counsel representing the state for the purpose of negotiation
or verification of annual tobacco settlement payments is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure requirements.
Section 570.077, F.S. – Information held by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services as part of a joint or multi-agency examination or investigation with another state or
federal regulatory, administrative or criminal justice agency which is confidential or exempt under
the laws or regulations of that state or federal agency is confidential and exempt. Disclosure is
authorized under specified circumstances. The exemption does not apply to information held
by the department as part of an independent examination or investigation conducted by the
department.
Section 570.48(3), F.S. -- Records of the Division of Fruit and Vegetables of the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services are public records; except that trade secrets as
defined in s. 812.081 are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). The subsection shall not be
construed to limit certain enumerated disclosures.
Section 570.544(8), F.S. -- Records of the Division of Consumer Services of the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services are public records; however, customer lists,
customer names, and trade secrets are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). Disclosure
necessary to enforcement procedures does not violate this prohibition.
Section 570.686, F.S. -- The identity of a donor to the Florida Agriculture Center and
Horse Park Authority, if requested by the donor in writing, is confidential and exempt from
disclosure.
Section 570.715(5), F.S. -- Appraisal reports for conservation easement acquisition are
confidential and exempt, for use by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
and the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, until an option contract is
executed or, if no option contract is executed, until 2 weeks before a contract or agreement for
purchase is considered for approval by the board of trustees. However, disclosure is authorized
under some circumstances, as described in the paragraph. The department may release a report
when the passage of time has rendered the conclusions of value invalid or when the department
has terminated negotiations.
Section 570.691(6), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to a directsupport organization established to assist programs of the Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services who desires to remain anonymous and all information identifying such donor
or prospective donor is confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 573.123(2), F.S. -- Information that, if disclosed, would reveal a trade secret,

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as defined in s. 812.081, of any person subject to a marketing order issued by the Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Services is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and must
not be disclosed except as provided in the subsection. A person who receives such confidential
information shall maintain its confidentiality.
Section 581.199, F.S. -- It is unlawful for any authorized representative who in an official
capacity obtains under the provisions of this chapter (relating to plant industry) any information
entitled to protection as a trade secret, as defined in s. 812.081, to reveal that information to any
unauthorized person.
Section 585.611(1), F.S. -- Personal identifying information of those persons employed
by, under contract with, or volunteering for a public research facility, including a state university,
that conducts animal research is exempt from disclosure when such information is contained in
specified records relating to animal research.
Section 595.409(1)(2), F.S. -- Personal identifying information of an applicant for or
participant in a school food and nutrition service program held by the Departments of Agriculture
and Consumer Services, Children and Families, or Education is exempt. Such information shall
be disclosed as provided in the exemption.
Section 601.10(8)(b)(c), F.S. -- Information provided to the Department of Citrus
which constitutes a trade secret as defined in s. 812.081 is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1). Any nonpublished reports or data related to studies or research conducted, caused to
be conducted, or funded by the department under s. 601.13, F.S., is confidential and exempt.
Section 601.15(7)(d), F.S. -- Commercial information which constitutes a trade secret as
defined in s. 812.081 and which is required by the Department of Citrus from participants in
noncommodity advertising and promotional programs in order to determine eligibility for and
performance in such programs, is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 601.152(8)(c), F.S. -- Information relating to marketing orders which is furnished
to the Department of Citrus pursuant to this section and which, if disclosed, would reveal a trade
secret, as defined in s. 812.081, of any person subject to a marketing order is confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 601.76, F.S. -- Citrus fruit coloring product formula information filed with
the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services under this section is a trade secret as
defined in s. 812.081, is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and may be divulged only
as provided in the section.
Section 607.0505(6), F.S. -- Information provided to, and records and transcripts obtained
by, the Department of Legal Affairs pursuant to this section relating to corporations or alien
business organizations are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) while the investigation is
active. The department shall not disclose confidential information, records, or transcripts except
as authorized by the Attorney General in the circumstances listed in the subsection. Similar
confidentiality provisions exist relating to information received by the department regarding
nonprofit corporations (s. 617.0503[6]).
Section 624.23, F.S. -- Personal financial and health information as defined therein
held by the Department of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation relating to
a consumer’s complaint or inquiry regarding a matter or activity regulated under the Florida
Insurance Code or s. 440.191 is confidential and exempt. The confidential and exempt
information may be disclosed to the persons and entities described in the exemption.
Section 624.231, F.S. -- If the Department of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance
Regulation determines that any portion of a record requested by a person is exempt pursuant to

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Ch. 119, the insurance code, or Ch. 641, the department or office shall disclose to the person
in writing that the requested record will be provided in a redacted format and that there will
be additional fees charged for staff time associated with researching and redacting the exempt
portion of the record. Before the department or office provides the record, the person must
affirm his or her request to receive the record.
Section 624.310(3)(f ), F.S. -- An emergency order entered by the Office of Insurance
Regulation or the Department of Financial Services against a licensee or affiliated party under
this subsection is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until made permanent, unless the
department or office finds that the confidentiality will result in substantial risk of financial loss
to the public. Emergency cease and desist orders that are not made permanent are available for
public inspection 1 year from the date the emergency order expires; however, portions of such
order shall remain confidential if disclosure would result in any of the consequences listed in the
paragraph.
Section 624.311(2), F.S. -- Records of insurance claim negotiations of any state agency
or political subdivision are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until termination of all
litigation and settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident.
Section 624.319(3), F.S. -- Examination reports of insurers prepared by the Office of
Insurance Regulation or the Department of Financial Services or its examiner pursuant to this
section are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until filed. Investigation reports are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be
“active,” as that term is defined in the paragraph. After an investigation is completed or ceases
to be active, portions of such records shall remain confidential and exempt if disclosure would
result in any of the consequences listed in the paragraph. Work papers held by the Department
of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation are confidential and exempt from
disclosure until the examination report is filed or until the investigation is complete or no longer
active; however, portions of work papers may remain confidential under the conditions specified
therein. Information received from another governmental entity or the National Association
of Insurance Commissioners, which is confidential or exempt when held by that entity, for the
department’s or office’s use in the performance of its examination or investigation duties are
confidential and exempt from disclosure requirements. Lists of insurers or regulated companies
are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), if the conditions set forth in the paragraph apply.
Section 624.40851(1) and (2), F.S. -- Risk-based capital plans and reports as described in
the exemption that are held by the Office of Insurance Regulation, as well as specified additional
related materials, are confidential and exempt from disclosure. Hearings relating to the office’s
actions regarding such risk-based capital records, are exempt from open meetings requirements,
subject to specified conditions.
Section 624.4212(2)(3)(4), F.S. -- Certain proprietary confidential business information
held by the Office of Insurance Regulation, specified reports submitted, and confidential
information received from other jurisdictions which is held by the Office relating to insurer
valuation and solvency, are confidential and exempt. Disclosure is authorized under specified
circumstances.
Section 624.82(1), F.S. -- Orders, records, and other information in the possession of
the Office of Insurance Regulation relating to the supervision of any insurer are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), except as otherwise provided in this section. Proceedings and hearings
relating to the office’s supervision of any insurer are exempt from s. 286.011, except as otherwise
provided in this section.
Section 624.86, F.S. -- During the period of administrative supervision, the Office of
Insurance Regulation may meet with a supervisor appointed under this part or representatives of
the supervisor, and such meetings are exempt from s. 286.011.

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Section 625.121(3)(a)9., F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, a
memorandum or other material in support of the actuarial opinion required to be furnished
to the Office of Insurance Regulation under this subsection, is confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) and is not subject to subpoena or discovery directly from the Office.
Section 625.1214(1), F.S. -- Documents, reports, materials, and other information
created, produced, or obtained pursuant to ss. 625.121 and 625.1214 (valuation of policies and
contracts) are privileged, confidential, and exempt as provided in s. 624.4212, and are not subject
to subpoena or discovery directly from the Office of Insurance Regulation.
Section 626.511(3), F.S. -- Any information or record regarding the termination of an
appointment which is furnished to the Office of Insurance Regulation or the Department of
Financial Services under this section is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 626.521(5), F.S. -- Information contained in credit or character reports obtained
by the Department of Financial Services under this section (licensure applications) is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 626.601(6), F.S. -- The complaint and any information obtained pursuant to the
investigation by the Office of Insurance Regulation or the Department of Financial Services are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), unless the department or the Office takes specified
action against the individual or entity.
Section 626.631(2), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, the records or evidence
of the Department of Financial Services relative to a hearing on the suspension or revocation of
a license or appointment are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until after the material
has been published at the hearing.
Section 626.84195(2), F.S. -- Proprietary business information, as defined in the
exemption, provided to the Office of Insurance Regulation by a title insurance agency or insurer
is confidential and exempt until such information is otherwise publicly available or Is no longer
treated by the title insurance agency or insurer as proprietary business information.
Section 626.842(3), F.S. -- Information contained in credit or character reports furnished
to the Department of Financial Services under this section (relating to applications of title
insurance agents) is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 626.8433(3), F.S. -- Any information or record furnished to the Department of
Financial Services under this section regarding the reasons for termination of the appointment of
a title insurance agent is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 626.884(2), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, information contained in
the books and records of an insurance administrator is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
if the disclosure would reveal a trade secret as defined in s. 688.002.
Section 626.921(8), F.S. -- Information furnished to the Department of Financial Services
pursuant to pertinent statutes relating to policies and examinations of surplus lines agents is
confidential and exempt if disclosure would reveal information specific to a particular policy
or policy holder. Information furnished to the Florida Surplus Lines Service Office under the
Surplus Lines Law is confidential and exempt if disclosure would reveal information specific to a
particular policy or policy holder.
Section 626.9651, F.S. -- The Department of Financial Services and the Financial Services
Commission shall adopt rules consistent with other provisions of the Florida Insurance Code to
govern the use of a consumer’s nonpublic personal financial and health information.

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Section 626.989(5), F.S. -- Records of the Department of Financial Services and the
Office of Insurance Regulation relating to an investigation of insurance fraud under this section
are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to
be “active,” as that term is defined in the subsection, unless disclosure would result in certain
enumerated consequences.
Section 627.0628(3)(g), F.S. -- A trade secret as defined in s. 668.002 that is used in
designing and constructing a hurricane or flood loss model and that is provided pursuant to
this section, by a private company, to the Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss Projection
Methodology, Office of Insurance Regulation, or the appointed consumer advocate, is confidential
and exempt. That portion of a meeting of the commission or of a rate proceeding on an insurer’s
rate filing at which a trade secret made confidential by this exemption is discussed is exempt from
open meetings requirements. The closed meeting must be recorded; the recording is exempt
from disclosure.
Section 627.06292(1), F.S. -- Reports of hurricane loss data and associated exposure data
that are specific to a particular insurance company, as reported by an insurer or a licensed rating
organization to the Office of Insurance Regulation or to a state university center are exempt from
disclosure requirements.
Section 627.311(4)(a), F.S. -- Certain records of the Florida Automobile Joint
Underwriting Association, as described in the exemption, are confidential and exempt from
disclosure as set forth in the subsection.
Section 627.311(4)(b), F.S. -- The Florida Automobile Joint Underwriting Association
must keep portions of meetings during which confidential and exempt underwriting files or
confidential and exempt claims files are discussed exempt from open meetings requirements,
subject to the conditions set forth in the exemption. A copy of the transcript, less any confidential
and exempt information, of any closed meeting during which confidential and exempt claims
files are discussed shall become public as to individual claims files after settlement of that claim.
Section 627.3121, F.S. -- Certain records held by the Florida Workers’ Compensation
Joint Underwriting Association, Inc., as described in the exemption, are confidential and exempt
and may only be released as prescribed therein. That portion of a meeting of the association’s
board of governors, or any subcommittee of the association’s board, at which records made
confidential and exempt by the section are discussed is exempt from open meeting requirements;
the transcript and minutes of exempt portions of meetings are confidential and exempt from
disclosure. Those portions of the transcript or the minutes pertaining to a confidential and
exempt claims file are no longer confidential and exempt upon termination of all litigation with
regard to that claim.
Section 627.351(4)(g), F.S. -- All records, relating to the Medical Malpractice Joint
Underwriting Association or its operation are open for public inspection, except that a claim
file in the possession of the Association is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) during
processing of that claim. Information in these files that identifies an injured person is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 627.351(6)(x)1., F.S. -- Certain records of the Citizens Property Insurance
Corporation, as described in the exemption, are confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 627.351(6)(x)4., F.S. -- Portions of meetings of the Citizens Property Insurance
Corporation are exempt from open meetings requirements where confidential underwriting
files or confidential open claims files are discussed, subject to the conditions set forth in the
exemption. A copy of the transcript, less any exempt matters, of any closed meeting where claims
are discussed shall become public as to individual claims after settlement of the claim.

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Section 627.3518(11), F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in
the exemption, that is provided to the Citizens Property Insurance Corporation clearinghouse is
confidential and exempt.
Section 627.6699(8)(c), F.S. -- Information relating to rating and renewal practices
of small employer health insurance carriers which is submitted by the carriers to the Office
of Insurance Regulation pursuant to this subsection constitutes proprietary and trade secret
information and may not be disclosed except as agreed to by the carrier or pursuant to court
order.
Section 627.912(2)(e), F.S. -- The name and address of the injured person that is
contained in reports to the Office of Insurance Regulation regarding professional liability claims
is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and must not be disclosed without the person’s
consent, except for disclosure to the Department of Health.
Section 627.9122(2)(e), F.S. -- The name of the injured person contained in a claim
report filed by an insurer providing liability coverage for officers and directors is confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1), and must not be disclosed by the Office of Insurance Regulation
without the consent of the injured person.
Section 627.9126(3)(a)6., F.S. -- The names of claimants identified in reports filed by
liability insurers with the Office of Insurance Regulation are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1).
Section 628.801(4), F.S. -- Filings and related documents filed by insurance holding
companies as provided in this section are confidential and exempt as provided in s. 624.4212
and are not subject to subpoena or discovery directly from the Office of Insurance Regulation.
Section 631.398(1), F.S. -- Reports and recommendations made by specified persons to
the Office of Insurance Regulation or to the Department of Financial Services relative to the
solvency, liquidation, rehabilitation, or conservation of a member insurer or germane to the
solvency of a company seeking to do insurance business in this state, are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1) until the termination of a delinquency proceeding.
Section 631.582, F.S. -- Certain records of the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association
such as specified claims, medical records that are part of a claims file, information relating to the
medical condition or medical status of a claimant, and records pertaining to matters reasonably
encompassed in privileged attorney-client communications of the association, are confidential
and exempt.
Section 631.62(2), F.S. -- A request from the board of directors of the Florida Insurance
Guaranty Association that the Office of Insurance Regulation order an examination of any
member insurer is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the examination report is
released to the public.
Section 631.62(3), F.S. -- The reports and recommendations by the board of directors of
the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association on any matter germane to the solvency, liquidation,
rehabilitation, or conservation of any member insurer are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) until the termination of a delinquency proceeding.
Section 631.723(1), F.S. -- The reports and recommendations by the board of directors
of the Florida Life and Health Insurance Guaranty Association to the Department of Financial
Services or to the Office of Insurance Regulation on any matter germane to the solvency,
liquidation, rehabilitation, or conservation of any member insurer or a company seeking to do
insurance business in Florida are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the termination
of a delinquency proceeding.

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Section 631.723(3), F.S. -- A request by the board of directors of the Florida Life and
Health Insurance Guaranty Association that the Office of Insurance Regulation order the
examination of any member insurer is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the
examination report is released to the public.
Section 631.724, F.S. -- Negotiations or meetings of the Florida Life and Health Insurance
Guaranty Association involving discussions of the association’s powers and duties under 631.717
are exempt from s. 286.011. Records of such negotiations or meetings are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the termination of a delinquency proceeding.
Section 631.931, F.S. -- The reports and recommendations by the board of directors of the
Florida Workers’ Compensation Insurance Guaranty Association under s. 631.917 on any matter
germane to the solvency, liquidation, rehabilitation, or conservation of any member insurer are
confidential and exempt until the termination of a delinquency proceeding.
Section 631.932, F.S. -- Negotiations between a self-insurance fund and the Florida
Workers’ Compensation Insurance Guaranty Association are exempt from s. 286.011.
Documents related to such negotiations that reveal identifiable payroll and loss and individual
claim information are confidential and exempt.
Section 633.112(7), F.S. -- Records obtained or prepared by the State Fire Marshal
pursuant to his or her investigation of fires and explosions are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be “active” as that term is defined in
the subsection.
Section 633.126(5), F.S. -- Discussions involving officials of the Department of Financial
Services and an insurance company in accordance with this section (relating to investigation of
fraudulent insurance claims and crimes) are confidential and exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 633.324(1), F.S. -- Test material relating to applicants for licensure, certification,
or permitting by the State Fire Marshal is made confidential by s. 119.071(1)(a). An applicant
may waive confidentiality in writing for purposes of discussion with the State Fire Marshal or his
or her staff.
Section 634.045(5), F.S. -- The filings made by a guarantee organization pursuant to this
section relating to guarantee agreements provided by motor vehicle service agreement companies
are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 634.201(3), F.S. -- The Department of Financial Service’s records or evidence
relative to a hearing for the suspension or revocation of the license or appointment of a salesman
of automobile warranties are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until such investigation
is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined in the subsection.
Section 634.348, F.S. -- Active examination or investigatory records of the Department
of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation made or received pursuant to Part II,
Ch. 634 (Home Warranty Associations) are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until such
investigation is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined in the section.
Section 634.4065(5), F.S. -- The filings made by a guarantee organization pursuant
to this section relating to guarantee agreements provided by service warranty associations are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 634.444, F.S. -- Active examination or investigatory records of the Department
of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation made or received pursuant to Part III,
Ch. 634 (Service Warranty Associations) are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until
such investigation is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined in the section.

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Section 636.064(1) and (2), F.S. -- Information pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, or
health of an enrollee of a prepaid limited health service organization is confidential and exempt
from disclosure, and shall only be available pursuant to specific written consent of the enrollee
or as otherwise provided by law. Any proprietary financial information contained in contracts
entered into with providers by prepaid limited health service organizations is confidential and
exempt from disclosure.
Section 636.064(3), F.S. -- Information obtained or produced by the Department
of Financial Services or the Office of Insurance Regulation pursuant to an investigation or
examination of a prepaid limited health service organization is confidential and exempt from
disclosure until the examination report has been filed pursuant to s. 624.319 or until the
investigation is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined in the subsection. Except
for information specified in the subsection, all information obtained by the office pursuant to an
examination or investigation shall be available after the examination report has been filed or the
investigation is completed or ceases to be active.
Section 641.515(2), F.S. -- Patient-identifying information contained in reports and
records prepared or obtained under cited statutes (relating to investigation of health maintenance
organizations) by the Agency for Health Care Administration or by an outside source, is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 641.55(5)(c), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any
identifying information contained in the reports of a health maintenance organization filed with
the Agency for Health Care Administration under this subsection is confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 641.55(6), F.S. -- Incident reports filed with the Agency for Health Care
Administration by a health maintenance organization pursuant to this subsection are confidential
and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 641.55(8), F.S. -- Identifying information in records of a health maintenance
organization which are obtained by the Agency for Health Care Administration pursuant to
this section (internal risk management program) is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Identifying information contained in records obtained under s. 456.071 is exempt to the extent
that it is part of the record of disciplinary proceedings made available to the public by the agency
or appropriate board.
Section 641.67, F.S. -- The following information is confidential and exempt and may
not be released except as provided in the exemption: patient records held by a district managed
care ombudsman committee; the name or identity of a complainant who files a complaint with a
committee; and any problem identified by a committee as a result of an investigation.
Section 641.68, F.S. -- That portion of an ombudsman committee meeting where patient
records and information identifying a complainant are discussed is exempt from open meetings
requirements.
Section 648.26(3), F.S. -- The Department of Financial Services’ investigatory records
pertaining to bail bond agents and runners are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until
the investigation is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined in the subsection.
Section 648.34(3), F.S. -- Information in a character and credit report furnished to the
Department of Financial Services as part of an application for licensure as a bail bond agent is
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 648.39(1), F.S. -- Information furnished to the Department of Financial Services
pursuant to this subsection regarding the termination of appointment of a managing general

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agent, bail bond agent, or temporary bail bond agent is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 648.41, F.S. -- Information furnished to the Department of Financial Services
pursuant to this subsection regarding the termination of appointment of temporary bail bond
agents is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 648.46(3), F.S. -- The complaint and all information obtained pursuant to the
investigation of a bail bond agent or runner licensee by the Department of Financial Services are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be
“active,” as defined in the subsection.
Section 651.105(3), F.S. -- Reports of the results of such financial examinations
or providers engaged in the execution of care contracts must be kept on file by the Office of
Insurance Regulation. Any investigatory records, reports or documents held by the office are
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be
“active,” as that term is defined in the subsection.
Section 651.111(2), F.S. -- Unless the complainant who has filed a complaint against a
continuing care provider specifically requests otherwise, neither the substance of the complaint
which is provided to the provider nor any copy of the complaint or any record which is published,
released, or otherwise made available to the provider shall disclose the name of any person
mentioned in the complaint except the names of Office of Insurance Regulation personnel
conducting the investigation or inspection pursuant to this chapter.
Section 651.121(5)(c), F.S. -- Except for proceedings conducted under s. 651.018
(authorizing the Office of Insurance Regulation to place a facility in administrative supervision),
the books and records of the Continuing Care Advisory Council to the Office of Insurance
Regulation of the Financial Services Commission shall be open to inspection at all times.
Section 651.134, F.S. -- Any active investigatory record of the Office of Insurance
Regulation made or received under Ch. 651 (Continuing Care Contracts) and any active
examination record necessary to complete an active investigation is confidential and exempt from
s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be “active,” as that term is defined
in the section.
Section 655.0321, F.S. -- The Office of Financial Regulation shall consider the public
purposes specified in s. 119.14(4)(b) in determining whether the hearings and proceedings
conducted pursuant to s. 655.033 (cease and desist orders) and s. 655.037 (suspension or removal
orders) shall be closed and exempt from s. 286.011, and whether related documents shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 655.033(6), F.S. -- An emergency order entered by the Office of Financial
Regulation pursuant to this subsection (relating to the issuance of cease and desist orders to
financial institutions in certain circumstances) is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
until the order is made permanent, unless the office finds that such confidentiality will result in
substantial risk of financial loss to the public.
Section 655.057(1), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section and except for
such portions thereof which are otherwise public record, all records and information relating
to an investigation by the Office of Financial Regulation are confidential and exempt from s.
119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or ceases to be “active” as that term is defined in
the section. After the investigation is completed or ceases to be active, portions of the records
shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) to the extent that disclosure would cause any
of the consequences listed in the subsection.
Section 655.057(2), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section and except for

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such portions thereof which are public record, reports of examinations, operations, or condition,
prepared by, or for the use of, the Office of Financial Regulation or other agency responsible for
regulation of banking institutions in this state are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Examination, operation, or condition reports of a financial institution shall be released within 1
year after the appointment of a liquidator, receiver, or conservator to such financial institution.
However, any portion of such reports which discloses the identities of depositors, bondholders,
members, borrowers, or stockholders, other than directors, officers, or controlling stockholders
of the institution, shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 655.057(3), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section and except for
those portions that are otherwise public record, after an investigation relating to an informal
enforcement action is completed or cases to be active, informal enforcement actions are
confidential and exempt to the extent that disclosure would cause any of the consequences listed
in the subsection.
Section 655.057(4), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section and except for
those portions that are otherwise public record, trade secrets as defined in s. 688.002 which comply
with s. 655.0591 and which are held by the Office of Financial Regulation in accordance with its
statutory duties with respect to the financial institutions codes are confidential and exempt.
Section 655.057(5), F.S. -- Any confidential information or records obtained from the
Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to this subsection (authorizing specified disclosures of
records or information) shall be maintained as confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 655.057(6)(b), F.S. -- Confidential records and information furnished pursuant
to a legislative subpoena shall be kept confidential by the legislative body which received the
records or information except in a case involving an investigation of charges against a public
official subject to impeachment in which case the legislative body shall determine the extent of
disclosure.
Section 655.057(7), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the list of
members of a credit union or mutual association which is submitted to the Office of Financial
Regulation is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 655.057(8), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any portion
of the list of shareholders of a bank, trust company, and stock association which is submitted to
the Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to this subsection and which reveals the identities of
the shareholders is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 655.057(9), F.S. -- Confidential documents supplied to the Office of Financial
Regulation or to employees of a financial institution by other governmental agencies shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may be made public only with the consent of
such agency or corporation.
Section 655.50(7), F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, all reports and records
filed with the Office of Financial Regulation pursuant to this section (Florida Control of Money
Laundering and Terrorist Financing in Financial Institutions Act) are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1).
Section 662.148(2), F.S. -- Certain information, including personal identifying
information, held by the Office of Financial Regulation, which relates to a family trust company,
is confidential and exempt.
Section 681.1097(4), F.S. -- A mediation conference conducted pursuant to the RV
Mediation and Arbitration Program shall be confidential.

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Section 687.144(6), F.S. -- The material compiled by the Office of Financial Regulation
in an investigation or examination under this act (relating to loan brokers) is confidential until
the investigation or examination is complete.
Section 688.006, F.S. -- In an action under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, a court shall
preserve the secrecy of an alleged trade secret by reasonable means as described in the section.
Section 717.117(8), F.S. -- Social security numbers and property identifiers contained in
reports to the Department of Financial Services concerning unclaimed property are confidential
and exempt.
Section 717.1301(5), F.S. -- Material compiled by the Department of Financial Services
in an investigation under the Disposition of Unclaimed Property Act is confidential until the
investigation is complete; provided that such material remains confidential if it is submitted to
another agency for investigation or prosecution and such investigation has not been completed
or become inactive.
Section 721.071, F.S. -- If a developer or other person filing material with the Division of
Condominiums, Timeshares, and Mobile Homes of the Department of Business and Professional
Regulation pursuant to chapter 721 relating to time-share plans expects the division to keep
the material confidential on grounds that the material constitutes a trade secret as defined in s.
812.081, that person shall file the material together with an affidavit of confidentiality as provided
in the section. If the division is satisfied as to the facial validity of the claim of confidentiality, it
shall keep the affidavit and supporting documentation confidential and shall not disclose such
information except upon administrative or court order.
Section 723.006(3), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in the subsection, mobile
home park financial records, as defined in the subsection, which are acquired by the Division of
Condominiums, Timeshares, and Mobile Homes of the Department of Business and Professional
Regulation pursuant to an investigation under this section are confidential and exempt.
Section 733.604(1)(b), F.S. -- Any inventory of an estate filed with the clerk of court in
conjunction with the administration of an estate or of an elective estate filed with the clerk of the
court in conjunction with an election made in accordance with Part II, Ch. 732, whether initial,
amended, or supplementary, is confidential and exempt. Any accounting, whether interim, final,
amended, or supplementary, filed with the clerk of court in an estate proceeding is confidential
and exempt. Disclosure is authorized under specified circumstances.
Section 741.29(2), F.S. -- A law enforcement agency shall, without charge, send a copy
of the initial police report of domestic violence, as well as any subsequent, supplemental, or
related report, which excludes victim/witness statements or other materials that are part of an
active criminal investigation and are exempt from disclosure under Ch. 119 to the nearest locally
certified domestic violence center within 24 hours after the agency’s receipt of the report.
Section 741.30(3)(b), F.S. -- A petitioner seeking an injunction for protection against
domestic violence may furnish his or her address to the court in a separate confidential filing
for safety reasons if the petitioner requires the location of his or her current residence to be
confidential.
Section 741.30(8)(c)5., F.S.-- Upon implementation of the automated process described
in this section by which a petitioner may request notification of service of the injunction for
protection against domestic violence and related court actions, information held by clerks of
court and law enforcement agencies in conjunction with this process which reveals the home
or employment telephone number, cellular telephone number, home or employment address,
electronic mail address, or other electronic means of identification of the petitioner is exempt
from s. 119.07(1) upon written request by the petitioner. Such information shall cease to be

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exempt 5 years after receipt of the written request.
Section 741.313(7), F.S. -- Personal identifying information contained in records
documenting an act of domestic or sexual violence that is submitted to an agency by an agency
employee seeking to take leave as provided therein as provided therein is confidential and exempt.
A written request for leave submitted by an agency employee and any agency time sheet reflecting
such request are confidential and exempt until 1 year after the leave has been taken.
Section 741.3165, F.S. -- Information that is confidential or exempt and that is obtained
by a domestic violence fatality review team conducting activities as described in s. 741.316 shall
retain its confidential or exempt status when held by the team. Information contained in a
record created by a team pursuant to s. 741.316 that reveals the identity of a victim of domestic
violence or the identity of the victim’s children is confidential and exempt. Portions of meetings
of the team regarding domestic violence fatalities and their prevention, during which confidential
or exempt information, the identity of the victim, or the identity of the victim’s children are
discussed, are exempt from s. 286.011, F.S.
Section 741.406, F.S. -- The name, address, and telephone number of a participant in the
Address Confidentiality Program for Victims of Domestic Violence may not be included in any
list of registered voters available to the public.
Section 741.465, F.S. -- The addresses, corresponding telephone numbers, and social
security numbers of program participants in the Address Confidentiality Program for Victims of
Domestic Violence held by the Office of the Attorney General are exempt from disclosure, except
that the information may be disclosed under the following circumstances: to a law enforcement
agency for purposes of assisting in the execution of a valid arrest warrant; if directed by court
order, to a person identified in the order; or if the certification has been canceled. The names,
addresses, and telephone numbers of participants contained in voter registration and voting
records are exempt, except the information may be disclosed under the following circumstances:
to a law enforcement agency for purposes of assisting in the execution of an arrest warrant or, if
directed by court order, to a person identified in the order.
Section 741.4651, F.S. -- The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of victims of
stalking or aggravated stalking are exempt in the same manner as participants in the Address
Confidentiality Program for Victims of Domestic Violence under s. 741.465 are exempt from
disclosure, provided the victim files a sworn statement of stalking with the Office of the Attorney
General and otherwise complies with ss. 741.401-741.409.
Section 742.091, F.S. -- Records of any proceeding under the determination of paternity
statute which was subsequently dismissed when the mother of the illegitimate child and reputed
father marry thereby making the child legitimate are sealed against public inspection.
Section 742.16(9), F.S. -- All papers and records pertaining to the affirmation of parental
status for gestational surrogacy, including the original birth certificate, are confidential and
exempt and subject to inspection only upon court order.
Section 744.1076, F.S. -- A court order appointing a court monitor is confidential and
exempt from public disclosure requirements. Reports of a court monitor relating to the medical
condition, financial affairs, or mental health of the ward are confidential and exempt. The reports
may be subject to inspection as determined by the court or upon a showing of good cause. Court
determinations relating to a finding of no probable cause and court orders finding no probable
cause are confidential; however, such determinations and findings may be subject to inspection as
determined by the court or upon a showing of good cause.
Section 744.2103(2), F.S. -- No report or disclosure of the personal or medical records of
a ward of a public guardian shall be made, except as authorized by law.

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Section 744.2104(2) F.S. -- All records held by the Office of Public and Professional
Guardians relating to the medical, financial, or mental health of vulnerable citizens, persons with
a developmental disability, or persons with a mental illness, are confidential and exempt from
public disclosure requirements.
Section 744.2105(6), F.S. – Personal identifying information of a donor or prospective
donor of funds or property to the direct-support organization of the Office of Public and
Professional Guardians who wishes to remain anonymous is confidential and exempt.
Section 744.3701, F.S. -- Unless otherwise ordered by the court, upon a showing of good
cause, an initial, annual, or final guardianship report or amendment thereto, or any record relating
to the settlement of a claim is subject to inspection only by the individuals specified in the section.
Court records relating to the settlement of a ward’s or minor’s claim are confidential and exempt
and may not be disclosed except as specifically authorized.
Section 760.11(12), F.S. -- Complaints filed with the Commission on Human Relations and
all records in the commission’s custody which relate to and identify a particular person, including,
but not limited to, the entities specified in the subsection are confidential and may not be disclosed
except to the parties or in the course of a hearing or proceeding under this section. This restriction
does not apply to any record which is part of the record of a hearing or court proceeding.
Section 760.34(1), F.S. -- Nothing said or done in the course of informal endeavors by the
Commission on Human Relations to resolve complaints about discriminatory housing practices
may be made public or used as evidence in a subsequent proceeding under ss. 760.20-760.37
without the written consent of the persons concerned.
Section 760.36, F.S. -- A conciliation agreement arising out of a complaint filed under the
Fair Housing Act shall be made public unless the complainant and the respondent otherwise agree
and the Commission on Human Relations determines that disclosure is not required to further
the purposes of the Act.
Section 760.40(2)(a), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, DNA analysis results
information held by a public entity is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 760.50(5), F.S. -- Employers shall maintain the confidentiality of information
relating to the medical condition or status of any person covered by health or life insurance
benefits provided or administered by the employer. Such information in the possession of a public
employer is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 765.51551, F.S. -- Donor-identifying information maintained in the anatomical
gifts donor registry is confidential and exempt as provided in the exemption.
Section 766.101(7)(c), F.S. -- Proceedings of medical review committees are exempt from
s. 286.011 and any advisory reports provided to the Department of Health are confidential and
exempt from s. 119.07(1), regardless of whether probable cause is found.
Section 766.105(3)(e)2., F.S. -- A claim file in the possession of the Patient’s Compensation
Fund is confidential and exempt until termination of litigation or settlement of the claim,
although medical records and other portions of the claim file may remain confidential and exempt
as otherwise provided by law.
Section 766.106(6)(b)3., F.S. -- An examination report on an injured claimant which is
made pursuant to this section relating to medical malpractice claims is available only to the parties
and their attorneys and may be used only for the purpose of presuit screening. Otherwise, such
report is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).

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Section 766.1115(4)(c), F.S. -- All patient medical records and any identifying information
contained in adverse incident reports and treatment outcomes which are obtained by governmental
entities contracting with health care providers under this paragraph, are confidential and exempt.
Section 766.305(3), F.S. -- Information furnished by a person seeking compensation
under the Florida Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Plan pursuant to this
subsection shall remain confidential and exempt under the provisions of s. 766.315(5)(b), F.S.
Section 766.314(8), F.S. -- Information obtained by the Florida Birth-Related
Neurological Injury Compensation Association to determine the actual cost of maintaining
the fund on an actuarially sound basis shall be utilized solely for the purpose of assisting the
association. Such information shall otherwise be confidential and exempt.
Section 766.315(5)(b), F.S. -- A claim file in the possession of the Florida Birth-Related
Neurological Injury Compensation Association or its representative is confidential and exempt
until termination of litigation or settlement of the claim, although medical records and other
portions of the claim file may remain confidential and exempt as otherwise provided by law.
Section 768.28(16)(b), F.S. -- Claims files maintained by any risk management program
administered by the state, its agencies and subdivisions are confidential and exempt until
termination of all litigation and settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident, although
portions of the claims files may remain exempt, as otherwise provided by law. Claims files records
may be released to other governmental agencies as provided in the paragraph; such records held
by the receiving agency remain confidential as provided in the paragraph.
Section 768.28(16)(c), F.S. -- Portions of meetings and proceedings conducted pursuant
to a risk management program administered by the state, its agencies or subdivisions relating
solely to the evaluation of claims or relating solely to offers of compromise of claims filed with
the program are exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 768.28(16)(d), F.S. -- Minutes of the meetings and proceedings of a risk
management program administered by the state, its agencies or its subdivisions relating solely
to the evaluation of claims or relating solely to offers of compromise of claims filed with such
risk management programs are exempt from s. 119.07(1) until termination of all litigation and
settlement of all claims arising out of the same incident.
Section 784.046(4)(b), F.S. -- A petitioner seeking an injunction for protection against
repeat violence, sexual violence or dating violence and related court actions may furnish his or
her address to the court in a separate confidential filing for safety reasons if the petitioner requires
the location of his or her current residence to be confidential.
Section 784.046(8)(c)5., F.S. -- Upon implementation of the automated process described
in this section by which a petitioner may request notification of service of the injunction for
protection against repeat violence, sexual violence, or dating violence and related court actions,
information held by clerks of court and law enforcement agencies in conjunction with this process
which reveals the home or employment telephone number, cellular telephone number, home or
employment address, electronic mail address, or other electronic means of identification of the
petitioner is exempt from s. 119.07(1) upon written request by the petitioner. Such information
shall cease to be exempt 5 years after receipt of the written request.
Section 787.03(6)(c)1., F.S. -- The current address and telephone number of the person
taking a child or incompetent person when fleeing from domestic violence or to preserve the
minor or incompetent person from danger and the current address and telephone number of the
minor or incompetent person which are contained in the report made to a sheriff or state attorney
under s. 787.03(6)(b) by the person who takes such child or incompetent person, are confidential
and exempt from public disclosure requirements.

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Section 787.06(10), F.S. – Information about the location of a residential facility offering
services for adult victims of human trafficking involving commercial sexual activity, which is held
by an agency is confidential and exempt; however, the information may be disclosed as provided
in the exemption.
Section 790.0601, F.S. -- Personal identifying information of an individual who has
applied for or received a license to carry a concealed weapon or firearm held by the Division
of Licensing of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services or by a tax collector
appointed by the Department to receive applications and fees is confidential and exempt from
disclosure requirements. Information made confidential and exempt shall be disclosed with
express written consent of the applicant or licensee, by court order, or upon request by a law
enforcement agency in connection with the performance of lawful duties.
Section 790.0625(4), F.S. -- All personal identifying information that is provided
pursuant to s. 790.06 and contained in the records of a tax collector appointed under this section
is confidential and exempt except as provided in s. 790.0601.
Section 790.065(2)(a)4.d., F.S. -- The hearing on the petition filed by a person who has
been adjudicated mentally defective or committed to a mental institution for relief from the
firearm disabilities imposed by such adjudication or commitment may be open or closed as the
petitioner may choose.
Section 790.065(4)(a), F.S. -- Any records containing information specified in this section
relating to a buyer or transferee of a firearm who is not prohibited under state or federal law from
receipt or transfer of a firearm shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and may not be
disclosed by the Department of Law Enforcement to any other person or agency.
Section 790.335(2), F.S. -- Subject to specified exceptions, no governmental agency or
any other person, public or private, shall knowingly and willfully keep or cause to be kept any
list, record or registry of privately owned firearms or any list, record, or registry of the owners of
those firearms.
Section 794.024, F.S. -- A public employee or officer having access to the photograph,
name or address of a person alleged to be a victim of an offense described in this chapter (sexual
battery), chapter 800 (lewdness, indecent exposure), s. 827.03 (aggravated child abuse), s. 827.04
(child abuse), or s. 827.071 (sexual performance by a child) may not willfully and knowingly
disclose it to a person not assisting in the investigation or prosecution of the alleged offense or to
any person other than the defendant, the defendant’s attorney, a person specified in a court order
entered by the court having jurisdiction over the alleged offense, to organizations authorized to
receive such information made exempt by s. 119.071(2)(h), or to a rape crisis center or sexual
assault counselor who will be offering services to the victim.
Section 794.03, F.S. -- It is unlawful to print, publish, or broadcast or cause or allow to
be printed, published or broadcast in any instrument of mass communication the name, address
or other identifying fact or information of the victim of any sexual offense. Such identifying
information is confidential and exempt.
Section 815.04(3), F.S. -- Data, programs or supporting information that is a trade secret,
that is held by an agency, and that resides or exists internal or external to a computer, computer
system or electronic device is confidential and exempt.
Section 815.045, F.S. -- It is a public necessity that trade secret information as defined in
s. 812.081, and as provided for in s. 815.04(3), be expressly made confidential and exempt from
the public records law because it is a felony to disclose such records.
Section 828.30(5), F.S. -- An animal owner’s name, street address, phone number, and

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animal tag number contained in a rabies vaccination certificate provided to the animal control
authority is confidential and exempt from disclosure except as provided in the exemption.
Section 877.19(3), F.S. -- Certain information on hate crimes which is reported to the
Florida Department of Law Enforcement pursuant to this statute is confidential and exempt.
Data required pursuant to this section shall be used only for research or statistical purposes and
shall not include any information that may reveal the identity of a crime victim.
Section 893.0551(2), F.S. -- Certain identification and location information of a patient
or patient’s agent, a health care practitioner, a dispenser, an employee of the practitioner who is
acting on behalf of and at the direction of the practitioner; a pharmacist, or a pharmacy, that is
contained in Department of Health records under the electronic prescription drug monitoring
program for monitoring the prescribing and dispensing of controlled substances is confidential
and exempt from disclosure.
Section 895.06(2), F.S. – A subpoena issued pursuant to this chapter is confidential for
120 days after the date of its issuance. The subpoenaed person or entity may not disclose the
existence of the subpoena to any person or entity other than his or her attorney during the 120day period.
Section 895.06(7), F.S. – Information held by an investigative agency pursuant to an
investigation of a violation of s. 895.03 is confidential and exempt; however, the information may
be disclosed as provided in the subsection. Information made confidential and exempt under this
exemption is no longer confidential and exempt once all investigations to which the information
pertains are completed, as defined in the exemption, unless the information is otherwise protected
by law.
Section 896.102(2), F.S. -- Information and documents filed with the Department of
Revenue regarding certain currency transactions are confidential and exempt; however, the
information may be released as provided in the subsection.
Section 905.17(1), F.S. -- Stenographic records, notes and transcriptions made by a court
reporter during a grand jury session are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and shall be
filed with the clerk who shall keep them in a sealed container not subject to public inspection.
Section 905.24, F.S. -- Grand jury proceedings are secret and a grand juror or interpreter
appointed pursuant to s. 90.6063(2) shall not disclose the nature or substance of the deliberations
or vote of the grand jury.
Section 905.26, F.S. -- Unless ordered by the court, a grand juror, reporter, stenographer,
interpreter, or officer of the court may not disclose the finding of an indictment against a person
not in custody or under recognizance, except by issuing or executing process on the indictment,
until the person has been arrested.
Section 905.27(1) and (2), F.S. -- A grand juror, state attorney, assistant state attorney,
reporter, stenographer, interpreter, or any other person appearing before the grand jury may not
disclose evidence received by it except when required by a court. It is unlawful for any person
knowingly to publish, disclose or cause to be published or disclosed any witness’s testimony
before a grand jury unless such testimony is or has been disclosed in a court proceeding.
Section 905.28(1), F.S. -- A report or presentment of a grand jury relating to an individual
which is not accompanied by a true bill or indictment is confidential and exempt and shall not be
made public until the individual concerned has been furnished a copy and given 15 days to file a
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Section 905.395, F.S. -- Unless pursuant to court order, it is unlawful for any person
knowingly to publish, broadcast, disclose, divulge, or communicate or cause or permit such
publication or communication to any person outside the statewide grand jury room, any of the
proceedings or identity of persons referred to or being investigated by the statewide grand jury.
Section 914.27, F.S. -- Information held by a law enforcement agency, prosecutorial
agency, or the Victim and Witness Protection Review Committee which discloses the identity
or location of a victim or witness who has been identified or certified for protective or relocation
services is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Identity and location of immediate family
members of such victims or witnesses are also protected as are relocation sites, techniques or
procedures utilized or developed as a result of the victim and witness protective services.
Section 916.1065(1), F.S. -- A forensic behavioral health evaluation filed with the court
pursuant to Ch. 916, is confidential and exempt.
Section 916.107(8), F.S. -- Except as provided in the subsection, a forensic client’s clinical
record is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 918.16(1), F.S. -- Except as provided in s. 918.16(2), in any civil or criminal trial,
if any person under 16 or any person with an intellectual disability as defined in cited statute is
testifying concerning any sex offense, the court shall clear the courtroom of all persons except
parties to the cause and their immediate families or guardians, attorneys and their secretaries,
officers of the court, jurors, newspaper reporters or broadcasters and court reporters, and at the
request of the victim, victim or witness advocates designated by the state attorney’s office.
Section 918.16(2), F.S. -- If the victim of a sex offense is testifying concerning that offense
in any civil or criminal trial, the court shall clear the courtroom of all persons upon the request
of the victim, regardless of the victim’s age or mental capacity, except that parties to the cause and
their immediate families or guardians, attorneys and their secretaries, officers of the court, jurors,
newspaper reporters or broadcasters and court reporters, and at the request of the victim, victim
or witness advocates designated by the state attorney may remain in the courtroom.
Section 925.055(2), F.S. -- The names of confidential informants that may be revealed to
auditors of law enforcement investigative funds are confidential and exempt.
Section 934.08(1)(b), F.S. -- A state or federal law enforcement official who receives
intelligence information as described in the paragraph is subject to any limitations on the
unauthorized disclosure of such information.
Section 934.09(8)(c), F.S. -- Applications made and orders granted authorizing
interception of wire, oral or electronic communications pursuant to cited statutes shall be sealed
by the judge and shall be disclosed only upon a showing of good cause before a judge.
Section 934.33(7), F.S. -- The record maintained by an investigative or law enforcement
agency which contains specified identifying information regarding the installation and use of a
pen register or trap and trace device must be provided under seal to the court.
Section 937.028(1), F.S. -- When fingerprints are taken for the purpose of identifying a
child, should that child become missing, the state agency, public or private organization, or other
person taking such fingerprints shall not release the fingerprints to any law enforcement agency
or other person for any purpose other than the identification of a missing child. Such records and
data are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 943.03(2), F.S. -- Records related to a Florida Department of Law Enforcement
investigation requested by the Governor concerning official misconduct of public officials and
employees, are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the investigation is completed or

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is no longer “active” as defined in the subsection.
Section 943.031(9)(c) and (d), F.S. -- The Florida Violent Crime and Drug Control
Council may close portions of meetings during which the council will hear or discuss active
criminal investigative information or active criminal intelligence information and such portions
of meetings are exempt from open meetings requirements, provided that the conditions set forth
in the subsection are met. A tape recording of, and any minutes and notes generated during,
the closed portion of a meeting are confidential and exempt until the criminal investigative or
intelligence information ceases to be active.
Section 943.0314, F.S. -- That portion of a meeting of the Domestic Security Oversight
Council at which the council will hear or discuss active criminal investigative information or
active criminal intelligence information is exempt from open meetings requirements provided
that the conditions set forth in the exemption are complied with. An audio or video recording of,
and any minutes and notes generated during, a closed meeting are exempt from public disclosure
requirements until such time as the criminal investigative information or criminal intelligence
information heard or discussed therein ceases to be active.
Section 943.0321(4), F.S. -- Information that is exempt from public disclosure under Ch.
119 when in the possession of the Florida Domestic Security and Counter-Terrorism Intelligence
Center retains its exemption from public disclosure after such information is revealed to a law
enforcement agency or prosecutor, except as otherwise provided by law. Exempt information
obtained by the center from a law enforcement agency or prosecutor retains its exemption from
public disclosure, except as otherwise provided by law.
Section 943.053(3), F.S. – Criminal history information relating to juvenile and compiled
by the Criminal Justice Information Program from intrastate sources is confidential and exempt
except as provided in the exemption.
Section 943.053(5), (8), (9), and (10), F.S. -- Sealed records received by a court for
the purpose of assisting judges in their case-related responsibilities, or by a private entity under
contract to operate a juvenile offender facility, county detention facility or state correctional
facility pursuant to cited laws remain confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 943.057, F.S. -- This section (providing for access to criminal justice information
in the Department of Law Enforcement for research or statistical purposes) does not require
release of confidential information or require the department to accommodate requests that
would disrupt ongoing operations beyond the extent required by s. 119.07.
Section 943.0583(10)(a), F.S. -- A criminal history record of a human trafficking victim
that is ordered expunged under this section that is retained by the Florida Department of Law
Enforcement is confidential and exempt except that the record shall be made available to criminal
justice agencies for their respective criminal justice purposes and to any governmental agency
that is authorized by law to determine eligibility to purchase or possess a firearm or to carry a
concealed firearm for use in the course of such agency’s official duties. Otherwise, such record
shall not be disclosed except upon court order.
Section 943.0583(11)(a), F.S. – Criminal intelligence information or criminal
investigative information that reveals or may reveal the identity of a person who is a victim
of human trafficking whose criminal history record has been ordered expunged or has been
expunged under s. 943.0583 is confidential and exempt. Disclosure is authorized under specified
circumstances.
Section 943.0585(4), F.S. -- A criminal history record ordered expunged that is retained
by the Department of Law Enforcement pursuant to this section is confidential and exempt and
is not available to any person or entity except upon court order.

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Section 943.0585(4)(c), F.S. -- Information relating to the existence of an expunged
criminal history record which is provided in accordance with paragraph (a), is confidential and
exempt, except that the Florida Department of Law Enforcement shall disclose the existence
of an expunged record to the agencies set forth in the paragraph for their respective licensing
and employment purposes and to criminal justice agencies for their respective criminal justice
purposes. It is unlawful for any employee of an entity identified in the paragraph to disclose
such information except to the person to whom the record relates or to persons having direct
responsibility for employment or licensure decisions.
Section 943.059(4), F.S. -- A criminal history record of a minor or an adult which is
ordered sealed by a court pursuant to this section is confidential and exempt and available only
to the person and entities identified in the subsection.
Section 943.059(4)(c), F.S. -- Information relating to the existence of such record that
is provided in accordance with paragraph (a) is confidential and exempt, except that the Florida
Department of Law Enforcement shall disclose a sealed record to the agencies set forth in
the paragraph for their respective licensing and employment purposes. It is unlawful for any
employee of an entity identified in the paragraph to disclose such information except to the
person to whom the record relates or to persons having direct responsibility for employment or
licensure decisions.
Section 943.1395(6)(b), F.S. -- The report of misconduct and all records or information
provided to or developed by the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission during
the course of an investigation conducted by the commission are exempt from s. 119.07(1) and,
except as otherwise provided by law, such information shall be subject to public disclosure only
after a determination as to probable cause has been made or until the investigation becomes
inactive. However, the officer being investigated or the officer’s attorney may review records as
authorized in the exemption.
Section 943.173(3), F.S. -- Examinations, assessments, and instruments and examination
results, other than test scores on officer certification examinations, including developmental
materials and workpapers, administered pursuant to s. 943.13(9) or (10) and s. 943.17 are
exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 943.325(14), F.S. -- The results of a DNA analysis and the comparison of analytic
results submitted to the Department of Law Enforcement under this section shall be released only
to criminal justice agencies as defined in s. 943.045(10), at the request of the agency. Otherwise,
such information is confidential and exempt.
Section 944.606(3)(d), F.S. -- Sexual offender information received from the Department
of Corrections by the Department of Law Enforcement, the sheriff, or the chief of police shall be
provided to a person who requests it and such information may be released to the public in any
manner deemed appropriate, unless the information so received is confidential or exempt from
disclosure.
Section 945.10, F.S. -- Records of the Department of Corrections relating to inmates,
as set forth in the exemption, are confidential and exempt and may not be released except as
provided in the exemption.
Section 945.602(7)(b), F.S. -- Neither the provisions of this section nor those of Ch. 119
or s. 154.207(7) shall apply to any health care provider under contract with the Department of
Corrections except to the extent such provisions would apply to any similar entity not under
contract with the department.
Section 945.6032(3), F.S. -- The findings and recommendations of a medical review
committee created by the Correctional Medical Authority or the Department of Corrections

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pursuant to s. 766.101 are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and any proceedings of the
committee are exempt from s. 286.011.
Section 946.517, F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in the
statute, of the corporation created to operate correctional work programs is confidential and
exempt.
Section 951.27(2), F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, serologic blood
test results for infectious disease which are obtained pursuant to s. 951.27(1) on inmates in
county and municipal detention facilities are confidential and exempt.
Section 960.001(1)(g)2., F.S. -- Any person who views a presentence investigation report
pursuant to this paragraph must maintain the confidentiality of the report and may not disclose
its contents to any person except statements made to the state attorney or the court.
Section 960.001(8), F.S. -- Information gained by a crime victim pursuant to this chapter
(providing guidelines for fair treatment of victims in the criminal and juvenile justice systems),
regarding any case handled in juvenile court, must not be revealed to any outside party, except as
is reasonably necessary in pursuit of legal remedies.
Section 960.003(3), F.S. -- Results of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis tests
performed pursuant to this section on persons charged with or alleged by delinquency petition
with certain offenses are confidential and exempt and may not be disclosed to any person other
than the individuals and entities identified in the subsection.
Section 960.15, F.S. -- Any record or report obtained by the Department of Legal Affairs
or a hearing officer, pursuant to a claim for crime victim compensation, that is confidential or
exempt from s. 119.07(1) shall retain that status and shall not be subject to public disclosure.
Section 960.28(4), F.S. -- Information received or maintained by the Department of
Legal Affairs identifying an alleged victim who seeks payment of medical expenses under this
section is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 984.06(3) and (4), F.S. -- All information obtained pursuant to Ch. 984 (families
in need of services and children in need of services) in the discharge of official duty by the officials
specified in the subsection shall not be disclosed to anyone other than persons and agencies
entitled under the chapter to receive this information or upon court order. Court records
required by Ch. 984 are not open to public inspection.
Section 985.036, F.S. -- Nothing in this chapter prohibits the victim of the offense or a
minor victim’s parent or guardian from the right to be informed of, and to be present during,
all crucial stages of the proceedings involving the juvenile offender. However, such person may
not reveal to any outside party any confidential information obtained under this subsection
regarding the case, except as is reasonably necessary to pursue legal remedies. A law enforcement
agency may release a copy of the juvenile offense report to the victim of the offense; however,
information gained by the victim under this chapter, including the next of kin of a homicide
victim, regarding any case handled in juvenile court must not be revealed to any outside party,
except as is reasonably necessary in pursuit of legal remedies.
Section 985.04(1)F.S. -- Except as otherwise provided in this section, all information
obtained under this chapter (relating to juvenile justice) in the discharge of official duty by any
of the entities set forth in the subsection is confidential and exempt and may be disclosed only to
the entities specified in the subsection or upon court order. Agencies entering into an agreement
to share information about juvenile offenders as authorized by this subsection must comply with
s. 943.0525 and must maintain the confidentiality of information otherwise exempt from s.
119.07(1), as provided by law.

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Section 985.04(6), F.S. -- Records maintained by the Department of Juvenile Justice
pertaining to a child found to have committed a delinquent act which, if committed by an adult,
would be a crime specified in cited statutes may not be destroyed for a period of 25 years after
the youth’s final referral to the department, except in cases of the child’s death. However, such
record shall be sealed by the court and may be released only to meet screening requirements for
personnel in s. 402.3055 and the other mentioned statutes or department rules although sexual
offender and predator registration information is a public record.
Section 985.04(7)(a), F.S. -- Records in the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice
regarding children are not open to public inspection and may be inspected only upon order of the
Secretary of the department or the secretary’s authorized agent as provided therein.
Section 985.045(2), F.S. -- The clerk of court shall keep all official records required by
this section (delinquency) separate from other records of the circuit court, except those records
pertaining to motor vehicle violations, which shall be forwarded to the Department of Highway
Safety and Motor Vehicles. Except as provided in ss. 943.053 and 985.04(6)(b) and (7), official
records required by this chapter are not open to inspection by the public, but may be inspected
only by persons and entities specified in the subsection or deemed by the court to have a proper
interest therein. The court may permit authorized representatives of recognized organizations
compiling statistics for proper purposes to inspect, and make abstracts from, official records
under whatever conditions upon the use and disposition of such records the court may deem
proper and may punish by contempt proceedings any violation of those conditions.
Section 985.047(2)(a), F.S. -- Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary,
confidentiality of records information does not apply to juveniles who have been arrested for an
offense that would be a crime if committed by an adult, regarding the sharing of information
on such juveniles with the law enforcement agency or county as well as other specified agencies
and individuals. Neither these records provided to the law enforcement agency or county nor
the records developed from these records for serious habitual juvenile offenders nor the records
provided or developed from records provided to the law enforcement agency or county on
juveniles at risk of becoming serious habitual juveniles offenders shall be available for public
disclosure under s. 119.07.
Section 985.11, F.S. -- Except as provided in cited statutes, fingerprints and photographs
of juveniles are not available for public disclosure and inspection under s. 119.07(1),except as
provided in ss. 943.053 and 985.04(2), but are available to specified entities or to any other
person authorized by the court to have access to such records. The records may, in the discretion
of the court, be open to inspection by anyone upon a showing of cause.
Section 985.534(4) and (5), F.S. -- The original order of the appellate court in a case
affecting a party to a case involving a child under this chapter (delinquency) and all papers filed
in the case on appeal shall remain in the office of the clerk of the court, sealed and not open to
inspection except by order of the appellate court. The case on appeal shall be docketed, and any
papers filed in the appellate court shall be entitled with the initials but not the name of the child.
Section 1001.24(4), F.S. -- The identity of donors to a Department of Education
direct-support organization, and all information identifying donors and prospective donors,
is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and that anonymity shall be maintained in the
auditor’s report. All records of the organization other than the auditor’s report, management
letter, and any supplemental data requested by the Auditor General and the Office of Program
Policy Analysis and Government Accountability shall be confidential and exempt.
Section 1001.453(4), F.S. -- The identity of donors and all information identifying donors
and prospective donors are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and that anonymity shall
be maintained in the auditor’s report of a district school board direct-support organization.

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Section 1002.221, F.S. -- Education records, as defined in the Family Educational Rights
and Privacy Act (FERPA), 20 U.S.C. s. 1232g, and the federal regulations, are confidential and
exempt. An agency or institution, as defined in s. 1002.22, may not release a student’s education
records without the written consent of the student or parent except as provided in the exemption
and as permitted by FERPA.
Section 1002.225, F.S. -- All public postsecondary educational institutions shall comply
with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. s. 1232g, with respect to the
education records of students.
Section 1002.36(7)(d), F.S. -- The criminal records, private investigator findings, and
information from reference checks obtained by the Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind for
determining the moral character of employees of the school are confidential and exempt from
disclosure.
Section 1002.395(6)(g), F.S. -- Information and documentation provided to the
Department of Education and the Auditor General relating to the identity of a taxpayer that
provides an eligible contribution under this section (Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program)
shall remain confidential at all times in accordance with s. 213.053.
Section 1002.72, F.S. -- Except as provided in the exemption, the records of children
enrolled in the Voluntary Prekindergarten Education Program are confidential.
Section 1002.97, F.S.-- Except as provided in the exemption, individual records of
children enrolled in school readiness programs, held by an early learning coalition or the Office
of Early Learning of the Department of Education are confidential and exempt.
Section 1003.25(1), F.S. -- The cumulative record of a public school pupil that is required
by this section is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and is open to inspection only as
provided in Ch. 1002.
Section 1003.53(6), F.S. -- School districts and other agencies receiving information
contained in student records and juvenile justice records shall use such information only for
official purposes connected with the certification of students for admission to and for the
administration of the dropout prevention and academic intervention program, and such agencies
shall maintain the confidentiality of such information unless otherwise provided by law or rule.
Such information is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 1003.57(1)(c), F.S. -- Hearings on exceptional student identification, evaluation,
and eligibility determination, or lack thereof, are exempt from s. 286.011, except to the extent
that the State Board of Education adopts rules establishing other procedures, and any records
created as a result of such hearings are confidential and exempt.
Section 1004.22(2), F.S. -- Materials relating to methods of manufacture or production,
potential or actual trade secrets, potentially patentable material, business transactions, or
proprietary information received, generated, ascertained or discovered during the course of
research conducted within state universities are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1), except
that a division of sponsored research shall make available, upon request, title and description of
a research project, name of the researcher, and amount and source of funding for the project.
Section 1004.24(4), F.S. -- The claims files of a self-insurance program adopted by the
Board of Governors, or the board’s designee, pursuant to this section are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1), and are only for the use of the program in fulfilling its duties.
Section 1004.28(5), F.S. -- Records of a university direct-support organization other than
the auditor’s report, management letter, and any supplemental data requested by the Board of

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Governors, the university board of trustees, the Auditor General, and the Office of Program Policy
Analysis and Government Accountability shall be confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1).
The identity of donors who desire to remain anonymous shall be protected, and that anonymity
shall be maintained in the auditor’s report. Any portion of a meeting of the board of directors of
the organization, or of the executive committee or other committees of such board, at which any
proposal seeking research funding from the organization or a plan or program for either initiating
or supporting research is discussed is exempt from s. 286.011, F.S.
Section 1004.30, F.S. -- Certain records of university health services support organizations
are made confidential; however, some records become public records at a specified time in the
future. Any portion of a governing board or peer review panel or committee meeting during
which a confidential and exempt contract, document, record, marketing plan, or trade secret is
discussed is exempt from s. 286.011, as well as any records generated during the closed portion of
a governing board or peer review panel or committee meeting which contain information relating
to contracts, documents, records, marketing plans, or trade secrets which are made confidential
and exempt by this section. A person may petition a court for release of certain documents upon
a finding of compelling public interest for release. The organization may petition a court for
continued confidentiality upon a showing of good cause.
Section 1004.43(8), F.S. -- Proprietary confidential business information, as defined in the
subsection, of the not-for-profit corporation organized pursuant to this section for the purpose
of operating the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, and the corporation’s
subsidiaries, is confidential and exempt from disclosure, except that the Auditor General, Office
of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability, and the Board of Governors must be
given access and must maintain the confidentiality of the information so received.
Section 1004.43(9), F.S. -- Meetings of the governing body of the not-for-profit
corporation operating the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, or its subsidiaries
are exempt from open meeting requirements except that meetings at which expenditures of
dollars appropriated to the corporation by the state are discussed must remain open to the public.
Section 1004.4472, F.S. -- Specified materials held by the Florida Institute for Human
and Machine Cognition, Inc., or its subsidiary, including certain donor information, as well as
trade secrets, patentable material, proprietary information received or generated from research,
and exempt information received from other states or the federal government, are confidential
and exempt from disclosure requirements. Portions of meetings where confidential information
is discussed are exempt from open meetings requirements.
Section 1004.45(2)(h), F.S. -- Information that, if released, would identify donors
who desire to remain anonymous, is confidential and exempt. Information which, if released,
would identify prospective donors to the museum is confidential and exempt unless the directsupport organization has obtained the name from another source. Identities of such donors and
prospective donors shall not be revealed in the auditor’s report.
Section 1004.55(6), F.S. -- Records that relate to the client of a regional autism center are
confidential and exempt from public disclosure. Personal identifying information of a donor or
prospective donor who desires to remain anonymous is also confidential.
Section 1004.70(6), F.S. -- Records of a Florida College System institution direct-support
organization other than the auditor’s report, any information necessary for the auditor’s report,
any information related to the expenditure of funds, and any supplemental data requested by the
board of trustees, the Auditor General, and the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government
Accountability are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1). The identity of donors who desire
to remain anonymous shall be protected, and that anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s
report.

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Section 1004.71(6), F.S. -- The identity of a donor or prospective donor to a statewide
Florida College System direct-support organization who desires to remain anonymous, and all
information identifying such donor or prospective donor are confidential and exempt from
disclosure. Such anonymity shall be maintained in the auditor’s report.
Section 1004.78(2), F.S. -- Materials relating to methods of manufacture or production,
potential or actual trade secrets, potentially patentable material, business transactions, or
proprietary information received, generated, ascertained or discovered during the course of
activities conducted within a Florida College System institution are confidential and exempt
from s. 119.07(1) provided that an institution shall make available, upon request, the title and
description of a project, the name of the investigator and the amount and source of the funding
provided for the project.
Section 1005.36(3), F.S. -- Confidentiality of student records of closed nonpublic
postsecondary institutions which are furnished to the Commission for Independent Education
in accordance with this section shall be maintained, to the extent required by law.
Section 1005.38(6), F.S. -- Investigatory records held by the Commission for Independent
Education are exempt from public disclosure requirements for a period not to exceed 10 days
after the panel makes a determination regarding probable cause. Those portions of meetings of
the probable cause panel at which exempt records are discussed are exempt from open meetings
requirements but must be recorded. The recording of a closed portion of a meeting and the
minutes and findings of such meeting are exempt from disclosure for a period not to exceed 10
days after the panel makes a determination regarding probable cause.
Section 1006.07(1)(a), F.S. -- Student expulsion hearings are exempt from s. 286.011.
However, the student’s parent must be given notice of the Sunshine Law and may elect to have
the hearing held in compliance with that section.
Section 1006.52(1), F.S. -- Each public postsecondary educational institution may
prescribe the content and custody of records which the university may maintain on its students.
A student’s education records, as defined in the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20
U.S.C. s. 1232g, and the federal regulations, and applicant records as defined by this section are
confidential and exempt.
Section 1008.23, F.S. -- All examination and assessment instruments, including
developmental materials and workpapers directly related thereto, which are prepared, prescribed
or administered pursuant to cited statutes, shall be confidential and exempt.
Section 1008.24(4)(b), F.S. -- The identity of a school or postsecondary educational
institution, personal identifying information of any personnel of any school district or
postsecondary educational institution, or any specific allegations of misconduct obtained or
reported pursuant to an investigation conducted by the Department of Education of a testing
impropriety are confidential and exempt until the conclusion of the investigation or until such
time as the investigation ceases to be active.
Section 1008.39(3), F.S. -- The Florida Education and Training Placement Information
Program must not make public any information that could identify an individual or the
individual’s employer.
Section 1008.41(1)(b), F.S. -- Uniform management information systems for workforce
education coordinated by the Commissioner of Education pursuant to this section must provide
for compliance with state and federal confidentiality requirements except that the department
shall have access to certain reemployment assistance wage reports to collect and report placement
data about former students. Such placement reports must not disclose the individual identities
of former students.

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Section 1009.98(6), F.S. -- Information that identifies the purchasers or beneficiaries of a
prepaid college plan and their advance payment account activities is exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Information which is authorized to be released to postsecondary institutions shall be maintained
as exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 1009.981(6), F.S. -- Information that identifies the benefactors or the designated
beneficiary of any account initiated pursuant to the Florida College Savings Program is
confidential and exempt from public disclosure requirements. However, the board is authorized
to release such information to a community college, college, or university in which a designated
beneficiary may enroll or is enrolled. The receiving institution shall maintain the confidentiality
of such information.
Section 1009.983(4), F.S. -- The identity of donors who desire to remain anonymous
shall be confidential and exempt from disclosure, and such anonymity shall be maintained in
the auditor’s report of the direct-support organization of the Florida Prepaid College Program.
Information received by the direct-support organization that is otherwise confidential or exempt
shall retain such status and any sensitive, personal information regarding contract beneficiaries,
including their identities, is exempt from disclosure.
Section 1009.987, F.S. – The personal financial and health information of a consumer
(defined as a party to a participation agreement) held by the Florida Prepaid College Board,
Florida ABLE Inc., or the Florida ABLE program relating to an ABLE account or participation
agreement or any information that would identify a consumer is confidential and exempt.
Disclosure is authorized in specified circumstances.
Section 1012.31(3), F.S. -- Public school system employee personnel files are subject to
the provisions of s. 119.07(1) except that any complaint and material relating to the investigation
of a complaint against an employee is confidential and exempt until the conclusion of the
preliminary investigation or until the preliminary investigation ceases to be active; employee
evaluations are confidential until the end of the school year immediately following the school
year during which the evaluation was made, but no evaluations made prior to July 1, 1983, shall
be made public; payroll deduction records of the employee and medical records are confidential
and exempt. However, an employee’s personnel file shall be open at all times to the officials
designated in the subsection.
Section 1012.56(9)(e), F.S. -- For any examination developed by this state, the Department
of Education and the State Board of Education shall maintain confidentiality of the examination,
developmental materials, and workpapers, which are exempt from s. 119.07(1).
Section 1012.56(9)(g), F.S. -- Examination instruments, including developmental
materials and workpapers directly related thereto, which are prepared, prescribed, or administered
pursuant to this section (educator certification) are confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1)
and from s. 1001.52. Provisions governing access to, maintenance of, and destruction of such
instruments and related materials shall be prescribed by rules of the State Board of Education.
Section 1012.796(4), F.S. -- The complaint against a teacher or administrator and all
information obtained pursuant to the investigation by the Department of Education shall be
confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) until the conclusion of the preliminary investigation,
until such time as the preliminary investigation ceases to be active, or until such time as otherwise
provided by s. 1012.798(6). However, the complaint and all material assembled during the
investigation may be inspected and copied by the certificate holder or the certificate holder’s
designee, after the investigation is concluded, but prior to the determination of probable cause.
Section 1012.798(9), F.S. -- Information obtained by the recovery network program
(established within the Department of Education to assist impaired educators) from a treatment
provider which relates to a person’s impairment and participation in the program is confidential

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and exempt from disclosure.
Section 1012.798(11), F.S. -- Medical records released pursuant to paragraph (8)(e) of
this section relating to the impaired educators recovery network program may be disclosed only
to the entities specified only as required for purposes of this section, or as otherwise authorized by
law. The medical records are confidential and exempt from disclosure.
Section 1012.81, F.S. -- Rules of the State Board of Education shall prescribe the content
and custody of limited-access records maintained by a Florida College System institution on its
employees. Such limited-access records may include only the records described in the section.
Limited access records are confidential and exempt and may not be released except as authorized
in the section.
Section 1012.91, F.S. -- Each university board of trustees shall adopt rules prescribing the
content and custody of limited-access records maintained on its employees. Such limited-access
records are limited to the records described in the section. Limited access records are confidential
and exempt and may not be released except as authorized in the section.
Section 1013.14(1)(a), F.S. -- In any case where a board, pursuant to the provisions
of Ch. 1013, seeks to purchase real property for educational purposes, all appraisals, offers, or
counteroffers are exempt from s. 119.07(1) until an option contract is executed or, if no option
contract is executed, until 30 days before a contract or agreement for purchase is considered for
approval by the board. If a contract or agreement for purchase is not submitted to the board for
approval, then the exemption from s. 119.07(1) expires 30 days after the negotiations end.
E.

SECTION 11.0431, FLORIDA STATUTES
EXEMPTIONS FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE.

-

LEGISLATIVE

RECORDS;

11.0431 Legislative records; intent of legislation; exemption from public disclosure.-(1) 	It is the policy of the Legislature that every person has the right to inspect and copy records
of the Senate and the House of Representatives received in connection with the official
business of the Legislature as provided for by the constitution of this state. To that end,
public records shall be open to personal inspection and copying at reasonable times except
when specific public necessity justifies that public records be exempt from such inspection
and copying.
(2) The following public records are exempt from inspection and copying:
(a) 	Records, or information contained therein, held by the legislative branch of government
which, if held by an agency as defined in s. 119.011, or any other unit of government,
would be confidential or exempt from the provisions of s. 119.07(1), or otherwise exempt
from public disclosure, and records or information of the same type held by the Legislature.
(b) 	A formal complaint about a member or officer of the Legislature or about a lobbyist and
the records relating to the complaint, until the complaint is dismissed, a determination
as to probable cause has been made, a determination that there are sufficient grounds for
review has been made and no probable cause panel is to be appointed, or the respondent
has requested in writing that the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of
Representatives make public the complaint or other records relating to the complaint,
whichever occurs first.
(c) 	A legislatively produced draft, and a legislative request for a draft, of a bill, resolution,
memorial, or legislative rule, and an amendment thereto, which is not provided to any
person other than the member or members who requested the draft, an employee of the
Legislature, a member of the Legislature who is a supervisor of the legislative employee, a
contract employee or consultant retained by the Legislature, or an officer of the Legislature.
(d) 	A draft of a bill analysis or fiscal note until the bill analysis or fiscal note is provided to

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a person other than an employee of the Legislature, a contract employee or consultant
retained by the Legislature, or an officer of the Legislature.
(e) 	A draft, and a request for a draft, of a reapportionment plan or redistricting plan and an
amendment thereto. Any supporting documents associated with such plan or amendment
until a bill implementing the plan, or the amendment, is filed.
(f ) 	Records prepared for or used in executive sessions of the Senate until 10 years after the date
on which the executive session was held.
(g)

Portions of records of former legislative investigating committees whose records are sealed
or confidential as of June 30, 1993, which may reveal the identity of any witness, any
person who was a subject of the inquiry, or any person referred to in testimony, documents,
or evidence retained in the committee’s records; however, this exemption does not apply
to a member of the committee, its staff, or any public official who was not a subject of the
inquiry.

(h) 	Requests by members for an advisory opinion concerning the application of the rules of
either house pertaining to ethics, unless the member requesting the opinion authorizes in
writing the release of such information. All advisory opinions shall be open to inspection
except that the identity of the member shall not be disclosed in the opinion unless the
member requesting the opinion authorizes in writing the release of such information.
(i)

Portions of correspondence held by the legislative branch which, if disclosed, would reveal:
information otherwise exempt from disclosure by law; an individual’s medical treatment,
history, or condition; the identity or location of an individual if there is a substantial
likelihood that releasing such information would jeopardize the health or safety of that
individual; or information regarding physical abuse, child abuse, spouse abuse, or abuse of
the elderly.

(3)	Any record created prior to July 1, 1993, which was not available to the public from the
house, commission, committee, or office of the legislative branch that created the record,
is exempt from inspection and copying until July 1, 1993. Prior to July 1, 1993, the
presiding officer of each house shall determine which records held by that house should
remain exempt from inspection and copying. The presiding officers of both houses shall
jointly determine which records held by joint committees should remain exempt from
inspection and copying. No later than July 1, 1993, the presiding officers shall publish a
list of records that remain exempt from inspection and copying.
(4)

For purposes of this section, “public record” means all documents, papers, letters, maps,
books, tapes, photographs, films, sound recordings, or other material, regardless of physical
form or characteristics, made or received pursuant to law or ordinance or in connection
with the transaction of official business by the legislative branch.

(5)	Nothing herein shall be construed to limit the authority of each house of the Legislature to
adopt rules pursuant to s. 24, Art. I of the State Constitution.
F.

TABLE OF APPELLATE CASES (GOVERNMENT- IN-THE-SUNSHINE LAW
AND THE PUBLIC RECORDS ACT) NOTE: This listing includes federal cases and
Florida appellate (i.e., District Court of Appeal or Supreme Court) cases cited in the
Sunshine Manual; the complete text of cited Florida county court and circuit court cases is
available on line at the Office of the Attorney General website: www.myfloridalegal.com.
(s) Denotes case cited in Part I, Sunshine Law
(pr) denotes case cited in Part II, Public Records Act

Agrosource, Inc. v. Florida Department of Citrus, 148 So. 3d 138 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (pr)
Alice P. v. Miami Daily News, Inc., 440 So. 2d 1300 (Fla. 3d DCA1983), review denied, 467 So.

292

government-in-the-sunshine-manual
2d 697 (Fla. 1985) (pr)
Allen v. United Faculty of Miami-Dade College, 197 So. 3d 604 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (s)
Allstate Floridian Ins. Co. v. Office of Ins. Regulation, 981 So. 2d 617 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008), review
denied, 987 So. 2d 79 (Fla. 2008) (pr)
Alston v. City of Riviera Beach, 882 So. 2d 436 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (pr)
Alterra Healthcare Corporation v. Estate of Shelley, 827 So. 2d 936 (Fla. 2002) (pr)
Althouse v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 89 So. 3d 288 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (pr)
Althouse v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 92 So. 3d 899 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (pr)
Alvarez v. Reno, 587 So. 2d 664 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991) (pr)
Anderson v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d 548 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (s)
Arbelaez v. State, 775 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 2000) (pr)
Areizaga v. Board of County Commissioners of Hillsborough County, 935 So. 2d 640 (Fla. 2d DCA
2006), review denied, 958 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 2007) (pr)
Askew v. City of Ocala, 348 So. 2d 308 (Fla. 1977) (s)
Atkins v. State, 663 So. 2d 624 (Fla. 1995) (pr)
Atwell v. Sacred Heart Hospital of Pensacola, 520 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 1988) (pr)
B & S Utilities, Inc. v. Baskerville-Donovan, Inc. 988 So. 2d 17 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008), review
denied, 4 So. 3d 1220 (Fla. 2009) (pr)
B.B. v. Department of Children and Family Services, 731 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (pr)
Baker v. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 937 So. 2d 1161 (Fla. 4th DCA
2006), review denied, 954 So. 2d 27 (Fla. 2007) (s)
Baker County Press, Inc. v. Baker County Medical Services, Inc., 870 So. 2d 189 (Fla. 1st DCA
2004) (s), (pr)
B.M.Z. Corporation v. City of Oakland Park, 415 So. 2d 735 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982) (s)
Barfield v. City of Fort Lauderdale Police Department, 639 So. 2d 1012 (Fla. 4th DCA), review
denied, 649 So. 2d 869 (Fla. 1994) (pr)
Barfield v. City of Tallahassee, 171 So. 3d 239 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (pr)
Barfield v. School Board of Manatee County, 135 So. 3d 560 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (pr)
Barfield v. Town of Eatonville, 675 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996) (pr)
Barron v. Florida Freedom Newspapers, 531 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 1988) (s), (pr)
Bay County School Board v. Public Employees Relations Commission, 382 So. 2d 747 (Fla. 1st DCA
1980) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Bennett v. Clerk of Circuit Court Citrus County, 150 So. 3d 277 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (pr)
Bennett v. Warden, 333 So. 2d 97 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976) (s)
Bent v. State, 46 So. 3d 1047 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (pr)
Bevan v. Wanicka, 505 So. 2d 1116 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (pr)
Bigelow v. Howze, 291 So. 2d 645 (Fla. 2d DCA 1974) (s)
Blackford v. School Board of Orange County, 375 So. 2d 578 (Fla. 5th DCA 1979) (s)
Blackshear v. State, 115 So. 3d 1093 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (pr)
Bland v. Jackson County, 514 So. 2d 1115 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987) (s)
Bludworth v. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., 476 So. 2d 775 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), review denied,
488 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1986) (pr)
Board of County Commissioners of Highlands County v. Colby, 976 So. 2d 31 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)
(pr)
Board of County Commissioners of Palm Beach County v. D.B., 784 So. 2d 585 (Fla. 4th DCA
2001) (pr)
Board of County Commissioners of Sarasota County v. Webber, 658 So. 2d 1069 (Fla. 2d DCA
1995) (s)
Board of Public Instruction of Broward County v. Doran, 224 So. 2d 693 (Fla. 1969) (s)
Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Lee, 189 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 2016) (pr)
Booksmart Enterprises, Inc. v. Barnes & Noble College Bookstores, Inc., 718 So. 2d 227 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1998), review denied, 729 So. 2d 389 (Fla. 1999) (pr)
Borreca v. Fasi, 369 F. Supp. 906 (D. Hawaii 1974) (s)
Boyles v. Mid-Florida Television Corp., 431 So. 2d 627 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983), approved, 467 So.
2d 282 (Fla. 1985) (pr)
Brayshaw v. City of Tallahassee, Fla., 709 F. Supp. 2d 1244 (N.D. Fla. 2010) (pr)
Broward County v. Conner, 660 So. 2d 288 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), review denied, 669 So. 2d 250
(Fla. 1996) (s)
Brown v. City of Lauderhill, 654 So. 2d 302 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (s)
Brown v. Denton, 152 So. 3d 8 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014), review denied, No. SC14-2490 (Fla.
February 24, 2016) (s)
Brown v. State, 152 So. 3d 739 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (pr)
Browning v. Walton, 351 So. 2d 380 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977) (pr)
Bruckner v. City of Dania Beach, 823 So. 2d 167 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (s)
Bryan v. State, 753 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 2000) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Buchanan v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 206 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 3d DCA 1968), modified,
230 So. 2d 9 (Fla. 1969) (pr)
Bundy v. State, 455 So. 2d 330 (Fla. 1984), cert. denied, 106 S. Ct. 1958 (1986) (s)
Butler v. City of Hallandale Beach, 68 So. 3d 278 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (pr)
Butterworth v. Smith, 110 S.Ct. 1376 (1990) (s), (pr)
Buxton v. City of Plant City, Florida, 871 F.2d 1037 (11th Cir. 1989) (pr)
Campus Communications, Inc. v. Earnhardt, 821 So. 2d 388 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), review denied,
848 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 2003) (pr)
Canney v. Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County, 278 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 1973) (s), (pr)
Cannon v. City of West Palm Beach, 250 F. 3d 1299 (11th Cir. 2001) (pr)
Cantanese v. Ceros-Livingston, 599 So. 2d 1021 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992), review denied, 613 So. 2d
2 (Fla. 1992) (pr)
Cape Coral Medical Center, Inc. v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 390 So. 2d 1216 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1980) (s)
Cape Publications, Inc. v. City of Palm Bay, 473 So. 2d 222 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985) (s)
Cape Publications, Inc. v. Hitchner, 549 So. 2d 1374 (Fla. 1989), appeal dismissed, 110 S.Ct. 296
(1989) (pr)
Carden v. Chief of Police, 696 So. 2d 772 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996) (pr)
Caswell v. Manhattan Fire & Marine Insurance Company, 399 F.2d 417 (5th Cir. 1968) (pr)
Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority d/b/a Lynx v. Post-Newsweek Stations, Orlando,
Inc., 157 So. 3d 401 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (pr)
Chandler v. City of Greenacres, 140 So. 3d 1080 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (pr)
Chandler v. City of Sanford, 121 So. 3d 657 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013) (pr)
Chmielewski v. City of St. Pete Beach, 161 So. 3d 521 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (s)
Christy v. Palm Beach County Sheriff ‘s Office, 698 So. 2d 1365 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997) (pr)
Citizens Awareness Foundation, Inc. v. Wantman Group, Inc., 195 So. 3d 396 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016)
(pr)
Citizens for Sunshine, Inc. v. School Board of Martin County, 125 So. 3d 184 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)
(s)
City of Avon Park v. State, 117 So. 3d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (pr)
City of Delray Beach v. Barfield, 579 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991) (pr)
City of Dunnellon v. Aran, 662 So. 2d 1026 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995) (s)
City of Fort Myers v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 514 So. 2d 408 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (s)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
City of Gainesville v. State ex rel. International Association of Fire Fighters Local No. 2157, 298 So.
2d 478 (Fla. 1st DCA 1974) (pr)
City of Hallandale v. Rayel Corporation, 313 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 4th DCA 1975), cause dismissed sua
sponte, 322 So. 2d 915 (Fla. 1975) (s)
City of Hollywood v. Hakanson, 866 So. 2d 106 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (s)
City of Miami v. Post-Newsweek Stations Florida, Inc., 837 So. 2d 1002 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002),
review dismissed, 863 So. 2d 1190 (Fla. 2003) (pr)
City of Miami v. Metropolitan Dade County, 745 F. Supp. 683 (S.D. Fla. 1990) (pr)
City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 245 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1971) (s)
City of Miami Beach v. DeLapp, 472 So. 2d 543 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985) (pr)
City of Miami Beach v. Public Employees Relations Commission, 937 So. 2d 226 (Fla. 3d DCA
2006) (pr)
City of North Miami v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 468 So. 2d 218 (Fla. 1985) (pr)
City of Orlando v. Desjardins, 493 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 1986) (pr)
City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), review denied, 651 So.
2d 1192 (Fla. 1995) (pr)
City of St. Petersburg v. Romine ex rel. Dillinger, 719 So. 2d 19 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998) (pr)
City of Sunrise v. News and Sun-Sentinel Company, 542 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989) (s)
City of Tallahassee v. Federated Publications, Inc., No. 4:11cv395-RH/CAS (N.D. Fla. August 9,
2012) (pr)
City of Tarpon Springs v. Garrigan, 510 So. 2d 1198 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (pr)
Clay County Education Association v. Clay County School Board, 144 So. 3d 708 (Fla. 1st DCA
2014) (pr)
Clein v. State, 52 So. 2d 117 (Fla. 1950) (s)
Coconut Grove Playhouse, Inc. v. Knight-Ridder, Inc., 935 So. 2d 597 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (pr)
Coleman v. Austin, 521 So. 2d 247 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988) (pr)
Consumer Rights, LLC v. Bradford County, 153 So. 3d 394 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (pr)
Consumer Rights, LLC v. Union County, 159 So. 3d 882 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied, 177
So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2015) (pr)
Cooper v. Dillon, 403 F. 3d 1208 (11th Cir. 2005) (pr)
County of Volusia v. Emergency Communications Network, Inc., 39 So. 3d 1280 (Fla. 5th DCA
2010) (pr)
Coventry First, LLC v. Office of Insurance Regulation, 30 So. 3d 552 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Cox Broadcasting Corporation v. Cohn, 95 S.Ct. 1029 (1975) (pr)
Critical Intervention Services, Inc. v. City of Clearwater, 908 So. 2d 1195 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (pr)
Cruger v. Love, 599 So. 2d 111 (Fla. 1992) (pr)
Cubic Transportation Systems, Inc. v. Miami-Dade County, 899 So. 2d 453 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005)
(pr)
Curry v. State, 811 So. 2d 736 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (pr)
Dade Aviation Consultants v. Knight Ridder, Inc., 800 So. 2d 302 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (pr)
Daniels v. Bryson, 548 So. 2d 679 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989) (pr)
Dascott v. Palm Beach County, 877 So. 2d 8 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (s)
Dascott v. Palm Beach County, 988 So. 2d 47 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008), review denied, 6 So. 3d 51
(Fla. 2009) (s)
Davis v. Sarasota County Public Hospital Board, 480 So. 2d 203 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review
denied, 488 So. 2d 829 (Fla. 1986), appeal after remand, 519 So. 2d 75 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988) (pr)
Deerfield Beach Publishing, Inc. v. Robb, 530 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988) (s)
Department of Children and Family Services v. Florida Statewide Advocacy Council, 884 So. 2d
1162 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (pr)
Department of Health v. Grinberg, 795 So. 2d 1136 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001) (pr)
Department of Health v. Poss, 45 So. 3d 510 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (pr)
Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services v. Gainesville Sun Publishing Company, 582 So. 2d
725 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (pr)
Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services v. Martin, 574 So. 2d 1223 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991)
(pr)
Department of Professional Regulation v. Spiva, 478 So. 2d 382 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (pr)
Dickerson v. Hayes, 543 So. 2d 836 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989) (pr)
Doe v. State, 901 So. 2d 881 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (pr)
Donner v. Edelstein, 415 So. 2d 830 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982) (pr)
Douglas v. Michel, 410 So. 2d 936 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982), questions answered and approved, 464
So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1985) (pr)
Downs v. Austin, 522 So. 2d 931 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988) (pr)
Downs v. Austin, 559 So. 2d 246 (Fla. 1st DCA), review denied, 574 So. 2d 140 (Fla. 1990) (pr)
Economic Development Commission v. Ellis, 178 So. 3d 118 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (pr)
Edelstein v. Donner, 450 So. 2d 562 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984), approved, 471 So. 2d 26 (Fla. 1985) (pr)

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Environmental Turf, Inc. v. University of Florida Board of Trustees, 83 So. 3d 1012 (Fla. 1st DCA
2012) (pr)
Evergreen the Tree Treasurers of Charlotte County, Inc. v. Charlotte County Board of County
Commissioners, 810 So. 2d 526 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (s)
Fadjo v. Coon, 633 F.2d 1172 (5th Cir. 1981) (pr)
Ferrier v. Public Defender’s Office, Second Judicial Circuit, 171 So. 3d 744 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015)
(pr)
Finch v. Seminole County School Board, 995 So. 2d 1068 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008) (s)
Florida Bar v. Committee, 916 So. 2d 741 (Fla. 2005) (s) (pr)
Florida Board of Bar Examiners Re: Amendments to the Rules of the Supreme Court of Florida
Relating to Admissions to the Bar, 676 So. 2d 372 (Fla. 1996) (pr)
Florida Department of Children and Families v. Sun-Sentinel, Inc., 865 So. 2d 1278 (Fla. 2004)
(pr)
Florida Department of Corrections v. Abril, 969 So. 2d 201 (Fla. 2007) (pr)
Florida Department of Education v. Cooper, 858 So. 2d 394 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (pr)
Florida Department of Education v. NYT Management Services, Inc., 895 So. 2d 1151 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2005) (pr)
Florida Department of Revenue v. WHI Limited Partnership, 754 So. 2d 205 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000)
(pr)
Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. Dempsey, 478 So. 2d 1128 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (pr)
Florida Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. McCrary, 520 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1988) (pr)
Florida Hospital Waterman v. Buster, 984 So. 2d 478 (Fla. 2008) (pr)
Florida Institutional Legal Services v. Florida Department of Corrections, 579 So. 2d 267 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1991), review denied, 592 So. 2d 680 (Fla. 1991) (pr)
Florida Parole and Probation Commission v. Baranko, 407 So. 2d 1086 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982) (s)
Florida Parole and Probation Commission v. Thomas, 364 So. 2d 480 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978) (s)
Florida Power & Light Company v. Public Service Commission, 31 So. 3d 860 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010)
(pr)
Florida Publishing Company v. State, 706 So. 2d 54 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998), review dismissed, 717
So. 2d 531 (Fla. 1998) (pr)
Florida Society of Newspaper Editors, Inc. v. Florida Public Service Commission, 543 So. 2d 1262
(Fla. 1st DCA), review denied, 551 So. 2d 461 (Fla. 1989) (s) (pr)
Forehand v. School Board of Gulf County, Florida, 600 So. 2d 1187 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (s)
Forsberg v. Housing Authority of City of Miami Beach, 455 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1984) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Fox v. News-Press Publishing Co., Inc., 545 So. 2d 941 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (s) (pr)
Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company v. Magaha, 769 So. 2d 1012 (Fla. 2000) (s)
Fraternal Order of Police v. Rutherford, 51 So. 3d 485 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (pr)
Freeman v. Times Publishing Company, 696 So. 2d 427 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (s)
Friend v. Friend, 866 So. 2d 116 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004) (pr)
Friedberg v. Town of Longboat Key, 504 So. 2d 52 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (pr)
Fuller v. State ex rel. O’Donnell, 17 So. 2d 607 (Fla. 1944) (pr)
Gadd v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 412 So. 2d 894 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied, 419
So. 2d 1197 (Fla. 1982) (pr)
Gannett Co., Inc. v. Goldtrap, 302 So. 2d 174 (Fla. 2d DCA 1974) (pr)
Garcia v. Walder Electronics, Inc., 563 So. 2d 723 (Fla. 3d DCA), review denied, 576 So. 2d 287
(Fla. 1990) (pr)
Garner v. Florida Commission on Ethics, 415 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), review denied, 424
So. 2d 761 (Fla. 1983) (pr)
Garrison v. Bailey, 4 So. 3d 683 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (pr)
Gay v. State, 697 So. 2d 179 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997) (pr)
G.G. v. Florida Department of Law Enforcement, 97 So. 3d 268 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (pr)
Gilliam v. State, 996 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (pr)
Grace v. Jenne, 855 So. 2d 262 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (pr)
Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), review denied, 47 So. 3d 1288
(Fla. 2010) (s) (pr)
Grapski v. City of Alachua, 134 So. 3d 987 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012), review denied, 118 So. 3d 220
(Fla. 2012) (pr)
Greenbarg v. Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners, 618 So. 2d 760 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1993) (s)
Halifax Hospital Medical Center v. News-Journal Corporation, 724 So. 2d 567 (Fla. 1999) (s) (pr)
Harold v. Orange County, 668 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996) (pr)
Harvard v. Village of Palm Springs, 98 So. 3d 645 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (pr)
Henderson v. Perez, 835 So. 2d 390 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (pr)
Henderson v. State, 745 So. 2d 319 (Fla. 1999) (pr)
Herrin v. City of Deltona (Fla. 5th DCA 2013) (s)
Hewlings v. Orange County, 87 So. 3d 839 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012) (pr)

299

government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Hill v. Prudential Insurance Company of America, 701 So. 2d 1218 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997), review
denied, 717 So. 2d 536 (Fla. 1998) (pr)
Hillier v. City of Plantation, 935 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (pr)
Hillsborough County v. Morris, 730 So. 2d 367 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (pr)
Hillsborough County Aviation Authority v. Azzarelli Construction Company, 436 So. 2d 153 (Fla.
2d DCA 1983) (pr)
Holley v. Bradford County Sheriff’s Department, 171 So. 3d 805 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (pr)
Hough v. Stembridge, 278 So. 2d 288 (Fla. 3d DCA 1973) (s)
Housing Authority of the City of Daytona Beach v. Gomillion, 639 So. 2d 117 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994)
(pr)
IDS Properties, Inc. v. Town of Palm Beach, 279 So. 2d 353 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973), certified question
answered sub nom., Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974) (s)
Indian River County Hospital District v. Indian River Memorial Hospital, Inc., 766 So. 2d 233 (Fla.
4th DCA 2000) (s) (pr)
In re Adoption of H.Y.T., 458 So. 2d 1127 (Fla. 1984) (s)
In re Advisory Opinion of the Governor, 334 So. 2d 561 (Fla. 1976) (s)
In re Amendments to Fla. R. Jud. Admin., Public Access to Judicial Records, 608 So. 2d 472 (Fla.
1992) (pr)
In re Amendments to Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.051, Public Access to Judicial Records, 651 So. 2d 1185
(Fla. 1995) (pr)
In re Grand Jury, Fall Term 1986, 528 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988) (s) (pr)
In re Grand Jury Investigation Spring Term 1988, 543 So. 2d 757 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied,
547 So. 2d 1210 (Fla. 1989) (pr)
In re Getty, 427 So. 2d 380 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (s)
In re Records of the Department of Children and Family Services, 873 So. 2d 506 (Fla. 2d DCA
2004) (pr)
In re Report of the Supreme Court Workgroup on Public Records, 825 So. 2d 889 (Fla. 2002) (pr)
In re Report & Recommendations of Judicial Mgmt. Council of Fla. on Privacy & Elec. Access to Court
Records, 832 So. 2d 712 (Fla. 2002) (pr)
In re Subpoena to Testify Before Grand Jury Directed to Custodian of Records, 864 F.2d 1559 (11th
Cir. 1989) (s) (pr)
Jacksonville Television, Inc. v. Shorstein, 608 So. 2d 592 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (pr)
Jacobs Keeley, PLLC v. Chief Judge of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, 169 So. 3d 192 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2015) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
James, Hoyer, Newcomer, Smiljanich, & Yanchunis, P.A., v. Rodale, Inc., 41 So.3d 386 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2010) (pr)
James v. Loxahatchee Groves Water Control District, 820 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (pr)
Jennings v. Dade County, 589 So. 2d 1337 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991), review denied, 598 So. 2d 75
(Fla. 1992) (s)
Jennings v. State, 626 So. 2d 1324 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
J.I. v. Department of Children and Families, 922 So. 2d 405 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (s)
Johnson v. Butterworth, 713 So. 2d 985 (Fla. 1998) (pr)
Johnson v. Deluz, 875 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (pr)
Johnson v. Jarvis, 74 So. 3d 168 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011) (pr)
Johnson v. Jarvis, 107 So. 3d 428 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (pr)
Johnson v. State, 769 So. 2d 990 (Fla. 2000) (pr)
Jones v. Heyman, 888 F.2d 1328 (11th Cir. 1989) (s)
Jones v. Miami Herald Media company, 41 F.L.W. D1993 (Fla. 1st DCA August 29, 2016) (pr)
Jordan v. Jenne, 938 So. 2d 526 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (s)
Jordan v. School Board of Broward County, 531 So. 2d 976 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988) (pr)
Justice Coalition v. The First District Court of Appeal Judicial Nominating Commission, 823 So. 2d
185 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002) (pr)
Kanner v. Frumkes, 353 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977) (s) (pr)
Keesler v. Community Maritime Park Associates, Inc., 32 So. 3d 659 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), review
denied, 47 So. 3d 1289 (Fla. 2010) (s)
Kever v. Gilliam, 886 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (pr)
Kight v. Dugger, 574 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 1990) (pr)
Killearn Properties, Inc. v. City of Tallahassee, 366 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 1st DCA 1979), cert. denied,
378 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 1979) (s)
King v. State, 840 So. 2d 1047 (Fla. 2003) (pr)
Knight News, Inc. v. University of Central Florida, 41 F.L.W. D897 (Fla. 5th DCA April 8, 2016)
(pr)
Knox v. District School Board of Brevard, 821 So. 2d 311 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (s)
Kovaleski v. State, 854 So. 2d 282 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003), case dismissed, 860 So. 2d 978 (Fla.
2003) (pr)
Krause v. Reno, 366 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979) (s)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Krischer v. D’Amato, 674 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (pr)
L.R. v. Department of State, Division of Archives, History and Records Management, 488 So. 2d
122 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (pr)
Lake v. State, 193 So. 3d 932 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (s)
Lake Shore Hospital Authority v. Lilker, 168 So. 3d 332 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (pr)
Langlois v. City of Deerfield Beach, Florida, 370 F. Supp. 2d 1233 (S.D. Fla. 2005) (pr)
Law and Information Services, Inc. v. City of Riviera Beach, 670 So. 2d 1014 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)
(s)
Layton v. Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles, 676 So. 2d 1038 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1996) (pr)
Leach-Wells v. City of Bradenton, 734 So. 2d 1168 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (s)
League of Women Voters v. Florida House of Representatives, 132 So. 3d 135 (Fla. 2013) (pr)
Lee v. Board of Trustees, Jacksonville Police & Fire Pension Fund, 113 So. 3d 1010 (Fla. 1st DCA
2013) (pr)
Lee County v. Pierpont, 693 So. 2d 994 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997), affirmed, 710 So. 2d 958 (Fla. 1998)
(s)
Lee County v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 634 So. 2d 250 (Fla. 2d DCA
1994) (pr)
Lewis v. State, 958 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (pr)
Lightbourne v. McCollum, 969 So. 2d 326 (Fla. 2007), cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1059 (2008) (pr)
Lilker v. Suwannee Valley Transit Authority, 133 So. 3d 654 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (pr)
Locke v. Hawkes, 595 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1992) (pr)
Lopez v. Singletary, 634 So. 2d 1054 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
Lopez v. State, 696 So. 2d 725 (Fla. 1997) (pr)
Lorei v. Smith, 464 So. 2d 1330 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 475 So. 2d 695 (Fla. 1985)
(pr)
Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, 995 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (pr)
Lyon v. Lake County, 765 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000) (s)
Maraia v. State, 685 So. 2d 851 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (pr)
Marino v. University of Florida, 107 So. 3d 1231 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (pr)
Martinez v. State, 969 So. 2d 1174 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (pr)
Mathis v. State, 722 So. 2d 235 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Matos v. Office of the State Attorney, 17th Jud. Cir., 80 So. 3d 1149 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (pr)
Maxwell v. Pine Gas Corporation, 195 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 4th DCA 1967) (pr)
Mayer v. State, 523 So. 2d 1171 (Fla. 2d DCA), review dismissed, 529 So. 2d 694 (Fla. 1988) (s)
Mazer v. Orange County, 811 So. 2d 857 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (pr)
McCoy Restaurants, Inc. v. City of Orlando, 392 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 1980) (s)
McDougall v. Culver, 3 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (s)
Media General Convergence, Inc. v. Chief Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, 840 So. 2d 1008
(Fla. 2003) (pr)
Media General Operation, Inc. v. Feeney, 849 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (pr)
Media General Operations, Inc. v. State, 933 So. 2d 1199 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (pr)
Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 729 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999) (s)
(pr)
Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 784 So. 2d 438 (Fla. 2001) (pr)
Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc. v. News-Journal Corporation, 927 So. 2d 961 (Fla. 5th DCA
2006) (s) (pr)
Metropolitan Dade County v. San Pedro, 632 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (pr)
Miami-Dade County v. Professional Law Enforcement Association, 997 So. 2d 1289 (Fla. 3d DCA
2009) (pr)
Miami Herald Media Co. v. Sarnoff, 971 So. 2d 915 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (pr)
Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Gridley, 510 So. 2d 884 (Fla. 1987), cert. denied, 108
S.Ct.1224 (1988) (s) (pr)
Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Lewis, 426 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1982) (s) (pr)
Michel v. Douglas, 464 So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1985) (pr)
Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner, 889 So. 2d 871 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004), review denied, 902 So. 2d 791
(Fla. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 746 (2005) (pr)
Mills v. Doyle, 407 So. 2d 348 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (pr)
Mills v. State, 684 So. 2d 801 (Fla. 1996) (pr)
Milner v. State, 196 So. 3d 569 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016)
Minasian v. State, 967 So. 2d 454 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (pr)
Mintus v. City of West Palm Beach, 711 So. 2d 1359 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (pr)
Mitchell v. School Board of Leon County, 335 So. 2d 354 (Fla. 1st DCA 1976) (s)
Molina v. City of Miami, 837 So. 2d 462 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002) (s)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Monroe County v. Pigeon Key Historical Park, Inc., 647 So. 2d 857 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (s)
Morgan v. Wagner, 73 So. 3d 815 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (pr)
Morris Communications Company, LLC v. State, 844 So. 2d 671 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (pr)
Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. Department of Education, 133 So. 3d 957 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013),
review denied, 157 So. 3d 1046 (Fla. 2015) (pr)
Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 13 So. 3d 120 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (Fla. 1st DCA 2009)
(pr)
Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 136 So. 3d 770 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (s)
Morris Publishing Group, LLC v. State, 154 So. 3d 528 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), review denied, 163
So. 3d 512 (Fla. 2015) (pr)
Morris v. Whitehead, 588 So. 2d 1023 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (pr)
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Associated Press, 18 So. 3d 1201 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009),
review denied, 37 So. 3d 848 (Fla. 2010) (pr)
Natural Parents of J.B. v. Florida Department of Children and Family Services, 780 So. 2d 6 (Fla.
2001) (s)
Neu v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 462 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 1985) (s)
Neumann v. Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association, 763 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. 4th DCA
2000) (pr)
New York Times Company v. PHH Mental Health Services, Inc., 616 So. 2d 27 (Fla. 1993) (s), (pr)
News-Journal Corporation v. Memorial Hospital-West Volusia, Inc., 695 So. 2d 418 (Fla. 5th DCA
1997), approved, 729 So. 2d 373 (Fla. 1999) (s) (pr)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Carlson, 410 So. 2d 546 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (s)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Gadd, 388 So. 2d 276 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980) (pr)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Kaune, 511 So. 2d 1023 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (pr)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Lee County, Florida, 570 So. 2d 1325 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990)
(s)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Sapp, 464 So. 2d 1335 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985) (pr)
News-Press Publishing Company, Inc. v. Wisher, 345 So. 2d 646 (Fla. 1977) (pr), (s)
News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Cox, 702 F. Supp. 891 (S.D. Fla. 1988) (s)
News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Palm Beach County, 517 So. 2d 743 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987) (pr)
News and Sun-Sentinel Company v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., 596 So. 2d
1029 (Fla. 1992) (s) (pr)
Nicolai v. Baldwin, 715 So. 2d 1161 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998) (pr)

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government-in-the-sunshine-manual
Ocala Star Banner Corp. v. McGhee, 643 So. 2d 1196 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994) (pr)
Ocala Star-Banner v. State, 697 So. 2d 1317 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (pr)
Occidental Chemical Company v. Mayo, 351 So. 2d 336 (Fla. 1977) (s)
Office of the State Attorney for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of Florida v. Gonzalez, 953 So. 2d 759
(Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (pr)
Orange County v. Florida Land Company, 450 So. 2d 341 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984), review denied,
458 So. 2d 273 (Fla. 1984) (pr)
Orange County v. Hewlings, 152 So. 3d 812 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (pr)
Osario v. State, 34 So. 3d 98 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (pr)
Palm Beach Community College Foundation, Inc. v. WFTV, 611 So. 2d 588 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993)
(pr)
Palm Beach County Classroom Teacher’s Association v. School Board of Palm Beach County, 411 So.
2d 1375 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982) (s)
Palm Beach County Police Benevolent Association v. Neumann, 796 So. 2d 1278 (Fla. 4th DCA
2001) (pr)
Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc. v. Burk, 504 So. 2d 378 (Fla. 1987), cert. denied, 108 S.Ct. 346
(1987) (s), (pr)
Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., v. Doe, 460 So. 2d 406 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984) (s)
Parole Commission v. Lockett, 620 So. 2d 153 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
Parsons & Whittemore, Inc. v. Metropolitan Dade County, 429 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (pr)
Patton v. State, 784 So. 2d 380 (Fla. 2000) (pr)
Pinellas County School Board v. Suncam, Inc., 829 So. 2d 989 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (s)
Potts v. State, 869 So. 2d 1223 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (pr)
Port Everglades Authority v. International Longshoremen’s Association, Local 1922-1, 652 So. 2d
1169 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (s)
Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida Inc. v. Doe, 612 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 1992) (pr)
Post-Newsweek Stations, Florida Inc. v. State, 510 So. 2d 896 (Fla. 1987) (s)
Prison Health Services, Inc. v. Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company, 718 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2d DCA
1998), review denied, 727 So. 2d 909 (Fla. 1999) (pr)
Pritchett v. State, 566 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 2d DCA), review dismissed, 570 So. 2d 1306 (Fla. 1990) (s)
Promenade D’Iberville, LLC v. Sundy, 145 So. 3d 980 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (pr)
Puls v. City of Port St. Lucie, 678 So. 2d 514 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (pr)
Putnam County Humane Society v. Woodward, 740 So. 2d 1238 (Fla. 5th DCA 1999) (pr)

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Quad-City Community News Service, Inc. v. Jebens, 334 F. Supp 8 (S.D. Iowa 1971) (s)
Radford v. Brock, 914 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (pr)
Ragsdale v. State, 720 So. 2d 203 (Fla. 1998) (pr)
Rameses, Inc. v. Demings, 29 So. 3d 418 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010) (pr)
Ramese’s, Inc. v. Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation, 954 So. 2d 703 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (pr)
Rea v. Sansbury, 504 So. 2d 1315 (Fla. 4th DCA), review denied, 513 So. 2d 1063 (Fla. 1987) (pr)
Rhea v. District Board of Trustees of Santa Fe College, 109 So. 3d 851 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (pr)
Rhea v. City of Gainesville, 574 So. 2d 221 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (s)
Rhea v. School Board of Alachua County, 636 So. 2d 1383 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (s)
Ribaya v. Board of Trustees of the City Pension Fund for Firefighters and Police Officers in the City of
Tampa, 162 So. 3d 348 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (s)
Roberts v. Butterworth, 668 So. 2d 580 (Fla. 1996) (pr))
Roberts v. News-Press Publishing Company, Inc., 409 So. 2d 1089 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied,
418 So. 2d 1280 (Fla. 1982) (pr)
Roesch v. State, 633 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
Rogers v. Hood, 906 So. 2d 1220 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005), review denied, 919 So. 2d 436 (Fla. 2005)
(pr)
Rose v. D’Alessandro, 380 So. 2d 419 (Fla. 1980) (pr)
Rowe v. Pinellas Sports Authority, 461 So. 2d 72 (Fla. 1984) (s)
Ruff v. School Board of Collier County, 426 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983) (s)
Rush v. High Springs, 82 So. 3d 1108 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (pr)
Salcines v. Tampa Television, 454 So. 2d 639 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984) (pr)
Sarasota Citizens for Responsible Government v. City of Sarasota, 48 So. 3d 755 (Fla. 2010) (s)
Sarasota Herald-Tribune Company v. Community Health Corporation, Inc., 582 So. 2d 730 (Fla.
2d DCA 1991) (pr)
Sarasota Herald-Tribune v. State, 916 So. 2d 904 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (pr)
Sarasota Herald-Tribune v. State, 924 So. 2d 8 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), review denied, 918 So. 2d 293
(Fla. 2005), pet. for cert. dismissed, 126 S. Ct. 1139 (2006) (pr)
Satz v. Blankenship, 407 So. 2d 396 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981), review denied, 413 So. 2d 877 (Fla.
1982) (pr)
Satz v. Gore Newspapers Company, 395 So. 2d 1274 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (pr)

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School Board of Alachua County v. Rhea, 661 So. 2d 331 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995), review denied, 670
So. 2d 939 (Fla. 1996) (s)
School Board of Duval County v. Florida Publishing Company, 670 So. 2d 99 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996)
(s)
Schwartzman v. Merritt Island Volunteer Fire Department, 352 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977),
cert. denied, 358 So. 2d 132 (Fla. 1978) (pr)
Schweickert v. Citrus County Florida Board, 193 So. 3d 1075 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016) (pr)
SCI Funeral Services of Florida, Inc. v. Light, 811 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (s)
Scott v. Butterworth, 734 So. 2d 391 (Fla. 1999) (pr)
Seigle v. Barry, 422 So. 2d 63 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), review denied, 431 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 1983) (pr)
Seminole County, Florida v. Wood, 512 So. 2d 1000 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987), review denied, 520 So.
2d 586 (Fla. 1988) (pr)
Sepro Corporation v. Department of Environmental Protection, 839 So. 2d 781 (Fla. 1st DCA
2003), review denied sub nom., Crist v. Department of Environmental Protection, 911 So. 2d 792
(Fla. 2005) (pr)
Seta Corporation of Boca, Inc. v. Office of the Attorney General, 756 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 4th DCA
2000) (pr)
Shea v. Cochran, 680 So. 2d 628 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (pr)
Shevin v. Byron, Harless, Schaffer, Reid and Associates, Inc., 379 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1980) (pr)
Silver Express Company v. District Board of Lower Tribunal Trustees, 691 So. 2d 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA
1997) (s)
Sireci v. State, 587 So. 2d 450 (Fla. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 1500 (1992) (s)
Skeen v. D’Alessandro, 681 So. 2d 712 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (pr)
Smith v. State, 696 So. 2d 814 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (pr)
Smith & Williams, P.A. v. West Coast Regional Water Authority, 640 So. 2d 216 (Fla. 2d DCA
1994) (pr)
Smithwick v. Television 12 of Jacksonville, Inc., 730 So. 2d 795 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) (pr)
Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company v. Beard, 597 So. 2d 873 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (pr)
Southern Coatings, Inc. v. City of Tamarac, 916 So. 2d 19 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (pr)
Southwestern Newspapers Corporation v. Curtis, 584 S.W.2d 362 (Texas App. 1979) (s)
Spillis Candela & Partners, Inc. v. Centrust Savings Bank, 535 So. 2d 694 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) (s)
Stanfield v. Florida Department of Children and Families, 698 So. 2d 321 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (s)
Stanfield v. Salvation Army, 695 So. 2d 501 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (s), (pr)

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State v. Buenoano, 707 So. 2d 714 (Fla. 1998) (pr)
State v. City of Clearwater, 863 So. 2d 149 (Fla. 2003) (pr)
State v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Miami, Inc., 582 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990) (pr)
State v. Globe Communications Corporation, 648 So. 2d 110 (Fla. 1994) (pr)
State v. Ingram, 170 So. 3d 727 (Fla. 2015) (pr)
State v. Johnson, 814 So. 2d 390 (Fla. 2002) (pr)
State v. Knight, 661 So. 2d 344 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (pr)
State v. Kokal, 562 So. 2d 324 (Fla. 1990) (pr)
State v. Natson, 661 So. 2d 926 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (pr)
State v. Schenecker, No. 11-CF-001376A (Fla. 13th Cir. Ct. August 3, 2011), certiorari denied sub.
nom., Media General Operations v. State, 71 So. 3d 124 (Fla. 2d DCA September 16, 2011) (pr)
State v. Webb, 786 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001) (pr)
State v. Wright, 803 So. 2d 793 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001), review denied, 823 So. 2d 125 (Fla. 2002)
(pr)
State, Department of Economic Opportunity v. Consumer Rights, LLC, 181 So. 3d 1239 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2015) (pr)
State, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services v. Southpointe Pharmacy, 636 So. 2d 1377
(Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (pr)
State, Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles v. Krejci Company, Inc., 570 So. 2d 1322
(Fla. 2d DCA 1990), review denied, 576 So. 2d 286 (Fla. 1991) (pr)
State, Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles v. Kropff, 445 So. 2d 1068 (Fla. 3d DCA
1984) (pr)
State, Department of Management Services v. Lewis, 653 So. 2d 467 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995) (s)
State ex rel. Christian v. Rudd, 302 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 1st DCA 1974) (s)
State ex rel. Clayton v. Board of Regents, 635 So. 2d 937 (Fla. 1994) (pr)
State ex rel. Cummer v. Pace, 159 So. 679 (Fla. 1935) (pr)
State ex rel. Davidson v. Couch, 156 So. 297 (Fla. 1934) (pr)
State ex rel. Davidson v. Couch, 158 So. 103 (Fla. 1934) (pr)
State ex rel. Davis v. McMillan, 38 So. 666 (Fla. 1905) (pr)
State ex rel. Miami Herald Publishing Company v. McIntosh, 340 So. 2d 904 (Fla. 1977) (s) (pr)
State ex rel. Veale v. City of Boca Raton, 353 So. 2d 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977), cert. denied, 360
So. 2d 1247 (Fla. 1978) (pr)

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Staton v. McMillan, 597 So. 2d 940 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), review dismissed sub nom., Staton
v.Austin, 605 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 1992) (pr)
Sun-Sentinel, Inc. v. Florida Department of Children and Families, 815 So. 2d 793 (Fla. 3d DCA
2002) (pr)
Tal-Mason v. Satz, 614 So. 2d 1134 (Fla. 4th DCA), review denied, 624 So. 2d 269 (Fla. 1993)
(pr)
Tallahassee Democrat, Inc. v. Florida Board of Regents, 314 So. 2d 164 (Fla. 1st DCA 1975) (pr)
Tampa Television, Inc. v. Dugger, 559 So. 2d 397 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990) (pr)
The Florida Bar, In re Advisory Opinion Concerning the Applicability of Ch. 119, F.S., 398 So. 2d
446 (Fla. 1981) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. Ake, 660 So. 2d 255 (Fla. 1995) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. A.J., 626 So. 2d 1314 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. City of St. Petersburg, 558 So. 2d 487 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. Patterson, 451 So. 2d 888 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. State, 827 So. 2d 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. State, 903 So. 2d 322 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (pr)
Times Publishing Co. v. Williams, 222 So. 2d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969) (s)
Timoney v. City of Miami Civilian Investigative Panel, 917 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005) (pr)
Tober v. Sanchez, 417 So. 2d 1053 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982), review denied sub nom., Metropolitan
Dade County Transit Agency v. Sanchez, 426 So. 2d 27 (Fla. 1983) (pr)
Tolar v. School Board of Liberty County, 398 So. 2d 427 (Fla. 1981) (s)
Town of Gulf Stream v. O’Boyle, No. 15-13443 (11th Cir. June 21, 2016) (pr)
Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 296 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1974) (s) (pr)
Trepal v. State, 704 So. 2d 498 (Fla. 1997) (pr)
Tribune Company v. Cannella, 438 So. 2d 516 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983), reversed on other grounds,
458 So. 2d 1075 (Fla. 1984), appeal dismissed sub nom., DePerte v. Tribune Company, 105 S.Ct.
2315 (1985) (pr)
TSI Southeast, Inc. v. Royals, 588 So. 2d 309 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (s)
Turner v. Wainwright, 379 So. 2d 148 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980), affirmed and remanded, 389 So. 2d
1181 (Fla. 1980) (s) (pr)
Valle v. State, 705 So. 2d 1331 (Fla. 1997) (pr)
Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 94 S.Ct. 1564 (1974) (pr)
Villarreal v. State, 687 So. 2d 256 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996), review denied, 694 So. 2d 741 (Fla.

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1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 316 (1997) (pr)
Wagner v. Orange County, 960 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (pr)
Wait v. Florida Power & Light Company, 372 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 1979) (pr)
Wallace v. Guzman, 687 So. 2d 1351 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (pr)
Walton v. Dugger, 634 So. 2d 1059 (Fla. 1993) (pr)
Weekly Planet v. Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, 829 So. 2d 970 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (pr)
Warden v. Bennett, 340 So. 2d 977 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976) (pr)
Weeks v. Golden, 764 So. 2d 633 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (pr)
Weeks v. Golden, 846 So. 2d 1247 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (pr)
Wells v. Aramark Food Service Corporation, 888 So. 2d 134 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (pr)
Wells v. Sarasota Herald Tribune Company, Inc., 546 So. 2d 1105 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (pr)
WFTV, Inc. v. Robbins, 625 So. 2d 941 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993) (pr)
WFTV, Inc. v. School Board of Seminole County, Florida, 874 So. 2d 48 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004),
review denied, 892 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2004) (pr)
WFTV, Inc. v. Wilken, 675 So. 2d 674 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (pr)
Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991), review denied, 589 So. 2d 289
(Fla. 1991), appeal after remand, 619 So. 2d 983 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993) (pr)
Williams v. State, 741 So. 2d 1248 (Fla. 1999) (pr)
Williams v. State, 163 So. 3d 618 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (pr)
Winter v. Playa del Sol Inc., 353 So. 2d 598 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977) (pr)
Wisner v. City of Tampa, 601 So. 2d 296 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992) (pr)
Wolfson v. State, 344 So. 2d 611 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977) (s)
Wood v. Marston, 442 So. 2d 934 (Fla. 1983) (s)
Woodard v. State, 885 So. 2d 444 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (pr)
Woodfaulk v. State, 935 So. 2d 1225 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (pr)
Woolling v. Lamar, 764 So. 2d 765 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), review denied, 786 So. 2d 1186 (Fla.
2001) (pr)
Wootton v. Cook, 590 So. 2d 1039 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (pr)
WPTV-TV v. State, 61 So. 3d 1191 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (pr)
Yanke v. State, 588 So. 2d 4 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991), review denied, 595 So. 2d 559 (Fla. 1992), cert.
denied, 112 S.Ct. 1592 (1992) (pr)

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Yarbrough v. Young, 462 So. 2d 515 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (s)
Yasir v. Forman, 149 So. 3d 107 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (pr)
Yeste v. Miami Herald Publishing Company, 451 So. 2d 491 (Fla. 3d DCA), review denied, 461 So.
2d 115 (Fla. 1984) (pr)
Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 722 So. 2d 891 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998), review denied, 735 So. 2d 1284
(Fla. 1999) (s)

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INDEX TO MANUAL AND EXEMPTIONS

Page

ABLE program, financial and health information
Exemption: 1009.987.......................................................................................290
Abortion requests by minors, parental notification waiver petitions......................................14
Exemptions: 390.01114(4)(f ); 390.01116........................................................245
Abstention from voting................................................................................................45, 187
Adoption records and proceedings..................................................................................14, 67
Exemptions: 63.022(4)(i); 63.0541; 63.162(6); 63.165(1)........................ 224-225
Advisory committees, application of open government laws
Criminal justice advisory committees......................................................................19, 21
Exemptions: 286.01141; 943.031(9)(c) and (d); 943.0314.......................187, 283
	Generally.............................................................................................. 1-5, 23, 48, 54-55
Personnel advisory committees................................................................................ 30-32
Purchasing advisory committees........................................................................ 32-33, 44
Exemption: 286.0113(2)...................................................................................185
	Real estate advisory committees............................................................................... 33-34
	School advisory committees............................................................................. 2-5, 19, 48
Advocacy councils, investigatory proceedings and records....................................................48
Exemptions: 402.165(8); 402.166(8)................................................................251
Aging, agencies on, application of open government laws...............................................16, 55
Accessibility of public meetings to physically handicapped................................... 37, 187-188
Agendas for public meetings........................................................................................... 36-37
Aggravated battery and aggravated stalking victims, addresses......................... 71-72, 111-112
Exemption: 119.071(2)(j).................................................................................199
Agricultural commodities marketing order information
Exemptions: 573.123(2); 601.152(8)(c).................................................... 266-267
Agricultural processing or production records relating to pollution reduction
Exemption: 403.067(7)(c)5...............................................................................251
Agriculture Center and Horse Park Authority, donor identities
Exemption: 570.686.........................................................................................266
Airport security plans and operating facility documents.....................................................142
Exemption: 331.22...........................................................................................239
Alcoholic beverage licenses, random selection drawing results
Exemption: 561.19(2)(b)..................................................................................266
Alien business organization proceedings
Exemptions: 607.0505(6); 617.0503(6)............................................................267
Alternate board members, application of Sunshine Law........................................................20
Alzheimer’s disease
	Research and care programs, identity of clients

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Exemption: 430.504..........................................................................................256
	Research grant applications, advisory board
Exemptions: 381.82(3)(d).................................................................................243
Anatomical gift donor registry, donor identifying information
Exemption: 765.51551.....................................................................................278
Animal medical records held by state college of veterinary medicine
Exemption: 474.2167.......................................................................................262
Animal researchers, personal identifying information
Exemption: 585.611(1) .....................................................................................267
Annuities for public employees...........................................................................................123
Exemption: 112.21(1).......................................................................................227
Anonymous requests for records.........................................................................................151
Antitrust investigation demand products
Exemption: 542.28(9).......................................................................................265
Applications for employment.............................................................................................123
Arbitration, application of attorney-client exemption ..........................................................27
Archaeological site location
Exemption: 267.135.........................................................................................234
Architecture and Interior Design, Board of; complaints and investigation
Exemption: 481.205(3)(a).................................................................................262
Archival materials under special restrictions
Exemption: 257.38(4).......................................................................................234
Arrest reports, see also criminal investigative and intelligence information.............................93
Attorney records and litigation meetings
	Attorney notes..................................................................................................... 120-121
	Attorney work product......................................................................... 116-121, 175-176
Exemptions: 119.071(1)(d); 119.0714(1)(a), 627.3121(1)(j)............196, 214, 270
	Insurance claim negotiation records.............................................................................120
Exemption: 624.311(2).....................................................................................268
	Litigation settlement negotiation or strategy session meetings............................ 25-29, 48
Exemption: 286.011(8)............................................................................. 184-185
	Risk management records and meetings.................................................................29, 120
Exemptions: 284.40(2); 768.28(16)(b)(c); 1004.24(4)......................235, 279, 287
Attorney’s fees in open government cases......................................................... 49-50, 177-179
Auditor General, audit workpapers.......................................................................................80
Exemption: 11.45(4)(c).....................................................................................220
Audits or investigations for local governments.......................................................... 81, 90-91
Exemption: 119.0713(2)(b)..............................................................................213
Autism clients
Exemption: 1004.55(6).....................................................................................288

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Autopsy reports..................................................................................................54, 67, 94, 99
Autopsy photographs..................................................................................... 67-68, 160, 161
Exemption: 406.135.........................................................................................252
Bail bond agents
Exemptions: 648.26(3); 648.34(3); 648.39(1); 648.41; 648.46(3)............ 273-274
Baker Act.....................................................................................................................87, 102
Exemptions: 394.4615(1), (7)...........................................................................246
Ballots
Ballots cast at public meetings.......................................................................................46
Ballots cast by voters in elections....................................................................... 72, 75-76
Exemptions: 119.07(5); 101.62(3)............................................................194, 226
Bank account numbers in possession of governmental entity................................................84
Exemptions: 119.071(5)(b); 119.0714(1)(j), (2), (3)......................... 209, 215-216
Banks, stockholder lists
Exemptions: 655.057(2), (6).....................................................................274, 275
Bids, records and meetings, see competitive solicitations
Biomedical research grants and peer review meetings
Exemptions: 215.56021; 381.92201.................................................................243
Birth center records
Exemptions: 383.32(3); 383.325.......................................................................244
Birth records........................................................................................................................67
Exemptions: 382.013(4)(5); 382.017(1); 382.025(1)-(4)..................................244
Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Association records
Exemptions: 766.305(3); 766.314(8); 766.315(5)(b)........................................279
Blind Services, Division of; records identifying blind persons
Exemption: 413.012(1).....................................................................................254
Body camera recordings......................................................................................................102
Exemption: 119.071(2)(l)......................................................................... 200-201
Bond ownership records.......................................................................................................83
Exemption: 279.11(1).......................................................................................235
Booking business records, public facilities............................................................................83
Exemption: 255.047(2).....................................................................................233
Boxing Commission, proprietary information......................................................................xii
Exemption: 548.062(2).....................................................................................265
Brain research and spinal cord injury records
Exemptions: 381.775; 381.8531.......................................................................243
Budgets................................................................................................................................82
Building plans, blueprints, and diagrams.................................................................... 141-142
Exemptions: 119.071(3)(b)(c)................................................................... 201-202
Business and Professional Regulation, Department of; investigators and inspectors,
personal information..........................................................................................................134

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Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.k...........................................................................206
Cameras and tape recorders at public meetings.....................................................................43
Campaign finance reports and investigatory proceedings
Exemptions: 106.0706(1)(2); 106.25(7)...........................................................226
Candidates, application of Sunshine Law...............................................................................5
Candidate forums, application of Sunshine Law ........................................................... 20-21
Capital development board, donor identities
Exemption: 11.45(3)(j).....................................................................................220
Charter schools....................................................................................................................74
Child abuse records and reports....................................................................... 68-70, 112-114
Exemptions: 39.201(1)(d), (2)(h); 39.202(1), (2)(o), (5), (6);
39.301(18); 92.56; 119.071(2)(h)(j).................................. 222-223, 225, 198-199
Child care facilities and programs.........................................................................................75
Exemptions: 119.071(5)(c); 409.175(12)..................................................209, 253
Child death information, website publication................................................................. 69-70
Child death review committee.................................................................................. 40, 68-69
Exemption: 383.412................................................................................. 244-245
Child support hearing officers, personal information..........................................................135
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.e.................................................................... 204-205
Child support recipients
Exemption: 61.1827.........................................................................................224
Child traffic violation records.............................................................................................106
Child welfare proceedings
Exemptions: 39.0132(3), (4)(a)1.......................................................................222
Children participating in government-sponsored recreation programs..................................75
Exemption: 119.071(5)(c)...............................................................................209
Children and Family Services, Department of; information exchanged with
Department of Health.................................................................................................... 85-86
Children and Family Services, Department of; investigators personal information..............132
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.a.................................................................... 203-204
Children at risk of becoming serious habitual juvenile offenders, information
Exemption: 985.047(2)(a).................................................................................286
Children’s services, councils on; child or parent identifying information
Exemption: 125.901(11)...................................................................................229
Cities, authority to hold joint meetings with county or city governing bodies................ 37-38
Citizen Dispute Settlement Centers, dispute information
Exemption: 44.201(5).......................................................................................224
Citizen support organizations (see also direct support organizations)
Division of Historical Resources
Exemption: 267.17(3)............................................................................... 234-235

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Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Exemption: 379.223(3).....................................................................................242
	Museum of Florida History
Exemption: 265.703(3).....................................................................................234
Publication of information on agency website................................................................70
Citizens Property Insurance Corporation
Exemptions: 627.351(6)(x); 627.3518(11)................................................270, 271
Citrus records
Exemptions: 570.48(3); 601.10(8); 601.15(7)(d);
601.152(8)(c); 601.76................................................................................266, 267
Clemency records and meetings.......................................................................................6, 66
Exemption: 14.28.............................................................................................220
Codes, use at public meetings...............................................................................................44
Code enforcement officers, personal information...............................................................132
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.g............................................................................205
Collective bargaining........................................................................................ 29-32, 48, 123
Exemptions: 110.201(4); 447.605(1), (3) ................................................226, 258
College Savings Program, account information
Exemption: 1009.981(6)...................................................................................290
Commercial entity, authority to make public records requests............................................148
Commercialization of Public Research, Institute for
Exemption: 288.9627(2)(3)..............................................................................237
Communicable disease reports....................................................................................... 85-86
Exemptions: 381.0031(6); 395.1025.........................................................242, 247
Community care for disabled adults, identity of clients
Exemption: 410.605.........................................................................................254
Community care for elderly persons, identity of clients
Exemption: 430.207.........................................................................................256
Community colleges, See Florida College System institutions
Community forums, application of Sunshine Law.......................................................... 20-21
Community mental health centers, quality assurance
Exemption: 394.907(7).....................................................................................246
Competitive solicitation, records and meetings.........................................................33, 44, 81
Exemptions: 286.0113(2); 119.071(1)(b);
119.0713(3); 337.168................................................................185, 196, 213, 239
Competitive solicitation, construction bids..........................................................................81
Competitive solicitation, financial statements.......................................................................81
Exemption: 119.071(1)(c).................................................................................196
Computer records and meetings, see electronic records and meetings
Computer and information technology security breach information..................................143

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Exemptions: 282.318(4); 501.171(11)......................................................235, 264
Concealed weapon licensees or license applicants, identifying information...........................85
Exemptions: 790.0601; 790.0625(4).................................................................280
Confessions of arrested persons.................................................................................. 102-103
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(e); 119.0714 (1)(e).............................................198, 215
Confidential informant or source, identification.........................................................103, 110
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(f ); 119.0714(1)(f )..............................................198, 215
Confidentiality agreements, authority to enter into.................................................... 156-157
Conservation easement acquisitions, appraisal reports
Exemption: 570.715(5).....................................................................................266
Constitutional commissions, application of open government laws..................................5, 66
Consumer collection practices, examination and investigations
Exemption: 559.5558(2)....................................................................................265
Consumer Services, division of; customer and trade secret information
Exemption: 570.544(8).....................................................................................266
Continuing care contracts; reports, examinations, and investigations
Exemptions: 651.105(3); 651.111(2); 651.134.................................................274
Copyrighted records, public records status.................................................................. 164-165
Corporations, information provided to Department of Legal Affairs
Exemption: 607.0505(6)...................................................................................267
Correctional officers, examinations of
Exemption: 943.173(3).....................................................................................284
Correctional officers, investigations concerning.......................................................... 124-125
Exemptions: 112.533(2)(a); 943.1395(6)(b).............................................228, 284
Correctional officers, personal information.........................................................................136
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.a.................................................................... 203-204
Corrections, Department of; prison records and information..................................... 109-110
Exemption: 945.10...........................................................................................284
Cosmetics; complaints, investigative information, and trade secrets
Exemption: 499.051(7)(a)(b).................................................................... 263-264
Costs and fees to obtain public records........................................................ 166-172, 192-194
County commissions, meeting with counties and cities.................................................. 37-38
County health departments
Exemption: 381.0055.......................................................................................242
County tax collectors, personal information............................................................... 132-133
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.l............................................................................206
Court monitors, court orders and reports.............................................................................70
Exemption: 744.1076.......................................................................................277
Credit card numbers in possession of governmental agency..................................................84
Exemptions: 119.071(5)(b); 119.0714(1)(j), (2), (3)......................... 209, 215-216

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Credit union member lists
Exemption: 655.057(5).....................................................................................275
Crime victim compensation records
Exemption: 960.15...........................................................................................285
Crime victim identities or personal information................................................. 109, 111-115
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(h)(i)(j); 877.19(3);
945.10; 960.28(4).............................................................. 198-199, 281, 284, 285
Crime victim relocation information..................................................................................115
Exemption: 914.27...........................................................................................282
Crime victim testimony........................................................................................................15
Exemption: 918.16...........................................................................................282
Crime victim solicitation....................................................................................................111
Exemption: 119.105.........................................................................................218
Criminal conflict and civil regional counsels, personal information....................................137
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.j.................................................................... 205-206
Criminal history information, generally.............................................................................104
Criminal history records, expunction or sealing..................................................................104
Exemptions: 943.053; 943.0585; 943.059................................................ 283-284
Criminal history records used in employment screening.....................................................128
Exemptions: 110.1127(2)(d)(e); 393.0674;
409.175(12); 409.176(12); 435.09;
464.208(2); 1002.36(7)(d).........................................226, 246, 253, 256, 261, 287
Criminal intelligence and investigative information
	Generally.....................................................................88-89, 93-101, 162-164, 176, 189
Exemption: 119.071(2)(c).................................................................................197
	Identity of human trafficking victim whose criminal history record
has been expunged...............................................................................................104, 115
Exemption: 943.0583(11)(a).............................................................................283
	Information received by criminal justice agency before 25 January, 1979.....................101
Exemption: 119.071(2)(a).................................................................................197
	Non-Florida criminal justice agency information.........................................................101
Exemption: 119.071(2)(b)................................................................................197
	Research and statistical use
Exemption: 943.057.........................................................................................283
Criminal justice advisory commissions...........................................................................19, 21
Exemption: 286.01141......................................................................................187
Criminal penalties
	Sunshine Law................................................................................................................48
Public Records Act.......................................................................................................179
Cultural endowment program, identity of donors
Exemption: 265.605(2).....................................................................................234

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Currency transaction reports
Exemptions: 517.12(14); 896.102(2)........................................................264, 281
Custodian of public records..................................................... 59, 60, 148-155, 159, 188-196
Dairy industry trade secrets
Exemption: 502.222.........................................................................................264
Damages, authority to obtain for violation of Sunshine Law................................................53
Data breach notification, information received by Department of Legal Affairs
Exemption: 501.171(11)...................................................................................264
Deaf and the Blind, School for; employee screening information.......................................128
Exemption: 1002.36(7)(d)................................................................................287
Death and fetal death records...............................................................................................68
Exemptions: 382.008(6); 382.025(2)(3)(4)...............................................243, 244
Death sentence execution personnel identification information..........................................109
Exemption: 945.10...........................................................................................284
Deceptive and unfair trade practice intelligence or investigative information
Exemption: 501.2065.......................................................................................264
Declaratory relief
	Sunshine Law ......................................................................................................... 50-51
Public Records Act.......................................................................................................174
Defense Support Task Force
Exemption: 288.985.........................................................................................237
Deferred compensation plans for public employees, account records..................................128
Exemption: 112.215(7).....................................................................................227
Deferred presentment providers and drawers, identifying information
Exemption: 560.4041.......................................................................................266
Dental practitioners, records and reports involving
Exemptions: 466.022(3); 466.0275(2); 466.041(3); 466.051(1).......................261
Depositions, access to............................................................................................... 12, 62-63
Development Finance Corporation bonds, applicant information
Exemption: 288.9607(5)...................................................................................237
Developmentally disabled persons, service providers, employee screening information
Exemption: 393.0674.......................................................................................246
Direct deposit records................................................................................................. 128-129
Exemption: 17.076(5).......................................................................................221
Direct-support organizations (see also citizen-support organizations)
	Agriculture and Consumer Services, Department of......................................................71
Exemption: 570.691(6).....................................................................................266
District school boards..............................................................................................17, 71
Exemption: 1001.453(4)...................................................................................286
	Education, Department of

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Exemption: 1001.24(4).....................................................................................286
	Endowment Foundation for Vocational Rehabilitation
Exemption: 413.615(7)(a)(b).................................................................... 254-255
Florida College System institutions................................................................................71
Exemptions: 1004.70(6); 1004.71(6)........................................................288, 289
Florida, University of, historic preservation
Exemption: 267.1736(9)...................................................................................235
	Generally...................................................................................................... 17-18, 70-71
	Historic Capitol and Legislative Research Center and Museum
Exemption: 272.136(7)(a).................................................................................235
	Intergovernmental Relations Foundation
Exemption: 288.809(4)............................................................................. 236-237
Prepaid College Board
Exemption: 1009.983(4) ..................................................................................290
Publication of information on agency website................................................................70
Public and Professional Guardians, Office of
Exemption 744.2105(6)....................................................................................278
	Ringling Museum of Art.................................................................................... 17-18, 70
Exemption: 1004.45(2)(h)................................................................................288
	State universities................................................................................................ 17-18, 71
Exemption: 1004.28(5)............................................................................. 287-288
	Tourism Marketing Corporation
Exemptions: 288.1226(6), (8)............................................................................236
	Veterans’ Affairs, Department of....................................................................................18
Exemption: 292.055(9).....................................................................................237
West Florida, University of, historic preservation
Exemption: 267.1732(8)...................................................................................235
Disabled adults receiving home care services, identifying information
Exemption: 410.037.........................................................................................254
Disadvantaged business enterprises, certification information
Exemption: 339.0805(1)(c)...............................................................................240
Discovery of exempt or confidential records............................................................... 163-164
Discrimination complaints and records.......................................................................... 89-90
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(g); 119.0713(2)(a)..............................................198, 213
Displaced homemaker programs, identity of clients
Exemption: 446.52...........................................................................................257
Disposal of public records..........................................................................................181, 191
Dissolution of marriage, mediation proceedings
Exemption: 61.183(3).......................................................................................224
DNA analysis information

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Exemptions: 760.40(2)(a); 943.325(14)....................................................278, 284
Domestic Security and Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Center information
Exemption: 943.0321(4)...................................................................................283
Domestic Security Oversight Council
Exemption: 943.0314.......................................................................................283
Domestic violence centers....................................................................................................71
Exemption: 39.908...........................................................................................223
Domestic violence fatality review teams................................................................................72
Exemption: 741.3165.......................................................................................277
Domestic violence police reports, victim/witness statements
Exemption: 741.29(2).......................................................................................276
Domestic violence victims....................................................................... 71-72, 105, 111-112
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(j); 741.30(3), (8); 741.313(7);
741.465; 787.03(6)(c)1..............................................................199, 276, 277, 279
Drafts and notes, generally....................................................................................... 64, 72-74
Driver license number..................................................................................................76, 108
Exemptions: 119.0712(2)(b); 97.0585......................................................212, 225
Driver physical or mental disability reports
Exemptions: 322.125(3)(4); 322.126(3)...........................................................238
Drug dependent newborns, guardian advocate appointment proceedings.............................14
Exemption: 39.827(4).......................................................................................223
Drugged racing animals; test results and identities of animal, owner, and trainer
Exemption: 550.2415(1)(a)...............................................................................265
Drugs
Compassionate use registry
Exemptions: 381.987(1)(2)...............................................................................243
Complaints, investigative information, and trade secrets
Exemption: 499.051(7)............................................................................. 263-264
	Employee drug testing information.............................................................................129
Exemptions: 112.0455(8)(t), (11)(a);
440.102(8); 443.1715(1),(3)(b).........................................................226, 256, 257
	Medicaid supplemental rebates
Exemption: 409.91196(1)......................................................................... 253-254
Prescription drug monitoring program information
Exemption: 893.0551(2)...................................................................................281
	Substance abuse treatment and services programs..................................................87, 129
Exemptions: 110.1091(2); 125.585(2); 166.0444;
397.334(10); 397.419(5); 397.501(7)........................................226, 229, 230, 249
Dues, public funds used for..........................................................................................60, 188
Economic development records and meetings.......................................................... 18, 82-83
Exemption: 288.075.........................................................................................236

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Elderly persons receiving services, identifying information
Exemptions: 430.105; 430.608.........................................................................256
Election of officers, application of Sunshine Law...................................................... 23-24, 46
Elections Commission, complaints and investigations
Exemption: 106.25(7).......................................................................................226
Electric projects, due diligence review information
Exemption: 119.0713(4)..................................................................................214
Electronic records and meetings
Blogs, application of Sunshine Law................................................................................23
Data processing software........................................................................... 76-77, 144-145
Exemptions: 119.071(1)(f ); 119.0714(1)(b); 815.04(3)(a)................197, 215, 280
	E-mail addresses..............................................................................................77, 79, 108
Exemptions: 119.071(5)(j); 119.0712(2)(c);
197.3225(1); 741.30(8)(c)5; 784.046(8)(c)5......................211, 212, 231, 276, 279
	E-mail communications
		Sunshine Law................................................................................................ 21-23, 52
		 Public records................................................................................................ 53, 77-78
Facebook
		Sunshine Law...................................................................................................... 21-23
		 Public records............................................................................................................78
Public records status, generally.......................................................... 76-78, 121-122, 188
	Retention............................................................................................................. 180-182
	Risk analysis and security issues........................................................................... 142-143
Exemptions: 119.071(3)(a); 281.301; 282.318(4)(5)...............................201, 235
	Text messages............................................................................................... 21-23, 34, 78
	Twitter...........................................................................................................................78
Emergency records and meetings
	Emergency 911, caller information.......................................................................... 78-79
Exemption: 365.171(12)...................................................................................240
	Emergency evacuation registration, persons with special needs......................................80
Exemption: 252.355(4).....................................................................................232
	Emergency evacuation plans..........................................................................................79
Exemption: 119.071(3)(a).................................................................................201
	Emergency medical services, call records................................................................88, 162
Exemption: 401.30(4).......................................................................................250
	Emergency medical services quality assurance activities
Exemption: 401.425(5).....................................................................................250
	Emergency medical technicians, disciplinary investigative information
Exemption: 401.414(3).....................................................................................250
	Emergency medical technicians, personal information.................................................133

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Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.o...........................................................................207
	Emergency meetings of public boards, notice requirements..................................... 40-42
	Emergency notification records......................................................................................79
Exemption: 119.071(5)(j).................................................................................211
	Emergency plans furnished to Division of Emergency Management........................ 79-80
Exemption: 252.905(1)......................................................................................233
	Emergency response plans......................................................................................79, 110
Exemption: 119.071(2)(d)................................................................................197
Eminent domain proceedings, business information
Exemption: 73.0155.........................................................................................225
Eminent domain, use of by executive agencies
Exemption: 119.0711.......................................................................................211
Employee assistance program identifying information........................................................129
Exemptions: 110.1091(2); 125.585(2); 166.0444.............................226, 229, 230
Employment search or consultant records....................................................................55, 129
Endowment Foundation for Vocational Rehabilitation
Exemptions: 413.615(7)(a)(b), 11............................................................. 254-255
Energy resources reports, proprietary information
Exemption: 377.606.........................................................................................242
Engineers Management Corporation
Exemption: 471.038(7).....................................................................................261
Enterprise Florida, Inc.
Exemptions: 11.45(3)(i); 288.9520............................................................220, 237
Estate inventories and accountings
Exemption: 733.604(1)(b)................................................................................276
Ethics complaints and investigations....................................................................................90
Exemption: 112.324(2).....................................................................................228
Examinations for licensure, certification, or employment...................................................131
Exemption: 119.071(1)(a).................................................................................196
Executive Clemency, Board of; investigations.......................................................................66
Exemption: 14.28.............................................................................................220
Exemptions from disclosure
Creation of..................................................................................................................160
Definition....................................................................................................................160
Difference between exempt and confidential records....................................................162
Discovery, effect on......................................................................................................163
	Retroactive application................................................................................................161
	Strict construction of...................................................................................................161
Ex officio board members, application of Sunshine Law..........................................................5
Export Finance Corporation loans, applicant financial information

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Exemption: 288.776(3)(d)................................................................................236
Facebook, application of open government laws....................................................... 21-23, 78
Fact finding committees and trips.........................................................................................23
Fair association.................................................................................................................1, 55
False Claims Act investigations
Exemption: 68.083(8).......................................................................................225
Family trust company, personal identifying information
Exemption: 662.148(2)......................................................................................275
Federal agencies and statutes
	Application of Sunshine Law to federal government........................................................6
	Application of federal statutes to agency records..........................................................164
Federal employer identification numbers held by economic development agencies......... 82-83
Exemption: 288.075.........................................................................................236
Fees to inspect or copy public records.......................................................... 166-172, 192-194
Financial institution records
Cease and desist order proceedings
Exemption: 655.0321.......................................................................................274
Depositories of public funds
Exemptions: 280.16(3); 655.057....................................................... 235, 274-275
Direct deposit records.......................................................................................... 128-129
Exemption: 17.076 (5)......................................................................................221
	Investigative information
Exemption: 655.057(1).....................................................................................274
	Informal enforcement action investigations
Exemption: 655.057(3).....................................................................................275
	Money laundering control records and reports
Exemption: 655.50(7).......................................................................................275
	Reports of examinations, operations, or condition
Exemption: 655.057(2)............................................................................. 274-275
Financial Regulation, Office of, information held by............................................................84
Exemptions: 119.0712(3); 494.00125(1)(2)(3);
517.2015; 517.2016; 520.9965;
560.312; 655.057; 655.50(7)..................................... 213, 263, 264, 266, 274-275
Financial Services, Department of; investigative information
Exemption: 17.0401................................................................................. 220-221
Financial Services, Department of; investigative personnel information...................... 134-135
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.a............................................................................204
Financial statements, submitted in commercial solicitation..................................................81
Exemption: 119.071(1)(c).................................................................................196
Fingerprints........................................................................................................................105

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Exemptions: 119.071(5)(g); 937.028(1); 985.11...............................210, 282, 286
Fire Marshall investigation records and meetings
Exemptions: 633.112(7)....................................................................................272
Fire prevention personnel, examination information
Exemption: 633.324.........................................................................................272
Firearms sales or transfers, license records information.........................................................85
Exemption: 790.065(4).....................................................................................280
Firefighters, personal information.......................................................................................133
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.b...........................................................................204
Florida Bar, application of open government laws to......................................................12, 63
Florida College System institution records............................................... 70-71, 127, 130-131
Exemptions: 1004.78(2); 1006.52(1);
1008.24(3)(b); 1012.81.............................................................................289, 291
Florida Retirement System, retiree information..................................................................141
Exemptions: 121.031(5); 121.4501(19)............................................................228
Food safety or food illness investigative information
Exemption: 500.148(3).....................................................................................264
Forensic behavioral health evaluations................................................................................105
Exemption: 916.1065(1)...................................................................................282
Foster care............................................................................................................................70
Exemption: 409.175(16)...................................................................................253
Funeral, Cemetery, and Consumer Services, Board of
Exemption: 497.172.........................................................................................263
Geophysical operations, proprietary information................................................................157
Exemptions: 377.22(2)(h); 377.2408(3); 377.2409;
377.2421(2); 377.2424(3).................................................................................241
Gestational surrogacy, affirmation of parental status hearing records
Exemption: 742.16(9).......................................................................................277
Government efficiency toll-free hotline calls
Exemption: 17.325(3).......................................................................................221
Governor and Cabinet, application of open government laws to................................ 6, 65-66
Governor’s executive order assigning state attorney
Exemption: 27.151...........................................................................................221
Grand juries........................................................................................................ 12-13, 63-64
Exemptions: 905.17(1); 905.26; 905.27(1)(2); 905.28(1).................................281
Grievance committees.................................................................................................... 30-31
Guardian ad litem
	Applicants, security background investigative information...........................................128
Exemption: 39.821(1).......................................................................................223
Child welfare information.............................................................................................70
Exemption: 39.0132(4)(a)2...............................................................................222

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Personal information...................................................................................................133
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.h...........................................................................205
Guardianship court settlement records.................................................................................70
Exemption: 744.3701.......................................................................................278
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute nonprofit corporation
Exemption: 1004.43(8)(9)................................................................................288
Hate crime victims, identities
Exemption: 877.19(3).......................................................................................281
Hazardous materials facilities, site plans and location of hazardous chemicals
Exemption: 252.88...........................................................................................233
Hazardous or toxic substances, proprietary information
Exemptions: 252.88(2)(3); 403.111; 403.73(1)........................................233, 251
Health Care Administration, Agency for
Exemptions: 395.0193(4); 395.0197;
395.1046(3); 408.061(1)(d), (7), (8), (10)......................................... 246-247, 252
Health care community antitrust no-action letter requests, supporting information
Exemption: 408.185.........................................................................................252
Health care facilities, adverse incident reports
Exemptions: 395.0197(6)(c), (7), (13)..............................................................247
Health care facilities, risk management records and meetings
Exemptions: 395.0197(14)................................................................................247
Health care practitioner profiles, confidential data
Exemption: 456.046.........................................................................................259
Health care provider identity, proprietary information
Exemption: 408.061(8).....................................................................................252
Health, Department of
	Information sharing with agencies.................................................................................86
	Investigative personnel, personal information..............................................................136
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(d)2.a, m.....................................................................206
Personal identifying information in health records.........................................................87
Exemption: 119.0712(1)...................................................................................212
Practitioner profile patient information
Exemption: 456.046.........................................................................................259
Quality assurance records and meetings
Exemption: 381.0055(1)-(3)..................................................................... 242-243
	Trade secrets
Exemption: 381.83(1).......................................................................................243
Health maintenance organizations
Exemptions: 408.185; 408.7056(14).................................................................252
Healthy start coalitions
Exemption: 381.0055.......................................................................................242

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Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles, Department of; motor vehicle records....... 107-108, 172
Exemption: 119.0712(2)...................................................................................212
Home care for disabled adults, identity of clients
Exemption: 410.037.........................................................................................254
Home care for elderly persons, identity of clients
Exemption: 430.608.........................................................................................256
Home health agency information
Exemption: 400.494(1).....................................................................................250
Home improvement sellers, investigative information
Exemption: 520.9965.......................................................................................264
Home medical equipment providers, patient information
Exemption: 400.945.........................................................................................250
Home warranty associations, examination or investigation records
Exemption: 634.348.........................................................................................272
Homeowners associations, application of open government laws....................................18, 55
Homicide victims................................................................................................. 68, 114-115
Hospice patient records
Exemption: 400.611(3).....................................................................................250
Hospitals
	Adverse incident reports,
Exemption: 395.0197.......................................................................................247
Budgets.........................................................................................................................82
Complaints against, investigative information
Exemption: 395.1046(3)...................................................................................247
	Employee limited access records.............................................................................88, 130
Exemption: 395.3025(9)-(11)...........................................................................248
	Generally................................................................................................................. 86-88
	Inspection reports
Exemption: 395.0162(2)...................................................................................246
	Medical staff disciplinary proceedings
Exemption: 395.0193(4)(7)...................................................................... 246-247
Patient care quality assurance, trauma care
Exemptions: 395.3025; 395.4025(12); 395.51; 401.30.....................248, 249, 250
Patient records......................................................................................................... 87-88
Exemptions: 395.3025(4)(7)(a), (8); 395.404(1)(b); 395.4025(12)...........248, 249
Private hospitals.............................................................................................................87
Exemption: 395.3036............................................................................... 248-249
Public hospitals..............................................................................................................86
Exemptions: 395.1056; 395.3035.............................................................247, 248

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	Terrorism response plans
Exemption: 395.1056.......................................................................................247
House museums, donor information
Exemption: 267.076.........................................................................................234
Housing assistance program participant information....................................................84, 164
Exemption: 119.071(5)(f ).................................................................................210
Housing discrimination complaints and records...................................................................90
Exemptions: 119.0713(1); 760.34(1); 760.36...........................................213, 278
Human and Machine Cognition, Inc., Institute for
Exemption: 1004.4472.....................................................................................288
Human Immunodeficiency Infection Virus (HIV) test results........................................14, 86
Exemptions: 381.004; 951.27(2)...............................................................242, 285
Human Relations, Commission on; discrimination complaints and records
Exemptions: 760.11(12); 760.34(1)..................................................................278
Human trafficking victims..................................................................................104, 112, 115
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(h); 787.06(9); 943.0583(11)(a)..................198, 280, 283
Impaired practitioner consultants, personal information....................................................134
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.n...........................................................................206
Impaired professionals, treatment information
Exemptions: 310.102(3)(5); 456.076(4)(6);
1012.798(9)(11)........................................................................ 238, 260, 290-291
Independent college or university records
Exemption: 1008.24(4)(b)................................................................................289
Independent Education, Commission for
Exemption: 1005.38(6).....................................................................................289
Individual board members, application of Sunshine Law.................................................. 7-10
Injunctive relief
	Sunshine Law.......................................................................................................... 50-51
Public Records Act.......................................................................................................173
Inspection trips....................................................................................................................23
Inspectors general personnel, personal information............................................................134
	Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.p.....................................................................................207
Inspector general for local government, investigations..........................................................91
	Exemption: 119.0713(2)............................................................................................213
Insurance records
	Administrative supervision of insurers
Exemption: 624.82(1).......................................................................................268
	Agent credit and character reports
Exemptions: 626.521(5); 626.842(3)................................................................269
	Agent disciplinary hearing information

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Exemption: 626.631(2).....................................................................................269
	Agent termination reports
Exemptions: 626.511(3); 626.8433(3)..............................................................269
	Automobile Joint Underwriting Association
Exemption: 627.311(4)(a)(b)............................................................................270
Citizens Property Insurance Corporation
Exemption: 627.351(6)(x).................................................................................270
Claim data exchange information
Exemption: 409.25661.....................................................................................253
Claim negotiations......................................................................................................120
Exemption: 624.311(2).....................................................................................268
Consumer information..................................................................................................84
Exemption: 624.23..........................................................................................267
Dependent child of agency officers or employees, personal information.......................140
Exemption: 119.071(4)(b)................................................................................203
	Emergency cease and desist orders,
Exemption: 624.310(3)(f ).................................................................................268
	Examination and investigation reports and workpapers
Exemption: 624.319(3).....................................................................................268
Fraud investigations
Exemption: 626.989.........................................................................................270
	Guaranty Associations, see also Self-Insurers Guaranty Association
Exemptions: 631.398(1); 631.582; 631.62; 631.723; 631.724;
631.931; 631.932...................................................................................... 271-272
	Health Choices Program information
Exemption: 408.910(14)...................................................................................252
	Holding companies
Exemption: 628.801(4).....................................................................................271
	Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, reports
Exemptions: 215.555(4)(f ); 215.557................................................................232
	Hurricane loss data
Exemption: 627.06292(1).................................................................................270
	Hurricane Loss Projection Methodology, Commission on
Exemption: 627.0628(3)(f )...............................................................................270
	Insolvency reports and recommendations
Exemptions: 631.398(1); 631.62(2)(3); 631.723(1)(3)............................. 271-272
	Investigative information and complaints against personnel
Exemptions: 626.601(6); 634.201(3); 634.348; 634.444..........................269, 272
	Liability insurer annual claim reports, claimant names
Exemption: 627.9126(3)(a)...............................................................................271
	Life insurers, actuarial opinion on reserves

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Exemption: 625.121(3)(a)9...............................................................................269
	Lists of insurers or regulated companies
Exemption: 624.319(3).....................................................................................268
	Medical malpractice, Joint Underwriting Association claim files
Exemption: 627.351(4)(g).................................................................................270
	Motor vehicle personal injury protection and property damage liability policies
Exemption: 324.242.........................................................................................239
	Motor vehicle service agreement company guaranteeing organization filings
Exemption: 634.045(5).....................................................................................272
	Motor vehicle service agreement company salespersons, investigative information
Exemption: 634.201(3).....................................................................................272
	Officers’ and directors’ liability insurance claims reports, names of injured persons
Exemption: 627.9122(2)(e)...............................................................................271
	Own-risk and solvency assessment summary reports
Exemption: 624.4212(3)...................................................................................268
Professional liability claim reports
Exemptions: 456.051(1); 627.912(2)(e)....................................................259, 271
Proprietary business information
Exemption: 624.4212(2)...................................................................................268
	Risk-based capital information
Exemption: 624.40851(1)(2)............................................................................268
	Service warranty association guaranteeing organization filings
Exemption: 634.4065(5)...................................................................................272
	Small employer health insurance carriers, rating and renewal information
Exemption: 627.6699(8)(c)...............................................................................271
	State programs.............................................................................................................120
Exemption: 284.40(2).......................................................................................235
	State university Board of Governors, self-insurance claims files....................................120
Exemption: 1004.24(4).....................................................................................287
	Surplus lines agents
Exemption: 626.921(8).....................................................................................269
	Title insurance, proprietary information
Exemption: 626.84195(2).................................................................................269
	Trade secrets, insurance administrators
Exemption: 626.884(2).....................................................................................269
	Valuation of policies and contracts
Exemption: 625.1214(1)...................................................................................269
Workers’ Compensation Joint Underwriting Association
Exemption: 627.3121.......................................................................................270
Internal audit department personnel, personal information................................................134
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.p...........................................................................207

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Internal auditor reports for local governments, audit notes and workpapers.........................81
Exemption: 119.0713(2)...................................................................................213
Interlocal boards, application of open government laws..............................................1, 35, 55
Inventories of estates
Exemption: 733.604(1)(b)................................................................................276
Investigation records of non-law enforcement agencies........................................... 89-93, 118
Investment information held by State Board of Administration
Exemption: 215.4401(1)(2)..............................................................................232
Jai alai fronton investigative information
Exemption: 550.0251(9)...................................................................................265
Judges and magistrates, personal information.....................................................................135
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.c., e.; 119.071(5)(i)............................... 204-205, 210
Judicial records and proceedings.................................................................. 10-13, 60-65, 172
Judicial nominating commissions.............................................................................13, 63, 66
Judicial Qualifications Commission...............................................................................13, 63
Juries
	Grand juries....................................................................................................... 12-13, 64
Exemptions: 905.17(1); 905.26; 905.27(1)(2); 905.28(1).................................281
Jury notes
Exemption: 40.50(2).........................................................................................224
Jury selection information
Exemption: 322.20(9).......................................................................................239
	Trial juries............................................................................................................... 64-65
Juvenile probation and detention personnel, personal information.....................................135
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.i............................................................................205
Juvenile records and proceedings
Criminal history information.......................................................................................107
	Employment screening, records used for..............................................................105, 107
Exemption: 435.09...........................................................................................256
Fingerprints and photographs taken by law enforcement agencies................................106
Exemption: 985.11...........................................................................................286
	Generally............................................................................................................. 105-107
Juvenile proceedings and appeals
Exemptions: 985.04; 985.045(2); 985.534(4)(5)...................................... 285-286
Juvenile welfare boards, child or parent identifying information
Exemption: 125.901(11)...................................................................................229
	Serious habitual juvenile offenders
Exemption: 985.047(2)(a).................................................................................286
	Traffic violations..........................................................................................................106

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Kidcare Program, identifying information
Exemption: 409.821.........................................................................................253
Killing of law enforcement officer; photographs, videos, or audio recording......... 68, 114-115
Exemption: 406.136.........................................................................................252
Labor union business agent licensing, fingerprint card information
Exemption: 447.045.........................................................................................257
Law enforcement agency audits, identity of informants
Exemption: 925.055(2).....................................................................................282
Law Enforcement, Department of; public misconduct, investigatory records
Exemption: 943.03(2).......................................................................................282
Law enforcement officers, examinations of
Exemption: 943.173(3).....................................................................................284
Law enforcement officers, investigations concerning................................................... 124-126
Exemptions: 112.533(2)(a); 943.1395(6)(b).............................................228, 284
Law enforcement personnel, personal information.....................................................136, 164
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.a.................................................................... 203-204
Law enforcement resource inventories and emergency plans...............................................110
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(d); 119.0714(1)(d).............................................197, 214
Legislative employees, requests for services by legislators.......................................................65
Exemption: 11.26(1).........................................................................................220
Legislative meetings and records generally............................................................1, 12, 15, 65
Exemption: 11.0431(2).....................................................................................220
Library and Information Services, Division of; records
Exemption: 257.38(2)-(4).................................................................................234
Library registration and circulation records........................................................................162
Exemption: 257.261.........................................................................................234
Lifeline Assistance Plan participants, personal identifying information
Exemption: 364.107.........................................................................................240
Liquefied petroleum gas
Exemptions: 527.0201(8); 527.062(1)..............................................................264
Lobbyists, investigative information.....................................................................................90
Exemption: 112.3215(8)(b)..............................................................................227
Local government audits......................................................................................................81
Exemption: 119.0713(2)...................................................................................213
Long-term care ombudsman councils, complaints and residents’ records..............................87
Exemption: 400.0077(1)(2)......................................................................249, 250
Lottery, department of
Exemptions: 24.105(12); 24.108(7)(b).............................................................221
Magistrate, application of Sunshine Law............................................................................3, 7
Magistrates, personal information..............................................................................135, 136
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(d)2.e.; 119.071(5)(i).................................. 204-205, 210

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Managed care entity grievance panels
Exemption: 408.7056(14).................................................................................252
Managed care ombudsman committees
Exemptions: 641.67; 641.68.............................................................................273
Married couple, application of Sunshine Law.......................................................................16
Mayor, application of Sunshine Law.................................................................................9, 19
Mediation records and proceedings.......................................................................... 13-14, 27
Exemptions: 44.102(3); 61.183(3)....................................................................224
Medicaid investigative information
Exemptions: 409.910(17)(i); 409.913(12).................................................253, 254
Medicaid Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committee
Exemption: 409.91196(1)(2).................................................................... 253-254
Medical devices, complaints, investigative information, and trade secrets
Exemption: 499.051(7)............................................................................. 263-264
Medical Examiners Commission investigations and proceedings
Exemption: 406.075(3)(b)................................................................................252
Medical or storage facility identifying information
Exemption: 381.95(1).......................................................................................243
Medical records
	Ambulatory or mobile surgical centers...........................................................................88
Exemptions: 395.3025(4), (7)(a), (8), (9)..........................................................248
	Animal records
Exemption: 474.2167.......................................................................................262
	Assisted living facilities
Exemptions: 400.0077(1), (2)................................................................... 249-250
Cancer registry reports
Exemption: 385.202(3).....................................................................................245
County health departments
Exemption: 381.0055(1)-(3)..................................................................... 242-243
Dental practitioners, hepatitis B virus carriers; status reports
Exemption: 466.041(3).....................................................................................261
Developmentally disabled persons, central records.........................................................87
Exemption: 393.13(4)(i)...................................................................................246
	Emergency medical services...........................................................................................88
Exemptions: 401.30(4); 401.425(5)..................................................................250
	Employers providing health or life insurance benefits, medical condition of
public employee..........................................................................................................140
Exemption: 760.50(5).......................................................................................278
	Health care access program
Exemption: 766.1115(4)(c)...............................................................................279
	Health Care Administration, Agency for; records obtained by

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Exemptions: 408.061(7), (10)...........................................................................252
	Health care practitioners, generally................................................................................87
Exemptions: 456.057(7)(a), (9).........................................................................259
	Health, Department of; records obtained by
Exemptions: 381.0055(1)-(3); 456.046............................................. 242-243, 259
	Health maintenance organizations
Exemptions: 641.515(2); ..................................................................................273
	Hepatitis test results.......................................................................................................86
Exemption: 960.003(3).....................................................................................285
	HIV test results........................................................................................................14, 86
Exemptions: 381.004(2)-(5); 945.10; 960.003(3).............................242, 284, 285
	Home health agencies
Exemption: 400.494(1).....................................................................................250
	Hospices
Exemption: 400.611(3).....................................................................................250
	Hospital patient records.................................................................................................88
Exemptions: 395.3025(4)(7)(a)(8); 395.404(1)(b)....................................248, 249
	Housing assistance program participants......................................................................164
Exemption: 119.071(5)(f ).................................................................................210
	Impaired educators
Exemptions: 1012.798(9), (11)................................................................. 290-291
	Impaired practitioners, generally
Exemptions: 456.076(4)(e), (6)(a).....................................................................260
	Inmates of detention facilities, serological tests for infectious diseases.................. 109-110
Exemption: 951.27(2).......................................................................................285
	Insurance Guaranty Association, claim files
Exemption: 631.582.........................................................................................271
Joint underwriting association employees
Exemptions: 627.311(4)(a); 627.351(4)(g); 627.351(6)(x)................................270
	Managed care ombudsman committees
Exemption: 641.67...........................................................................................273
	Medical incident reports, health care facilities
Exemptions: 395.0197(6)(c), (7), (13), (14); 641.55(5), (6), (8)...............247, 273
	Medical negligence claimants, presuit examination reports
Exemption: 766.106(6)(b)3..............................................................................278
	Medical research information
Exemption: 405.03...........................................................................................251
	Mental health patients...................................................................................................87
Exemptions: 394.4615(1)(7); 394.467(6)(a)3.; 916.107(8).......................246, 282
	Newborns, risk factor screening reports and case registry
Exemption: 383.14(3)(d)..................................................................................244

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	Nursing home residents.................................................................................................87
Exemptions: 400.0077(1)(2); 400.022(1)(m)............................................ 249-250
	Osteopathic physician practice violations, seized records
Exemption: 459.018.........................................................................................261
Patient care quality assurance
Exemptions: 381.0055(1)-(3); 395.3025(4), (7)(a), (8);
395.4025(12); 395.51(1)(2)(3); 401.30(4)......................... 242-243, 248, 249, 250
Patient identifying information................................................................................ 87-88
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(b); 119.0712(1).................................................203, 212
Pharmacy records
Exemption: 465.017(3).....................................................................................261
Physician practice violations, seized records
Exemption: 458.341.........................................................................................260
Pregnancy termination reports
Exemption: 390.0112(4)...................................................................................245
Prepaid health clinics
Exemption: 641.515(2).....................................................................................273
Prepaid limited health service organizations
Exemption: 636.064(1)-(3)...............................................................................273
Professional license applicants
Exemptions: 455.229; 456.014.................................................................258, 259
Public officers and employees............................................................................... 140-141
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(b); 110.123(9); 112.08(7), (8);
760.50(5);1012.31(3)........................................................203, 226, 227, 278, 290
	Rural health networks....................................................................................................55
Exemption: 381.0055(1)-(3)..................................................................... 242-243
	School students
Exemption: 381.0056(4)(a)...............................................................................243
	Sexually transmissible diseases........................................................................................86
Exemptions: 381.004(2)-(5); 384.26(2); 384.29; 384.30(2);
960.003(3).........................................................................................242, 245, 285
	Substance abuse treatment records and proceedings, see drugs
	Trauma care
Exemptions: 395.3025(4), (7)(a), (8); 395.4025(12);
395.404(1)(b); 401.30(3)(4)..............................................................248, 249, 250
	Tuberculosis control
Exemptions: 392.54(2); 392.545(3); 392.65.....................................................246
	Veterans’ Domiciliary Home of Florida residents
Exemption: 296.09(1).......................................................................................237
Workers’ compensation claims, treatment records
Exemption: 440.125.........................................................................................256

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Workers’ compensation managed care arrangements
Exemption: 440.132................................................................................. 256-257
Medical review committee records and meetings
Corrections, Department of
Exemptions: 766.101(7)(c); 945.6032(3).......................................... 278, 284-285
	Emergency medical review committees
Exemption: 401.425(5).....................................................................................250
	Generally
Exemption: 766.101(7)(c).................................................................................278
Medical staff disciplinary proceedings
Exemption: 395.0193(7)...................................................................................247
	Trauma agencies, committees assisting
Exemptions: 395.3025; 395.51(1)-(3); 401.30(3)(4).........................248, 249, 250
Medical transportation services, investigatory records
Exemption: 401.414(3).....................................................................................250
Members-elect, application of open government laws................................. 1, 5, 180-181, 183
Memory disorder research and care programs, identity of clients
Exemption: 430.504.........................................................................................256
Military base realignment and closure records
Exemption: 288.985.........................................................................................237
Military servicemembers, personal information..................................................................137
Exemption: 119.071(5)(k)................................................................................211
Mine operators and processes
Exemptions: 377.075(4)(f ); 378.208(5); 378.406(1)(a)............................241, 242
Minutes of public meetings..................................................................... 39-40, 171-172, 183
Mobile home park financial records
Exemption: 723.006(3).....................................................................................276
Money services businesses
Exemption: 560.129.........................................................................................265
Mortgage brokers and mortgage lenders...............................................................................84
Exemption: 494.00125(1)-(3)...........................................................................263
Motor fuel marketing practices, investigations
Exemption: 526.311(2).....................................................................................264
Motor vehicle records
Crash reports....................................................................................................... 107-108
Exemption: 316.066(2).....................................................................................238
Driver disability reports and meetings
Exemptions: 322.125(3)(4); 322.126(3)..........................................................238
Driver history records
Exemption: 322.20(3).......................................................................................239

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Driver license number...........................................................................................76, 108
Exemption: 119.0712(2)(b)...............................................................................212
Driver license photographic negatives or digital reproductions
Exemption: 322.142(4).....................................................................................239
	Emergency contact information, release.................................................................79, 108
Exemption: 119.0712(2)...................................................................................212
Fees for Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles crash reports...................172
	Generally............................................................................................................. 107-109
	License plate automated recognition system images and data...............................107, 109
Exemption: 316.0777(2)(3)...............................................................................238
	License plates and registration issued under fictitious names
Exemption: 320.025(3).....................................................................................238
Personal information........................................................................................... 108-109
Exemption: 119.0712(2)...................................................................................212
Personal injury protection and property damage liability insurance policies
Exemption: 324.242.........................................................................................239
	Red light camera violation records....................................................................... 108-109
Motor vehicle service agreement company guaranteeing organization filings
Exemption: 634.045(5).....................................................................................272
Motor vehicle service agreement company salespersons investigative information
Exemption: 634.201(3).....................................................................................272
Municipal utilities, bids prepared and submitted by.............................................................81
Exemption: 119.0713(3)...................................................................................213
Natural gas transmission companies, proprietary confidential business information
Exemption: 368.108.........................................................................................241
Newborns left at fire station, emergency medical services station, or hospital;
parent identity......................................................................................................................67
Exemption: 383.51...........................................................................................245
Nonprofit corporation investigations
Exemption: 617.0503(6)...................................................................................267
Notice requirements, Sunshine Law............................................................................... 40-42
Nurse Licensure Compact
Exemption: 464.0096.......................................................................................261
Nursing assistants, employee screening information.............................................................87
Exemption: 464.208(2).....................................................................................261
Nursing home records
Exemption: 400.119.........................................................................................250
Nursing home residents
Exemptions: 400.0077(1), (2); 400.022(1)(m); 400.0255(14).................. 249-250
Offender Review, Commission on; application of open government laws................5, 66, 105
Officers-elect, application of open government laws...................................1, 5, 180, 183, 192

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Oil and gas production, geophysical exploration operations reports....................................157
Exemptions: 377.22(2)(h); 377.2408(3); 377.2409; 377.2424(3).....................241
Open Government Constitutional Amendment............................................... 1, 51, 182-183
Open Government Sunset Review Act........................................... 46, 161-162, 185, 218-220
Opportunity Fund
Exemption: 288.9626(2)(3)..............................................................................237
Organizational sessions, application of Sunshine Law..................................................... 23-24
Osteopathic physicians, records and reports involving
Exemptions: 459.0083; 459.016(3); 459.017(3)...............................................260
Overbroad public records request.......................................................................................150
Paramedics, disciplinary investigative information
Exemption: 401.414(3).....................................................................................250
Paratransit services recipients or applicants
Exemption: 119.071(5)(h)................................................................................210
Parent locator service information
Exemption: 409.2577.......................................................................................253
Paternity determination proceedings
Exemption: 742.091.........................................................................................277
Patient’s Compensation Fund claim files
Exemption: 766.105(3)(e).................................................................................278
Pawn broker transaction records supplied to law enforcement officials................................109
Exemption: 539.003.........................................................................................265
Payment instrument transaction database
Exemption: 560.312(1)(2)................................................................................266
Performing arts center, donor identities
Exemption: 265.7015.......................................................................................234
Personal records, application of public records law..................................................... 121-122
Pesticide information
Exemptions: 487.031(5); 487.041(5)................................................................262
Petroleum allocation and conservation, proprietary information
Exemption: 377.701(4).....................................................................................242
Pharmacy records
Exemption: 465.017(2).....................................................................................261
Physicians, records and reports involving
Exemptions: 458.3193; 458.337(3); 458.339(3)...............................................260
Phosphate mine operators, annual reports
Exemption: 378.208(5).....................................................................................242
Pilots (ships), probable cause investigation and treatment provider information
Exemptions: 310.102(3), (5).............................................................................238
Plant industry trade secrets

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Exemption: 581.199.........................................................................................267
Policy Analysis and Government Accountability, Office of...................................................80
Exemption: 11.51(4).........................................................................................220
Political parties.....................................................................................................................18
Pollution control information
Exemptions: 403.067(7)(c)5; 403.111..............................................................251
Pollution response action contract bids
Exemption: 287.0595(3)...................................................................................236
Polygraph records.......................................................................................................109, 131
Port facilities; sale, use, or lease proposals
Exemption: 315.18...........................................................................................238
Pregnancy termination reports
Exemption: 390.0112(4)...................................................................................245
Prekindergarten Education Program, records of enrollees
Exemption: 1002.72.........................................................................................287
Prepaid College Program purchasers or beneficiaries
Exemption: 1009.98(6).....................................................................................290
Prepaid limited health service organizations
Exemption: 636.064(1), (2)..............................................................................273
Prepaid transit fare device purchasers, identifying information
Exemption: 341.0521.......................................................................................240
Prison records....................................................................................................... 58, 109-110
Exemption: 945.10...........................................................................................284
Prison work program corporation (PRIDE)............................................................16, 21, 163
Exemption: 946.517.........................................................................................285
Privacy, relationship to public records act........................................................... 127-128, 159
Private entities,
	Application of Sunshine Law............................................................................. 16-19, 49
	Application of Public Records Act.............................55-60, 170-171, 188, 189, 194-195
Private investigative, security, or recovery services
Exemptions: 493.6121(5), (7); 493.6122.................................................. 262-263
Private entities leasing public health care facilities.................................................................87
Exemption: 395.3036............................................................................... 248-249
Professional regulation
Complaints and investigatory proceedings...............................................................24, 91
Exemptions: 337.162; 455.225(2), (4), (10);
456.057(7)(a), (9); 456.073(2), (4), (9)(c), (10)......................... 239, 258, 259-260
Disclosure
Exemptions: 455.232(1); 456.082..................................................... 258-259, 260

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	Examinations...............................................................................................................131
Exemptions: 455.217(5); 455.229(1)(2); 456.014(1)(2); 456.017(4)........258, 259
	Impaired practitioner investigative material, generally
Exemptions: 456.076(4)(e), (6)(a).....................................................................260
	Information supplied to Department of Business and Professional Regulation...............84
Exemptions: 337.162; 455.229(1)(2)........................................................239, 258
	Information supplied to Department of Health.............................................................84
Exemption: 456.014(1)(2)................................................................................259
	License applicant information and meetings
Exemptions: 455.229(1)(2); 456.014(1)(2)...............................................258, 259
	Regulated professions, management privatization corporation records
Exemption: 455.32(15).....................................................................................259
Proprietary confidential business information generally.............................................. 145-146
Proxy votes, use at public meetings.......................................................................................45
Protective injunction petitioners, personal information........................................................71
Exemptions: 741.30(3)(b), (8)(c)5; 784.046(4)(b), (8)(c).........................276, 279
Public agency computer software
Exemptions: 119.071(1)(f ); 119.0714(1)(b); 815.04(3)....................197, 215, 280
Public and Professional Guardians, Office of, ......................................................................70
Exemptions: 744.2104(2); 744.2105(6)............................................................278
Public comment at board meetings.................................................................. 42-43, 180-187
Public defenders, personal information...............................................................................137
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.j.................................................................... 205-206
Public employee records
	Applications, resumes and references...........................................................................122
Collective bargaining, see that topic
Criminal history information.......................................................................................128
Exemptions: 39.821(1); 110.1127(2)(d)(e);
435.09; 1002.36(7)(d)...............................................................223, 226, 256, 287
Drug testing information, see Drugs, subtitle employee drug
testing information
	Employee assistance program (mental health or substance abuse)
identifying information...............................................................................................129
Exemptions: 110.1091(2); 125.585(2); 166.0444.............................226, 229, 230
	Evaluations
		Generally.................................................................................................. 31, 129-130
		Hospital employees.................................................................................................130
Exemption: 395.3025(9)...................................................................................248
		School employees....................................................................................................130
Exemption: 1012.31(3).....................................................................................290

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		University and Florida College System institution employees.......................... 130-131
Exemptions: 1012.81; 1012.91.........................................................................291
	Examination questions and answer sheets, generally....................................................131
Exemption: 119.071(1)(a).................................................................................196
	Health insurance dependent information.....................................................................140
Exemption: 119.071(4)(b)................................................................................203
	Home addresses and other personal information.................................................. 132-140
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(d)2; 119.071(5)(i)(k);
395.3025(10)(11)............................................................... 203-207, 210-211, 248
	Inspection of personnel records....................................................................................122
	Medical information
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(b); 110.123(9); 112.08(7), (8);
760.50(5); 1012.31(3)...................................................... 203, 226-227, 278, 290
Misconduct complaints and related information
Department of Law Enforcement investigatory records
Exemption: 943.03(2).......................................................................................282
	Generally.............................................................................................. 124-127, 130-131
Exemption: 119.071(2)(k)................................................................................199
	Law enforcement and correctional officers........................................................... 124-126
Exemption: 112.533(2)(a).................................................................................228
	School employees.........................................................................................................130
Exemption: 1012.31(3).....................................................................................290
	University and Florida State College institution employees ................................. 130-131
Exemptions: 1012.81; 1012.91.........................................................................291
Payroll deduction.........................................................................................................141
	Retiree lists..................................................................................................................141
Exemption: 121.031(5).....................................................................................228
	Salaries........................................................................................................................141
	Search firms.................................................................................................................129
Public Employees Relations Commission.....................................................................50, 169
Exemption: 447.205(10)...................................................................................257
Public hospitals....................................................................................................................86
Exemptions: 395.1056; 395.3035(2)-(5)...................................................247, 248
Public-private partnership contracts, unsolicited proposals
Exemption: 255.065(15)........................................................................... 233-234
Public school records and meetings
	Examinations and tests..................................................................................................75
Exemptions: 1008.23; 1008.24(4)(b)................................................................289
Personnel files............................................................... 126-127, 130, 140-141, 151, 154
Exemption: 1012.31(3).....................................................................................290

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	School employee complaint investigations...................................................................126
Exemptions: 1012.31(3); 1012.796(4)..............................................................290
	Student records and hearings.........................................................................................74
		 Dropout prevention and academic intervention program participants
Exemption: 1003.53(6).....................................................................................287
		Exceptional student placement .................................................................................74
Exemption: 1003.57(1)(c).................................................................................287
		Generally............................................................................................................ 74-75
Exemption: 1002.221.......................................................................................287
		Medical records
Exemption: 381.0056(4)(a)16...........................................................................243
		 Permanent cumulative records...................................................................................74
Exemption: 1003.25(1).....................................................................................287
		Student expulsion hearings........................................................................................74
Exemption: 1006.07(1)(a).................................................................................289
	Teacher certification examination materials....................................................................75
Exemption: 1012.56(9)(g).................................................................................290
Public utilities, confidential business information
	Electric companies, joint power supply projects
Exemption: 163.01(15)(m)...............................................................................229
Electric companies, due diligence review
Exemption: 119.0713(4)(b)..............................................................................214
	Generally
Exemptions: 350.121; 366.093.........................................................................240
	Telecommunications companies
Exemptions: 202.195; 364.183.................................................................231, 240
Water and water systems
Exemption: 367.156.........................................................................................241
Public works contract bidders, financial statement................................................................81
Exemption: 119.071(1)(c).................................................................................196
Pugilistic exhibitions, promoter information
Exemption: 548.062(2).....................................................................................265
Purpose of public records request............................................................................... 147-148
Putative Father Registry information....................................................................................67
Exemption: 63.0541.........................................................................................224
Quick-response training
Exemption: 288.047(5)(e).................................................................................236
Rabies vaccination certificates
Exemption: 828.30(5)............................................................................... 280-281
Racing animal drug test information

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Exemption: 550.2415(1)(a)...............................................................................265
Racing investigative information
Exemption: 550.0251(9)...................................................................................265
Real property purchases, appraisals and offers................................................................. 33-34
Counties
Exemption: 125.355(1).....................................................................................229
	Educational facilities
Exemption: 1013.14(1)(a).................................................................................291
	Municipalities
Exemption: 166.045(1).....................................................................................230
	State agencies
Exemptions: 119.0711; 215.4401(1); 253.025(8)(f ), (9)(d)..............211, 232, 233
Recording of public meetings................................................................................... 39-40, 43
Recovered materials personnel and facilities, trade secrets
Exemptions: 403.7046(2), (3)(b)......................................................................251
Recreation program participants, personal information
Exemption: 119.071(5)(c).................................................................................207
Redaction of exempt information....................................................................... 157-159, 192
Reemployment assistance records................................................................................... 82-83
Exemptions: 288.075(5); 443.1715(1)......................................................236, 257
Registered public obligations, ownership or security interest records....................................83
Exemption: 279.11(1).......................................................................................235
Requestor of public records, obnoxious behavior of............................................................147
Residential care facilities, educational programs
Exemption: 402.22(3).......................................................................................251
Respite care programs, identity of clients
Exemption: 430.504.........................................................................................256
Retail installment sellers, investigative information
Exemption: 520.9965.......................................................................................264
Revenue collection and Department of Revenue personnel,
personal information..........................................................................................................137
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.a.................................................................... 203-204
Ridesharing arrangements, participants
Exemption: 119.071(5)(e).................................................................................210
Risk management programs.................................................................................................29
Exemptions: 284.40(2); 768.28(16)(b)(c)(d).............................................235, 279
Road construction contractors, financial statements.............................................................81
Exemption: 119.071(1)(c).................................................................................196
Road construction cost estimates and bid information.........................................................82
Exemptions: 337.14(1); 337.168.......................................................................239
Roll call vote at public meeting............................................................................................45

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Runaway youth programs and centers, client records
Exemption: 409.441(4).....................................................................................253
Rural health network records
Exemption: 381.0055(1)-(3)..................................................................... 242-243
Safe houses and safe foster homes for sexually exploited children,
location information..........................................................................................................115
Exemption: 409.1678(6)........................................................................... 252-253
Saltwater products dealers, reports
Exemption: 379.362(6).....................................................................................242
Scholarship-funding organization, contributing taxpayers
Exemption: 1002.395(6)(g)...............................................................................287
School food and nutrition program records
Exemption: 595.409.........................................................................................267
School readiness program records
Exemption: 1002.97.........................................................................................287
Schools and day care facilities attended by children of certain
government personnel................................................................................................ 131-137
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(d),(5)(i)(k).........................................................203, 210
Seaport security plans.........................................................................................................142
Exemption: 311.13...........................................................................................238
Securities regulation
Exemptions: 517.12(14); 517.2015; 517.2016..................................................264
Security background check information, generally......................................................123, 128
Exemption: 435.09...........................................................................................256
Security of data and information technology resources records................................... 142-143
Exemption: 282.318(4)(5)................................................................................235
Security-system plans and meetings.............................................................. 34, 110, 141-143
Exemptions: 286.0113(1); 119.071(3)(a); 281.301 ..........................185, 201, 235
Security system permits......................................................................................................142
Self-Insurers Guaranty Association claims files and meetings
Exemption: 440.3851.......................................................................................257
Senate, executive session journal...........................................................................................65
Exemption: 15.07.............................................................................................220
Serological test reports
Exemption: 951.27(2).......................................................................................285
Service warranty association guaranteeing organization filings
Exemption: 634.4065(5)...................................................................................272
Service warranty associations, examination or investigation records
Exemption: 634.444.........................................................................................272
Service members, personal information..............................................................................137
Exemption: 119.071(5)(k)................................................................................211

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Sexual battery victims, compensation payments
Exemption: 960.28(4).......................................................................................285
Sexual offender information
Exemption: 944.606(3)(d)................................................................................284
Sexual offense victims................................................................................................. 112-114
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(h)(j); 119.0714(1)(h);
92.56; 741.313(7); 784.046(8)(c)5;
794.024; 794.03; 960.28(4)....................... 198-199, 215, 225, 277, 279, 280, 285
Sexually transmissible disease control proceedings, name of subject
Exemptions: 381.004(2)-(5); 384.282(3)..................................................242, 245
Sexually transmissible disease reports.............................................................................. 85-86
Exemptions: 384.26(2); 384.29; 384.30(2).......................................................245
Sexually violent predator records
Exemption: 394.921(2).....................................................................................246
Social security numbers......................................................................................................143
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(a),(5)(a); 119.0714(1)(i)(2)(3);
193.114(5); 717.117(8)............................................. 203, 207, 214-216, 230, 276
Social events, application of sunshine law.............................................................................34
Space Florida........................................................................................................................82
Exemptions: 288.075; 331.326.................................................................236, 239
Speaking at public meetings........................................................................................... 42-43
Stadium plans, blueprints, and diagrams
Exemption: 119.071(3)(b)................................................................................201
Staff, exclusion from public meetings............................................................................. 43-44
Staff, application of Sunshine Law to
	Staff committees..............................................................................................................3
	Staff members serving as liaisons................................................................................ 9-10
	Staff members serving on boards....................................................................................19
Stalking victims, personal information............................................................ 71-72, 111-112
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(j); 741.4651.......................................................199, 277
State attorney, executive order assigning to other circuit
Exemption: 27.151...........................................................................................221
State attorneys, personal information......................................................................... 136-137
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.d...........................................................................204
State Fire Marshal investigatory records, meetings involving
Exemption: 633.126(5).....................................................................................272
State surplus lands, valuation
Exemption: 253.0341(8)(a)...............................................................................233
State university records
Budgets.........................................................................................................................82

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Direct-support organizations............................................................................. 18, 70-71
Exemptions: 1004.28(5); 1004.30............................................................. 287-288
Personnel records................................................................................................. 130-131
Exemption: 1012.91.........................................................................................291
Prepaid College Program
Exemption: 1009.98(6).....................................................................................290
	Sponsored research, proprietary information
Exemption: 1004.22(2).....................................................................................287
	Student records........................................................................................................ 74-75
Exemption: 1006.52(1).....................................................................................289
Statewide prosecutors, personal information............................................................... 136-137
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.d...........................................................................204
Stationary sources of air pollution, trade secret information
Exemption: 252.943.........................................................................................233
Stock associations, stockholder lists
Exemption: 655.057(2)............................................................................. 274-275
Subcontractors working for public agencies, application of public records act......................59
Sunshine State One-Call of Florida, Inc., proprietary confidential business information
Exemption: 556.113.........................................................................................265
Support enforcement program information
Exemptions: 409.2577; 409.2579.....................................................................253
Surveillance techniques, procedures, or personnel...............................................................110
Exemptions: 119.071(2)(d); 119.0714(1)(c).............................................197, 215
Surveillance videos.............................................................................................................142
Surveyor application and examination information and investigatory proceedings
Exemptions: 472.0131(5); 472.0201(1), (2); 472.02011;
472.033(2), (4), (10).................................................................................. 261-262
Tax collectors, personal information........................................................................... 132-133
Exemption: 119.071(4)(d)2.l............................................................................206
Tax records
Communications services tax records
Exemption: 202.195.........................................................................................231
Convention development tax records
Exemption: 212.0305(3)(d)..............................................................................231
Corporate income tax, declaration of estimated tax
Exemption: 220.242.........................................................................................233
Debt collection or auditing agency records
Exemption: 213.27(6).......................................................................................232
	Economic development agencies, information held by
Exemption: 288.075.........................................................................................236

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Federal tax information obtained pursuant to s. 26 U.S.C. s. 6103
Exemption: 192.105.........................................................................................230
	Generally................................................................................................................. 84-85
	Minerals severance tax returns
Exemption: 211.33(5).......................................................................................231
	Motor fuel tax records
Exemption: 206.27(2).......................................................................................231
	Oil and gas production tax returns
Exemption: 211.125(10)...................................................................................231
Property tax information
		Assessment roll studies
Exemption: 195.096(2)(e).................................................................................230
		Exemption applications
Exemptions: 193.114(5); 196.101(4)(c)....................................................230, 231
		Information exchanged among governmental agencies
Exemption: 195.084(1).....................................................................................230
		Returns.....................................................................................................................85
Exemptions: 193.074........................................................................................230
		Sale or purchase of property, information form
Exemption: 195.027(6).....................................................................................230
		Taxpayer records
Exemption: 195.027(3).....................................................................................230
	Registration information, sharing between local governments and state agencies
Exemption: 213.0535(5)...................................................................................232
	Returns and reports, generally.................................................................................. 84-85
Exemption: 213.053(2)(a).................................................................................231
	Tax compromise records
Exemption: 213.21(3)(a)...................................................................................232
	Taxpayer information obtained from Internal Revenue Service
Exemption: 213.28(6).......................................................................................232
	Tax deduction information in school system employee personnel records
Exemption: 1012.31(3).....................................................................................290
	Taxpayer technical assistance advisements
Exemption: 213.22(2).......................................................................................232
Technology development programs
Exemption: 288.9520.......................................................................................237
Technology transfer centers, Florida College system institutions
Exemption: 1004.78(2).....................................................................................289
Telecommunications access system applicant information
Exemption: 427.705(6).....................................................................................255
Telecommunications service providers

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Exemption: 119.071(5)(d)................................................................................209
Telephone meetings, application of Sunshine Law.......................................................... 34-36
Telephone records..............................................................................................................140
Television signals and videotapes produced under public agency agreement
Exemption: 119.071(1)(e).................................................................................197
Temporary cash assistance recipients, identifying information..............................................84
Exemptions: 414.106; 414.295(1).....................................................................255
Termination of parental rights proceedings..................................................................... 14-15
Exemptions: 39.809(4); 39.814(3),(4); 39.815(4),(5).......................................223
Terrorism response plans of hospitals
Exemption: 395.1056.......................................................................................247
Text messages see also electronic records and meetings.............................................. 21-23, 78
Time for responding to public records requests.................................................. 149, 153-156
Tobacco settlement agreement records
Exemption: 569.215(1).....................................................................................266
Toll payment or prepayment, personal identifying information............................................84
Exemption: 338.155(6).....................................................................................240
Tourism marketing and advertising research information
Exemption: 125.0104(9)(d)..............................................................................229
Trade secrets, generally............................................................................................... 144-146
Exemption: 815.045.........................................................................................280
Traffic crash reports, personal information.................................................................. 107-108
Exemption: 316.066(2)(a).................................................................................238
Transportation, Department of
Exemptions: 334.049(4); 337.14(1); 337.162; 337.168;
339.0805(1)(c), 339.55(10(a)....................................................................239, 240
Travel records, application of Public Records Act................................................................141
Trauma agencies, patient care quality assurance information
Exemptions: 395.3025; 395.4025(12); 395.51; 401.30.....................248, 249, 250
Tuberculosis control information
Exemptions: 392.54(2); 392.545(3); 392.65.....................................................246
Twitter.................................................................................................................................78
U.S. Attorneys, personal information.................................................................................136
Exemption: 119.071(5)(i).................................................................................210
Unclaimed property
Exemptions: 717.117(8); 717.1301(5)..............................................................276
Undercover personnel of criminal justice agencies, information revealing............. 96, 110-111
Exemptions: 119.071(4)(c); 119.0714(1)(g)..............................................203, 215
Utilities, information related to security of information technology
and industrial control technology
Exemption: 119.0713(5)(a)...............................................................................214

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Utility payment records........................................................................................................84
Vendor negotiations with agencies.................................................................................. 32-33
Exemption: 286.0113(2)...................................................................................185
Vessel registration or decal records
Exemption: 328.40(3).......................................................................................239
Veterinarians, records and reports, involving
Exemption: 474.2185.......................................................................................262
Violent Crime and Drug Control Council meetings, criminal intelligence
Exemption: 943.031(9)(c)(d)............................................................................283
Volunteer fire departments, application of open government laws....................... 18-19, 55-57
Vocational rehabilitation program records
Exemptions: 413.012(1); 413.341.....................................................................254
Vote-by-mail ballots, record of requests and delivery information................................... 75-76
Exemption: 101.62(3).......................................................................................226
Voter or voter registration information.................................................................................76
Exemptions: 97.0585; 98.045(3); 741.465................................................225, 277
Voting systems software
Exemption: 101.5607(1)(d)..............................................................................225
Vulnerable adult abuse records and reports..................................................................... 68-69
Exemptions: 415.107(1), (3)(l), (6)...................................................................255
Wards of public guardian......................................................................................................70
Exemption: 744.708(2)
Water management district employee medical records
Exemption: 112.08(8).......................................................................................227
Water management district lands, appraisal information and offers
Exemption: 373.139(3)(a).................................................................................241
Water treatment facility plans, blueprints, and diagrams
Exemption: 119.071(3)(b)................................................................................201
Whistle-blower information........................................................................................... 91-93
Exemptions: 20.055(6)(b); 112.3188(1), (2).............................................221, 227
Wireless emergency 911 telephone service providers.......................................................78, 79
Exemption: 365.174.........................................................................................240
Workers’ compensation records and reports
Exemptions: 440.108; 440.125; 440.132; 440.25(3); 440.39(7);
440.515; 624.23................................................................................ 256-257, 267
Written public records request, authority to require............................................................151

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FLORIDA’S GOVERNMENT-IN-THE-SUNSHINE MANUAL
AND PUBLIC RECORDS LAW MANUAL
This edition of the Government in the Sunshine Manual is dedicated
to Paul Hogan, former Tampa Tribune Managing Editor. Hogan’s
commitment to truth, open government and holding the powerful
accountable left his stamp on our state.
Paul Hogan: August 21,1933- November 14, 2016
Questions and Answers on Section 286.011 F.S. (Open Meetings) and on
Chapter 119 F.S. (Public Records)
Prepared by the
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
The Capitol
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1050
(850) 245-0140
Published by the
FIRST AMENDMENT FOUNDATION
Mailing Address:
317 E. Park Avenue
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
(850) 224-4555
Website: floridafaf.org
Twitter: @FloridaFAF
Youtube: FloridaFAF
Facebook:First Amendment Foundation
LinkedIn: First Amendment foundation
The interior of this book is printed on recycled paper.