United States General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20548

General Government Division

B-285591
June 14, 2000
The Honorable Strom Thurmond
Chairman, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice Oversight
Committee on the Judiciary
United States Senate
Subject: Federal Prisons: Responses to Questions Related to Containing Health Care Costs
for an Increasing Inmate Population
Dear Mr. Chairman:
On April 6, 2000, we testified at an oversight hearing the Subcommittee held on inmate health
1
care costs of the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). This letter responds to your request of
May 22, 2000, in which you and Senator Patrick Leahy, Ranking Minority Member, Senate
Committee on the Judiciary, raised additional questions about BOP’s efforts to contain the
costs of providing health care to inmates. To respond to these questions, we drew upon the
information we developed in preparing for the hearing and performed additional work in May
2000 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Because our
work was based primarily on publicly available reports and testimonies, including our own
previously published reports, we did not seek agency comment on a draft of this letter. Our
responses to your questions (1 through 4) and to Senator Leahy’s questions (5 and 6) follow.
Question 1. Do you think that prisoner abuse of health care, such as inmates using
medical visits to get out of work or other duties, is a significant problem, and would
you expect a copay requirement to help reduce any such abuse?
In our testimony, we reported that the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) had looked at this
question and reported that, where similar prisoner copayment programs were adopted in 36
states or local jurisdictions, prison medical facilities experienced average reductions in sick
call visits of 16 percent to 50 percent. Although we are not aware of any formal study by BOP
or others, we received anecdotal information from BOP health care officials that frivolous
visits to medical units do occur in BOP and that some reduction in this kind of abuse could be

1

Federal Prisons: Containing Health Care Costs for an Increasing Inmate Population (GAO/T-GGD-00-112, Apr. 6, 2000).

Page 1

GGD-00-160R Questions About Inmate Health Care Costs

B-285591

anticipated if some additional charge were levied. However, we were not provided with an
estimate of the magnitude of the anticipated reduction.
Question 2. Does it appear that states have benefited from a copay requirement?
As noted in response to the previous question, CBO has reported that after adopting
copayment requirements, 36 state or local jurisdictions experienced reductions in the number
of sick call visits. These reductions ranged from a low of 16 percent to a high of 50 percent.
Question 3. It appears that personnel salaries are the primary category for health
care costs. Have recent BOP initiatives, such as restructuring staff to depend less on
highly paid physicians for routine duties, helped reduce staff costs in recent years?
2

One BOP official told us that, as a result of our 1994 report, BOP began examining the
utilization of its health care staff to allow for more efficient operations. One result the BOP
official cited was a restructuring initiative that focused on using qualified, lower-salaried
medical personnel instead of more highly paid physicians and physicians’ assistants for
certain routine duties. BOP attributed annual savings of about $5.5 million to this initiative.
We also testified that BOP medical personnel salaries—on a macro level—have decreased
steadily from a peak of $1,399 per inmate in fiscal year 1996 to $1,225 in fiscal year 1999. We
testified that Public Health Service (PHS) associated costs, largely composed of PHS salaries,
have dropped from $378 per inmate in fiscal year 1997 to $367 in fiscal year 1999. A BOP
Health Services Division official was quite confident that the downward slope in per inmate
medical personnel salaries and PHS associated costs was due to the staff restructuring
initiative and other related cost-cutting initiatives. However, BOP officials were concerned
that the savings from these economy and efficiency measures will eventually bottom out.
BOP officials said they expect overall medical costs to continue to rise in future years for
several reasons:
• Projections of the number of inmates incarcerated in federal facilities show continued
increases.
• Felony inmates transferred to BOP from the District of Columbia Department of Corrections
generally have disproportionately more medical needs than other BOP inmates.
• BOP is receiving increasing numbers of long-term, nonreturnable detainees from the
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
• BOP’s expenditures for pharmaceuticals likely will rise due to the increasing prevalence of
illnesses such as HIV and hepatitis.
Question 4. You noted during your oral testimony that many inmates are staying in
medical referral centers for long periods due to serious medical conditions. Do you
think it may be more cost effective for BOP to have an intermediate care medical
facility for inmates needing long-term care?
2

Bureau of Prisons Health Care: Inmates’ Access to Health Care Is Limited by Lack of Clinical Staff (GAO/HEHS-94-36, Feb. 10,
1994).

Page 2

GGD-00-160R Questions About Inmate Health Care Costs

B-285591

Most evidence indicates that an intermediate care facility could have advantages for BOP,
although a thorough cost-benefit study might still need to be conducted to consider the
various forms that such a facility could take. Medical costs at BOP’s medical referral centers
are higher on a per inmate basis than medical costs at standard prisons. Based on BOP data,
the estimated medical costs on a per inmate basis at a medical referral center are about
$16,000 per year, whereas medical costs at a standard prison are less than $2,500 per year.
In terms of inmate access to medical care, BOP officials told us that it is important that there
be a regular turnover of patients in medical referral center hospital beds—based on the
medical needs of the patients. They told us that increasing numbers of chronically ill inmates
with long sentences are being sent to medical referral centers because the inmates’ medical
conditions cannot be treated appropriately at a standard prison. For these inmates, the
medical referral center is the end of the line. This means that fewer and fewer hospital beds
are turning over. It also means that new patients from standard prisons may have to wait for
the next available medical referral center hospital bed to be freed up. For example, at one
medical referral center we toured, we learned that the waiting list of new patients for the next
available bed is gradually getting longer.
Anecdotally, we were told that BOP already has enough chronically ill inmates to fill an
intermediate care medical facility of 400 beds. This type of facility would have the added
benefit of freeing up more expensive medical referral center beds presently occupied by
inmates who have little chance of returning to their home prison. Nonetheless, a cost-benefit
study could determine, for instance, whether the per inmate cost of constructing an
intermediate care medical facility would be more or less than competing alternatives, such as
contracting for a privatized nursing home environment or renovating an existing building at a
medical referral center just for the chronically ill.
Question 5. In your written statement, you indicated that CBO has estimated that
the Federal Prisoner Health Care Copayment Act of 1999 would generate annual
revenues of $1 million and “would be helpful to BOP’s efforts to control medical
costs.” Under section 4048(g) of this legislation, fees collected from inmates subject
to an order of restitution shall be paid to victims in accordance with the order.
Seventy-five percent of all other fees collected would be deposited into the Federal
Crime Victim’s Fund and the remainder would be used to cover the administrative
expenses incurred in carrying out this Act. With legislative mandates on the use of
copayment fees, how would the Federal Prisoner Health Care Copayment Act of
1999 significantly contribute to reducing health care costs?
We testified that a May 1999 CBO analysis of the proposed $2 health care service fee
estimated that BOP might generate additional revenue of about $1 million in fiscal year 2000.
However, BOP endorses the proposed fee primarily as a means to reduce unnecessary or
frivolous medical visits—that is, BOP does not view the proposed fee primarily as a revenue
generator.
BOP has suggested that the proposed legislation be modified to mandate that 100 percent of
collected fees go to the Crime Victims Fund. According to one official, BOP might send a
check each quarter to the fund—a procedure that would help to minimize administrative

Page 3

GGD-00-160R Questions About Inmate Health Care Costs

B-285591

expenses. BOP suggested this alternative because an administrative process is already in
place that could be modified at little or no cost to include tracking collected fees. However,
the cost of distributing restitution checks to victims is another matter since no administrative
process or supporting staff structure currently exists. One BOP official told us that the
number of checks could be enormous, the amount of each check would be small, and the
administrative cost of establishing and maintaining a process (to make sure victims received
the appropriate checks) would be an additional expense. This official also opined that victims
might react negatively to receiving checks of such small amounts repeatedly over the years.
CBO has looked at this question of unnecessary or frivolous medical visits. CBO reported that
where similar prisoner copayment programs were adopted in 36 states or local jurisdictions,
prison medical facilities experienced average reductions in sick call visits of 16 percent to 50
percent. We received anecdotal information from BOP health care officials that frivolous
visits to medical units do occur in BOP and that some reduction in this kind of abuse can be
anticipated if additional charges are levied. However, we have not independently verified the
magnitude of such a reduction.
Neither BOP nor we believe that the primary benefit of the copayment proposal is to generate
revenue. Rather, its primary benefit would be to reduce unnecessary or frivolous medical
visits and the burden that such visits place on BOP medical staff. Given the projected
increase in the prison population through 2006, it appears the demands on BOP’s health care
system will increase.
Question 6. Have the administrative initiatives that BOP put into place over the
last several years to contain inmate health care costs and increase efficiency of
services been taken into account by your estimate? Have the facts or assumptions
on which you based your estimate of $1 million changed?
The estimates of increased efficiency of services by virtue of administrative initiatives BOP
has undertaken over the last several years are BOP estimates. The $1 million estimate of
anticipated revenue generated by a prisoner copayment provision is CBO’s estimate. We
referred to the CBO estimate in our testimony because we did not want to duplicate that
work. Also, given the short time in which we conducted our review, we did not attempt to
independently verify the estimates and do not know whether the facts and assumptions used
by CBO have changed.
BOP officials believe that savings or benefits from the economy and efficiency initiatives BOP
has implemented will eventually bottom out and they expect that inmate health care costs
will rise given
• the pressures from a growing prison population;
• transfers of inmates to BOP from the District of Columbia Department of Corrections—
inmates who generally have disproportionately more medical needs than other BOP inmates;
• the increase in numbers of long-term, nonreturnable detainees from INS; and
• the growth in expenditures for pharmaceuticals because of the increasing prevalence of
illnesses such as HIV and hepatitis.

Page 4

GGD-00-160R Questions About Inmate Health Care Costs

B-285591

We believe it is time to consider additional measures for containing BOP medical costs. The
copayment provision is one alternative to consider—not because it is a revenue generator,
but rather because such a provision can be expected to reduce the demand on medical
services by reducing the number of unnecessary or frivolous medical visits by inmates.
As agreed with your office, we plan no further distribution of this letter until 30 days after its
issuance, unless you publicly release its contents earlier. We will then send copies of this
letter to Senator Charles E. Schumer, the Subcommittee’s Ranking Minority Member; Senator
Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman, and Senator Patrick Leahy, Ranking Minority Member, Senate
Committee on the Judiciary; and Representative Henry J. Hyde, Chairman, and
Representative John Conyers, Jr., Ranking Minority Member, House Committee on the
Judiciary. Copies will also be made available to others upon request.
If you or your staff need additional information, please call me on (202) 512-8777.
Sincerely yours,

Richard M. Stana
Associate Director,
Administration of Justice Issues

Page 5

GGD-00-160R Questions About Inmate Health Care Costs

Ordering Copies of GAO Reports
The first copy of each GAO report and testimony is free.
Additional copies are $2 each. Orders should be sent to the
following address, accompanied by a check or money order made
out to the Superintendent of Documents, when necessary. VISA
and MasterCard credit cards are accepted, also. Orders for 100 or
more copies to be mailed to a single address are discounted 25
percent.
Order by mail:
U.S. General Accounting Office
P.O. Box 37050
Washington, DC 20013
or visit:
Room 1100
th
th
700 4 St. NW (corner of 4 and G Sts. NW)
U.S. General Accounting Office
Washington, DC
Orders may also be placed by calling (202) 512-6000 or by using
fax number (202) 512-6061, or TDD (202) 512-2537.
Each day, GAO issues a list of newly available reports and
testimony. To receive facsimile copies of the daily list or any list
from the past 30 days, please call (202) 512-6000 using a touchtone phone. A recorded menu will provide information on how to
obtain these lists.
Viewing GAO Reports on the Internet
For information on how to access GAO reports on the INTERNET,
send e-mail message with “info” in the body to:
info@www.gao.gov
or visit GAO’s World Wide Web Home Page at:
http://www.gao.gov
Reporting Fraud, Waste, and Abuse in Federal Programs
To contact GAO FraudNET use:
Web site: http://www.gao.gov/fraudnet/fraudnet.htm
E-Mail: fraudnet@gao.gov
Telephone: 1-800-424-5454 (automated answering system)

United States
General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20548-0001
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
Address Correction Requested

(182840)

Bulk Rate
Postage & Fees Paid
GAO
Permit No. G100