Doj Juveniles in Residential Treatment 1997-2008
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention February 2010 Jeff Slowikowski, Acting Administrator Juveniles in Residential Placement, 1997–2008 by Melissa Sickmund OJJDP’s National Juvenile Justice Data Collection Program monitors trends in the residential placement of juvenile offenders The number of juvenile offenders in residential placement in publicly and privately operated juvenile facilities has declined steadily since 2000. In 2008, fewer than 81,000 juvenile offenders were housed. This is the fewest juvenile offenders counted in a national census of juvenile facilities since 1993, when the tally was slightly less than 79,000. Prior to 1997, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) sponsored the Children in Custody (CIC) Census of Juvenile Detention, Correctional, and Shelter Facilities. In 1997, OJJDP replaced CIC with the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP), a 1-day count of juvenile offenders (accused and adjudicated delinquent and status offenders) held in juvenile facilities nationwide. CJRP provides detailed information on all juveniles in residential facilities in the United States, including gender, birth date, race and/or ethnicity, most serious offense, state where the offense occurred, whether the Between the 2000 peak and 2008, the number of juvenile offenders in residential placement declined 26% Number of juvenile offenders in residential placement 120,000 100,000 80,000 Publicly and privately operated facilities 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1998 2000 Office of Justice Programs 2002 2004 2006 2008 juvenile is being held pre- or postadjudication, and admission date. In 2000, OJJDP launched the Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC) as a companion to CJRP. JRFC also collects a 1-day count of the placement population but focuses on facilities, including facility ownership, operation, services, security, crowding, and injuries and deaths in custody. OJJDP generally conducts each census during alternating years. Facilities included in these two data collections represent a wide range of facility types: secure and nonsecure; public (state or local), private, and tribal; and long-term and short-term holding. Juvenile facilities are known by many different names across the country: detention centers, juvenile halls, shelters, reception and diagnostic centers, group homes, wilderness camps, ranches, farms, youth development centers, residential treatment centers, training or reform schools, and juvenile correctional institutions. Some facilities resemble adult prisons or jails, some resemble campuses, and others resemble houses. The 2000 JRFC registered the largest population of juvenile offenders in residential placement—108,802—since CIC was expanded in 1974 to include private facilities. In 2008, 263 juvenile offenders were in placement for every 100,000 juveniles in the general population CJRP reports state placement rates (the number of juvenile offenders in placement for every 100,000 juveniles in the general population) based on the state where the offense was committed. Youth held out of state are counted in the state that placed them. State placement rates in 2007 varied substantially, from a high of 513 in South Dakota to a low of 69 in Vermont. Eleven other states had rates less than 200: Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Delaware and Wyoming were the only states other than South Dakota with rates greater than 400. Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov Nearly half (46%) of all juvenile offenders in residential placement were held by the 6 states with the largest placement populations: California, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York State where offense occurred (upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction) U.S. Total Alabama (17) Alaska (17) Arizona (17) Arkansas (17) California (17) Colorado (17) Connecticut (15) Delaware (17) Dist. of Columbia (17) Florida (17) Georgia (16) Hawaii (17) Idaho (17) Illinois (16) Indiana (17) Iowa (17) Kansas (17) Kentucky (17) Louisiana (16) Maine (17) Maryland (17) Massachusetts (16) Michigan (16) Minnesota (17) Mississippi (17) Missouri (16) Montana (17) Nebraska (17) Nevada (17) New Hampshire (16) New Jersey (17) New Mexico (17) New York (15) North Carolina (15) North Dakota (17) Ohio (17) Oklahoma (17) Oregon (17) Pennsylvania (17) Rhode Island (17) South Carolina (16) South Dakota (17) Tennessee (17) Texas (16) Utah (17) Vermont (17) Virginia (17) Washington (17) West Virginia (17) Wisconsin (16) Wyoming (17) Number of juvenile offenders in public or private residential placement, 2007 Residential placement rate, 2007 86,814 1,650 321 1,485 810 14,034 1,752 426 369 288 5,733 2,736 129 528 2,565 2,727 954 1,146 1,116 1,350 204 930 969 2,748 1,317 450 1,227 210 708 996 156 1,677 378 3,612 1,035 213 4,332 864 1,299 4,554 312 1,200 456 1,263 7,035 867 45 2,124 1,527 570 1,422 249 279 325 383 208 261 329 339 148 401 588 315 286 101 298 204 382 294 370 247 321 150 149 167 274 230 131 218 204 359 348 125 176 170 239 144 322 341 219 330 344 282 292 513 191 287 262 69 261 218 320 269 443 Note: State of offense was not reported for 1,748 juveniles. Melissa Sickmund, Ph.D., Chief of Systems Research with the National Center for Juvenile Justice, prepared this document as a product of the National Juvenile Justice Data Analysis Project, which is supported by OJJDP grant 2008–JF–FX–K071. Fact Sheet Between 1997 and 2008, the decline in placement rates (26%) was not as sharp as the decline in arrest rates (33%) Juvenile arrest rate 10,000 Juvenile residential placement rate 400 Placements 8,000 300 Arrests 6,000 200 4,000 100 2,000 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 0 2008 Declines in state residential placement rates were widespread across the country DC Change in placement rate, 1997–2007 Decrease of 3% or more No change (less than 3% + or –) Increase of 3% or more Q From 1997 to 2007, 35 states experienced declines in their residential placement rates, 10 experienced increases, and 5 states and the District of Columbia saw virtually no change. Definitions The residential placement rate is the number of juvenile offenders assigned a bed in a public or private facility on the census date per 100,000 youth ages 10 through the state’s upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction in the general population. The juvenile arrest rate is the number of arrests involving juveniles per 100,000 youth ages 10 through 17 in the general population. For further information OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book (ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb) provides access to CJRP data through two data analysis tools, the CJRP Databook and Easy Access to the CJRP. The Briefing Book also includes information on JRFC through bulletins that summarize each wave of data collection. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Community Capacity Development Office; the National Institute of Justice; the Office for Victims of Crime; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART). NCJ 229379