Smart on Crime:
Reconsidering the Death Penalty
in a Time of Economic Crisis
National Poll of Police Chiefs Puts Capital Punishment
at Bottom of Law Enforcement Priorities

A Report from the Death Penalty Information Center

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Smart on Crime:
Reconsidering the Death Penalty
in a Time of Economic Crisis
National Poll of Police Chiefs Puts Capital Punishment
at Bottom of Law Enforcement Priorities

A Report from the Death Penalty Information Center
by Richard C. Dieter, Executive Director
Washington, DC
October 2009
www.deathpenaltyinfo.org

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary

6

Introduction

8

The Views of Law Enforcement – Police Chiefs Poll

9

The Crisis Facing State Criminal Justice Systems

12

How much does the death penalty cost?

14

Can the Costs of the Death Penalty Be Reduced?

18

Why Does the Death Penalty Cost So Much?

20

What is Society Receiving in Return?

22

Conclusion

23

References

24

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Executive Summary
California is spending an estimated $137
million per year on the death penalty and has not
had an execution in three and a half years. Florida
is spending approximately $51 million per year
on the death penalty, amounting to a cost of $24
million for each execution it carries out. A recent
study in Maryland found that the bill for the death
penalty over a twenty-year period that produced five
executions will be $186 million. Other states like New
York and New Jersey spent well over $100 million on
a system that produced no executions. Both recently
abandoned the practice. This kind of wasteful
expenditure makes little sense. The death penalty may
serve some politicians as a rhetorical scare tactic, but
it is not a wise use of scarce criminal justice funding.

“Smart on Crime” is a new report from the
Death Penalty Information Center that explores the
prospect of saving states hundreds of millions of
dollars by ending the death penalty. The report also
serves to release a national poll of police chiefs in
which they rank the death penalty at the bottom of
their priorities for achieving a safer society.
The death penalty in the U.S. is an
enormously expensive and wasteful program with no
clear benefits. All of the studies on the cost of capital
punishment conclude it is much more expensive
than a system with life sentences as the maximum
penalty. In a time of painful budget cutbacks, states
are pouring money into a system that results in a
declining number of death sentences and executions
that are almost exclusively carried out in just one
area of the country. As many states face further
deficits, it is an appropriate time to consider whether
maintaining the costly death penalty system is being
smart on crime.

In 2009, eleven state legislatures considered
bills to end capital punishment and its high costs
were part of these debates. New Mexico abolished
the death penalty and the Connecticut legislature
passed an abolition bill before the governor vetoed
it. One house of the legislatures in Montana and
Colorado voted to end the death penalty, and the
Colorado bill would have directed the cost savings to
solving cold cases. As the economic crisis continues,
the trend of states reexamining the death penalty in
light of its costs is expected to continue.

The nation’s police chiefs rank the death
penalty last in their priorities for effective crime
reduction. The officers do not believe the death
penalty acts as a deterrent to murder, and they rate it
as one of most inefficient uses of taxpayer dollars in
fighting crime. Criminologists concur that the death
penalty does not effectively reduce the number of
murders.

The report that follows analyzes the costs
of the death penalty as measured in various state
studies. It examines why the death penalty is so
expensive and why it may be impossible to cut
those costs without endangering fundamental
rights. The report looks closely at the opinions of
law enforcement experts and finds little support for
continuing to spend enormous sums on an ineffective
program when so many other areas of need are being
short changed. Many states are looking at the death
penalty in a new light because of the economic crisis,
realizing that being smart on crime means investing
in programs that really work.

Around the country, death sentences
have declined 60% since 2000 and executions have
declined almost as much. Yet maintaining a system
with 3,300 people on death row and supporting new
prosecutions for death sentences that likely will never
be carried out is becoming increasingly expensive and
harder to justify. The money spent to preserve this
failing system could be directed to effective programs
that make society safer.

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Smart on Crime:
Reconsidering the Death Penalty
in a Time of Economic Crisis
National Poll of Police Chiefs Puts Capital Punishment
at Bottom of Law Enforcement Priorities

	
[W]e must move beyond
the narrow parameters that have
constrained our nation’s debate
about criminal justice policy over
the last several decades. There is no
doubt that we must be “tough on
crime.” But we must also commit
ourselves to being “smart on crime.”

	
Local jurisdictions are likely
to lose a significant amount of state
funding this year because of the
severe financial crisis. This funding
helps cities and counties provide
essential services in the areas of
public safety, emergency services,
and health and children’s services. Without it, our
communities will no doubt suffer dire consequences. 	

-Attorney General Eric Holder1

At the same time, we continue to waste hundreds of
millions on the state’s dysfunctional death penalty.
If we replaced the death penalty with a sentence
of permanent imprisonment, the state would save
more than $125 million each year. We haven’t had an
execution in California for three years. Are we any less
safe as a result? I don’t think so.

	
Give a law enforcement
professional like me that $250
million, and I’ll show you how to
reduce crime. The death penalty isn’t
anywhere on my list.
photo by John Goodwin

-Police Chief James Abbott,
West Orange, NJ2

-Police Chief Ray Samuels, Newark, CA3

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Introduction
took action to end the financial drain caused by the
death penalty even before the current downturn.

For many states the impact of the economic
recession is likely to be felt for years to come. The
unemployment rate may surpass 10%, and 2009 will
probably be worse than 2008 in state income and in
demands for services. ⁴ Most states are facing new
budget shortfalls in the coming fiscal year, and further
cuts in state spending are inevitable.⁵

The death penalty has been a bloated
government program for many decades. The death
penalty is not just expensive, it is wasteful. In most
places the money is being spent even as the core
measures of the system—death sentences and
executions—have declined precipitously.6 It is as if a
car manufacturer was keeping all of its factories and
showrooms open even though it was producing only
a handful of cars that hardly anyone was buying.

Not surprisingly, the criminal justice system
is feeling the consequences of this downturn
along with other sectors of the economy. Police
departments are cutting back, state employees are
being furloughed, trials are being delayed as courts
and public defenders run out of money, and prisoners
are being released early. The justice system was
already overburdened—now it is being pushed to the
breaking point.

This is an appropriate time to examine
the death penalty as a pragmatic issue—to ask, Is
it working? Is it functioning as envisioned, and is
it benefiting society? Whether any societal gain is
derived from the death penalty will be discussed
more below. But even at the most basic level of
executions the death penalty is dysfunctional. In most
states there were no executions last year and none on
the horizon. Almost all recent executions have been
in just one region of the country—the south—and
most of those have been in one state—Texas.7 The
death penalty without executions is a very expensive
form of life without parole.

	
In every sector of the economy governments
are trying to eliminate wasteful programs while
preserving essential services. This report examines
one reasonable step that could save hundreds of
millions of dollars in the criminal justice system: end
the enormously expensive and wasteful death
penalty that is draining state budgets. Every cost
study in the U.S. shows that the death penalty is far
more expensive than a system where the maximum
penalty is life in prison. The following evidence shows
that many in the law enforcement community believe
that replacing the death penalty with life without
parole would actually advance the fundamental goals
of the criminal justice system. The report also explains
why the death penalty is so expensive and estimates
the costs to the nation for retaining it.

	
I no longer believe that you
can fix the death penalty. I learned
that the death penalty throws
millions of dollars down the drain-money that I could be putting
directly to work fighting crime every
photo by John Goodwin
day--while dragging victims’ 	
	
families through a long and torturous process that
only exacerbates their pain. . . Give a law enforcement
professional like me that $250 million, and I’ll show you
how to reduce crime. The death penalty isn’t anywhere
on my list.i

The judgment that the death penalty is
the last place that scarce criminal justice dollars
should go is supported by a growing number of law
enforcement officials and backed by a national poll of
police chiefs that is being released in this report. The
poll reveals that the death penalty is at the bottom of
the chiefs’ list when it comes to wise spending to fight
crime.

-Police Chief James Abbott (NJ)

The problem is not simply the high cost
of capital punishment in a time of economic crisis.
Indeed, some states like New York and New Jersey

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The Views of Law Enforcement
The police chiefs had the opportunity to
identify what they believe is most effective in fighting
crime. As leaders in law enforcement, they were asked
where the death penalty fit in their priorities. The poll
found:

Police Chief James Abbott of West Orange,
New Jersey, quoted above, served on a legislative
commission that reviewed that state’s death penalty.
The commission eventually overwhelmingly
recommended abolition of the death penalty.
Chief Abbott is part of a growing number of law
enforcement officials who have concluded that there
are much smarter ways to reduce crime than wasting
money on the death penalty. A newly released
national poll of police chiefs shows a high degree
of skepticism about the death penalty and a strong
desire to spend limited funds more productively
elsewhere.

•	When asked to name one area as “most
important for reducing violent crime,” greater use
of the death penalty ranked last among the police
chiefs, with only 1% listing it as the best way to reduce
violence. Instead, increasing the number of police
officers, reducing drug abuse, and creating a better
economy and more jobs all ranked much higher than
the death penalty.9

Police Chiefs Poll

•	The death penalty was considered the
least efficient use of taxpayers’ money. Police
chiefs ranked expanded training for police officers,
community policing, programs to control drug and
alcohol abuse, and neighborhood watch programs as
more cost-effective ways to use taxpayers’ money.10

The poll was commissioned by the Death
Penalty Information Center and conducted by R.T.
Strategies of Washington, D.C., surveying a national
sample of 500 randomly selected police chiefs in the
United States.8

What Interferes with Effective Law Enforcement?
Lack of law enforcement resource

20

Drug/Alcohol Abuse

20
14

Family problems/child abuse
12

Lack of programs for mentally ill
7

Crowded courts
6

Ineffective prosecution
5

Too many guns
3

Gangs
2

Insufficient use of the death penalty
0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent Ranking Item as One of Top Two or Three

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Police Chiefs’ Views
Politicians support the death penalty as a symbolic
way to show they are tough on crime

69

Death penalty cases are hard to close
and take up a lot of police time.

61

Debates about the death penalty distract Congress
and state legislatures from focusing on real
solutions to crime problems.

32
42

50

The death penalty significantly reduces
the number of homicides

48

37

The death penalty is one of the most important
law enforcement tools

31

Murderers think about the range of possible
punishments before committing homicides

66
69

24
0

Accurate

24

Innaccurate

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent Finding Statement Accurate/Innacurate

•	The police chiefs did not believe that
criminals generally consider the consequences of
their actions when engaged in violence. Fifty-seven
percent (57%) said the death penalty does little to
prevent violent crimes because perpetrators rarely
consider the consequences when engaged in
violence.11

•	Of various statements about the death
penalty, the one with which the police chiefs most
identified was: “Philosophically, I support the
death penalty, but I don’t think it is an effective law
enforcement tool in practie.”
	
The police chiefs rejected any suggestion
that insufficient use of the death penalty interfered
with their work. When asked about obstacles to
effective law enforcement, the police chiefs ranked
insufficient use of the death penalty last in a list of
nine issues, with only 2% saying it was one of their top
concerns.15 Even in the south, only 3% of the police
chiefs chose greater use of the death penalty as one
of their top priorities. Instead, chiefs throughout the
country identified lack of law enforcement resources,
drug and alcohol abuse, family problems, and the lack
of secure treatment for the mentally ill as their top
problems.

•	Although the police chiefs did not oppose
the death penalty in principle, less than half
(47%) supported it compared to a sentence of
life imprisonment without parole combined with
mandatory restitution by the defendant to the
victim.12
•	Barely a quarter of the police chiefs polled
believed expanding the death penalty, which they
viewed as slow and cumbersome, would alleviate
crime.13

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The primary purpose of the criminal justice
system is to make society safer. All aspects of
this system—apprehending offenders, trials, and
punishment—have costs. Cutbacks in any part of the
criminal justice system can potentially result in a less
safe society. Choices have to be made. The death
penalty is the most expensive part of the system on

a per-offender basis. Millions are spent seeking to
achieve a single death sentence that, even if imposed
is unlikely to be carried out. Thus money that the
police desperately need for more effective law
enforcement is wasted on the death penalty. It should
be high on the list of programs to cut.

Police Chiefs Agree Death Penalty Does Not Work as a Deterrent
	
“The death penalty does little to
prevent violent crimes because perpetrators
rarely consider the consequences when
engaged in violence.”

4%
Disagree

Agree
39%

57%
Strongly or Somewhat Disagree
Strongly or Somewhat Agree
Not sure

	
The reality is that the death penalty is not, and never
has been, a deterrent. Prison safety depends on proper staffing,
equipment, resources and training. Certainly the money spent on
trying to put someone to death for over 20 years could find better use
in addressing those practical needs of our correctional system. . .	
[T]the best way to protect our correctional professionals is to
recognize the need for a well-trained staff, for the commitment of
adequate resources to operate the institutions safely, and for innovative management
incentives that serve to reduce the opportunity for prison violence.ii
- John Connor, Chief Special Prosecutor in Montana for 21 years,
prosecuting five prison- homicide cases

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Police Reject Deterrence Theory

	
With California facing
its most severe fiscal crisis in
recent memory -- with draconian
cuts about to be imposed from
Sacramento that will affect every
resident of the state -- it would be
crazy not to consider the fact that
it will add as much as $1 billion over the next five years
simply to keep the death penalty on the books. iii

A significant reason why police chiefs do
not favor use of the death penalty is that they do not
believe it deters murders. Only 37% of those polled
believed the death penalty significantly reduces the
number of homicides.16 Fifty-seven percent (57%)
agreed: “The death penalty does little to prevent
violent crimes because perpetrators rarely consider
the consequences when engaged in violence.”17 Only
24% of the respondents believe murderers think
about the range of possible punishments before
committing homicides.18

- Former California Attorney General
John Van de Kamp

The Crisis Facing
State Criminal Justice Systems

Criminologists Concur
The leading criminologists in the country
agree with the police chiefs about deterrence. A
recent survey showed that 88% of the country’s top
criminologists do not believe the death penalty acts
as a deterrent to homicide.19

On the state and federal level, efforts are
being made to eliminate government programs that
do not work and to address deficits through layoffs,
shorter hours for governmental services, and higher
fees. But so far the death penalty has largely escaped
the budgetary scalpel. Capital punishment uses
enormous resources on a few cases, with little to
show for it. This was the principal reason Colorado’s
legislature came within one vote this year of passing
a bill to abolish the death penalty and use the money
saved to deal with unsolved cases, as victims’ families
had requested.22

Eighty-seven percent (87%) believe abolition
of the death penalty would have no significant effect
on murder rates. The authors concluded:
Our survey indicates that the vast majority
of the world’s top criminologists believe
that the empirical research has revealed the
deterrence hypothesis for a myth … [T]he
consensus among criminologists is that the
death penalty does not add any significant
deterrent effect above that of long-term
imprisonment.20

The same states that are spending millions
of dollars on the death penalty are facing severe
cutbacks in other justice areas. Courts are open
less, trials are delayed, and even police are being
furloughed.

Over many years, deterrence studies have
been inconclusive, with most experts concluding
that the relative rarity of executions and their
concentration in a few states renders national
conclusions about a deterrent effect to the death
penalty unreliable.21 If the goal is to deter homicides,
the police chiefs have pointed to many ways of
achieving it far more effectively than the death
penalty.

•	In Florida, the courts have lost 10% of
their funding, with another cut expected, as home
foreclosures accelerated.23
•	Philadelphia is leaving 200 police positions
unfilled.24
•	Police in Atlanta had a 10% pay cut through
a furlough of 4 hours per week, even as the region
experienced an increase in crime.25

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•	In New Hampshire, civil and criminal jury
trials were halted for a month to save money; in one
county, 77 criminal trials were delayed for up to six
months.26

	
[W]hat of the tremendous
cost of pursuing capital punishment?
. . . [If] we were to replace the death
penalty with life without parole,
that $22.4 million could pay for 500
additional police officers or provide
drug treatment for 10,000 of our
addicted neighbors. Unlike the death penalty, these are
investments that save lives and prevent violent crime. If
we knew we could spare a member of our family from
becoming a victim of violent crime by making this policy
change, would we do it? iv

•	Public defenders in Kentucky, Tennessee,
and Florida are overburdened with caseloads of 400
felonies a year, even though national standards set a
limit of 150.27
•	Legal service organizations that provide
help to indigent clients in civil matters depend on
income from interest rates that are tied to the Federal
Reserve’s benchmark interest rate. When that rate fell
nearly to zero, many legal service organizations were
forced to cut staff 20%, just when their services were
most needed.28

-Governor Martin O’Malley of Maryland

Costs Affect Capital Cases
The costs of capital punishment have forced
some states into a crisis in administering the death
penalty itself:

•	The legal service agency in East Texas where
thousands of people lost their homes in Hurricane Ike
in 2008 experienced a budget drop from $16 million
to $4 million.29

•	In New Mexico, the state Supreme Court
held that more resources had to be made available
for indigent defendants facing capital punishment.
The legislature declined and adjourned for the year.
A trial judge then ruled that the state could not
pursue the death penalty in a particular case. The
attorney general’s office concurred, halting the capital
prosecution.32 The state abolished the death penalty
in 2009, with costs as a factor.33

•	A recent poll by the Police Executive
Research Forum found that 39% of responding police
departments said their operating budgets were
being cut because of the economy, and 43% said the
faltering economy had affected their ability to deliver
services.30
Clearly, eliminating the death penalty cannot
solve all of these problems, but the savings would
be significant. Where studies have been done, the
excess expenditures per year for the death penalty
typically are close to $10 million per state.31 If a new
police officer (or teacher, or ambulance driver) is paid
$40,000 per year, this death penalty money could be
used to fund 250 additional workers in each state to
secure a better community.

•	In Georgia, pursuing the death penalty in the
Brian Nichols’ case cost the state over $2 million in
defense costs, and probably more for the prosecution.
It resulted in a verdict of life imprisonment. There was
no question of Nichols’ guilt, but seeking the death
penalty proved enormously expensive. The case
has resulted in a crisis in indigent funding across the
state. The head of the death penalty unit of the public
defender’s office resigned because his office could no
longer fairly represent its clients. Many cases have
ground to a halt.34
•	In Florida, a budget crisis has led to a cut
in funds for state prosecutors. Some prosecutors
will be cutting back on use of the death penalty and
perhaps other prosecutions. Florida State Attorney

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Harry Shorstein recently explained how available
funds affect the administration of justice: “There will
be cases that can’t be tried. . . . We are strained to
the breaking point. . . . Instead of seeking the death
penalty, maybe we’ll seek something else.”35

legislative committees, and the media. Researchers
have employed different approaches, using different
assumptions. However, all of the studies conclude
that the death penalty system is far more expensive
than an alternative system in which the maximum
sentence is life in prison.

In 2009, eleven state legislatures (Colorado,
Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Montana,
Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Texas,
and Washington) considered bills to abolish the
death penalty. In many of the debates, cost was
an important issue. New Mexico abolished the
death penalty. Connecticut voted to abolish it, but
the bill was vetoed by the governor. In Colorado
and Montana, the abolition bill passed one house
of the legislature before being defeated. With the
economic crisis continuing, it is likely other states will
addressthis issue.

The high costs to the state per execution
reflect the following reality: For a single death penalty
trial, the state may pay $1 million more than for a
non-death penalty trial.36 But only one in every three
capital trials may result in a death sentence,37 so the
true cost of that death sentence is $3 million. Further
down the road, only one in ten of the death sentences
handed down may result in an execution.38 Hence,
the cost to the state to reach that one execution is $30
million. Sums like these are causing officials to rethink
the wisdom of such expenditures.
Although arriving at the actual cost of the
death penalty in a state is complicated, in some
states $30 million per execution is a very conservative
estimate:

How much does the
death penalty cost?
There are many ways to approach the
question of how much the death penalty costs. One
could calculate the cost of each individual step in
a death penalty case, such as the investigation, the
trial, and the appeals, though this approach focuses
only on the distinct minority of cases that go through
the whole system. Another approach would be to
measure the extra cost to the state of arriving at one
death sentence or one execution, a cost that must
include the many potential death penalty cases that
failed to produce such a result. Finally, one could
assess the total extra costs to the state for maintaining
the death penalty system instead of a system in which
life in prison was the maximum sentence, on a yearly
or multi-year basis. In recent years, studies have been
conducted not just to determine the bottom line
in dollars and cents for this system, but as a way of
evaluating whether the death penalty is justified in
comparison to other pressing state needs.

•	In 2008, the California Commission on
the Fair Administration of Justice released an
exhaustive report on the state’s capital punishment
system, concluding that it was “dysfunctional”
and “broken.” The report found that the state was
spending $137 million per year on the death penalty.
The Commission estimated a comparable system
that sentenced the same inmates to a maximum
punishment of life without parole would cost
only $11.5 million per year. 39 Since the number
of executions in California has averaged less than
one every two years since the death penalty was
reinstated in 1977, the cost for each execution is over
$250 million. The state has also indicated it needs
another $400 million to construct a new death row.
•	In New York and New Jersey, the high costs
of capital punishment were one factor in those states’
recent decisions to abandon the death penalty. New
York spent about $170 million over 9 years and had
no executions.40 New Jersey spent $253 million over
a 25-year period and also had no executions.41 In
such states the cost per execution obviously cannot
be calculated, but even assuming they eventually

There is no national figure for the cost of the
death penalty. Every state study is dependent on
that state’s laws, pay scales, and the extent to which it
uses the death penalty. Studies have been conducted
by research organizations, public defender offices,

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Death Penalty Costs Increasing
reached one execution every other year, and
continued the annual expenditures indicated in their
studies, the cost per execution would be in the $20to-$40 million range.

Moreover, the costs per execution are rising.
In 1988, the Miami Herald estimated that the costs
of the death penalty in Florida were $3.2 million per
execution, based on the costs and rate of executions
at that time.43 But today there are more people on
death row, fewer executions per year, and higher
overall costs, all contributing to a significantly higher
cost per execution. A recent estimate by the Palm
Beach Post found a much higher cost per execution:
Florida now spends $51 million a year over what it
would spend to punish all first-degree murderers
with life in prison without parole. Based on the 44
executions Florida carried out from 1976 to 2000, that
amounts to a cost of $24 million for each execution, a
significant rise from earlier projections.44

•	In Maryland, where a legislative commission
recently recommended abolishing the death penalty,
a comprehensive cost study by the Urban Institute
estimated the extra costs to taxpayers for death
penalty cases prosecuted between 1978 and 1999 to
be $186 million.42 Based on the 5 executions carried
out in the state, this translates to a cost of $37 million
per execuion.
It is important to emphasize the high
costs per execution do not mean that executions
themselves are expensive, or that pursuing one
execution will cost tens of millions of dollars. Rather,
these costs reflect the reality that most capital
prosecutions never result in a death sentence, and
most death sentences do not result in an execution.
The extra expenses begin mounting as soon as
counsel are appointed in a potential death penalty
case.

	
[T]he death penalty is
inefficient and extravagantly
expensive. . . . Spending scarce
public resources on after-school
programs, mental health care, drug
and alcohol treatment, education,
more crime labs and new
technologies, or on hiring more police officers, would
truly help create safer communities.vi

	
I worked in corrections for
30 years. . . I came to believe that the
death penalty should be replaced
with life without the possibility of
parole.  I didn’t reach that conclusion
because I’m soft on crime. My No. 1
concern is public safety.  I wish the
public knew how much the death penalty affects their
wallets.	

-Norm Stamper, 35-Year-Veteran Police Officer;
Chief of Police, Seattle
A similar increase appears in California.
In 1988, the Sacramento Bee found that the death
penalty cost California $90 million annually beyond
the ordinary expenses of the justice system, of which
$78 million was incurred at the trial level.45 But the
costs have increased sharply since then. According to
the Los Angeles Times in 2005, maintaining the death
penalty system now costs taxpayers more than $114
million a year beyond the cost of simply keeping the
convicts locked up for life. This figure does not count
the millions more spent on court costs to prosecute
capital cases. The Times concluded that Californians
and federal taxpayers are paying more than $250
million for each execution.46

California spends an additional $117 million each year
pursuing the execution of those on death row. Just
housing inmates on death row costs an additional
$90,000 per prisoner per year above what it would cost
to house them with the general prison population.v
-Jeanne Woodford, former Warden of San Quentin

It is also telling to examine the costs of
specific features of the death penalty system, as
revealed through state and federal studies:

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Opportunity Costs
•	In Maryland, the 106 cases in which a death
sentence was sought but not imposed will cost the
state $71 million. This extra cost is solely due to the
fact that the death penalty was pursued, even though
the ultimate outcome was a life or long-term prison
sentence.47

Generally, offices involved in the prosecution
or defense of criminal cases expand or contract
according to the work that must be done. The
extra time required by death penalty cases typically
has caused the size and budgets of such offices to
increase, but not every cost associated with the
death penalty appears as a line item in the state
budget. Prosecutors, who are not paid by the hour,
have been reluctant to divulge the time and related
expenses reflecting their part in capital cases. Judges
and public defenders are usually salaried employees
who will be paid the same amount whether assigned
to death penalty cases or other work. But it would
be misguided not to include the extra time that
pursuing the death penalty takes compared to cases
prosecuted without the death penalty in calculating
costs.

•	The average cost for the defense at trial in a
federal death case is $620,932, about 8 times that of a
non-capital federal murder case.48
•	In Kansas, the trial costs for death cases
were about 16 times greater than for non-death
cases ($508,000 for death case; $32,000 for non-death
case). The appeal costs for death cases were 21 times
greater.49
•	In California, the cost of confining one inmate
to death row is $90,000 per year more than the costs
of incarcerating the same inmate in a maximumsecurity prison. Death row inmates require higher
security, often in single cells, where meals and other
essentials are brought to them daily. This is a very
inefficient means of confinement. With California’s
current death row population of 670, that amounts
to over $60 million annually.50 And a new death row
is being planned, at a cost of about $400,000 per
inmate.

If it takes 1,000 hours of state-salaried work
to arrive at a death sentence and only 100 hours
to have the same person sentenced to life without
parole, the 900 hours difference is a state asset. If the
death penalty is eliminated, the county or the state
can decide whether to direct those employee-hours
to other work that had been left undone, or choose to
keep fewer employees. There is a financial dimension
to all aspects of death penalty cases, and proper cost
studies take these “opportunity costs” into account.51

The Effect of Plea Bargaining

It’s hard to imagine that any of the 89 Kansas
lawmakers who voted in 1994 to revive the death
penalty for the “the worst of the worst” criminals
anticipated it would still be unused come 2007. Each
year sends more men to Kansas’ death row, nine in all
currently, but the legal challenges to their sentences
continue at a glacial pace. Then there is the cost to
taxpayers, averaging $1.2 million each by one tally.
At some point, given the legal problems and the lack
of executions, a death penalty stops making sense for
Kansas.vii

One asserted refutation that has been offered
to the high cost of the death penalty is that the
threat of this punishment produces financial savings
because defendants are more likely to accept plea
bargains, thus avoiding the cost of a trial.52 However,
whatever savings are produced through this ethically
questionable practice are overwhelmed by the costs
of preparing for a death penalty prosecution even if it
never goes to tria.

-Editorial, (Kansas) Wichita Eagle

Some of the most thorough cost analyses
conducted over the past 15 years specifically address
plea bargaining as an area that could affect the
costs of the death penalty, including those in North
Carolina,53 Indiana,54 Kansas,55 and California,56 though

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During my career, which includes 10-plus years as a
certified crime scene technician, I have experienced
countless violent crime scenes where the perpetrators
inflicted horrific injury, pain and suffering on their
victims. Of the accused murderers my fellow officers and
I have brought to justice, I do not believe any of them
was deterred in the least by Nebraska’s death penalty.  

some considered it too speculative to measure.
These studies nevertheless concluded that the death
penalty added significantly to the costs of the criminal
justice system.
The dubiousness of any savings from this
practice is underscored by a federal death penalty
cost study. The Judicial Conference of United States
concluded that the average cost of representation
in federal death penalty cases that resulted in
plea bargains was $192,333. The average cost of
representation in cases that were eligible for the
death penalty but in which the death penalty was not
sought was only $55,772.57 This indicates that seeking
the death penalty raises costs, even when the case
results in a plea bargain. It would be far cheaper to
pursue murder cases if the death penalty were never
on the table, even taking some non-capital cases to
trial, than to threaten the use of the death penalty
to induce a plea bargain because the legal costs of
preparing for a death penalty case far exceed the
costs of a non-death penalty trial.

One facet of the issue that is rarely mentioned is the
economic cost of capital punishment . . . [these] cases are
the most expensive cases by far. . . with a cost as high as
$7 million. . . . Removing the death penalty variable from
the justice equation should reduce the overall cost.viii
-Jim Davidsaver, 20-Year Police Veteran,
Lincoln, Nebraska

Approximating the
National Costs
As noted above, it is not possible to say
precisely how much the death penalty costs the
nation as a whole. Many states have not even
attempted an evaluation of their costs. Of the states
where reliable estimates are available, the differing
methodologies used, assumptions made, and
applicable statutes make generalizations difficult.
The cost per execution, for example, is dependent
on the number of executions a state has carried out.
Cost estimates of $20-$37 million per execution tend
to come from states (such as Maryland) that have a
fair number of trials, but relatively few executions. A
conservative approach would be to use the North
Carolina study, which measured actual costs from
cases in a state that is sixth in the country in carrying
out executions. Their estimate of $2.16 million per
execution is probably very understated because
the study was conducted in 1993 and costs have
increased considerably since then.

Moreover, data from some states refute the
notion that the death penalty increases the incentive
to plea bargain. Prosecutors in New Jersey said that
abolition of the death penalty there in 2007 has made
no difference in their ability to secure guilty pleas.58
In Alaska, where plea bargaining was abolished in
1975, a study by the National Institute of Justice
found that since the end of plea bargaining, “guilty
pleas continued to flow in at nearly undiminished
rates. Most defendants pled guilty even when the
state offered them nothing in exchange for their
cooperation.”59
In addition, the practice of charging the
death penalty for the purpose of obtaining plea
bargains is an unethical and unconstitutional
interference with a defendant’s Sixth Amendment
right to trial. It risks convicting innocent defendants
who plead guilty solely to avoid the possibility of a
death sentence—which has occurred on numerous
occasions.60

Assuming that North Carolina’s cost-perexecution is a representative figure, and using the
1,150 executions that have occurred nationally since
the death penalty was reinstated in 1976, the country
has spent about $2.5 billion beyond the costs that
would have been incurred if life in prison was the
most severe penalty. (This cost includes cases in
which the death penalty was sought—making them
more expensive—but no execution occurred.)

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If recent costs per execution measured in
Florida and Maryland are more representative of the
true costs around the country, then the total bill for
the death penalty is likely to be as much as ten times
as high, or $25 billion.

innocence or a constitutional flaw in the process that
led to conviction, but the process at least allowed for
the passage of time, during which exonerating DNA
evidence was discovered and tested, or the person
actually responsible for the crime was identified. The
average time between sentencing and exoneration
was 9.8 years. If the appeals process were truncated
there might not have been time for the mistakes to
be found or new evidence to emerge. Most of the
innocent people who were sentenced to death would
have been executed before they could demonstrate
their conviction was a mistake.

Another approach to this same question is to
use the extra costs per death sentence as the measure
for the cost of the nation’s death penalty. Again, the
North Carolina study may be representative, although
conservative. The extra costs attributable to each
death sentence were about $300,000. Since 1973,
there have been about 7,500 death sentences in the
country. Hence, the total net costs for the death
penalty have been $2.25 billion, very close to the
figure computed from the execution data. Again,
data from more recent studies indicate a higher cost
per death sentence, implying a much higher national
bill for having the death penalty.

The same can be said for attempts to
shortchange the defense in capital trials. Good
lawyers who are given adequate resources often can
uncover the evidence that leads to the acquittal of an
innocent defendant.
Good representation and thorough appeals
are also necessary for guilty clients. It is impossible
to know before the process has run its course who
is guilty and who is innocent. In addition, the death
penalty is supposed to be given to only the worst
offenders. Qualified defense lawyers are needed to
ensure that juries have all the information they need
to make an informed sentencing decision. In 2003
the American Bar Association issued new guidelines
for the appointment and performance of defense
counsel in capital cases.63 These guidelines were
intended to establish a national standard of practice,
and courts that ignore them risk reversal at a later
time.

Can the Costs of the Death
Penalty Be Reduced?
An understandable reaction to the high
costs of the death penalty is to ask whether there
are ways it could be made less expensive, such as by
1) curtailing the appeals process, or 2) limiting trial
expenses. However, the first interferes with a critical
part of the death penalty process and could result in
the execution of innocent defendants, and the second
could end up costing more than the current system.
Although the appeals process is a tempting
target for critics, it actually does not constitute
most of the death penalty’s costs. In the cost study
conducted by Duke University, trial costs in North
Carolina made up over 4 times the appeals costs for
each death sentence imposed.61 But cutting back on
appeals presents another, more serious problem.

From a cost perspective, the reasons for
providing a full defense are also compelling. In
recent years the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned
several death penalty cases because of inadequate
representation.64 The thrust of these decisions is
that death penalty cases require defense attorneys
to investigate every aspect of their client’s history
in order to prepare an adequate defense on penalty
as well as guilt. This implies states should hire
experienced attorneys who know how to conduct
such investigations, and give them the resources to
carry them out. If not, the case may have to be done
over, requiring all the expenses of a death penalty
trial a second time. Cost studies of the death penalty

Since 1973, 138 people have been
exonerated and freed from death row.62 In many
of these cases, the appeals process was critical in
overturning an unfair conviction and allowing a new
trial at which the defendant was acquitted. In other
cases, even the appeals failed to find evidence of

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indicate that 70% of the expenses occur at the trial
level. Two trials greatly increase the cost of the death
penalty, especially when the passage of time makes
re-trial more difficult. If a new conviction or sentence
is handed down, a second appeals process must also
beconducted.

drop. Skeptical juries concerned about innocence66
and the availability of life without parole sentences
have played a part in this decline. The rising costs of
the death penalty have caused some prosecutors not
to seek the death penalty or to accept plea bargains.67
The current economic climate could accelerate this
trend.

Families of Homicide
Victims and Missing Persons
believes the death penalty—as it is
practiced in Colorado—is a waste
of taxpayers money. It is no deterrent to those who
contemplate murder. We propose to eliminate the death
penalty and use those funds to investigate our unsolved
murders. The most effective deterrent is the certainty of
apprehension. Too many people are getting away with
murder.ix

Ironically, a death penalty that is rarely used
raises its own concerns. Are the few people chosen
for execution really the worst of the worst, or was their
sentence just the unfortunate product of ineffective
representation or their crime being committed in
a high-death penalty county? Do the rationales of
deterrence and retribution make sense in a system
where only a tiny fraction of eligible criminals in only
a few states receive the ultimate punishment?

-Mission Statement, FOHVAMP 2009

An article in the Wall Street Journal noted
that in states where counties are chiefly responsible
for prosecuting capital cases, the expenses can put an
extraordinary burden on local budgets comparable to
that caused by a natural disaster.68 Katherine Baicker
of Dartmouth concluded that capital cases have a
“large negative shock” on county budgets, often
requiring an increase in taxes. She estimated the
extra expenses for counties to be $1.6 billion over a
15-year period.69

	

Using the Death Penalty Less

Could states reduce the cost of the death
penalty by seeking death sentences less frequently?
Fewer trials and appeals, and fewer people on death
row, would reduce the overall costs of the death
penalty. However, in almost all states the decision
whether to seek the death penalty is not centralized
but is made by the District Attorney of each county.
These prosecutors typically have wide discretion on
whether to seek the death penalty. Although it is
possible to write more restrictive capital punishment
statutes, the tendency has been for states to expand
their laws to make more crimes eligible for the death
penalty.65 If the murder of a police officer makes a
defendant death-eligible, the high-profile murder of a
fire fighter or teacher may well result in those crimes
becoming death-eligible as well. Once enacted, such
expansions are hard to rescind.

The net effect of this burden on counties
is a widely disparate and highly arbitrary use of the
death penalty. “Rich” counties that can afford the high
costs of the death penalty may seek this punishment
often, while poorer counties may never seek it,
settling for life sentences instead. In some areas, this
geographical disparity can have racial effects as well,
depending on the geographical location of racial
minorities within the state. Some counties have
approached the brink of bankruptcy because of one
death penalty case that had to be repeated two or
three times.70

Nevertheless, even without changes in
the law restricting the types of murder eligible for
the death penalty, death sentences have dropped
dramatically since 2000. In the 1990s, the annual
number of death sentences averaged close to 300,
but in recent years the number is down to 115, a 62%

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Why Does the Death Penalty
Cost So Much?

Stages of a Capital Case
Every stage of a capital case is more timeconsuming and expensive than in a typical criminal
case. If the defendant is found guilty of a capital
crime, an entire separate trial is required, with new
witnesses and new evidence, in which the jury must
decide whether the penalty should be death or life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Two
attorneys are often appointed for the defense, so
that issues of guilt and sentencing can be separately
explored. The prosecution has to respond with equal
or greater resources since they have the burden of
proof.

The principal reason why the death penalty is
so expensive can be summed up in one phrase: “death
is different.”71 Whenever the government seeks to
execute a human being, the legal system is required
by a long line of U.S. Supreme Court precedent,
buttressed by American Bar Association guidelines,
to apply a more methodical and reliable process. The
older, less guided form of capital punishment, was
struck down as unconstitutional in 1972.72
The stakes in death penalty cases have
always put more burdens on the state compared
to other parts of the criminal justice system. Long
before states were required to appoint counsel for
indigent defendants in ordinary criminal cases,
the appointment of counsel was deemed essential
in death penalty cases.73 Congress required the
assignment of two attorneys “learned in the law” in
federal capital cases as far back as the First Congress
in 1790.74

Experts Needed
Experts are needed to examine the forensic
evidence and to explore the mental health of the
defendant. For every expert on one side, the other
side needs a rebuttal. In a thoroughly defended case,
mitigating and aggravating evidence is compiled
and examined. Mitigation experts must probe
aspects of the defendant’s life from birth to the
present. Relatives, co-workers, supervisors, teachers,
and doctors are interviewed. The state matches this
testimony with evidence of aggravating factors and
expert testimony denigrating the defendant’s past.

The exposure of so many mistakes in death
penalty cases in recent years has shown that the ideal
of “heightened due process” in capital cases has often
been ignored. It has become clear that a shoddy,
less expensive death penalty risks innocent lives. It
can also make the punishment of death depend
on whether a state is willing to provide adequate
representation. The choice today is between a very
expensive death penalty and one that risks falling
below constitutional standards.

The mental health of the defendant at
the time of the crime may become a major issue,
with psychiatrists called to testify. If a defendant
is mentally retarded, he cannot receive the death
penalty, though that determination alone can result in
considerable expense. If at any time he was mentally
ill, that will be a mitigating factor to be presented to
the jury. Most of the preparation for this presentation
must be done in advance, whether or not a
sentencing trial actually turns out to be necessary. (Of
course, in states that are not so thorough, the costs
will come later when verdicts are overturned and
trials have to be done over.)

Costs alone may not carry the day in deciding
the future of an institution as entrenched as capital
punishment. The costs of the death penalty must
be compared to other ways of achieving a safer
community. The money saved by giving up the death
penalty is desperately needed elsewhere: for hiring
and training police, solving more crimes, improving
forensic labs and timely DNA testing, and crime
prevention.

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Jury Selection
for 20 years or more, with some cases going back to
1974. Despite the length of this process, however, it is
the pre-trial and trial costs that make up the majority
of death penalty expenses, not the appeal.

Jury selection in a capital case can take
weeks or even months.75 Each person’s position
on the death penalty is explored in detail by the
judge, the prosecutor and defense attorney. Such
questioning about the eventual punishment of the
defendant would not be allowed in a non-death
penalty case, and it makes jury selection take much
longer in capital cases. Potential jurors must be
carefully questioned about their willingness to vote
for the death penalty or life imprisonment; any
prospective juror who cannot fairly consider both
sentencing alternatives is excluded from serving.

Time on Death Row
The time that inmates spend on death row
also adds to the costs of the death penalty because
of the extra security required compared to normal
prisons. In California, a legislative commission
concluded that it costs the state an extra $90,000
for each death row inmate per year compared to
the costs of the same inmate housed in general
population. With over 670 inmates on death row, that
amounts to an additional yearly cost of $60 million
solely attributable to the death penalty.77

Jurors may also be struck for no stated
reason. Although race and gender are improper
considerations in selecting a jury, they are
statistically related to people’s views on the death
penalty. Hence, jury selection can involve lengthy
disputes about whether a particular juror was struck
legitimately because of her doubts about the death
penalty or unfairly because of her race. With regard to
costs, the end result is that jury selection costs much
more in capital cases because it takes much longer.

Expensive Life Sentences
It is important to note that all of these
expenses are incurred in the many death penalty
cases that never result in an execution. Sentences
or convictions can be reversed, defendants may die
of natural causes or suicide, governors occasionally
grant clemency, and entire statutes can be overturned
by the courts. This often means that a life sentence is
the end result, but only after a very expensive death
penalty process. According to one comprehensive
study, 68% of death penalty cases are reversed at
some point in the appeals process. When these cases
are retried without the defect that led to the reversal,
82% result in a sentence of life or less.78

Appeals
Death penalty trials often conclude with no
death sentence. The defendant may be acquitted or
sentenced to prison. However, the process of getting
to that point is much more expensive because the
case was prosecuted as a capital case. If a death
sentence is imposed, there are mandatory appeals.
Unlike in ordinary criminal cases where the main focus
of an appeal is the conviction, capital defendants
are entitled to full review of their death sentence as
well. A reversal can mean a new sentencing trial with
another jury, more witnesses, and another chance
that no death sentence will be imposed. Additional
appeals may look at constitutional challenges,
such as the effectiveness of defense counsel or the
withholding of any evidence that should have been
turned over before trial. The entire appeal process
can take 15 or 20 years before an execution. The
average time between sentencing and execution in
2007 was 12.7 years, the longest of any year since
the death penalty was reinstated.76 In 2006, over 400
inmates around the country had been on death row

This is an extremely wasteful process. The
most prevalent cause for reversal on appeal is the
inadequacy of the trial counsel. Frequently, this is the
result of courts trying to cut costs by short-changing
due process. States that appoint inexperienced
lawyers at low fees, or which deny the experts and
resources necessary for thorough representation,
may end up paying for two trials, with the second
one resulting in a life sentence. In most cases a life
sentence could have been obtained at the outset of
the case for a fraction of the cost. It is the pursuit of
the death penalty that is so expensive.

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The higher costs of the death penalty
process—lengthy trials, complicated appeals with
many reversals, the higher security of death row—are
unavoidable and likely to increase. Death sentences
and executions may continue to decline. The longer
the death penalty is retained, the higher the bill will
be for nebulous results. At the same time, programs
with proven track records in reducing crime and
improving society will go unfunded.

The retribution that is imposed in the tiny
fraction of cases that result in an execution compared
to the number of murders renders this purpose
meaningless as well. In reality, executions are rare and
depend more on factors such as geography, a state’s
spending on capital defense, and other arbitrary
factors than on the severity of the offense.
Since the death penalty was reinstated
in 1976, 41 of the 50 states have had either no
executions or an average of less than 1 execution
per year.79 Of the remaining 9 states, only 5 have
averaged more than 2 executions per year and only
1 (Texas) averaged more than 3. By contrast, the
average number of murders in the U.S. per year
during this time was approximately 19,000.80 Abstract
justifications for the death penalty such as retribution
and deterrence, which have been widely criticized
on other grounds, have little meaning when a
punishment is used so rarely and unpredictably.

What is Society
Receiving in Return?
Costs are only part of a cost-benefit analysis.
If the death penalty has no clear and measurable
benefits, then its high costs are even less defensible.
As discussed above, neither police chiefs, nor
criminologists, nor the American public believe that
the death penalty serves as a better deterrent to
murder than a sentence of life in prison.

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Conclusion
	
By pursuing life without parole sentences
instead of death, resources now spent on the death
penalty prosecutions and appeals could be used to
investigate unsolved homicides, modernize crime labs,
and expand effective violence prevention programs.81

It is doubtful in today’s economic climate that
any legislature would introduce the death penalty
if faced with the reality that each execution would
cost taxpayers $25 million, or that the state might
spend more than $100 million over several years and
produce few or no executions. Surely there are more
pressing needs deserving funding, such as retaining
police officers, rebuilding roads and bridges, creating
jobs, providing health care for children, and keeping
libraries open. Yet that is precisely the dilemma that
many states with the death penalty now face.

-Letter signed by 30 law enforcement officials
to the California Commission on the Fair
Administration of Justice
The economic crisis that began in 2008
continues, and its impact on states will be felt for
years to come. There is no reason the death penalty
should be immune from reconsideration, along with
other wasteful, expensive programs that no longer
make sense. The promised benefits from the death
penalty have not materialized. Deterrence is not
credible; vengeance in the name of a few victims in a
handful of states is both divisive and debilitating. If
more states choose to end the death penalty, it will
hardly be missed, and the economic savings will be
significant. The positive programs that can be funded
once this economic burden is lifted will be readily
apparent. Such an approach would be smart on crime.

Referring to the costs of the death penalty
often evokes a response that money is irrelevant
when it comes to justice and a safer society. But the
death penalty is not essential to those goals, as the
15 states in the U.S. and the growing majority of
countries in the world without the death penalty have
demonstrated. Even states with the death penalty
rarely use it. Justice can be achieved far more reliably
and equitably without the death penalty. There are
more efficient ways of making society safer.

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REFERENCES
1. E. Holder, Speech at the American Bar Association Convention,
Aug. 3, 2009; available at U.S. Dept. of Justice http://www.usdoj.
gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090803.htm.

22. K. Johnson, “Death Penalty Repeal Fails in Colorado,” N.Y. Times,
May 5, 2009.
23. S. Karnowski, “Poor economy hits courts, hurts programs for
poor,” Associated Press, Jan. 23, 2009 (Google-hosted news).

2. J. Abbott, “Less money, more pain and injustice,” Fort Worth StarTelegram, January 20, 2008 (op-ed).

2⁴. C. Johnson, “Double Blow for Police: Less Cash, More Crime,”
Washington Post, Feb. 8, 2009, at A3.

3. R. Samuels, “Capital Punishment is a costly mistake,” Contra Costa
Times, Dec. 19, 2008 (op-ed).

2⁵. Id.

⁴. See, e.g., A. Goodnough, “States Turning to Last Resorts in Budget
Crisis,” N.Y. Times, June 22, 2009, at A1.

2⁶. T. Baldas, “Cost-cutting hits courts,” National Law Journal, Feb. 16,
2009.

⁵. See, e.g., E. McNichol & I. Law, “State Budget Troubles Worsen,”
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Feb. 10, 2009.

2⁷. See Karnowski, note 23 above.

⁶. Death sentences have declined 60% since 2000. Executions
have also declined. The number of people executed in 2008 was
the lowest in 14 years. See Death Penalty Information Center
[DPIC], “The Death Penalty in 2008: Year End Report,” http://www.
deathpenaltyinfo.org/2008YearEnd.pdf.

2⁸. E. Eckholm, “Interest Rate Drop Has Dire Results for Legal Aid,”
N.Y. Times, Jan. 19, 2009.
2⁹. Id.
3⁰. K. Bohn, “Police face cuts as economy falters,” CNN.com, Oct. 23,
2008.

⁷. See id. (95% of executions in 2008 were in the South).
⁸. RT Strategies, “Omnibus Poll and The Law Enforcement Leadership
Poll,” Oct. 29-Nov. 14, 2008 [hereinafter, Police Poll]. The margin of
error for the poll was +5.1 percent.

31. See discussion below in text, pp. 12-14.
32. Scott Sandlin, “Death Penalty Out in Guard Killing,” Albuquerque
Journal, April 4, 2008.

⁹. Police Poll, question 3.

33. See D. Baker, “NM Gov Reconsiders Death Penalty,” Associated
Press, February 16, 2009. The governor signed the bill abolishing
the death penalty on March 18, 2009.

1⁰. Id. at question 4.
11. Id. at question 6c.

3⁴. Shannon McCaffrey, “Georgia Senate slashes money for public
defenders,” Macon Telegraph, February 20, 2008; see also N.Y. Times,
September 7, 2007.

12. Id. at question 7c.
13. Id. at questions 4 and 8.

3⁵. Jacksonville Daily Record, September 13, 2007.

1⁴. Id. at question 9.

3⁶. In one of the most recent cost studies, The Urban Institute
estimated the additional cost of a death penalty trial in Maryland to
be $1.9 million. J. Roman et al., “The Cost of the Death Penalty in
Maryland,” The Urban Institute (March 2008), at 2.

1⁵. Id. at question 2.
1⁶. Id. at question 8.
1⁷. Id. at question 6.

3⁷. In the Maryland study, 56 death sentences were handed down
out of 162 cases in which the death penalty was sought. Id. at 3.
This does not even account for the many cases in which the death
penalty was originally sought, incurring many additional expenses,
but then settle without a trial or death sentence being imposed.

1⁸. Id. at question 8.
1⁹. M. Radelet & T. Lacock, “Do Executions Lower Homicide Rates?
The Views of Leading Criminologists,” 99 Journal of Criminal Law
and Criminology 489 (2009).

3⁸. Of the 56 death sentences in Maryland, five have resulted in
executions.

2⁰. Id. at 504.

3⁹. See California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice,
http://www.ccfaj.org/rr-dp-official.html, June 30, 2008 [hereinafter
California Commission].

21. See, e.g., J. Donohue & J. Wolfers, “Uses and Abuses of Empirical
Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate,” 58 Stanford Law Review
791, 843 (2005) (“Aggregating over all of our estimates, it is entirely
unclear even whether the preponderance of evidence suggests
that the death penalty causes more or less murder.”).

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⁴⁰. See, e.g., D. Wise, “Capital Punishment Proves to Be Expensive,”
New York Law Journal, April 30, 2002, at p.1; see also “Costly Price
of Capital Punishment—Case Shows Effort Expended Before the
State takes a Life,” Albany Times-Union, Sept. 22, 2003 (over $160
million spent in 7 years); N.Y. Times, Feb. 28, 2005 (citing costs of
$170 million).

⁵⁶. See California Commission, note 39 above.
⁵⁷. See, “Federal Death Penalty Cases: Recommendations
Concerning the Cost and Quality of Defense Representation,”
Judicial Conference of the United States (May 1998). The
prosecution costs in death cases were 67% higher than the
defense costs, even before including the investigative costs of law
enforcement agencies.

⁴1. See Newsday, Nov. 21, 2005.
⁴2. See J. McMenamin, “Death penalty costs Md. more than life term,”
Baltimore Sun, March 6, 2008. The study included projected future
costs since many of the cases prosecuted during that time are still
not complete and are incurring additional expenditures.

⁵⁸. R. Lardini, “A year later, state assesses justice without death
penalty,” New Jersey Star Ledger, December 15, 2008.
⁵⁹. R. Fine, “Plea Bargaining: An Unnecessary Evil,” in Criminal
Justice?, Robert Bidinotto, ed. Irving-on-Hudson: Foundation for
Economic Education, 1996; cited in “Plea Bargaining: Economic
Costs and Benefits,” undergraduate paper for The Economics of the
Law, Washington University in St. Louis, December 5, 1996; www.
dianahsieh.com/undergrad/pb.html.

⁴3. D. Von Drehle, “Bottom Line: Life in Prison One-sixth as
Expensive,” Miami Herald, July 10, 1988, at 12A.
⁴⁴. S. V. Date, “The High Price of Killing Killers,” Palm Beach Post, Jan.
4, 2000, at 1A.

⁶⁰. See, e.g., P. Hammel, “Pardons granted to five in murder they
didn’t commit,” Omaha World-Herald, January 27, 2009. The
defendants who were pardoned had confessed to the crime to
escape the threat of the death penalty. “We were all scared of it.
They were all threatening us with it,” said James Dean, one of the
five who was exonerated. Ada Joann Taylor, another defendant,
said, “They told me they wanted to make me the first female on
death row.” Id.

⁴⁵. S. Maganini, “Closing Death Row Would Save State $90 Million a
Year,” Sacramento Bee, March 28, 1988, at 1.
⁴⁶. Los Angeles Times, March 6, 2005 (California has now had 13
executions).
⁴⁷. J. McMenamin, see note 42 above.
⁴⁸. Office of Defender Services of the Administrative Office of the
U.S. Courts, “Update on Cost, Quality, and Availability of Defense
Representation in Federal Death Penalty Cases,” June 2008;
prepared by Jon Gould and Lisa Greenman.

⁶1. See P. Cook, note 51 above, at p. 97, table 9.1.

⁴⁹. Performance Audit Report: Costs Incurred for Death Penalty
Cases: A K-GOAL Audit of the Department of Corrections, Kansas
(2003).

⁶3. “ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of
Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases,” 31 Hofstra Law Review
913 (2003) (revised edit.).

⁵⁰. California Commission, see note 39 above, at 70.

⁶⁴. See, e.g., Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003); Rompilla v. Beard,
545 U.S. 374 (2005).

⁶2. See DPIC, http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-anddeath-penalty (visited Aug. 11, 2009).

⁵1. See, e.g., P. Cook, “The Costs of Processing Murder Cases in North
Carolina,” Duke University (May 1993). This is one of the most
comprehensive cost studies conducted in the country. It included
the costs of the extra time spent by prosecutors, judges, and other
personnel on death penalty cases and concluded that the death
penalty costs North Carolina $2.16 million per execution over
the costs of a non-death penalty system imposing a maximum
sentence of imprisonment for life.

⁶⁵. See J. Krichmeier, “Aggravating and Mitigating Factors: The
Paradox of Today’s Arbitrary and Mandatory Capital Punishment
Scheme,” 6 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 345, 397 (1998).
⁶⁶. See R. Dieter, “A Crisis of Confidence: Americans’ Doubts About
the Death Penalty,” DPIC (2007).
⁶⁷. See, e.g., T. Coyne, “Indiana Executions at slowest pace in
15 years,” Chicago Tribune, June 14, 2009 (citing prosecutors’
hesitations due to the high costs of the death penalty).

⁵2. See, e.g., K. Scheidegger, “The Death Penalty and Plea Bargaining
to Life Sentences,” Working paper 09-01, at 13, Criminal Justice
Legal Foundation (Feb. 2009) (“repeal of the death penalty would
likely result in fewer pleas to life or long sentences, requiring that
prosecutors either take more cases to trial at a substantial financial
cost or accept bargains to lesser sentences at a substantial cost to
public safety.”).

⁶⁸. R. Gold, “Counties Struggle with High Cost of Prosecuting DeathPenalty Cases,” Wall St. Journal, Jan. 9, 2002.
⁶⁹. K. Baicker, “The Budgetary Repercussions of Capital Convictions,”
National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 8382, July
2001.

⁵3. See P. Cook, note 51 above.
⁵⁴. Indiana Criminal Law Study Commission, January 10, 2002.

⁷⁰. See generally, R. Dieter, “Millions Misspent: What Politicians Don’t
Say About the High Costs of the Death Penalty,” (revised edit., 1994)
(available from DPIC).

⁵⁵. See note 49 above.

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REFERENCES FOR BOXES
⁷1. See Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 188 (1976) (“penalty of death
is different in kind from any other punishment”).

i. J. Abbott, “Less money, more pain and injustice,” Fort Worth StarTelegram, January 20, 2008 (op-ed).

⁷2. See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).

ii. J. Connor, “Death Penalty drains justice system resources,” Billings
Gazette, March 22, 2009 (op-ed).

⁷3. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) (Scottsboro boys’ case).
⁷⁴. 1 Stat. 118-19, sec. 29 (1790).

iii. J. Van de Kamp, “California can’t afford the death penalty,” Los
Angeles Times, June 10, 2009 (op-ed).

⁷⁵. See, e.g., B. Miller, “D.C. Case Has Court Struggling for a Jury,”
Washington Post, April 29, 2001, at C1 (after 5 weeks of jury
selection in a capital case, jury was still not complete).

iv. M. O’Malley, “Why I Oppose the Death Penalty,” Washington Post,
February 21, 2007 (op-ed).
v. J. Woodford, “Death Row Realism,” Los Angeles Times, October 2,
2008) (op-ed).

⁷⁶. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Capital
Punishment, 2007 – Statistical Tables,” at Table 11 (available at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/cp/2007/cp07st.htm).

vi. N. Stamper, “Death penalty wastes money, while failing to reduce
crime,” Mercury News, Nov. 19, 2007 (op-ed).

⁷⁷. California Commission, see note 39 above, at 70.

vii. Editorial, Wichita Eagle, Sept. 13, 2007.

⁷⁸. See J. Liebman, et al., Capital Attrition: Error Rates in Capital
Cases, 1973-1995, 78 Texas Law Review 1839 (2000). The author
notes that in an additional 7% of the cases there is not even a
conviction after retrial.

viii. J. Davidsaver, (Lincoln) Journal-Star, Mar. 25, 2007 (op-ed).
ix. Families of Homicide Victims and Missing Persons, http://www.
unresolvedhomicides.org/about.html (2009).

⁷⁹. See DPIC, http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-unitedstates, (June 2009).
⁸⁰. See U.S. Dept. of Justice, FBI Yearly Uniform Crime Reports, http://
www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm (2009).
⁸1. See Death Penalty Focus Press Release at http://www.
deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=212 (March 27, 2008).

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back cover

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RECONSIDERING THE DEATH PENALTY IN A TIME OF ECONOMIC CRISIS

The Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC) is a non-profit organization serving the media and the public with analysis and
information on issues concerning capital punishment. The Center provides in-depth reports, issues press releases, conducts
briefings for journalists, and serves as a resource to those working on this issue. The Center is funded through the generosity
of individual donors and foundations, including the Roderick MacArthur Foundation, the Open Society Institute, and the
European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of DPIC and can under no circumstances be
regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or other donors.
www.deathpenaltyinfo.org.

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