U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Special Report
July 2005, NCJ 209588

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and
Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002
By Jennifer C. Karberg
and Doris J. James
BJS Statisticians
In 2002 more than two-thirds of jail
inmates were found to be dependent
on or to abuse alcohol or drugs, based
on data from the Survey of Inmates in
Local Jails, 2002. Two in five inmates
were dependent on alcohol or drugs,
while nearly 1 in 4 abused alcohol or
drugs, but were not dependent on
them. Estimates of substance dependence or abuse were based on criteria
specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth
edition (DSM-IV).
Jail inmates who met the criteria for
substance dependence or abuse (70%)
were more likely than other inmates
(46%) to have a criminal record. They
were nearly twice as likely as other
inmates to have been homeless in the
year before their offense (16% compared to 9%) or to have grown up with
a parent or guardian who abused alcohol or drugs (37% compared to 17%).
Nearly two-thirds of jail inmates who
met the criteria for substance dependence or abuse had participated in
substance abuse treatment or other
alcohol or drug programs in the past.
More than half of the inmates who had
used alcohol or drugs at the time of
their offense had ever received treatment or participated in other substance
abuse programs while under correctional supervision.

Highlights
In 2002, 68% of jail inmates reported symptoms in the year before their
admission to jail that met substance dependence or abuse criteria
Percent of jail inmates
$ 52% of female jail inmates
Alcohol were found to be dependent on
Alcohol Drugs or drugs
alcohol or drugs, compared to
Any dependence or abuse 47%
53%
68%
44% of male inmates.
Dependence
23
36
45
Abuse only
No dependence or abuse

24
53

18
47

23
32

3 in 4 convicted property or drug offenders met substance dependence
or abuse criteria, compared to 2 in 3 violent or public-order offenders
Percent of convicted inmates
$ Half of all convicted jail inmates
Use at
Dependence
were under the influence of drugs
Offense
offense
or abuse
All inmates
50%
71%
or alcohol at the time of offense.
Violent
Property
Drug
Public-order*
*Excludes DWI/DUI.

47
47
52
37

67
73
73
66

Percent of jail inmates
Prior
Dependence
Other
sentences*
or abuse
inmates
Total
100%
100%
0
20
41
1
16
20
2
17
16
3 or more
47
22
*To probation or incarceration.

$ In 2002, 16% of convicted jail
inmates said they committed their
offense to get money for drugs,
compared to 15% in 1996.
$ Inmates who met substance
dependence/abuse criteria were
twice as likely as other inmates to
have three or more prior probation
or incarceration sentences.

63% of inmates who met substance dependence or abuse criteria had
participated in substance abuse treatment or other programs in the past
Percent of jail inmates
Regulara DependParticipated in substance
substance ence or
treatment or other programs
use
abuse
Ever any treatment/program
58%
63%
Treatment
40
44
Other programs
42
46
Under correctional supervision
Treatment
Other programs

43%
27
32

47%
30
36

After admission to jailb
17%
Treatment
6
Other programs
14
a
Used once a week for at least a month.
b
Convicted inmates only.

19%
7
16

$ 47% of jail inmates who met the
criteria for substance dependence
or abuse had participated in substance abuse treatment or other
programs while under correctional
supervision.
$ About a fifth of convicted jail
inmates who met the criteria for
substance dependence or abuse
had participated in substance
abuse treatment or other programs
after their admission to jail.

68% of jail inmates met substance
dependence or abuse criteria
More than two-thirds of jail inmates
were dependent on or abused alcohol
or drugs, based on symptoms for
diagnosing substance dependence or
abuse in the DSM-IV (table 1). In
collaboration with the National Institute
on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
included a series of questions associated with the DSM-IV criteria for
measuring dependence or abuse in the
2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails.
The questions addressed problems or
symptoms related to alcohol or drug
use in the 12 months prior to the
inmates’ admission to jail.
The questions about substance abuse
were grouped into four categories and
those on dependence into seven

categories, in accordance with the
DSM-IV. For a diagnosis of dependence jail inmates had to report at least
3 of 7 dependence symptoms. A
diagnosis of abuse required offenders
to have at least 1 of 4 abuse
symptoms. Because a diagnosis of
substance dependence preempts a
diagnosis of abuse, inmates who met
the criteria for both dependence and
abuse (44%) or dependence only
(1.0%) were classified as dependent.

Prevalence of substance dependence or abuse symptoms among jail inmates, 2002

Abuse symptoms

Percent of jail inmates
Alcohol
Alcohol Drugs or drugs

y Failure to fulfill major role obligations
Lose job; job/school problems, such as missing too
much work/school, being demoted at work, dropping
out of school; not taking care of children

15.9%

26.7%

33.1%

y Continued use in hazardous situations
Get in situations that increased chances of getting hurt,
like driving, swimming, using machinery or walking in
unsafe area

30.0

29.7

43.0

y Alcohol/drug-related legal problems
Arrested or held by police due to drinking or drug use

20.9

25.0

37.7

y Recurrent social or interpersonal problems
Arguments/problems with spouse, intimate, family or
friends or get into physical fights

39.8

43.3

57.8

y Tolerance
Usual drinks/drugs had less effect; or drank more
or used more drugs to get the wanted effect

21.0%

33.4%

42.1%

y Withdrawal
Bad aftereffects from cutting down or stopping alcohol/
drugs, such as shaking, feeling nervous, anxious, sick to
stomach; or taking a drink/drugs to get over any bad
aftereffects

19.5

27.8

36.4

23.6

30.9

42.7

y Impaired control
More than once wanted to cut down/tried to cut down
but couldn't

20.1

34.8

44.4

y Time spent obtaining, using, recovering
Spent a lot of time using alcohol/drugs or getting over
the bad aftereffects

18.4

30.5

39.0

y

13.2

25.7

30.8

Dependence symptoms

y Compulsive use
More alcohol/drug use or using for longer periods
than intended

Neglect of activities
Gave up on activities of interest/importance, like work,
school, hobbies, or associating with family and friends

y Continued use despite problems
Continued to drink/use drugs even though it was
causing emotional or psychological problems.

22.3

35.6

44.8

Note: See References for sources on measuring prevalence of substance dependence
or abuse using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition
(DSM-IV).

2 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

The Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002,
included a series of questions to form a
measure of the prevalence of substance
dependence or abuse as defined in the
DSM-IV. These estimates are not comparable to findings reported from previous jail
inmate surveys.
Abuse symptoms included repeated use of
alcohol or drugs in hazardous situations or
recurrent occupational, educational, legal or
social problems related to alcohol or drug
use. The most common abuse criteria
reported by jail inmates were recurrent
social problems because of alcohol (40%),
drugs (43%), and the combination of
alcohol or drugs (58%).
The dependence criteria covered a range of
symptoms, including behavioral, cognitive,
and physiological problems. The criteria
most often cited by inmates were impaired
control (44%) and continued use despite
problems (45%).
Overall, a third of jail inmates reported no
abuse symptoms. Sixteen percent had one
abuse symptom, while 17% cited all four
abuse symptoms. Forty-six percent of jail
inmates reported three or more symptoms
of substance dependence, including 18%
who reported all seven symptoms. About
38% reported no dependence symptoms.
Abuse symptoms
Number of
positive
Alcohol
responses or drugs
0
32.7%
1
15.6
2
16.5
3
17.9
4
17.3

Dependence symptoms
Number of
positive
Alcohol
responses or drugs
0
37.7%
1-2
16.3
3-4
12.4
5-6
16.0
7
17.6

Jail inmates classified as abusers met
at least one of the abuse criteria (23%)
without dependence.

Table 1. Prevalence of substance dependence or abuse
among jail inmates, 2002
Estimated
number of
inmatesa
415,242
269,632
6,081
139,530

Percent of jail inmates

Diagnosis
Alcohol
Drugs
Alcohol or drugs
By specific type of substance, 53% of
46.6%
53.5%
68.0%
Any dependence or abuse
jail inmates were dependent on or
Dependence and abuse
22.2
34.4
44.2
abused drugs, compared to 47% for
Dependence only
0.6
1.4
1.0
Abuse only
23.8
17.7
22.9
alcohol. About 36% of jail inmates were
found to be dependent on drugs, and
No dependence or abuseb
195,054
53.4
46.5
32.0
18% abused drugs. Twenty-three
Note: See References for sources on measuring dependence or abuse based
percent of jail inmates were dependent
on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).
a
Excludes 20,945 inmates for whom data were unknown.
on alcohol, and nearly 24% abused
b
Includes inmates who did not use alcohol or drugs.
alcohol. An estimated 32% of inmates
did not meet the criteria for substance
inmates had higher rates of substance The rate of substance dependence or
dependence or abuse.
dependence than male inmates. Nearly abuse varied significantly by age of
inmates. Jail inmates between ages
52% of female inmates were found to
Over half of all female jail inmates
25 and 44 had the highest rate of subbe dependent on alcohol or drugs,
reported substance dependence
stance dependence or abuse (7 in 10
compared to 44% of male inmates.
inmates). Those age 55 or older had
Men (24%) had higher rates of subThere was little difference in the overall
the lowest rate (nearly 5 in 10 inmates).
stance abuse (without dependence)
prevalence of substance dependence
than women (17%).
or abuse between men (68%) and
When the rate of dependence was
women (69%) in local jails (table 2).
estimated separately from abuse only,
White and middle age inmates
When substance dependence or abuse
inmates age 55 or older reported the
had relatively higher rates of
was estimated separately, female jail
same levels of dependence (23%) or
substance dependence or abuse

Fewer than 1 in 10 persons in the
general population met the criteria
for substance dependence or abuse
• In 2002, 9% of the U.S. resident
population age 12 or older (or 22 million
persons) were found to be dependent
on or to abuse alcohol or drugs, according to the National Survey on Drug Use
and Health, 2002.
• Unlike men and women in local jails
who had nearly the same rate of
substance dependence/abuse (around
69%), in the general population the
rate for men (13%) was twice that for
women (6%).
Prevalence of substance
dependence or abuse in
the U.S. resident
population
Number
(in millions)
Percent
Substance
Alcohol or drugs
Alcohol
Drugs

22.0
18.1
7.1

9.4%
7.7
3.0

Gender
Male
Female

14.5
7.4

12.8%
6.1

Note: Substance dependence or abuse was
measured as defined in the DSM-IV. Based
on U.S. resident population age 12 or older.
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration, National
Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services.

Substance dependence or abuse
among jail inmates varied by racial or
ethnic groups. White inmates had
significantly higher levels of substance
dependence or abuse (78%), relative
to black inmates (64%) and Hispanic
inmates (59%). A larger proportion
of white inmates (55%) than blacks
(40%) or Hispanics (36%) also were
dependent on alcohol or drugs.
A similar rate of substance abuse
(without dependence) existed among
racial or ethnic categories. Around a
quarter of black (24%) and Hispanic
(23%) inmates were found to abuse
alcohol or drugs, compared to 22%
of white inmates.
White females comprised a slightly
higher proportion of women who met
the criteria for substance dependence
or abuse than their representation in
the overall female jail population. White
females were 43% of women in jail, but
48% of women who were dependent
on or abused alcohol or drugs.
Similarly, white males represented
35% of men in jail, but about 40% of
men who met the conditions for
substance dependence or abuse.

Table 2. Substance dependence
or abuse among jail inmates,
by selected characteristics, 2002

Characteristic

Percent of jail inmates
Depen- Abuse
All dence only

All jail inmates 68.0%

45.2%

22.9%

67.9%
69.2

44.3%
51.8

23.6%
17.4

Race/Hispanic origina
Whiteb
77.7%
Blackb
64.1
Hispanic
58.7
Otherc
66.0

55.4%
40.4
35.7
45.4

22.3%
23.7
23.0
20.7

Age
24 or younger
25-34
35-44
45-54
55 or older

66.1%
70.5
71.4
61.9
46.2

40.3%
48.1
50.4
41.7
23.1

25.8%
22.4
21.0
20.3
23.1

Most serious offense
Violent
63.1%
Property
71.7
Drug
72.1
Public-order
67.0

40.8%
50.6
49.6
41.3

22.3%
21.1
22.4
25.7

Gender
Male
Female

a
Excludes inmates who did not specify
a race.
b
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin.
c
Includes Asians, American Indians, Alaska
Natives, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific
Islanders, and inmates who specified more
than one race.

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

3

Table 3. Family background of jail inmates, by substance dependence
or abuse, 2002

Characteristic

Table 4. Criminal history of jail
inmates, by substance dependence
or abuse, 2002

Percent of jail inmates
Dependence
or abuse
Other inmates

Homeless in past year

16.5%

9.1%

Employed in month before
admission to jail

71.1%

72.5%

Ever physically or sexually abused
Physically abused
Sexually abused

21.1%
17.6
9.0

12.5%
9.8
5.2

40.8%

33.2%

While growing up C
Ever received public assistance*
Ever lived in foster home, agency
or institution

13.9

6.6

Lived most of the time with C
Both parents
One parent
Someone else

42.1%
46.4
11.5

48.5%
40.3
11.1

Parents or guardians ever abused C
Alcohol
Drugs
Both alcohol and drugs
Neither

36.8%
23.6
2.3
10.9
63.2

17.4%
11.8
1.7
3.9
82.6

Family member ever incarcerated C
Mother
Father
Brother
Sister
Spouse

50.3%
8.0
20.7
33.9
10.6
2.1

37.9%
5.6
13.9
26.6
5.7
1.4

Number of jail inmates
415,242
195,054
*Public assistance includes public housing, AFDC, food stamps, Medicaid, WIC,
and other welfare programs.

Characteristic
Criminal justice
status at arrest
None
Any status*
On parole
On probation
On bail/bond

Percent of jail
inmates
Dependence or
Other
abuse
inmates
42.5%
57.5
13.7
36.3
7.8

56.3%
43.7
9.7
27.8
5.9

Criminal history
No previous sentence
Prior sentence
Violent recidivists
Drug recidivists only
Other recidivists

30.5%
69.5
32.0
3.3
34.2

54.0%
46.0
21.0
2.8
22.2

Number of prior
probation/
incarceration
sentences
0
1
2
3-5
6-10
11 or more

19.8%
16.2
17.1
25.5
13.7
7.7

41.4%
20.2
16.3
14.6
5.2
2.2

*Percentages add to more than total
because inmates may have had more than
one status.

Substance dependent or abusing jail
inmates were twice as likely as other
jail inmates to have had a parent or
abuse only (23%). All other age groups Half of inmates who met criteria of
guardian who abused drugs or alcohol.
had higher levels of substance depend- dependence or abuse had a family
About 2 in 5 jail inmates who met the
ence. Half of jail inmates ages 35-44
member who had served time
criteria for substance dependence or
were dependent on alcohol or drugs,
abuse said a parent or guardian had
Jail inmates who met the conditions for abused alcohol, drugs, or both while
while a fifth abused alcohol or drugs.
substance dependence or abuse (16%) they were growing up. Among other
were more likely to have been homeSubstance dependence or abuse
inmates, about 1 in 6 said a parent
less in the year before their admission
more prevalent among drug or
or guardian abused alcohol, drugs,
to jail than other inmates (9%) (table
property offenders
or both.
3). They were twice as likely as other
inmates to have lived in a foster home, Inmates who were dependent on or
Overall, jail inmates whose most
agency, or institution. An estimated
serious charge was a drug or property
abused alcohol or drugs (50%) were
14% said they had lived in a foster
offense were more likely to have met
more likely than other inmates (38%)
home, agency, or institution, compared to have had a family member who had
the substance dependence or abuse
criteria than other offenders. More than to 7% of other inmates.
been incarcerated. Twenty-one percent
70% of drug or property offenders were
had a father who had been incarcerOver a fifth of jail inmates who met the ated in the past, compared to 14% of
dependent on or had abused a
criteria for substance dependence or
substance, compared to over 60% of
other inmates. A third of inmates who
abuse said they had been physically or met the conditions for substance
violent and public-order offenders. An
sexually abused in the past. An eighth
estimated half of drug or property
dependence or abuse had a brother
of other jail inmates reported past
offenders were dependent on alcohol
who had served time in prison or jail,
or drugs; over a fifth reported an abuse physical or sexual abuse.
compared to over a fourth of other jail
(without dependence) criterion.
inmates.

4 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

Prior criminal record linked to
substance dependence or abuse
Jail inmates who were dependent on or
abused alcohol or drugs were more
likely to have had a prior criminal
record than other inmates. Fifty-seven
percent of the substance dependent or
abusing inmates were on some criminal justice status at the time of their
arrest, including 36% who were on
probation (table 4). About 44% of other
jail inmates were on a criminal justice
status at arrest.
An estimated 8 in 10 jail inmates who
met the criteria for substance dependence or abuse had a prior sentence to
probation or incarceration, compared
to about 6 in 10 other jail inmates. The
substance dependent or abusing
inmates (47%) were also twice as likely
as other inmates (22%) to have had
three or more prior probation or incarceration sentences.
Alcohol use at offense declined
between 1996 and 2002
In 2002, 40% of all jail inmates said
they had participated in binge drinking
in the past, unchanged from 1996.
Binge drinking is defined as having
consumed a fifth of liquor in a single
day, or the equivalent of 20 drinks, 3
bottles of wine, or 3 six-packs of beer.

Alcohol use
Ever use
Regular usea
Binge drinkingb
At time of offensec

Percent of jail inmates
2002
1996
85.4%
87.9%
66.0
66.3
39.9
40.3
33.4
40.5

a
Drank alcohol at least once a week for a
month, or drank daily or at least once a week
during the year before the offense.
b
Binge drinking means having consumed a fifth
of liquor in a single day, or the equivalent of 20
drinks, 3 bottles of wine, or 3 six-packs of beer.
c
Convicted inmates only.

The proportion of convicted inmates
who had been drinking at the time of
the offense declined to 33% in 2002,
from 41% in 1996.

Table 5. Prior drug use of jail inmates, by type of drug, 2002 and 1996

Type of drug
Any drug

Percent of jail inmates who used drugs
Convicted inmatesa
All inmates
In the month
At the time
Regularlyb
before the offense of the offense
Ever
2002
1996
2002
1996
2002
1996
2002
1996
82.2% 82.4%

68.7% 64.2%

54.6% 54.0%

28.8% 34.9%

Marijuana or hashish 75.7% 78.2% 58.5% 54.9
37.5% 36.0%
Cocaine or crack
48.1
50.4
30.9
31.0
20.7
22.8
Heroin/opiates
20.7
23.9
12.0
11.8
7.8
7.9
Depressantsc
21.6
29.9
10.7
10.4
6.1
5.3
Stimulantsd
27.8
33.6
17.1
16.5
11.4
9.6
e
Hallucinogens
32.4
32.2
13.4
10.5
5.9
4.2
Inhalants
12.7
16.8
4.2
4.8
1.0
0.9
a
Includes all inmates with a current conviction or with a prior conviction,
but no new conviction for the current charge.
b
Used drugs at least once a week for at least a month.
c
Depressants include barbiturates, tranquilizers, and quaaludes.
d
Stimulants include amphetamines and methamphetamines.
e
Hallucinogens include LSD, Ecstasy, and PCP.

13.6% 18.0%
10.6
14.3
4.1
5.1
2.4
2.2
5.2
5.6
1.6
1.4
0.2
0.3

Regular drug use rose between 1996 Women and white inmates more
likely to have used drugs at offense
and 2002; use at offense declined
While the overall percentage of jail
inmates who reported having ever
used drugs remained stable (82%)
between 1996 and 2002, regular drug
use rose to 69% in 2002 from 64% in
1996 (table 5). Regular use was
defined as drug use at least once a
week for at least a month. Among
convicted jail inmates, drug use at the
time of the offense dropped to 29%
from 35% during that period. In each
year, over half of convicted jail inmates
said they had used drugs in the month
before their offense.
There was little change in the types of
drugs used between 1996 and 2002.
Marijuana and cocaine/crack cocaine
were the most common drugs inmates
said they used regularly, in the month
before the offense, or at the time of the
offense. About 59% of all jail inmates
said they used marijuana regularly, up
from 55% in 1996. In each year, the
fraction of inmates who said they
regularly used cocaine/crack (31%),
heroin/other opiates (12%), depressants (10%), and stimulants (17%)
was relatively unchanged.
Nearly 14% of convicted jail inmates
had used marijuana at the time of the
offense in 2002, a slight decrease from
18% in 1996. Eleven percent had used
cocaine/crack in 2002, down from 14%
in 1996.

Among convicted jail inmates, there
were significant differences in the type
of substances used at the time of the
offense and in the substances they
were dependent on or abused. About
29% of convicted inmates said they
had used drugs at the time of the
offense, compared to 33% who
reported using alcohol (table 6). More
than half of convicted jail inmates were
dependent on or abused drugs, while
just under half were dependent on or
abused alcohol.
Convicted women offenders were more
likely to have been under the influence
of drugs (34%) than alcohol (22%) at
the time of the offense. Over a third of
convicted men said they had used
alcohol at the time of the offense,
compared to over a fourth who had
used drugs.
Both male and female jail inmates
were more likely to have met the conditions for dependence or abuse of drugs
than alcohol. However, women were
significantly more likely to have met the
criteria for dependence or abuse of
drugs (61%) than alcohol (39%). By
contrast, men were only slightly more
likely to have met the criteria for
dependence or abuse of drugs (54%)
than alcohol (50%).

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

5

Among convicted inmates considered
by race or ethnic origin, white inmates
had the highest rate of having used
either drugs or alcohol at the time of
their most serious offense. About 39%
of white inmates had used alcohol at
the time of the offense, followed by
30% of Hispanic and 29% of black
inmates. A third of white inmates and a
fourth of black and Hispanic inmates
were under the influence of drugs at
the time of the offense.
White inmates also had the highest
prevalence of dependence or abuse
regardless of the substance. About
59% of whites, 43% of blacks, and
42% of Hispanic inmates were dependent on or abused alcohol. The rate of
dependence or abuse for drugs was
62% for whites, 54% for blacks, and
45% for Hispanic inmates.
Younger inmates had higher rates of
dependence or abuse of drugs;
middle-age inmates, of alcohol
Older offenders were most likely to
have used alcohol at the time of the
offense. Forty percent of inmates age
35 or older had used alcohol at the
time of the offense, compared to 33%
of inmates ages 25-34 and 24% of
inmates age 24 or younger. Nearly a
third of offenders age 34 or younger
had used drugs at the time of their
offense. Only a small portion (6%) of
inmates age 55 or older had used
drugs when they committed their
offense.
Fifty-two percent of convicted inmates
ages 25-34 and 35-44 were found to
be dependent on or to abuse alcohol,
the largest percentage among all age
categories. Inmates age 55 or older
had the lowest rate of alcohol dependence or abuse (38%), followed by
inmates ages 45-54, at 44%, and
inmates age 24 or younger, at 46%.

Jail inmates age 24 or younger had the
highest rate of drug dependence or
abuse. About 61% were dependent on
or abused drugs, compared to about
56% of jail inmates ages 25-44. Similar
to alcohol dependence or abuse, the
lowest rate of drug dependence or
abuse (16%) occurred among inmates
age 55 or older.

Over half of inmates convicted of
robbery, burglary, or drug offenses
were under the influence at offense
Overall, 50% of convicted jail inmates
reported being under the influence of
alcohol or drugs at the time of the
offense (table 7). Inmates convicted of
robbery (56%), weapons violations

Table 6. Prior alcohol or drug use and dependence or abuse among convicted
jail inmates, by selected characteristics, 2002
Percent of convicted jail inmates —
Using at the time
Meeting dependence
of offense
or abuse criteria
Alcohol
Drugs
Alcohol
Drugs

Characteristic

Estimated
number of
inmates

All inmates

444,534

33.4%

28.8%

49.0%

55.3%

Gender
Male
Female

391,809
52,725

34.9%
22.2

28.0%
34.4

50.3%
39.2

54.4%
61.3

Race/Hispanic origin
Whitea
Blacka
Hispanic
Otherb

168,613
172,186
80,157
22,308

38.5%
29.3
30.1
36.9

33.2%
27.3
23.8
24.1

58.6%
42.7
41.8
52.6

62.2%
53.9
45.0
50.2

Age
24 or younger
25-34
35-44
45-54
55 or older

129,726
142,174
118,680
45,445
8,509

24.2%
33.3
40.1
40.9
40.5

31.5%
31.0
28.5
19.3
5.5

45.5%
51.6
52.3
44.2
38.5

60.7%
56.5
55.6
41.8
16.4

a

Excludes persons of Hispanic origin
Includes Asians, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians,
other Pacific Islanders, and inmates who specified more than one race.
b

Table 7. Prior alcohol or drug use at time of offense among convicted jail
inmates, by type of offense, 2002

Most serious offense

Estimated
number of
inmates

Totala
Violent offenses
Homicide
Sexual assaultb
Robbery
Assault

440,570
96,359
5,967
13,252
18,826
50,226

Used at time of offense
Alcohol

Drugs

Alcohol or drugs

33.3%

28.8%

49.7%

37.6
41.6
37.2
37.6
39.7

21.8%
20.0
13.5
39.9
18.2

47.2%
47.4
42.2
55.8
47.5

Property offenses
Burglary
Larceny/theft
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud

112,895
29,767
33,691
9,414
22,817

28.5%
32.6
29.0
35.4
21.5

32.5%
40.8
32.0
39.8
27.9

46.8%
55.1
47.3
54.5
38.6

Drug offenses
Possession
Trafficking

112,447
48,823
56,574

22.4%
19.9
24.8

43.2%
45.9
40.7

51.7%
51.4
51.8

83,193
9,218
73,975

26.2%
35.3
25.1

19.5%
36.8
17.4

37.0%
55.7
34.6

Public-order offenses
Weapons
Other public-orderc
a

Includes offenses not shown.
Includes rape and other sexual assault.
c
Excludes DWI/DUI.
b

6 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

(56%), burglary (55%), or motor vehicle
theft (55%) were more likely than
inmates convicted of other types of
offenses to have used a substance at
the time of the offense. The least likely
of all offenders to have used alcohol or
drugs at offense were those convicted
of public-order offenses (37%) or
fraud (39%).
Violent offenders were more likely to
have used alcohol at the time of the
offense (38%) than inmates who
committed property (29%), drug (22%),
or public-order offenses (26%).
However, violent offenders were less
likely than other offenders to have used
drugs at the time of the offense. About
a fifth of violent offenders, a third of
property, and two-fifths of drug offenders had used drugs at the time of the
offense. Less than a fifth of publicorder offenders used drugs at offense.

Table 8. Substance dependence or abuse among convicted jail inmates, by type
of substance and offense, 2002

Most serious offense

Drugs

48.9%

55.3%

70.9%

96,359
5,967
13,252
18,826
50,226

52.0%
46.1
37.2
52.6
57.8

47.9%
30.4
32.6
63.9
50.5

66.9%
56.2
49.6
74.2
71.8

Property offenses
Burglary
Larceny/theft
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud

112,895
29,767
33,691
9,414
22,817

48.4%
54.1
49.3
46.5
42.6

61.8%
74.0
59.1
60.9
53.2

72.8%
84.7
71.1
70.3
63.1

Drug offenses
Possession
Trafficking

112,447
48,823
56,574

40.1%
40.5
40.1

66.6%
71.2
61.4

73.0%
75.3
70.0

Public-order offenses
Weapons
Other public-order

83,193
9,218
73,975

45.8%
47.6
45.6

48.2%
60.8
46.7

65.6%
78.8
64.0

DWI/DUI

35,676

78.1%

36.2%

81.5%

Total

a

Violent offenses
Homicide
Sexual assaultb
Robbery
Assault

a

Three-quarters of inmates in jail
for drug or property offenses met
dependence or abuse criteria

Seven in ten convicted jail inmates
were found to be dependent on or to
abuse alcohol or drugs, a slightly larger
proportion than the 6 in 10 of the entire
jail population (table 8). Overall,
substance dependence or abuse was
more prevalent among convicted drug
and property offenders. Nearly threePercent of convicted inmates quarters of inmates in jail for drug or
who committed offense to
property offenses met the criteria for
get money for drugs
substance dependence or abuse,
compared to two-thirds of jail inmates
2002
1996a
who committed violent or public-order
16.4%
15.1%
offenses.
8.0
8.2

Totalb
Violent
Property
26.9
24.5
Drug
24.8
22.8
Public-order
5.2
3.4
a
Percentages have been revised from those
previously published.
b
Includes offenses not shown.

Between 1996 and 2002, the proportion of drug, property, and public-order
offenders who said they committed
their offense to get money for drugs
increased by two percentage points,
while that of violent offenders was
relatively unchanged.

Alcohol or drugs

Includes offenses not shown.
Includes rape and other sexual assault.

In 2002, 16% of convicted jail inmates
said they committed their offense to get
money for drugs, a slight increase from
15% in 1996. Around a quarter of
property and drug offenders said they
committed their offense to get money
for drugs, compared to under a tenth
of violent and public-order offenders.

Most serious
offense

Percent dependent or abusing —
Alcohol

b

16% of convicted jail inmates
committed the offense to get
money for drugs

Estimated
number of
inmates
440,570

Jail inmates convicted of burglary had
the highest rate of substance dependence or abuse (85%), followed by
DWI/DUI (81%), weapons violations
(79%), and drug possession (75%).
The lowest rate of substance dependence or abuse was among inmates
convicted of sexual assault (50%).
Convicted violent offenders were the
most likely to be dependent on or
abusing alcohol (52%), followed by
property (48%), and public-order (46%)

offenders. Drug offenders (40%) were
least likely to be dependent on or to
abuse alcohol.
By specific offenses, DWI/DUI offenders were the most likely to have met
the criteria for alcohol dependence
or abuse (78%), followed by inmates
convicted of assault (58%), burglary
(54%), and robbery (53%). Jail inmates
who committed sexual assault (37%)
were the least likely of the different
types of offenders to be dependent
on or to abuse alcohol.
The highest percentage of drug
dependence or abuse occurred among
drug offenders, with 67% meeting the
conditions for dependence or abuse.
Property offenders were next with 62%
having met the conditions.
Specifically, jail inmates convicted
of burglary (74%), drug possession
(71%), and robbery (64%) had the
highest rates of drug dependence
or abuse. Offenders convicted of
homicide (30%) and sexual assault
(33%) were least likely to be dependent
on or to abuse drugs.

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

7

6 in 10 substance dependent or
abusing inmates had participated in
substance treatment or programs

Table 9. Substance use treatment or programs among jail inmates
who met the criteria for substance dependence or abuse, 2002

Sixty-three percent of jail inmates who
met the criteria for substance dependence or abuse said they had participated in substance treatment or other
alcohol or drug programs in the past.

Type of treatment or programs

Substance
dependence
or abuse
Alcohol or drugs
Alcohol
Drugs

Percent of jail inmates who
had ever participated in
substance abuse treatment
or other programs
62.6%
64.8
64.0

Ever in treatment or programs
a

Treatment
Other substance abuse programsb
Participated while under
correctional supervisionc

Participation in substance treatment
or programs linked to dependence
Jail inmates who were dependent on
alcohol or drugs had the highest rate of
participation in substance treatment or
other alcohol or drug programs. Over
two-thirds of dependent inmates said
they had participated in treatment or
programs in the past, compared to
over half of inmates who abused drugs
or alcohol.

67.9%

52.2%

62.6%

50.3%
49.2

30.6%
38.6

43.7%
45.6

52.8%

36.6%

47.4%

a

Treatment
In prison/jail
On probation/parole

34.9%
19.8
26.6

19.2%
11.1
14.2

29.6%
16.9
22.4

Other programsb
In prison/jail
On probation/parole

39.5%
27.4
28.9

28.3%
16.7
19.9

35.7%
23.8
25.8

275,712

139,530

415,242

Estimated number of inmates

The most common activity among
dependent or abusing inmates was
participation in alcohol or drug
programs which included self-help
programs (such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous), peer
counseling, or education or awareness
programs. Forty-six percent of dependent or abusing inmates had participated in these programs, compared to
44% who had received treatment (table
9). Substance treatment included time
spent in a residential facility or a detoxification unit, professional counseling,
or use of a maintenance drug.

Percent of inmates meeting criteria for substance —
Dependence
Dependence Abuse only
or abuse

Note: Detail adds to more than total because inmates may have participated in more
than one type of substance abuse treatment or other program.
a
Treatment is defined as substance care received under the supervision of a trained
professional, including treatment in a special residential facility, professional counseling,
detoxification unit, or use of a maintenance drug.
b
Other programs included self-help and education/awareness programs.
c
Includes inmates who had participated in treatment or other programs after admission.

Dependent inmates (53%) were more
likely to have participated in treatment
or programs while under correctional
supervision than inmates who abused
alcohol or drugs (37%). Over a third of
dependent inmates had received treatment while incarcerated or on probation or parole. Nearly a fifth of inmates
who abused alcohol or drugs had
received treatment. Forty percent of
dependent and 28% of abusing
inmates reported they had participated
in other alcohol or drug programs while
under correctional supervision.
Regardless of a diagnosis of dependence or abuse, inmates were more
likely to have received treatment or
participated in program while on probation or parole rather than in prison or
jail. Over 1 in 4 dependent inmates had
received treatment while in the
community, and 1 in 5 had treatment
while incarcerated.

8 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

Participation in treatment or other
programs while under correctional
supervision rose between 1996 and
2002
The largest increase in substance
treatment or other programs occurred
among inmates who said they had
used alcohol or drugs at the time of
offense — up from 43% in 1996 to
52% in 2002 (table 10). Among
inmates who had been using alcohol
or drugs in the month before the
offense, the proportion who reported
ever having participated in treatment
or programs while under correctional
supervision rose from 39% in 1996
to 47% in 2002.
Participation in treatment or other
programs after admission to jail also
increased among all prior alcohol or
drug users. In 2002, 20% of convicted
inmates who were under the influence
of alcohol or drugs at the time of the
offense had participated in treatment/
programs after entering jail, up from
17% in 1996. In each year, participation in self-help programs (13%) was
the most common activity, followed by
education programs (over 5%).

The rate of participation in treatment or
programs since entering jail for
convicted inmates who used alcohol or
drugs in the month before the offense
rose to 17% in 2002, up from 14% in
1996. Treatment specifically rose from
4% to 6% between 1996 to 2002, and
participation in other programs grew
from 13% to 14%, respectively.
1 in 6 inmates using alcohol at the
time of the offense participated in
treatment/programs after admission
In 2002 an estimated 17% of jail
inmates who ever participated in binge
drinking and inmates who met the
criteria for alcohol dependence or
abuse had received treatment or
participated in other programs after
admission to jail (table 11). Around
16% of inmates using alcohol at the
time of the offense had participated
in treatment or programs after admission.
The level of participation in specific
types of substance abuse treatment or
programs varied little among inmates
who were dependent on or abused
alcohol, who had used alcohol at the
time of the offense, or who reported
ever having a binge drinking experience. Three percent of inmates in each
category had received treatment in a
special facility after admission.
Between 2% and 3% had also received
professional counseling and 1% had
been in a detoxification unit.
Twelve percent of inmates who
reported binge drinking had participated in self-help or peer counseling,
followed by 11% of inmates who met
the criteria for alcohol dependence or
abuse, and 10% of inmates who were
using alcohol at the time of the offense.
Around 5% of each group had participated in alcohol abuse education or
awareness programs.

of drug users (table 12). About 14% of
convicted inmates who reported past
drug use ever, 17% of those who used
drugs in the month before the offense,
and 18% of inmates who met the
conditions for drug dependence or
A fifth of convicted jail inmates who
abuse had received treatment or
reported drug use at the time of their
offense had participated in treatment or participated in other programs after
entering jail.
programs after admission to jail, a
larger proportion than any other group
1 in 5 inmates who used drugs
at time of the offense participated
in treatment or programs after
admission

Table 10. Substance treatment or programs under correctional supervision
among convicted jail inmates who used alcohol or drugs, 2002 and 1996
Percent of convicted inmates reporting prior substance use —
In the month
At the time of
Ever regularly
before the offense
the offense
2002
1996
2002
1996
2002
1996

Type of treatment or programs
Ever under correctional
supervision

47.3%

38.8%

46.9%

39.0%

52.1%

43.0%

Participated after
admission

17.3%

14.4%

16.9%

14.4%

19.9%

17.0%

6.2%
3.4
2.5
0.8

4.2%
2.2
1.6
0.9

6.0%
3.3
2.4
0.8

4.2%
2.4
1.6
0.8

7.5%
4.0
3.1
1.0

5.3%
2.9
1.9
1.2

13.9%

12.8%

13.6%

12.8%

15.7%

15.1%

11.2
5.5

10.8
4.6

10.9
5.4

10.8
4.6

12.8
6.2

12.8
5.4

216,014

190,103

Treatment
Residential facility or unit
Counseling by a professional
Detoxification unit
Other programs
Self-help group
or peer counseling
Education
Estimated number
of inmates

375,730 296,580

297,636 277,787

Note: Detail adds to more than total because inmates may have participated
in more than one type of substance abuse treatment or other program.

Table 11. Alcohol treatment or programs following admission of convicted
inmates who used alcohol or met alcohol dependence or abuse criteria, 2002
Type of alcohol treatment or
programs after admission

Convicted
inmates

Prior alcohol use —
Ever binge
Using alcohol
drinking*
at offense

Alcohol
dependence or
abuse

Any alcohol treatment or
program

10.9%

17.4%

16.4%

16.8%

Treatment
Residential facility or unit
Professional counseling
Detoxification unit

3.6%
2.0
1.4
0.5

5.9%
2.9
2.7
1.1

5.9%
2.8
2.6
1.0

5.6%
3.0
2.4
0.9

Other programs
Self-help group or peer
counseling
Education

9.0%

14.1%

12.7%

13.6%

7.2
3.8

11.7
5.4

10.2
5.3

11.1
5.6

439,473

181,728

144,596

212,535

Estimated number of
inmates

*Binge drinking is defined as having consumed as much as a fifth of liquor in a single day,
equivalent to 20 drinks, 3 bottles of wine, or as many as 3 six-packs of beer.

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

9

Self-help or peer group counseling and
placement in a residential unit or
special facility were the most common
types of activities. More than 11% of
convicted inmates who had used drugs
in the month before the offense, at the
time of the offense, or met the drug
dependence or abuse criteria had
participated in self-help or peer group
counseling programs.

Around 9% of convicted inmates who
used drugs at the time of the offense
had received treatment in a special unit
or residential facility since entering jail.
Nearly 7% of inmates who reported
drug use in the month before the
offense and those dependent on or
abusing drugs had treatment in a
special unit or facility.

Table 12. Drug treatment or programs after admission among convicted jail
inmates who used drugs or met drug dependence or abuse criteria, 2002
Type of drug treatment or
programs after admission
Any drug treatment
or program
Treatment
Residential facility or unit
Professional counseling
Detoxification unit
Maintenance drug
Other programs
Self-help group or peer
counseling
Education
Estimated number of
inmates

Ever in
the past

Prior drug use —
In the month
At the time of
before offense
offense

Drug
dependence
or abuse

13.8%

17.5%

21.0%

17.9%

5.1%
2.9
2.0
0.5
0.1

6.5%
3.6
2.6
0.7
0.2

8.4%
5.1
3.2
0.8
0.2

6.9%
3.9
2.9
0.6
0.2

10.9%

13.8%

16.2%

14.0%

8.2
4.8

10.6
5.8

13.0
6.7

11.0
6.0

370,348

236,517

124,717

239,485

Table 13. Substance treatment or programs ever or under correctional
supervision among convicted jail inmates who met substance dependence
or abuse criteria, by gender and race, 2002
Type of treatment or programs

Percent of substance dependent or abusing inmates —
Male
Female
White
Black
Hispanic

Ever in treatment or program

63.9%

68.1%

72.5%

57.9%

58.0%

44.4
47.0

53.1
51.0

55.5
54.7

38.9
40.8

34.8
44.1

50.5%

56.0%

57.9%

44.6%

48.1%

Treatment
Other programs

31.8
38.2

38.8
42.6

39.9
45.5

27.3
31.9

27.0
36.9

After admission
Treatment
Other programs

6.7
14.5

9.1
22.5

9.2
18.2

5.0
13.2

5.2
12.6

Ever while in prison or jail
Treatment
Other programs

17.7
24.5

20.6
30.4

22.9
29.7

15.7
22.0

12.1
21.0

Ever while on probation or parole
Treatment
Other programs

24.6
28.5

31.0
31.4

32.3
36.6

19.6
21.2

21.1
26.6

130,294

110,710

Treatment
Other programs
Participated while under
correctional supervision

Estimated number of inmates

267,646

36,873

10 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

47,004

Substance dependent or abusing
women, whites more likely to
participate in treatment or programs
Female inmates (68%) who met the
criteria for substance dependence or
abuse were more likely than male
inmates (64%) to have ever received
any type of substance treatment or
program (table 13). This pattern continued across all types of treatment or
programs. Fifty-three percent of
women who met substance dependence or abuse criteria had received
some type of treatment, compared to
44% of men.
8 in 10 convicted jail inmates were
involved with drugs/alcohol in 2002

$ In the comparable data for 1996 and
2002, three-quarters of convicted jail
inmates were involved with drugs or
alcohol. When substance dependence
or abuse and positive drug test results
were included in 2002, 85% of convicted jail inmates were found to be
drug/alcohol-involved.
Percent of
convicted jail
inmates involved
with drugs/
alcohol
2002
1996
Any current drug offense
31.0% 27.8%
Any current DWI/DUI
9.7
10.7
Alcohol/drug use at offense 49.7
58.8
Ever commit crime to get
money for drugs
Drug use in month before
offense
Daily use of alcohol in
year before admission
Drug/alcohol-involved
Positive drug test at arrest
or after admission*
Abused drugs or alcohol
Dependent on drugs or
alcohol
Drug/alcohol-involved

16.4

15.1

54.6

54.0

34.4

36.7

77.8% 77.3%
29.0
22.9

/
/

45.2

/

84.7%

--

Note: Percentages add to more than 100%
because inmates may have had more than
one type of involvement.
/Not reported.
--Not calculated.
*Based on inmates tested for drugs only.

White jail inmates (72%) who were
found to be dependent on or to abuse
alcohol or drugs had the highest rate of
participation in treatment or other
programs, followed by 58% of both
blacks and Hispanics.
Four in ten white inmates who met the
conditions for dependence or abuse
had received treatment under correctional supervision, compared to fewer
than 3 in 10 black and Hispanic
inmates. White inmates (23%) were
also nearly twice as likely as Hispanic
inmates (12%) to have received treatment in prison or jail.
Forty-five percent of white inmates who
met the criteria for substance dependence or abuse had participated in other
alcohol or drug programs while under
correctional supervision, compared to
37% of Hispanics and 32% of black
inmates who met the criteria. White
inmates also had the highest level of
participation in other programs since
entering jail C whites (18%), blacks
(13%), and Hispanics (13%).

in which jails were selected at the first
stage and inmates to be interviewed
at the second stage. The jails were
selected from a universe of 3,365 jails
and grouped into 6 strata based on the
size of the male, female, and juvenile
(both male and female) populations.
Each jail within a stratum had an equal
probability of selection.

estimates to counts of jail inmates
obtained from the 1999 Census of Jails
and the 2001 Annual Survey of Jails.

Overall, 465 jails were selected, and
interviews were held in 417 jails; 39
jails refused or were excluded for
administrative reasons; and 9 were
closed or had no inmates.

The accuracy of the jail inmates survey
depends on sampling and measurement errors. Sampling errors occur by
chance because a sample rather than
a complete enumeration of the population was conducted. Measurement
error can be attributed to many
sources, such as nonresponse, recall
difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions among inmates, and
data processing errors.

In the second sampling stage, interviewers from the Census Bureau
visited each selected facility and
systematically selected a sample of
male and female inmates. A total of
6,982 inmates were interviewed, using
computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). A total of 768 inmates
refused to participate, for a second
stage nonresponse of 9.9%.

The sampling error, as measured by
an estimated standard error, varies by
the size of the estimate and the size of
the base population. Estimates of the
standard errors for selected characteristics have been calculated for the
2002 Survey. Standard error tables are
available on the BJS website
<www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/
sdatji02.htm>.

Based on the completed interviews,
estimates for the entire jail population
were developed using weighting facMethodology
tors derived from the original probability
of selection in the sample. These
The findings in this report are based
on information in the Survey of Inmates factors were adjusted for variable rates
of nonresponse across strata and
in Local Jails (SILJ), conducted from
inmate characteristics. Further adjustJanuary through April, 2002. SILJ was
ments were made to control the survey
a stratified two-stage sample survey
References
Allen, John P., and Veronica B. Wilson, eds., Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide
for Clinicians and Researchers, 2nd ed., U. S. Department of Health and Human
Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol, Abuse and
Alcoholism, revised 2003, Bethesda, Maryland.
American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), 1994.
Compton, Wilson M., and others, "Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorders in the
United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002," Journal of the American Medical
Association, May 5, 2002, vol. 291, no.17.

These standard errors may be used to
construct confidence intervals around
percentages. For example, the 95%
confidence interval around the percentage of inmates in 2002 who were
dependent on or abused alcohol or
drugs is approximately 68% plus or
minus 1.96 times .72% (or 66.6% to
69.4%).
In this report, the definition of a convicted jail inmate differs from other
previously published reports. Trend
comparisons between data in this
report and reports based on data from
previous jail inmate surveys (or the
Annual Survey of Jails) are affected by
the revised definition of convicted and
unconvicted inmates. Other revisions
to the questionnaire will also affect
comparisons across surveys.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Survey on Drug Use and
Health, 2002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of
Applied Studies, Rockville, Maryland.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Epidemiological Survey on
Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2002, National Institutes of Health, National Institute
on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland.

Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002

11

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics

*NCJ 209588*

Washington, DC 20531

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300

The 2002 SILJ is the first BJS survey
to measure the prevalence of
substance dependence or abuse in the
correctional population based on the
DSM-IV. These estimates are not
comparable to findings reported from
previous jail inmate surveys.
Other national surveys that used the
DSM-IV to measure substance
abuse and dependence in the general
population include the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and
Related Conditions, 2002, (NESARC),
sponsored by the National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the
National Survey on Drug Use and
Health, 2002, (NSDUH), SAMSHA.

The Bureau of Justice Statistics
is the statistical agency of the
U.S. Department of Justice.
Lawrence A. Greenfeld is director.
Jennifer C. Karberg and Doris J.
James wrote this report, under the
supervision of Allen J. Beck. Laura M.
Maruschak and Todd D. Minton
verified the report, and Rebecca
Medway provided statistical assistance. Tom Hester edited it, assisted
by Tina Dorsey.
Doris J. James, under the supervision
of Allen J. Beck, designed the survey,
developed the questionnaire, and
monitored data collection, data
processing, and production of weights.

ment of Commerce, carried out
questionnaire design and monitored
data collection and processing under
the supervision of Marilyn M.
Monahan and Gertrude Odom.
Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., assisted BJS
in the development of the inmate
survey questions associated with the
DSM-IV criteria for measuring
dependence or abuse. Dr. Grant is
Chief of Laboratory of Epidemiology
and Biometry, Division of Intramural
Clinical and Biological Research,
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of
Health, Department of Health and
Human Services.

July 2005, NCJ 209588
Stephen M. Bittner and Tammy
Office of Justice Programs
Anderson, Demographic Surveys
Division, Census Bureau, U.S. Depart- Partnerships for Safer Communities
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

12 Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002