Bjs - Probation and Parole 2005 - Released Nov 2006
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin November 2006, NCJ 215091 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 By Lauren E. Glaze and Thomas P. Bonczar BJS Statisticians During 2005 the total Federal, State, and local adult correctional population — incarcerated or in the community — grew by 60,700 to over 7 million. The growth of 0.9% during the year was less than half of the average annual increase of 2.5% since 1995. About 3.2% of the U.S. adult population, or 1 in every 32 adults, were incarcerated or on probation or parole at yearend 2005. The probation population increased 0.5% in 2005 to reach 4,162,536 on December 31. This represented an increase of 19,070 additional probationers, or the smallest increase in the last 26 years. The adult parole population reached a total of 784,408 on December 31, 2005. It grew 1.6%, or slightly more than the average annual increase of 1.4% since 1995. Persons under adult correctional supervision, 1995-2005 Year Total estimated correctional populationa 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2003 (revised)b 2004 2005 5,342,900 6,445,100 6,581,700 6,758,800 6,883,200 6,924,500 6,995,300 7,056,000 Community supervision Probation Parole 3,077,861 3,826,209 3,931,731 4,024,067 4,073,987 4,120,012 4,143,466 4,162,536 679,421 723,898 732,333 750,934 774,588 769,925 771,852 784,408 Incarceration Jail Prison 507,044 621,149 631,240 665,475 691,301 691,301 713,990 747,529 1,078,542 1,316,333 1,330,007 1,367,547 1,390,279 1,390,279 1,421,911 1,446,269 Percent change, 2004-2005 0.9% 0.5% 1.6% 4.7% 1.7% Average annual percent change 1995-2005c 2.5% 2.5% 1.4% 3.9% 3.0% Note: Counts of probationers, parolees, and prisoners are for December 31. All jail counts are for June 30. Jail and prison counts include inmates held in private facilities. Totals in 2000 through 2005 exclude probationers held in jail or prison. aBecause some offenders may have multiple statuses, totals were rounded to the nearest 100. bDue to changes in reporting, total probation and parole counts include estimated counts for Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Washington based on reporting methods comparable to 2004. cPercent change is based on comparable reporting agencies, excluding 226,192 probationers from agencies added since 1995. See Methodology. Highlights Probation — Parole — • The adult probation population grew 0.5% in 2005. This was an increase of 19,070 probationers, or the smallest increase in the last 26 years. • In 2005 the Nation’s parole population grew 1.6%. This was an increase of 12,556 parolees during the year. • About 50% of all probationers had been convicted of a felony, 49% of a misdemeanor, and 1% of other infractions. Twenty-eight percent were on probation for a drug law violation, and 15% for driving while intoxicated. • One State, Mississippi (up 17%), had an increase of 10% or more in its probation population in 2005. • The adult probation population decreased in 15 States, led by Maine (down 9%) and Vermont (down 8%). • Mandatory releases from prison as a result of a sentencing statute or good-time provision comprised 51% of those entering parole in 2005, up from 45% in 1995. • 11 States had double-digit increases in their parole population in 2005, led by Arkansas (up 23%), North Dakota (up 17%), and West Virginia (up 16%). • 14 States had a decrease in their parole population. Nebraska (down 17%) was the only State with a decrease of more than 10%. Nearly 5 million persons on probation or parole The number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised on probation or parole at the end of 2005 reached a new high of 4,946,944, up from 3,757,282 on December 31, 1995. These data were collected in the 2005 Annual Probation Survey and the 2005 Annual Parole Survey, conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Probationers are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in the community in lieu of incarceration. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release following a prison term. Prisoners may be released to parole either by a parole board decision or by mandatory conditional release. In 2005 the growth in the combined probation and parole populations was 0.6%. An additional 31,626 probationers or parolees were added during the year. Community supervision declined as a percentage of the correctional population Between 1990 and 2005 the prison population was the fastest growing correctional population, with an average annual increase of 4.5%, followed by jails (4.2%), and parole and probation (2.6% each). As a percentage of the correctional population, offenders under community supervision accounted for 69% of the correctional population in 2005 (down from nearly 74% in 1990), while those incarcerated accounted for 31% (up from 26% in 1990). Probationers continued to account for the majority of all persons under correctional supervision in 2005 (58%, down from 61% in 1990). Parolees were 11% of the total population in 2005 (down from 12% in 1990). Prisoners increased to 20% of the total correctional population (up from 17% in 1990), while jail inmates increased to 10% (up from 9% in 1990). Increase in correctional population, 1990-2005 Number Percent 2,480,000 100% Totala Probation Parole Prison Jail a b 1,492,000 253,000 703,000 342,000 Total estimated Supervision rate per 100,000 correctional adults* population Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1,842,100 3,013,100 4,350,300 5,342,900 6,445,100 6,581,700 6,758,800 6,924,500 6,995,300 7,056,000 1,117 1,709 2,337 2,737 3,052 3,078 3,122 3,160 3,156 3,150 Number of persons under correctional supervision by type of supervision, 1995-2005 Number of persons 5,000,000 Probation 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 Prison Parole 1,000,000 Jail 0 1990 53.5 9.1 25.2 12.3 Details may not sum to total because some offenders have multiple statuses. b Excludes 226,192 probationers from agencies added since 1995. See Methodology. The rate of U.S. adult residents under correctional supervision nearly tripled between 1980 (1,117 per 100,000) and 2005 (3,150 per 100,000). During 2005 the U.S. resident population increased at a higher rate (1.1%) than the population under correctional supervision (0.9%). Despite growth in the total correctional population from 6,995,300 in 2004 to 7,056,000 in 2005, the rate of U.S. men and women under correctional supervision in 2005 (3,150 per 100,000 adult residents) remained about the same as in 2004 (3,156). *Rates are computed using the U.S. adult resident population on January 1 of the following year. Probationers accounted for half the growth in the correctional population since 1990 Probationers accounted for more than half the total growth in the correctional population since 1990 (figure 1). Overall, the correctional population increased by nearly 2.5 million, or 57%, from 1990 to 2005. Probationers accounted for 53% of the growth (or 1,492,000), followed by prisoners (25%, or 703,000), jail inmates (12% or 342,000), and parolees (9% or 253,000). Correctional supervision rate rose sharply from 1980 to 2005 Figure 1 2 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 Table 1. Community corrections among the States, yearend 2005 10 States with the largest 2005 community corrections populations Number supervised 10 States with the largest percent increase Percent increase, 2004-05 10 States with the highest rates of supervision, 2005 Probation: Texas California Florida Ohio Michigan Pennsylvania Massachusetts Illinois New Jersey Indiana 430,312 388,260 277,831 239,036 178,609 167,561 165,365 143,136 139,091 121,014 Mississippi West Virginia Wyoming Kentucky Montana Alabama North Dakota New Mexico Arkansas Virginia 17.1% 9.6 9.2 8.0 7.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.9 Massachusetts Rhode Island Minnesota Delaware Ohio Indiana Texas Michigan Washington New Jersey Parole: California Texas Pennsylvania New York Illinois Louisiana Georgia Oregon Michigan Ohio 111,743 101,916 75,732 53,533 34,576 24,072 22,851 21,499 19,978 19,512 Arkansas North Dakota West Virginia New Mexico Kentucky Vermont Mississippi Delaware Colorado South Dakota 22.7% 16.7 16.4 16.1 15.8 14.9 12.1 11.3 11.0 10.2 Pennsylvania Arkansas Oregon Louisiana Texas California Missouri South Dakota Wisconsin New York Persons supervised per 100,000 adult residents* 3,350 3,091 2,988 2,828 2,745 2,583 2,580 2,350 2,155 2,117 787 782 766 712 611 421 414 414 365 364 10 States with the lowest rates of supervision, 2005 Persons supervised per 100,000 adult residents* New Hampshire West Virginia Utah Nevada Kansas Maine Virginia North Dakota New York South Dakota 457 533 578 709 723 776 788 791 810 899 Maine Florida Rhode Island North Carolina Nebraska North Dakota Massachusetts Virginia Mississippi Delaware 3 34 41 47 50 57 73 78 90 92 Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia as a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts which include probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho probation counts in which estimates for misdemeanors were based on admissions. *Rates are computed using the estimated adult resident population in each State on January 1, 2006. 6 of the 10 States with largest probation populations also had large parole populations Texas, California, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Illinois had 6 of the 10 largest probation populations in the Nation at yearend 2005 (table 1). These 6 States accounted for more than a third of all probationers (37%). The same 6 States were among the 10 States with the largest parole populations in the Nation. Almost half of all parolees were supervised within these 6 States (46%). Texas and California accounted for more than 1 million adults supervised in the community, or about 1 in 5 probationers and parolees. Each State had at least a half million adults on probation or parole: Texas with 532,228, and California with 500,003. Among the other States, Massachusetts had the largest percentage of its adult population under community supervision (3.4% at yearend 2005), followed by Texas (3.2%) and Rhode Island (3.1%). California had the largest parole population and the second largest probation population in the Nation. The percentage of California’s adult population under community supervision was 1.9%, or slightly below the Nation’s percentage of 2.2%. Eight States reported rates of community supervision below 1,000 per 100,000 adult residents. New Hampshire had the lowest rate of supervision in the community (595 offenders per 100,000 adults). 9 States reported an increase of 5% or more in their probation population In 2005 Mississippi (up 17%) had the largest increase in probationers, followed by West Virginia (up 10%), and Wyoming (up 9%). A total of 32 States reported an increase in their adult probation population during 2005. Fifteen States had fewer adults on probation at the end of 2005 than at the beginning of the year. Maine (down 9%) led the Nation with the largest decrease, followed by Vermont (down 8%), and Washington (down 6%). Number under community supervision per 100,000 adult residents New Hampshire West Virginia Utah Maine North Dakota Virginia Nevada Kansas 595 632 766 779 848 866 926 948 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 3 Table 2. Adults on probation, 2005 Region and jurisdiction Probation population, 1/1/2005 2005 Entries Exits Probation population, 12/31/05 Percent change, 2005 Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/05 4,143,466 28,602 4,114,864 2,228,300 12,135 2,216,200 2,209,700 14,402 2,195,300 4,162,536 26,719 4,135,817 0.5% -6.6% 0.5 1,858 12 1,846 Northeast Connecticuta Maine Massachusettsa New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvaniaa,b Rhode Islanda Vermonta 702,328 54,067 8,907 163,719 4,285 143,315 124,853 167,366 26,085 9,731 277,800 28,250 4,890 84,343 3,440 45,136 34,644 67,300 5,410 4,341 285,700 26,245 5,677 82,697 3,110 49,360 40,472 67,000 5,882 5,138 694,396 56,072 8,120 165,365 4,615 139,091 119,025 167,561 25,613 8,934 -1.1% 3.7 -8.8 1.0 : -2.9 -4.7 0.1 -1.8 -8.2 1,658 2,092 776 3,350 457 2,117 810 1,741 3,091 1,820 Midwest Illinoisa Indianaa Iowa Kansas Michigana,b Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohioa,b South Dakota Wisconsin 958,730 143,871 121,675 22,408 14,439 176,630 113,121 54,848 17,994 3,749 230,758 5,372 53,865 609,500 60,951 98,681 15,829 19,755 130,200 70,752 25,179 15,330 2,808 141,300 3,196 25,505 594,300 61,686 99,342 14,833 19,184 128,300 66,800 26,413 14,856 2,597 133,000 3,260 24,195 973,807 143,136 121,014 23,404 15,010 178,609 117,073 53,614 18,468 3,960 239,036 5,308 55,175 1.6% -0.5 -0.5 4.4 4.0 1.1 3.5 -2.2 2.6 5.6 3.6 -1.2 2.4 1,950 1,500 2,583 1,018 723 2,350 2,988 1,208 1,387 791 2,745 899 1,298 1,667,198 36,799 28,771 18,725 7,585 278,606 423,547 32,619 38,231 76,676 20,375 111,537 28,404 38,941 47,099 428,836 43,470 6,977 908,800 14,039 8,435 14,643 7,216 240,000 215,500 20,800 13,772 38,282 8,124 62,157 14,600 14,768 24,800 181,333 27,078 3,200 894,600 11,843 6,958 14,906 7,414 240,800 216,200 18,300 13,695 39,365 4,635 62,068 14,100 14,360 22,600 179,857 24,959 2,500 1,681,455 38,995 30,248 18,462 7,387 277,831 422,848 35,230 38,308 75,593 23,864 111,626 28,865 39,349 49,302 430,312 45,589 7,646 0.9% 6.0 5.1 -1.4 -2.6 -0.3 : 8.0 0.2 -1.4 17.1 0.1 1.6 1.0 4.7 0.3 4.9 9.6 2,067 1,121 1,431 2,828 1,696 2,002 : 1,100 1,133 1,793 1096 1,693 1,065 1,212 1,072 2,580 788 533 786,608 5,547 70,532 384,852 57,779 16,113 44,579 7,634 12,645 17,725 43,324 10,267 111,193 4,418 420,100 1,022 39,700 195,343 29,900 6,236 35,717 4,500 6,305 8,500 17,852 5,312 66,900 2,828 420,500 878 39,100 191,935 31,000 5,524 36,584 3,900 6,019 7,500 16,323 5,500 73,800 2,420 786,159 5,680 71,138 388,260 56,623 16,825 43,712 8,233 12,931 18,706 44,853 10,079 104,293 4,826 -0.1% 2.4 0.9 0.9 -2.0 4.4 : 7.8 2.3 5.5 3.5 -1.8 -6.2 9.2 1,546 1,182 1,606 1,462 1,613 1,693 : 1,121 709 1,287 1,597 578 2,155 1,216 U.S. total Federal State South Alabamaa Arkansas Delaware District of Columbiaa Floridaa,b Georgiaa,b,c Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahomaa,b South Carolina Tennesseea,b Texas Virginiaa West Virginiab West Alaska Arizonaa,b Californiaa Coloradoa,b Hawaiid Idahoa,e Montanaa,b Nevada New Mexicoa,b Oregon Utah Washingtona,b,d Wyoming Note: Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the probation population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2005, does not equal the population on January 1, plus entries, minus exits. : Not calculated. aSome or all data are estimated. bData for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies. cCounts include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision. d Due to a change in the State agency’s recordkeeping procedures, data are not comparable to previous reports. e Counts include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions. 4 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 19,070 probationers added in 2005 During 2005 the probation population grew by 19,070. The growth in the number of probationers (0.5%) was the smallest growth in probation since the survey began in 1980. At yearend 2005 the probation supervision rate totaled 1,858 probationers per 100,000 adult U.S. residents — the equivalent of 1 in every 54 adults (table 2). Two States, Massachusetts (3,350 per 100,000) and Rhode Island (3,091 per 100,000), had more than 3% of their adult resident population under probation supervision. A total of 10 States had fewer than 1% of their adult resident population under probation supervision. One State, New Hampshire (457 per 100,000), had a rate below 500 probationers per 100,000 adult residents. Growth in probation since 1990 linked to entries Since 1990 the probation population has steadily increased from 2,670,200 to 4,162,536 in 2005 (figure 2). Although the number of entries decreased from 1990 (1,637,600) to 1994 (1,397,500), entries exceeded exits during that period, resulting in an average annual increase of 3.0% in the probation population. The number entering probation has increased each year since 1994, except for a 2.0% decrease in 2001 and a 0.5% decrease in 2004. From 1995 through 1999 the annual increase in the probation population fluctuated between 87,000 and 120,000 additional probationers each year (figure 3). Beginning in 2001 the annual increase in the number of Annual probation population and entries to probation, 1990-2005 Small growth in probation population during 2005 Since 2001 the growth in probation has steadily dropped. The annual change was 2.8% in 2001, 2.3% in 2002, 1.2% in 2003, and 0.6% in 2004. The 0.5% growth in the probation population during 2005 was the smallest in the last 26 years.* Year Annual increase Percent Number change 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 46,287 105,522 92,336 49,920 23,454 19,070 * 1.2% 2.8 2.3 1.2 0.6 0.5 Since Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004, was published, Washington State revised their 2004 data which resulted in the 2003-04 national percent change increasing from 0.2% to 0.6%. Number of probationers 4,000,000 3,000,000 Yearend 2,000,000 Annual entries 1,000,000 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 Figure 2 probationers declined from 105,500 to 92,300 in 2002, to 49,900 in 2003, to 23,400 in 2004. In 2005 the annual increase reached its lowest since data collection began in 1980 — an additional 19,070 probationers. 5 States accounted for nearly a third of the growth in probation from 1995 to 2005 In absolute numbers the probation population increased by 858,500 between 1995 and 2005. California experienced the largest growth (107,700), followed by Pennsylvania (60,700), Michigan (37,200), Illinois (33,600), and Minnesota (33,300). These five States accounted for 32% of the growth in probation since 1995. Between 1995 and 2005 New York had the largest decrease in the number of probationers (49,000), followed by Washington (16,200), and the Federal system (8,700). Largest increases, 1995-2005 California Pennsylvania Michigan Illinois Minnesota 107,700 60,700 37,200 33,600 33,300 Largest decreases, 1995-2005 New York Washington Federal system District of Columbia Kansas -49,000 -16,200 -8,700 -3,000 -1,500 Annual increase in probation population, 1995-2005 Increase in number of probationers 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Figure 3 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 5 At yearend 2005 almost 1 in 4 probationers were female; more than 1 in 2 were white Table 3. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1995, 2000, and 2005 Nationwide women represented a slightly larger percentage of the probation population in 2005 than in 1995 (table 3). Women were 23% of adults on probation in 2005 (956,200), up from 21% in 1995. Characteristic At yearend 2005 more than half of all probationers were white (2,290,500); almost a third were black (1,239,600); and an eighth were Hispanic (539,700). Persons of other races comprised about 2% of probationers (92,600). Race/Hispanic origin Whitea Blacka Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Nativea Asian/Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islandera Direct sentences more common in 2005 than 1995 Status of probation Direct imposition Split sentence Sentence suspended Imposition suspended Other A larger percentage of probationers in 2005 had received a direct sentence to probation (57%) than in 1995 (48%). A smaller percentage had a probation sentence combined with incarceration (10% compared to 15% in 1995). The percentage of probationers that received a suspended sentence to incarceration has slowly declined, from 26% in 1995 to 22% in 2005. Half of all probationers convicted of a felony Probationers convicted of a felony (50%) accounted for a larger percentage of the population than probationers convicted of a misdemeanor (49%). About 1% of probationers had been convicted of other infractions. The largest percentage of the probation population was convicted of a drug law violation (28%), followed by a DWI (15%) and larceny/theft (12%). Seven in 10 probationers were under active supervision at yearend. Probationers under active supervision are required to regularly report to a probation authority in person, by mail, or by telephone. The percentage of probationers required to report regularly declined steadily, from 79% in 1995 to 70% in 2005. About 1 in 10 persons still on probation had absconded at yearend 2005. Though still on probation, absconders had failed to report and could not be located. The percentage of absconders on probation increased slightly in the last 10 years (10% in 2005, up from 9% in 1995). Success rates have remained stable since 1995 Fifty-nine percent of the more than 2.2 million adults discharged from probation in 2005 had successfully met the conditions of their supervision. The percentage of probationers discharged successfully has varied between 62% (1995) and 59% (2005). Probationers discharged from supervision because of incarceration due to a new offense or rule violation has varied, from 21% in 1995 to 15% in 2000 to 16% in 2005. Another 3% of those discharged from probation had absconded and 13% had their probation revoked without incarceration. 6 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 1995 2000 2005 100% 100% 100% 79% 21 78% 22 77% 23 53% 31 14 1 54% 31 13 1 55% 30 13 1 -- 1 1 48% 15 26 6 4 56% 11 25 7 1 57% 10 22 9 2 79% 8 9 2 76% 9 9 3 70% 9 10 2 ... ... 2 ... ... 3 1 6 2 Type of offense Felony Misdemeanor Other infractions 54% 44 2 52% 46 2 50% 49 1 Most serious offenseb Sexual assault Domestic violence Other assault Burglary Larceny/theft Fraud Drug law violations Driving while intoxicated Minor traffic offenses ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 18 6 3% 6 10 5 12 6 28 15 5 Adults entering probation Without incarceration With incarceration Other types 72% 13 15 79% 16 5 76% 18 6 62% 21 5 13 3 ... 60% 15 3 8 4 3 59% 16 4 7 5 3 ... ... 1 16 1 11 1 9 1 13 1 7 Total Gender Male Female Status of supervision Active Inactive Absconder Supervised out of State Residential/other treatment program Warrant status Other Adults leaving probation Successful completions Incarceration With new sentence With the same sentence Unknown Absconderc Discharge to custody, detainer, or warrant Other unsuccessfulc Death Other Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. --Less than 0.5%. ...Not available. a Excludes persons of Hispanic origin. b Does not include all offenses; therefore, will not add to 100%. c In 1995 absconder and other unsuccessful statuses were reported among other. Table 4. Adults on parole, 2005 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Parole population, 1/1/05 771,852 89,589 682,263 2005 Entries Exits 516,400 503,800 36,121 34,549 480,300 469,300 Parole population, 12/31/05 Percent change, 2005 Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/05 784,408 91,211 693,197 1.6% 1.8% 1.6 350 41 309 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvaniaa Rhode Islandb Vermontb,c 154,309 2,552 32 3,854 1,212 13,880 54,524 76,989 344 922 70,200 2,813 1 5,062 861 10,818 23,340 26,300 381 657 72,400 2,794 1 5,337 671 10,824 24,331 27,500 389 520 152,120 2,571 32 3,579 1,402 13,874 53,533 75,732 338 1,059 -1.4% 0.7 0.0 -7.1 : 0.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.7 14.9 363 96 3 73 139 211 364 787 41 216 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowab Kansasb Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 127,338 34,277 6,627 3,325 4,525 20,924 3,676 17,400 801 246 18,882 2,217 14,438 99,252 35,636 6,446 2,665 4,500 10,429 5,035 13,458 869 728 9,956 1,848 7,682 95,760 35,337 5,778 2,430 4,359 11,375 4,745 12,484 1,003 687 9,326 1,621 6,615 130,830 2.7% 34,576 0.9 7,295 10.1 3,560 7.1 4,666 3.1 19,978 -4.5 3,966 7.9 18,374 5.6 667 -16.7 287 16.7 19,512 3.3 2,444 10.2 15,505 7.4 262 362 156 155 225 263 101 414 50 57 224 414 365 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware District of Columbiac Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahomac South Carolina Tennesseeb Texas Virginia West Virginia 229,775 7,745 13,476 539 5,253 4,484 23,344 8,255 24,219 14,351 1,758 2,882 4,329 3,237 8,223 102,072 4,392 1,216 104,986 100,733 3,030 3,523 8,130 5,075 361 300 2,112 2,180 6,198 5,897 11,366 11,859 5,727 4,420 13,330 13,477 7,658 7,738 996 784 3,506 3,287 1,488 1,800 1,050 1,132 3,748 3,126 32,701 32,857 2,570 2,463 1,015 815 234,007 7,252 16,531 600 5,288 4,785 22,851 9,562 24,072 14,271 1,970 3,101 4,017 3,155 8,721 101,916 4,499 1,416 1.8% -6.4 22.7 11.3 0.7 6.7 -2.1 15.8 -0.6 -0.6 12.1 7.6 -7.2 -2.5 6.1 -0.2 2.4 16.4 288 208 782 92 1,214 34 338 298 712 339 90 47 148 97 190 611 78 99 West Alaskab Arizona Californiab Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montanab Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washingtond Wyoming 170,841 949 5,728 110,262 7,383 2,296 2,370 810 3,610 2,469 20,515 3,246 10,640 563 205,866 200,380 645 621 11,782 11,402 162,329 160,848 6,880 6,067 632 722 1,443 1,331 570 545 2,612 2,257 1,439 1,042 9,037 8,053 2,502 2,471 5,668 4,740 327 281 176,240 973 6,108 111,743 8,196 2,119 2,482 835 3,965 2,866 21,499 3,277 11,568 609 3.2% 2.5 6.6 1.3 11.0 -7.7 4.7 3.1 9.8 16.1 4.8 1.0 8.7 8.2 347 202 138 421 234 213 233 114 217 197 766 188 239 153 Parole population grew by 12,556 during 2005 At the end of 2005 a total of 784,408 adult men and women were on parole or mandatory conditional release following a prison term (table 4). The population grew by 12,556 parolees during the year, or 1.6%. This was greater than the average annual increase of 1.4% since 1995 (table 5). At yearend 2005, 350 persons were under parole supervision per 100,000 adult residents, or 1 in every 286 adults in the United States. Pennsylvania (787 per 100,000), Arkansas (782), and Oregon (766) had the highest rates of parole supervision. Maine, which abolished parole in 1975, had the lowest rate of supervision (3 per 100,000). Parole populations increased in 33 States At total of 33 States and the District of Columbia had more adults on parole at the end of 2005 than at the beginning of the year. Double-digit increases were reported in 11 States. Arkansas (up 23%) had the largest increase, followed by North Dakota (up 17%), and West Virginia (up 16%). Table 5. Change in the number of adults on parole, 1995-2005 Year Note: Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the parole population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2005, does not equal the population on January 1, plus entries, minus exits. : Not calculated. aData for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting county agencies. b Excludes parolees in one of the following categories: absconder, out of State, or inactive. cAll data were estimated. d Due to a change in recordkeeping procedures, data are not comparable to previous reports. Annual change Number Percent 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 -10,950 312 15,054 1,598 18,072 9,441 8,435 18,601 23,654 1,927 12,556 -1.6% 0.0 2.2 0.2 2.6 1.3 1.2 2.5 3.1 0.2 1.6 Total increase, 1995-2005 104,987 15.4% Average annual increase, 1995-2005 10,499 1.4% Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 7 A total of 14 States reported a decrease in their parole population during 2005. Nebraska (down 17%) had the only double-digit decrease. Four States had decreases of 5% or more: Hawaii (down 8%), Oklahoma and Massachusetts (both down 7%), and Alabama (down 6%). State parole population increasing after stability during the 1990s From 1980 to 1992 the State parole population increased from 196,800 to 618,700, or an average of 10% annually (figure 4). From 1992 to 1998, the growth in the population slowed, increasing a total of 10,500 or the equivalent of an average annual increase of nearly 0.3%. In the following period, 1998 to 2005, the State parole population added 64,000 parolees, or 1.4% annually. Growth in State parole linked to entries From 1980 to 1990 the number of entries to State parole supervision more than tripled, from 113,400 to 349,000. State parole entries continued to rise during the 1990s (up an average of 2.4% annually). Parole discharges also increased during the period (up an average of 4.6% annually). From 2000 to 2005 the number of State parole entries continued to exceed the number of exits. Both rose slowly, 1.7% annually. Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average annual percent change, 2000-05 State entries 441,600 445,600 436,300 459,100 465,500 480,300 1.7% Discretionary releases to parole supervision continued to decline Annual State parole population and entries to State parole, 1980-2005 As a percentage of all releases from State prison, discretionary releases by a parole board steadily declined from 55% in 1980 to 22% in 2004 (figure 5). From 1980 to 1995 mandatory parole releases increased (from 19% to 39%). Number of parolees 1,000,000 Mandatory releases remained fairly stable between 1995 and 2004 (39%). These trends were consistent with the change in release policy occurring within many States after 1980, resulting in a shift away from discretionary releases in favor of determinate sentences and mandatory supervised release. (See Trends in State Parole, 1990-2000, October 2001, NCJ 184735.) Releases from State prison due to expiration of sentence increased from 13% of all releases in 1990 to 21% in 2001. Between 2001 and 2004 expiration of sentence releases declined to 19%. From 1990 (5%) through 1999 (6%) releases to probation remained stable. Since 2000 releases to probation have steadily increased from 6% to 10% in 2004. 800,000 Yearend population 600,000 400,000 Annual entries 200,000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Figure 4 Other conditional releases have fluctuated over the years (3% in 1980, up to 10% in 1990, down to 6% in 2000). Since 2001 (3%) other conditional releases have steadily increased, reaching 6% in 2004. Proportion of females on parole increased between 1995 and 2005 At yearend 2005 women made up about 1 in 8 adults on parole (93,000) (table 6). A greater percentage of women were on parole at the end of 2005 (12%), compared to 1995 (10%). Releases from State prison, by method of release, 1980-2004 Percent of releases 60% State exits 432,200 439,100 420,000 440,500 448,800 469,300 40% Mandatory parole 20% Discretionary parole Expiration of sentence 1.7% Probation Other conditional* 0% 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Note: Data are from the National Prisoners Statistics (NPS-1) series. *Other conditional releases include: provisional releases, supervised work furloughs, releases to home arrest or boot camp programs, conditional pardons, conditional medical releases, or unspecified releases. Figure 5 8 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 As a percentage of all parolees, blacks decreased from 45% in 1995 down to 40% in 2005. During this same period, the percentage of parolees who were white steadily increased (34% in 1995, 38% in 2000, and 41% in 2005). Almost 1 in 5 parolees were Hispanic (141,100). About 2% of parolees were of other races (12,700). Table 6. Characteristics of adults on parole, 1995, 2000, and 2005 Characteristic Total Gender Male Female Race/Hispanic origin Whitea Blacka Hispanic American Indian/ Alaska Nativea Asian/Native Hawaiian/ other Pacific Islandera 1995 2000 2005 100% 100% 100% 90% 10 88% 12 88% 12 34% 45 21 38% 40 21 41% 40 18 1 1 1 -- -- 1 Status of supervision Active Inactive Absconder Supervised out of State Other 78% 11 6 4 -- 83% 4 7 5 1 83% 4 7 4 1 Sentence length Less than 1 year 1 year or more 6% 94 3% 97 6% 94 More than 8 in 10 parolees were under active supervision Percent of successful exits, by type of supervision, 1995-2005 Active supervision requires parolees to regularly report to a parole authority in person, by mail, or by telephone. This type of supervision increased as a percentage of all parolees, from 78% in 1995 to 83% in 2000. In 2005 the percentage of parolees on active supervision (83%) remained stable. Parolees on inactive status, excluded from regular reporting but still on parole, decreased as a percentage of all parolees, from 11% in 1995 to 4% in 2005. Another 7% of all parolees still on parole in 2005 had absconded, 4% were supervised out of State, and 1% were supervised through some other type of status. About 4 in 10 parolees served a sentence for a drug offense About 94% of all parolees had been sentenced to 1 year or more in State or Federal prison at yearend 2005. The largest percentage of parolees had been convicted of a drug offense (37%, down from 40% in 2002). Type of offense 2002 2005 Type of offense Violent Property Drug Public order Other ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25% 25 37 6 7 Violent Property Drug Public order Other* Adults entering parole Discretionary parole Mandatory parole Reinstatement Other 50% 45 4 2 37% 54 6 2 31% 51 8 10 Note: 2002 was the first year data for type of offense were collected. ...Not available. *In 2002 public order offenses were reported among other offenses. Adults leaving parole Successful completion Returned to incarceration With new sentence With revocation pending Other Absconderb Other unsuccessfulb Transferred Death 45% 41 12 18 11 ... ... 2 1 43% 42 11 30 1 9 2 1 1 45 % 38 12 25 1 11 2 1 1 Since 2002 the percentage of parolees supervised for property (26%) and violent (24%) offenses remained stable. An equal percentage of parolees were supervised for property (25%) and violent offenses (25%) at yearend 2005. Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. --Less than 0.5%. ...Not available. a Excludes persons of Hispanic origin. bIn 1995 absconder and other unsuccessful statuses were reported among other. 24% 26 40 ... 10 25% 25 37 6 7 Percent of exits 80% Probationers 60% 40% Parolees 20% 0% 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Figure 6 Rates of success for parolees have remained stable since 1995 As a percentage of all discharges, parolees who successfully met the conditions of their supervision have remained nearly stable between 1995 and 2005 (45% in both years) (figure 6). During this period the success rates for parolees were consistently lower than the success rates for probationers (62% in 1995 and 59% in 2005). Since 1995 the total estimated number of parolees discharged from supervision increased from 391,300 to 503,800 in 2005. During this time the number of successful exits increased from 176,300 to 227,600. Estimated exits from parole In 2005, 7% of parolees had been convicted of other offenses, such as public order violations or unclassified offenses, up from 10% in 2002. Total Successful Returned to incarceration Transferred Death Other* 1995 2005 391,300 503,800 176,300 227,600 160,000 191,800 9,800 4,700 4,400 5,200 40,800 74,500 *Includes absconder and other unsuccessful exits. In 2005, 191,800 parolees were discharged from supervision and returned to incarceration because of a new offense or rule violation, up from 160,000 in 1995. While the number of parolees returned to incarceration increased, the percentage of all exits resulting in re-incarceration remained nearly stable (41% in 1995 and 38% in 2005). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 9 Methodology Probation Parole The Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey provide a count of the total number of persons supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31, 2005, and a count of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year. These surveys cover all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal system. The first annual report on probation and parole was released in 1979. The 2005 Annual Probation Survey was sent to 466 respondents — 33 central State reporters, the District of Columbia, the Federal system, and 431 separate State, county, or court agencies. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (3), Arizona (2), Colorado (8), Florida (43), Georgia (5), Idaho (2), Kentucky (3), Michigan (127), Missouri (2), Montana (4), New Mexico (2), Ohio (185), Oklahoma (3), Pennsylvania (2), Tennessee (3), Washington (35), and West Virginia (2). The 2005 Annual Parole Survey was sent to 54 respondents, including 50 State central reporters, the District of Columbia, the Federal system, the California Youth Authority, and 1 municipal agency in Alabama. Data for the Federal system are from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as provided to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Because many States update their population counts, the January 1, 2005, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 2004. Since 1995 the survey coverage has been expanded to include 180 additional agencies. At yearend 2005, 226,192 probationers were under the supervision of these agencies. This report in portable document format and in ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: <http:// www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/ ppus05.htm.>. Office of Justice Programs Partnerships for Safer Communities http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov 10 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 Federal parole as defined here includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs. Lauren E. Glaze and Thomas P. Bonczar wrote this report, under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. Margaret E. Noonan provided statistical verification. Seri Palla Irazola conducted the data collection. The processing of data was conducted by the authors. Tina Dorsey and Doris J. James edited the report. Jayne Robinson prepared the report for printing. November 2006, NCJ 215091 Appendix table. Adults on probation and parole, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Adults on probation at yearend — 1990 1995 2000 2005 2,670,234 3,077,861 3,826,209 58,222 35,457 31,669 2,612,012 3,042,404 3,794,540 Adults on parole at yearend — 1990 1995 2000 2005 4,162,536 26,719 4,135,817 531,407 21,693 509,714 679,421 51,461 627,960 723,898 76,069 647,829 784,408 91,211 693,197 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsa New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvaniaa Rhode Island Vermont 466,006 46,640 7,549 72,459 3,146 72,341 145,266 97,327 15,366 5,912 538,941 54,507 8,641 43,680 4,347 126,759 168,012 106,823 18,850 7,322 573,280 47,636 7,788 45,233 3,629 130,610 186,955 121,176 20,922 9,331 694,396 56,072 8,120 165,365 4,615 139,091 119,025 167,561 25,613 8,934 128,946 291 / 4,720 522 23,298 42,837 56,657 321 300 175,207 1,233 55 5,256 785 37,867 55,568 73,234 591 618 159,653 1,868 28 3,703 944 11,709 57,858 82,345 331 867 152,120 2,571 32 3,579 1,402 13,874 53,533 75,732 338 1,059 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohiob South Dakota Wisconsin 567,839 95,699 68,683 13,895 22,183 133,439 59,323 42,322 14,654 1,731 83,380 3,160 29,370 675,380 109,489 95,267 16,579 16,547 141,436 83,778 41,728 13,895 2,320 103,327 3,745 47,269 896,061 139,029 109,251 21,147 15,992 170,276 115,906 53,299 21,483 2,847 189,375 4,214 53,242 973,807 143,136 121,014 23,404 15,010 178,609 117,073 53,614 18,468 3,960 239,036 5,308 55,175 65,693 17,671 3,778 2,111 5,751 11,901 1,873 9,196 632 116 7,945 620 4,099 86,598 29,541 3,200 2,340 6,094 13,862 2,117 13,001 661 114 7,432 688 7,548 103,331 30,196 4,917 2,763 3,829 15,753 3,072 12,563 476 110 18,248 1,481 9,923 130,830 34,576 7,295 3,560 4,666 19,978 3,966 18,374 667 287 19,512 2,444 15,505 1,042,012 1,248,608 1,573,215 27,686 33,410 40,178 15,983 22,397 28,409 12,223 16,124 20,052 9,742 10,414 10,664 210,781 243,736 296,139 134,840 142,954 321,407 7,482 11,499 19,620 30,191 33,753 35,854 82,898 71,029 81,523 8,221 9,595 15,118 77,829 97,921 105,949 24,411 27,866 30,969 32,287 39,821 44,632 32,719 36,485 40,682 308,357 421,213 441,848 21,303 24,264 33,955 5,059 6,127 6,216 1,681,455 38,995 30,248 18,462 7,387 277,831 422,848 35,230 38,308 75,593 23,864 111,626 28,865 39,349 49,302 430,312 45,589 7,646 215,773 5,970 3,971 1,283 5,346 2,064 22,646 3,183 8,877 11,192 3,478 9,883 3,236 3,543 11,327 109,726 9,048 1,000 240,478 7,793 4,685 1,033 6,340 11,197 19,434 4,257 19,028 15,748 1,510 18,501 2,356 5,545 8,851 103,089 10,188 923 225,955 5,484 8,659 579 5,332 5,982 21,556 4,614 22,860 13,666 1,596 3,352 1,825 4,378 8,093 111,719 5,148 1,112 234,007 7,252 16,531 600 5,288 4,785 22,851 9,562 24,072 14,271 1,970 3,101 4,017 3,155 8,721 101,916 4,499 1,416 786,159 5,680 71,138 388,260 56,623 16,825 43,712 8,233 12,931 18,706 44,853 10,079 104,293 4,826 99,302 568 2,711 67,562 2,396 1,425 243 811 2,850 1,224 8,023 1,561 9,615 313 125,677 459 4,109 91,807 3,024 1,689 619 744 2,863 1,366 15,019 2,700 875 403 158,890 525 3,474 117,647 5,500 2,504 1,409 621 4,056 1,670 17,579 3,231 160 514 176,240 973 6,108 111,743 8,196 2,119 2,482 835 3,965 2,866 21,499 3,277 11,568 609 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware District of Columbia Floridab Georgiac Kentuckyb Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idahob,d Montanab Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washingtona,b Wyoming 536,155 3,599 30,397 305,700 31,111 11,667 4,377 4,052 7,700 6,294 37,631 5,830 84,817 2,980 579,475 3,481 40,614 280,545 42,687 12,957 5,308 4,318 8,634 8,524 39,725 8,562 120,466 3,654 751,984 4,779 59,810 343,145 50,460 15,525 35,103 6,108 12,189 10,461 46,023 9,800 154,466 4,115 /Not reported. a Due to a change in recordkeeping procedures, probation and parole counts for 2005 are not comparable to previous b Due to expanded coverage, probation counts for 2000 and 2005 are not comparable to previous years. c Probation counts for 2000 and 2005 include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision. d years. Probation counts for 2000 and 2005 include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 11 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Washington, DC 20531 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 12 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 *NCJ~215091* PRESORTED STANDARD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-91