U.S. Department of Justice

•

Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics

December 2012, NCJ 239808

E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., and William J. Sabol, Ph.D., BJS Statisticians

D

uring 2011, the number of prisoners
under the jurisdiction of state and federal
correctional authorities declined by 0.9%,
from 1,613,803 to 1,598,780 (figure 1). This decline
represented the second consecutive year the prison
population in the United States decreased. At yearend
2011, 492 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 U.S.
residents were incarcerated, a decrease of 1.7% from
the rate in 2010 (500 per 100,000). Both admissions
into and releases from prison declined during 2011.
Admissions of prisoners sentenced to more than one
year in state or federal prison declined by 5.0% from
2010 to 2011, or nearly twice the rate of the decrease
(down 2.9%) in releases of sentenced prisoners.
The statistics in this report are drawn from the Bureau
of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Prisoner Statistics
(NPS) program, which collects annual data from
all 50 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons on
prisoner counts, characteristics, admissions, releases,
and prison capacity. The 2011 NPS collection is
number 87 in a series that began in 1925.

Figure 1
Prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at
yearend, 2000–2011
Number
2,000,000

Annual percent change

Annual percent change
3.0
Number
2.5

Bul l etin

Prisoners in 2011

2.0

1,500,000

1.5
1.0

1,000,000

0.5
0.0

500,000

-0.5
-1.0

0

‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11
On December 31

-1.5

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal
correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is
held.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program,
2000–2011.

HIGHLIGHTS
„„ Declining for the second consecutive year, state

and federal prison populations totaled 1,598,780 at
yearend 2011, a decrease of 0.9% (15,023 prisoners)
from yearend 2010.
„„ State correctional authorities had jurisdiction over

21,663 fewer sentenced inmates in 2011 than in
2010. Seventy percent of this decrease was due to
California’s Public Safety Realignment program.
„„ The number of state and federal prisoners

sentenced to more than one year declined by
15,254 individuals, from 1,552,669 in 2010 to
1,537,415 in 2011.
„„ The number of sentenced prisoners under the

jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 2011
increased by 6,409 inmates (up 3.4%) from 2010.

„„ At yearend 2011, 492 out of every 100,000 U.S.

residents were sentenced to more than one year in
prison.
„„ During 2011, the number of releases from state and

federal prisons (688,384) exceeded the number of
admissions (668,800).
„„ In 2010, 53% of prisoners incarcerated under state

jurisdiction (725,000) were serving time for violent
offenses.
„„ Nearly half (48%) of inmates in federal prison

were serving time for drug offenses in 2011, while
slightly more than a third (35%) were incarcerated
for public-order crimes.
„„ At yearend 2011, 39% of sentenced state and

federal prisoners were age 40 or older.

BJS
HJS

and Kentucky each observed increases of more than 1,000
prisoners. In Illinois and Minnesota, the increase in 2011 was
minimal (i.e., less than 10 prisoners).

The decline of prisoners in California contributed to the
overall prison population decline
For the second year in a row, the number of prisoners under
the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities
at yearend declined, as the U.S. prison population decreased
by 0.9% in 2011 (table 1). The rate of decline during 2011
was larger than in 2010, when the prison population declined
by 0.1%. From its peak in 2009 of 1,615,487 prisoners, the
U.S. prison population declined by 16,707 prisoners to reach
1,598,780 at yearend 2011.

In 2011, 26 states had decreases in their prison population
totaling 28,582 prisoners. California’s decline of 15,493
prisoners accounted for more than half of the total decrease
(see text box on page 4). New Jersey, New York, Michigan,
Florida, and Texas had decreases of more than 1,000 prisoners,
and Connecticut and North Carolina had declines of more
than 900.

The number of state prisoners decreased by 21,614 (down
1.5%), while the federal prison population increased by 6,591
(up 3.1%). This marked the second straight year in which
the state prison population declined while the federal prison
population increased. During 2011, the divergence in growth
between state and federal prison populations was larger than in
2010, when the state prison population declined by 0.2% and
the federal prison population increased by 0.8%.
Twenty-four states had increases in their prison population
during 2011 (table 2). Among the 24 states and federal
prison system with increases in their prison populations,
the total increase amounted to 13,559 prisoners. Tennessee

California’s prison population declined by 9.4% in 2011, which
was the largest percent change among the 51 jurisdictions.
New Hampshire (5.3%), Connecticut (5.2%), and New Jersey
(4.7%) experienced declines of about 5%.
In several states, prison populations declined during 2011
after increasing during 2010. The prison population in Iowa
declined by 3.6% in 2011 after increasing by 7.3% in 2010.
In Arkansas, the prison population declined by 0.6% in 2011
after increasing by 6.5% in 2010. In comparison, the prison
population in Kentucky increased 4.9% in 2011, which offset
the 5.1% decline in 2010.

Table 1
Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011

Total
1,394,231
1,404,032
1,440,144
1,468,601
1,497,100
1,525,910
1,568,674
1,596,835
1,608,282
1,615,487
1,613,803
1,598,780

Federal*
145,416
156,993
163,528
173,059
180,328
187,618
193,046
199,618
201,280
208,118
209,771
216,362

State
1,248,815
1,247,039
1,276,616
1,295,542
1,316,772
1,338,292
1,375,628
1,397,217
1,407,002
1,407,369
1,404,032
1,382,418

Male
1,303,421
1,311,053
1,342,513
1,367,755
1,392,278
1,418,392
1,456,366
1,482,524
1,493,670
1,502,002
1,500,936
1,487,393

Female
93,504
92,979
97,631
100,846
104,822
107,518
112,308
114,311
114,612
113,485
112,867
111,387

1.3%
-0.9

3.3%
3.1

1.1%
-1.5

1.3%
-0.9

1.7%
-1.3

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held.
*Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

2

Table 2
Lowest to highest change in prison populations, by jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities,
December 31, 2009, 2010, and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
California
Texas
Florida
Michigan
New York
New Jersey
Connecticutb
North Carolina
Colorado
Ohio
South Carolina
Georgia
Washington
Oregon
Iowa
Oklahoma
Arizonac
New Hampshire
Arkansas
Maryland
Wisconsin
North Dakota
Montana
Vermontb
Rhode Islandb,d
Maine
Minnesota
Illinois
Alaskab
Nebraska
Wyoming
Utah
South Dakota
Delawareb,c
Hawaiib,d
Nevada
West Virginia
Missouri
New Mexico
Louisiana
Kansas
Idaho
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
Mississippi
Virginia
Alabama
Indiana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Federala

Population difference
2010–2011 2009–2010
-15,023
-1,684
-15,493
-6,213
-1,425
2,400
-1,251
391
-1,225
-1,313
-1,220
-2,031
-1,173
-375
-997
-395
-942
522
-837
20
-748
106
-664
-710
-488
-554
-388
2
-366
473
-339
642
-275
1,449
-189
-335
-147
30
-96
996
-87
390
-75
-436
-64
1
-38
111
-26
-141
-20
-317
-9
-52
4
-190
9
3,257
21
106
29
113
71
37
72
269
101
0
124
-160
125
21
125
171
145
314
210
60
235
400
265
-335
276
410
308
31
310
-3
314
-165
319
-415
492
-421
506
-110
878
-780
1,001
-1,094
1,028
486
6,591
1,653

Percent change
2010–2011 2009–2010
-0.9%
-0.1%
-9.4
-3.6
-0.8
1.4
-1.2
0.4
-2.8
-2.9
-2.2
-3.5
-4.7
-1.5
-5.2
-2.0
-2.3
1.3
-3.7
0.1
-1.4
0.2
-2.8
-2.9
-0.9
-1.0
-2.1
0.0
-2.5
3.3
-3.6
7.3
-1.0
5.8
-0.5
-0.8
-5.3
1.1
-0.6
6.5
-0.4
1.8
-0.3
-1.9
-4.3
0.1
-1.0
3.1
-1.3
-6.4
-0.6
-8.6
-0.4
-2.4
0.0
-1.9
0.0
7.2
0.4
2.0
0.6
2.5
3.4
1.8
1.1
4.1
2.9
0.0
1.9
-2.4
2.1
0.4
1.0
1.4
2.2
4.9
0.7
0.2
3.5
6.3
0.7
-0.8
3.0
4.7
4.1
0.4
2.7
0.0
0.6
-0.3
1.5
-1.9
1.3
-1.1
1.6
-0.3
3.1
-2.7
4.9
-5.1
3.7
1.8
3.1
0.8

2009
1,615,487
171,275
171,249
103,915
45,478
58,687
25,382
19,716
39,860
22,795
51,606
24,288
56,986
18,233
14,403
8,813
24,803
40,544
2,731
15,208
22,255
23,165
1,486
3,605
2,220
3,674
2,206
9,986
45,161
5,285
4,474
2,075
6,538
3,434
6,775
5,891
12,482
6,367
30,563
6,363
39,780
8,641
7,400
11,316
51,429
21,482
38,059
31,874
28,808
21,638
26,965
208,118

Population counts
2010
1,613,803
165,062
173,649
104,306
44,165
56,656
25,007
19,321
40,382
22,815
51,712
23,578
56,432
18,235
14,876
9,455
26,252
40,209
2,761
16,204
22,645
22,729
1,487
3,716
2,079
3,357
2,154
9,796
48,418
5,391
4,587
2,112
6,807
3,434
6,615
5,912
12,653
6,681
30,623
6,763
39,445
9,051
7,431
11,313
51,264
21,067
37,638
31,764
28,028
20,544
27,451
209,771

2011
1,598,780
149,569
172,224
103,055
42,940
55,436
23,834
18,324
39,440
21,978
50,964
22,914
55,944
17,847
14,510
9,116
25,977
40,020
2,614
16,108
22,558
22,654
1,423
3,678
2,053
3,337
2,145
9,800
48,427
5,412
4,616
2,183
6,879
3,535
6,739
6,037
12,778
6,826
30,833
6,998
39,710
9,327
7,739
11,623
51,578
21,386
38,130
32,270
28,906
21,545
28,479
216,362

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As
of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
dCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

California Public Safety Realignment
On May 23, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ruling
by a lower three-judge court that the State of California
must reduce its prison population to 137.5% of design
capacity (approximately 110,000 prisoners) within two years
to alleviate overcrowding. In response, the California State
Legislature and governor enacted two laws—AB 109 and
AB 117—to reduce the number of inmates housed in state
prisons starting October 1, 2011.
The Public Safety Realignment (PSR) policy is designed
to reduce the prison population through normal attrition
of the existing population while placing new nonviolent,
nonserious, nonsexual offenders under county jurisdiction
for incarceration in local jail facilities. Inmates released from
local jails will be placed under a county-directed post-release
community supervision program (PRCS) instead of the
state’s parole system. The state is giving additional funding
to the 58 counties in California to deal with the increased
correctional population and responsibility, but each county
must develop a plan for custody and post-custody that best
serves the needs of the county.
Since California incarcerates more individuals than any
other state except Texas (10.8% of the U.S. state prison
population), changes California’s prison population will
have national implications. In 2011, the sentenced U.S. state
prison population decreased by 21,663 inmates. California
contributed 15,188 inmates (70%) to the total decrease. On
December 31, 2010, California reported a total jurisdictional
population of 165,062. On the same day in 2011, the
population was 149,569. Between 2010 and 2011, the number
of sentenced female inmates in the California state prison
population decreased at a faster rate (down 17.5%) than did
males (down 8.7%).

A total of 96,669 inmates were admitted to California
state prisons during 2011. Admissions during the first
three quarters of 2011 accounted for 89% (about 86,000)
of all state prison admissions, compared to 11% (about
10,600)during the fourth quarter (figure 2). Fourth quarter
releases also declined from 25% in 2010 to 21% in 2011,
and the types of release changed significantly. During
the first three quarters of 2011, 98% of releases were
conditional mandatory releases to parole, compared to
1.5% for unconditional releases due to expiration of prison
sentences (not shown). In quarter 4, only 46% of releases
were conditional, while 52% were unconditional without

Figure 2
Admissions and releases from the California Department
of Corrections and Rehabilitation, by quarter, 2010–2011
Number
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000

2010 Admissions
2010 Releases
2011 Admissions
2011 Releases

5,000
0

Quarter 1

Quarter 2

Quarter 3

Quarter 4

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program.

Continued on next page

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

4

post-release stipulations. Overall, unconditional releases
increased by 691% from 2010 to 2011, while conditional
releases decreased 20% (table 3). All types of admissions to
California state prisons decreased in 2011, with readmissions
of parole violators down 22%.

in property and drug offenders contributed to the change.
BJS will continue to monitor the change in the California
state prison population, including the demographic and
criminal characteristics, as low-level offenders are diverted
from state prison to incarceration in local facilities. The
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
publishes weekly updates on the progress of PSR on their
website: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_
Information_Services_Branch/Population_Reports.html.

The offense distribution of admissions to California state prisons
changed after October 1, 2011 (table 4). The percentage of
inmates admitted for violent offenses increased from 30% on
September 30, 2011, to 41% on December 31, 2011. Decreases

Table 3
Admissions, releases, and yearend sentenced population in California state prisons, December 31, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change
Average annual,
2000–2010
2010–2011

Totala
129,640
126,895
124,179
125,312
123,537
129,559
138,523
139,608
140,827
129,705
118,943
96,669
-0.8%
-18.7

Admissions
New court
commitments
40,277
37,923
38,605
43,413
46,812
48,597
48,640
46,980
46,380
44,926
41,521
36,376
0.3%
-12.4

Parole
violatorsb
89,363
88,972
85,574
81,899
76,725
80,962
89,883
92,628
94,447
84,779
77,422
60,293

Totalc
129,621
129,982
119,683
118,646
117,762
121,730
130,060
135,920
136,925
128,869
121,918
109,467

Releases
Conditionald
122,393
122,887
114,211
112,445
114,860
119,485
127,817
133,776
134,974
126,841
119,941
95,541

Unconditionale
3,145
3,522
3,444
3,110
2,705
2,030
1,994
1,925
1,759
1,796
1,728
13,676

-1.3%
-22.1

-0.6%
-10.2

-0.2%
-20.3

-5.4%
691.4

Yearend sentenced population
Total
Male
Female
160,412
149,815
10,597
157,295
147,758
9,537
159,984
150,374
9,610
162,678
152,385
10,293
164,933
154,051
10,882
168,982
157,704
11,278
173,942
162,361
11,581
172,856
161,551
11,305
172,583
161,220
11,363
170,131
159,396
10,735
164,213
154,450
9,763
149,025
140,972
8,053
0.2%
-9.2

0.3%
-8.7

-0.7%
-17.5

Note: Counts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year.
aExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions.
bIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for violations of conditions of release or for new crimes.
cExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions.
dIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases.
eIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

Table 4
Admissions of sentenced offenders to California state prisons, by quarter and offense type, 2010–2011
Date of admission
Total admissions in 2010
Quarter 1
Quarter 2
Quarter 3
Quarter 4
Total admissions in 2011
Quarter 1
Quarter 2
Quarter 3
Quarter 4

Totala,b,c
117,674
29,041
30,521
30,004
28,108
95,814
29,016
29,431
27,065
10,302

Violent
Number
Percent
35,639
30.3%
8,558
29.5
9,144
30.0
9,156
30.5
8,781
31.2
30,538
31.9%
9,103
31.4
9,159
31.1
8,105
29.9
4,171
40.5

Property
Number
Percent
38,260
32.5%
9,483
32.7
9,954
32.6
9,736
32.4
9,087
32.3
30,295
31.6%
9,381
32.3
9,324
31.7
8,935
33.0
2,655
25.8

Drugs
Number
Percent
29,105
24.7%
7,452
25.7
7,654
25.1
7,350
24.5
6,649
23.7
22,058
23.0%
6,732
23.2
7,018
23.8
6,426
23.7
1,882
18.3

Public-order
Number
Percent
13,728
11.7%
3,333
11.5
3,499
11.5
3,533
11.8
3,363
12.0
12,026
12.6%
3,554
12.2
3,690
12.5
3,341
12.3
1,441
14.0

aCounts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year.

bAnalysis based on National Corrections Reporting Program administrative data.
cIncludes other and unspecified offenses.

These data may vary slightly from NPS data because of collection differences.

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

5

Imprisonment rates declined to levels last seen in 2005
Prison systems are combined prison-jail systems in six states:
Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. In these states, the prison population includes
jail inmates, who are typically unsentenced and awaiting
trial. In other states, prisons may hold a small number of
unsentenced prisoners. To enable better comparisons between
imprisonment rates and compositional changes across
jurisdictions, BJS reports the number of sentenced prisoners
(i.e., the number of prisoners with sentences of more than one
year). At yearend 2011, there were 1,537,415 prisoners serving
sentences of more than one year, about 15,000 fewer than at
yearend 2010 (table 5).

Since sentenced prisoners made up 96% of the prison
population in 2011, it was expected that the changes in the
sentenced prison population in 2011 mirrored those in
the total prison population. The total number of sentenced
prisoners declined by 1.0%, and the sentenced prison
population in the federal system increased by 3.4%. The
sentenced state prison population declined by 1.6%.
Between 2010 and 2011, the imprisonment rate—the
number of sentenced prisoners divided by the U.S. resident
population times 100,000—declined from 500 to 492 per
100,000 U.S. residents (table 6). The imprisonment rate has
declined consistently since 2007 when there were 506 persons
imprisoned per 100,000 U.S. residents. The rate in 2011 was
comparable to the rate observed in 2005 (492 per 100,000).

Table 5
Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011

Total
1,334,174
1,345,217
1,380,516
1,408,361
1,433,728
1,462,866
1,504,598
1,532,851
1,547,742
1,553,574
1,552,669
1,537,415
1.4%
-1.0

Federal*
125,044
136,509
143,040
151,919
159,137
166,173
173,533
179,204
182,333
187,886
190,641
197,050
3.8%
3.4

State
1,209,130
1,208,708
1,237,476
1,256,442
1,274,591
1,296,693
1,331,065
1,353,647
1,365,409
1,365,688
1,362,028
1,340,365

Male
1,249,130
1,260,033
1,291,450
1,315,790
1,337,730
1,364,178
1,401,261
1,427,088
1,441,384
1,448,239
1,447,766
1,433,741

Female
85,044
85,184
89,066
92,571
95,998
98,688
103,337
105,763
106,358
105,335
104,903
103,674

1.1%
-1.6

1.3%
-1.0

1.9%
-1.2

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners
with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials.
*Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

Table 6
Imprisonment rates of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents, December 31, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011

Total
470
470
477
483
487
492
501
506
506
504
500
492

Federal*
44
48
49
52
54
56
58
59
60
61
61
63

State
426
422
428
431
433
436
443
447
447
443
439
429

Male
897
895
909
917
923
932
948
955
956
952
948
932

Female
59
58
61
62
64
65
68
69
69
67
66
65

0.6%
-1.7

3.0%
2.6

0.3%
-2.3

0.5%
-1.7

1.1%
-1.8

Note: Rates have been updated from previous publications to account for new population estimates. Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional
officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal
correctional officials. Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident
population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year.
*Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

Males (932 per 100,000) were imprisoned at 14 times the rate
of females (65 per 100,000) in 2011. Imprisonment rates for
males (down 1.7%) and females (down 1.8%) showed similar
rates of decline from 2010 to 2011.

Dakota, California, and New Hampshire had the greatest
decreases in female prisoners between 2010 and 2011,
declining between 15% and 24%. The female prison population
increased by at least 14% in Alaska, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Imprisonment rates among the states ranged from 147 to 865
per 100,000 residents (appendix table 3). Maine, Minnesota,
New Hampshire, and Rhode Island each had imprisonment
rates below 200 per 100,000 residents of the individual
states. Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama had rates at or
above 650 per 100,000 residents. Rhode Island, New York,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Delaware, New Jersey, and Michigan
imprisoned males at more than 20 times the rate of females.

Black and Hispanic prisoners were generally younger and
imprisoned at higher rates than white prisoners

Females comprised 6.7% of the 2011 state and federal prisoner
population (appendix table 5). In eight states, at least 10% of
the sentenced state prison population was female, including
South Dakota, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, West Virginia,
Wyoming, Alaska, and North Dakota. Rhode Island, North

About 61% of the sentenced prison population in 2011 was
age 39 or younger (table 7). The age distribution varied
among racial groups. Among males—who accounted for 93%
of the sentenced prison population—black non-Hispanic
and Hispanic prisoners were generally younger than white
non-Hispanic prisoners. More than half (52%) of white male
prisoners were age 39 or younger, compared to 63% of black
and 68% of Hispanic male prisoners. About 60% of both white
and black female prisoners were age 39 or younger, compared
to 67% of Hispanic female prisoners.

Table 7
Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age,
December 31, 2011
Age group
Totald
18–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65 or older

Totala,b
1,537,415
1.5%
12.4
16.4
16.6
13.8
12.6
11.1
7.7
4.1
2.1
1.7

All malea,b
1,433,741
1.5%
12.4
16.3
16.5
13.7
12.5
11.0
7.7
4.2
2.2
1.8

Whitec
465,100
0.9%
9.9
14.4
14.4
12.8
13.4
12.9
9.5
5.4
3.2
3.0

Male

Blackc
555,300
1.9%
13.8
16.5
17.1
13.8
12.1
10.6
7.4
3.8
1.7
1.0

Hispanic
331,500
1.7%
13.8
18.8
18.7
15.1
11.7
8.9
5.6
3.0
1.5
1.1

All femalea,b
103,674
0.9%
11.2
17.4
17.5
14.8
14.1
11.8
7.0
3.2
1.4
0.9

Whitec
51,100
0.6%
10.4
17.2
17.4
14.9
14.1
12.1
7.2
3.3
1.6
1.0

Females

Blackc
26,000
1.2%
11.5
16.5
16.9
14.2
14.6
12.7
7.7
3.1
1.2
0.8

Hispanic
18,400
1.1%
13.0
19.6
19.0
14.7
13.0
9.2
5.4
2.7
1.1
0.5

aDetail may not sum to total due to rounding.

bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races.
cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin.
dIncludes persons age 17 or younger.

Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; and
Survey of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

7

In 2011, imprisonment rates among age and racial groups
tended to increase through age 34 before declining
(table 8). The imprisonment rates indicate that about 0.5% of
all white males, more than 3.0% of all black males, and 1.2%
of all Hispanic males were imprisoned in 2011. Between 6.6%
and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in
2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the
measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. Slightly
fewer than 3% of Hispanic males were imprisoned in each of
the age cohorts between ages 25 and 39.
In 2011, blacks and Hispanics were imprisoned at higher rates
than whites in all age groups for both male and female inmates.
Among prisoners ages 18 to 19, black males were imprisoned

at more than 9 times the rate of white males. In 2011, Hispanic
and black male prisoners age 65 or older were imprisoned at
rates between 3 and 5 times those of white males. Excluding
the youngest and oldest age groups, black males were
imprisoned at rates that ranged between 5 and 7 times the
rates of white males. Among persons ages 20 to 24, black
males were imprisoned at about 7 times that of white males.
Among persons ages 60 to 64, the black male imprisonment
rate was 5 times that of the white male imprisonment rate. In
comparison, Hispanic males were imprisoned at 2 to 3 times
the rate of white males in 2011. Black females were imprisoned
at between 2 and 3 times the rate of white females, while
Hispanic females were imprisoned at between 1 and 3 times
the rate of white females.

Table 8
Estimated imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age,
December 31, 2011
Age group
Totalc
18–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65 or older

Totala
492
255
850
1,182
1,230
1,089
919
777
523
307
182
62

All malea
932
475
1,561
2,169
2,278
2,029
1,707
1,459
999
601
364
137

Whiteb
478
166
712
1,074
1,115
1,049
949
834
565
345
230
95

Male

Blackb
3,023
1,544
4,702
6,883
7,517
6,603
5,450
4,604
3,257
1,999
1,125
409

Hispanic
1,238
574
1,898
2,666
2,762
2,460
2,084
1,830
1,402
990
685
286

All femalea
65
21
106
171
175
156
138
110
64
31
15
4

Whiteb
51
14
85
144
151
136
110
85
46
22
12
3

Female

Blackb
129
41
183
300
313
286
274
226
143
66
30
7

Hispanic
71
25
114
177
169
142
138
107
74
44
23
7

Note: Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Imprisonment rate is the number of
prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for
January 1 of the following year.
aIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races.
bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin.
cIncludes persons age 17 or younger.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; Survey
of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004; and unpublished U.S. Census Bureau January 1 population estimates.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

8

Violent offenders accounted for the majority of sentenced
prisoners in state prison
Of the nearly 1.4 million sentenced state prisoners, an
estimated 725,000 (53%) were sentenced for violent offenses
in 2010, the year for which the most recent data on offense
are available (table 9). Eighteen percent (249,500) of state
prisoners were serving sentences for property offenses, and
17% (237,000) were serving sentences for drug crimes. An
estimated 188,200 sentenced prisoners (14%) were serving
time for murder or manslaughter (negligent and nonnegligent),
while 160,800 prisoners (12%) were held for sexual assault
crimes, including rape.
At yearend 2010, male and female state prison inmates differed
in the types of offenses for which they were sentenced. At
yearend 2010, 25% of female inmates in state prisons were

incarcerated for drug crimes, compared to 17% of male
inmates. Property crimes comprised 29% of the overall
sentenced female population in state prison and 18% of the
overall male population. An estimated 37% (34,100) of females
in state prison were held for violent crimes, compared to 54%
(689,000) of males. The percentage of females serving time for
murder (10% of all sentenced females) was similar to that of
males (12%). Robbery was the most common violent crime for
males (14%), followed by murder (12%), and assault (11%).
A larger percentage of whites (24%) were sentenced for property
crimes than Hispanics (14%) or blacks (15%). The percentage of
Hispanics (57%) and blacks (55%) in state prison held on violent
offenses exceeded that for whites (49%). A higher percentage of
whites (16%) were imprisoned for both rape and other sexual
assaults than blacks (8%) and Hispanics (12%).

Table 9
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2010
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
1,362,028
725,000
166,700
21,500
70,200
90,600
185,800
146,800
43,400
249,500
130,000
45,900
15,000
30,800
27,700
237,000
142,500
7,900

Male
1,268,974
689,000
157,000
18,800
67,900
89,100
178,000
137,700
40,500
223,100
123,900
38,500
13,600
21,800
25,300
215,600
134,100
7,100

Female
93,054
34,100
9,400
2,700
700
1,300
8,300
8,500
3,200
26,900
6,500
7,900
1,000
9,000
2,400
23,400
7,800
900

Whitea
468,528
231,800
47,200
8,600
32,500
44,100
40,400
44,300
14,900
110,800
54,400
20,500
6,000
15,900
14,000
69,500
53,100
3,300

Blacka
518,763
286,400
70,100
7,800
22,200
17,200
96,600
57,200
15,400
76,300
43,000
14,600
3,100
8,400
7,200
105,600
47,800
2,700

Hispanic
289,429
164,200
38,900
3,300
8,600
26,200
38,000
38,500
10,700
41,900
22,600
6,700
5,700
2,800
4,000
47,800
34,400
1,200

Note: Counts based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not add to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

9

Violent offenders increased in state prison over the past
decade, while drug offenders decreased
From 2000 to 2010, the number of sentenced prisoners in state
prisons increased by about 13% (152,898) (table 10). Over the
same period, the share of violent offenders among sentenced
prisoners in state prisons increased, while the shares of drug
offenders decreased. Violent offenders increased both in
numbers and proportion of the total state prison population.
Between 2000 and 2010, the number of violent offenders
increased by 99,400 (16%) as their share of the state sentenced
prison population grew from 52% to 53%. The number of drug
offenders declined by 8% (down 21,100), and the number of
property offenders remained relatively constant. The largest
percent increase was among public order offenders (104%
or 72,600 inmates). The majority of this increase was due to
offenses categorized under habitual offender laws, in which the
underlying offense or criminal history was not available.
Table 10
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state
jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000 and 2010
Offense
Total
Violent
Murdera
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugb
Public-orderc
Other/unspecifiedd

2000
1,209,130
625,600
157,400
16,900
57,900
74,800
173,000
117,800
27,900
246,400
135,500
44,000
19,500
25,000
22,400
258,100
69,900
4,000

2010
1,362,028
725,000
166,700
21,500
70,200
90,600
185,800
146,800
43,400
249,500
130,000
45,900
15,000
30,800
27,700
237,000
142,500
7,900

Change 2000–2010
Percent
Number
change
152,898
12.6%
99,400
15.9
9,300
5.9
4,600
27.2
12,300
21.2
15,800
21.1
12,800
7.4
29,000
24.6
15,500
55.6
3,100
1.3
-5,500
-4.1
1,900
4.3
-4,500
-23.1
5,800
23.2
5,300
23.7
-21,100
-8.2
72,600
103.9
3,900
97.5

Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year.
Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See
Methodology for estimation method.
aIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
cIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and
decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
dIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and
National Corrections Reporting Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

Drug and public-order offenses increased in federal prison
The offense distribution for federal prisoners in 2011 differed
from that of state prisoners in 2010, the most recent year for
which data are available. Almost half of sentenced federal
prisoners (48%) were held for drug crimes, while only 8% were
held for violent offenses (table 11). Fewer inmates served time
in federal prison for violent and drug crimes in 2011 than in
2010, while 35% of sentenced prisoners were imprisoned for
public-order offenses. An estimated 11% (22,100) of inmates in
federal prison were sentenced for immigration offenses, which
represented one of the fastest growing segments of the federal
prison population. Between 2010 and 2011, the number of
inmates sentenced to more than a year in federal prison for
immigration crimes increased 9.4%.

Table 11
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under federal
jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011

Offense
2000
Total
125,044
Violent
13,000
1,300
Homicidea
Robbery
9,200
Other violent
2,500
Property
9,600
Burglary
400
Fraud
7,100
Other property
2,100
Drugb
70,500
Public-order
30,700
Immigration
13,000
Weapons
10,300
Other
7,400
Other/unspecifiedc
1,200

2010
190,641
15,000
2,900
8,300
3,800
10,300
400
7,500
2,400
99,300
65,000
20,200
29,200
15,600
1,100

2011
197,050
14,900
2,800
8,100
4,000
10,700
400
7,700
2,500
94,600
69,000
22,100
29,800
17,100
:

Percent change
Average
annual,
2000–2010 2010–2011
3.8%
3.4%
1.3
-0.7
7.3
-3.4
-0.9
-2.4
3.8
5.3
0.6
3.9
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.7
1.2
4.2
3.1
-4.7
6.8
6.2
4.0
9.4
9.5
2.1
6.8
9.6
-0.8
:

Note: Counts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail
may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method.
aIncludes murder, negligent, and non-negligent manslaughter.
bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
cIncludes offenses not classified.
: Not calculated. 2011 data included individuals commiting drug and public-order
crimes that could not be separated from valid unspecified records.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and
Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

10

Admissions and releases continued to decline in 2011
Releases of sentenced federal or state prisoners exceeded
admissions of sentenced prisoners during 2011, as both
declined for the third year in a row. The 668,800 admissions
into state or federal prison in 2011 was the lowest number of
admissions since 2002 (table 12).
During 2011, sentenced prisoner admissions into and releases
from state prisons decreased, while both admissions and
releases increased in the federal prison system. The number
of admissions into state prison (608,166) fell to its lowest level
since 2001. New court commitments comprised 66% of state
prison admissions in 2011, increasing from 63% in 2010.

Inmates entering state prison on parole violations declined
12% between 2010 and 2011. As was the case with the total
state sentenced prison population, California was responsible
for the majority of the reduction in parole violation
admissions. California admitted 17,129 fewer inmates on
parole violations in 2011 than in 2010, which accounted
for 65% of the total state prison population decline in these
admissions (appendix table 13).
In the federal prison system, new court commitments made up
92% of sentenced prison admissions, and increased 13% from
2010. In comparison, parole violation admissions increased 4.6%
between 2010 and 2011.

Table 12
Sentenced prisoners admitted to state or federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011

Total
654,534
638,978
660,576
686,471
697,066
730,141
747,031
742,875
738,649
728,686
703,798
668,800

All admissionsa
Federal
43,732
45,140
48,144
52,288
52,982
56,057
57,495
53,618
53,662
56,153
54,121
60,634

State
610,802
593,838
612,432
634,183
644,084
674,084
689,536
689,257
684,987
672,533
649,677
608,166

0.7%
-5.0

1.9%
12.0

0.6%
-6.4

New court commitmentsb
Total
Federal
State
389,734
39,303
350,431
405,422
40,193
365,229
433,959
42,303
391,656
445,556
45,713
399,843
457,096
45,796
411,300
470,149
48,723
421,426
492,315
50,204
442,111
479,710
48,691
431,019
477,100
49,270
427,830
474,997
51,524
423,473
458,360
49,515
408,845
455,068
55,817
399,251
1.5%
-0.7

2.1%
12.7

1.4%
-2.3

Parole violatorsb,c
Total
Federal
207,755
4,186
220,064
4,720
213,455
5,600
205,062
6,357
226,211
7,178
239,560
7,331
246,571
7,286
252,775
4,924
253,053
4,390
242,347
4,628
231,917
4,606
205,787
4,816

State
203,569
215,344
207,855
198,705
219,033
232,229
239,285
247,851
248,663
237,719
227,311
200,971

1.0%
-11.3

1.0%
-11.6

0.9%
4.6

aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release
violators, returns from appeal or bone, and other admissions. See Methodology.
bType of admission is estimated for Alaska based on previous years’ data.
cIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violations of conditions of release or for new crimes.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

11

There were 20,293 fewer releases from state and federal prison
in 2011 than in 2010. The majority (94%) of the reduction in
releases was the result of fewer conditional releases
(table 13). In state prison systems, 75% of the 633,145 inmates
released during 2011 had conditional releases, representing a
3.8% decrease from 493,287 conditional releases in 2010. The
overall number of releases from federal prison increased in

2011. However, conditional releases—including supervised
mandatory releases, discretionary parole, and shock probation
releases—declined 33% between 2010 and 2011 in the federal
prison system. This decline was due to the declining number of
federal prison inmates sentenced before the Sentencing Reform
Act of 1984. Unconditional releases accounted for 98% of federal
prison releases in 2011, an increase of 6.0% from 2010.

Table 13
Sentenced prisoners released from state or federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 2000–2011
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent change, 2000–2010
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011

Total
635,094
628,626
633,947
656,574
672,202
701,632
709,874
721,161
734,144
729,749
708,677
688,384

All releasesa
Federal
35,259
38,370
42,339
44,135
46,624
48,323
47,920
48,764
52,348
50,720
52,487
55,239

State
599,835
590,256
591,608
612,439
625,578
653,309
661,954
672,397
681,796
679,029
656,190
633,145

1.0%
-2.9

3.6%
5.2

0.8%
-3.5

Conditional releasesb,c
Total
Federal
State
426,617
1,991
424,626
438,449
2,234
436,215
443,996
3,154
440,842
444,771
2,603
442,168
483,215
2,488
480,727
497,475
2,105
495,370
499,950
1,746
498,204
505,726
1,545
504,181
505,350
1,225
504,125
505,504
1,479
504,025
494,249
962
493,287
475,188
649
474,539
1.3%
-3.9

-6.6%
-32.5

1.4%
-3.8

Unconditional releasesb,d
Total
Federal
State
148,336
29,180
119,156
162,007
31,715
130,292
161,293
33,904
127,389
163,607
36,221
127,386
166,862
43,715
123,147
179,651
45,708
133,943
193,720
45,749
147,971
199,393
46,804
152,589
216,036
50,708
165,328
211,324
49,208
162,116
202,499
51,110
151,389
203,000
54,163
148,837
2.8%
0.2

5.1%
6.0

2.2%
-1.7

aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals for all releases include deaths,
releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology.
bType of release is estimated for Alaska based on previous years’ data.
cIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases.
dIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

12

Other selected findings
„„

Eight jurisdictions had 2011 custody populations that
exceeded by more than 137% their lowest reported prison
capacity: Alabama, California, Illinois, Delaware, Hawaii,
Massachusetts, North Dakota, and the Federal Bureau of
Prisons (appendix table 14).

„„

Mississippi and New Mexico had custody populations
occupying the least capacity. In 2011, Mississippi’s
population was at only 45% of its operational capacity, while
New Mexico was at 62% of its capacity.

„„

The percentage of all prisoners housed in private prison
facilities increased slightly in 2011 from 7.9% to 8.2%
(appendix table 15).

„„

The number of prisoners in private facilities under the
jurisdiction of state Departments of Corrections decreased
by 1.8% between 2010 and 2011.

„„

The Federal Bureau of Prisons increased the number of
inmates held in private prisons by 14% from 2010 to 2011.

„„

On December 31, 2011, 6.7% of the state and 18% of the
federal prison populations were incarcerated in private
facilities.

„„

Texas (18,603 inmates) and Florida (11,827 inmates) had the
highest number of inmates in private prisons.

„„

North Carolina, Wisconsin, California, and Alabama each
decreased the size of their private prison population by at
least 45% from 2010 to 2011.

„„

Arizona, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and South Dakota
incarcerated at least 17% more inmates in private facilities in
2011 than in 2010.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

„„

In 2011, Louisiana incarcerated more than half (20,866) of
its prison population in local jails, which represented 25% of
all state and federal prisoners held in jails.

„„

More than 50% of all prisoners housed in local jails in 2011
were serving time in Louisiana, Texas, or Tennessee.

„„

Kentucky (33%), Tennessee (30%), Mississippi (28%), West
Virginia (25%), and Utah (22%) also had large proportions
of their prison populations incarcerated in local jails.

„„

The total number of prison inmates housed in local jails
decreased for both state and federal prison systems in 2011.

„„

Thirty-eight states reported holding a total of 1,790 inmates
age 17 or younger on December 31, 2011. Of these, 96%
were male (appendix table 16).

„„

Florida, New York, and Louisiana held the most inmates
age 17 or younger in 2011. These states imprisoned almost a
third of the total number of inmates age 17 or younger.

„„

A total of 102,809 inmates identified as non-U.S. citizens
were incarcerated at yearend 2011, an increase of 7.1% from
95,977 in 2010.

„„

In 2011, federal prisons had custody of 30% of all non-U.S.
citizen inmates (30,544 prisoners), while California, Florida,
and Texas incarcerated 35% (35,529 inmates) of non-U.S.
citizens.

„„

Non-U.S. citizens represented 17% of the total custody
population of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 2011.

13

NPS jurisdiction notes
Alabama—Alabama prisons have not currently been
rated as to the official capacity. The operational capacity
represents physical capacity for inmates, but is not based
upon staffing, programs, and services.
Alaska—Prisons and jails form one integrated system,
and NPS data include both jail and prison populations
housed in state and out of state. Jurisdictional totals include
individuals in electronic and special monitoring programs
who are under the jurisdiction of the state of Alaska.
Arizona—Jurisdiction counts are based on custody counts
and inmates in contracted beds.
California—Population counts for inmates with over 1 year
maximum sentence(s) include felons who are temporarily
absent, such as in court, jail, hospital, etc. Except for a small
number, temporarily absent inmates are absent for less than
30 days. Population counts for unsentenced inmates include
civil addicts who are temporarily absent for treatment but
are typically returned to prison within 30 days. California
is unable to differentiate between inmates held in federal
facilities and in other states` facilities. Custody counts
include California out-of-state correctional facilities,
community correctional facilities, private and private work
furlough inmates, and inmates housed in out-of-state
contract facilities. Changes in design capacity are based
upon information from a report from facilities planning and
management on an annual basis.
Colorado—Counts include a small undetermined number
of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less.
Data on admissions and releases by AWOL and escape are
estimated. Population counts include 268 inmates in the
Youthful Offender System, which is a program established
primarily for violent juvenile offenders.
Connecticut—Prisons and jails form one integrated system,
and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. New
court commitment admissions include inmates admitted in
2011 on accused status, but who received a sentence later
in 2011. Legislation in July 1995 abolished the capacity law.
The capacity of a facility is a fluid number based upon the
needs of the department. The needs are dictated by security
issues, populations, court decrees, legal mandates, staffing
and physical plant areas of facilities that are serving other
purposes or have been decommissioned. The actual capacity
of a facility is subject to change.
Delaware—Prisons and jails form one integrated system,
and NPS data include both jail and prison populations.
Total jurisdiction counts include only those inmates housed
in Delaware facilities. Capacity counts include the halfway
houses under the Department of Corrections.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

Federal Bureau of Prisons—Jurisdiction counts are as
of December 25, 2011, and include inmates housed in
secure private facilities through private contracts and
subcontracts, as well as inmates housed in jail/shortterm detention and others held in state-operated secure
facilities. They also include 8,770 inmates held in nonsecure
privately operated residential reentry centers, as well as
2,427 offenders on home confinement. Due to information
system configuration, Asian and Native Hawaiian or other
Pacific Islanders are combined, and inmates of Hispanic
origin are included in the racial categories. Expirations
of sentence include good conduct releases that usually
have a separate and distinct term of supervision, as well
as vacated sentences and court ordered terminations. The
Federal Bureau of Prisons does not house inmates age 17 or
younger in federal facilities; 149 such inmates were housed
in contract facilities.
Georgia—Subtotals of race, sex, and sentence length for
jurisdiction and custody counts were adjusted by the
Georgia Department of Corrections using interpolation to
match the overall totals.
Hawaii—Prisons and jails form one integrated system,
and NPS data include both jail and prison populations.
In custody and jurisdiction counts, sentenced felon
probationers, and probation violators are included with
the counts of a total maximum sentence of 1 year or less.
Jurisdiction counts include dual jurisdiction (Hawaii/
federal) inmates currently housed in federal facilities and
in contracted beds. Hawaii does not have a rated capacity
for the integrated prisons and jail system. Information on
foreign nationals held in correctional facilities were based
on self-reports by inmates.
Idaho—Idaho defines rated capacity as 100% and
operational capacity as 95% of maxium capacity. Design
capacity is based on original facility-designed occupancy.
Illinois—All population counts are based on jurisdiction.
Population counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum
sentence include an undetermined number of inmates with
a 1-year maximum sentence. Other release types include an
undetermined number of transfers to other jurisdictions.
Iowa—Iowa began including offenders on work release,
operating while intoxicated continuum status, and Iowa
inmates housed in prisons out of state in jurisdiction
counts in 2009. Prior Iowa data were custody counts
only. Jurisdiction counts include Iowa offenders housed
in prisons in other jurisdictions who are under Iowa’s
jurisdiction. In 2011, Iowa began reporting escapee returns
from residential facilities.
Kansas—The Asian category contains an undetermined
number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.

14

Kentucky—Capacity counts in Kentucky dropped
significantly due to the closing of a minimum custody
prison in 2011. The parole board in Kentucky is
discretionary, and the parole rate can fluctuate on a year
to year basis. The higher number of admissions of other
conditional release violators without a new sentence is
due to such a fluctuation. In 2011, the discretionary parole
release program was expanded from 6 months to 9 months.
Louisiana—Jurisdiction and capacity counts are as of
December 28, 2011.
Maryland—Counts of inmates with sentences greater than
1 year on December 31, 2011, are calculated using the
percentage of these inmates from the automated data on
the manual totals. Maryland’s system does not distinguish
between AWOL and escapee releases, nor does it record
the sex of inmates housed in out-of-state private prisons.
The count of admissions by new court commitments
may include a small but undetermined number of
returns from appeal or bond. The count of unconditional
releases includes court-ordered releases and a small but
undetermined number of releases to appeal or bond.
Other release types include interstate compact releases and
releases of new admissions that were double-counted on the
admission side during 2011. Maryland’s system does not
capture Hispanic ethnicity.
Massachusetts—By law, offenders in Massachusetts may
be sentenced to terms of up to 2.5 years in locally operated
jails and correctional institutions. This population is
excluded from the state count, but is included in published
population counts and rates for local jails and correctional
institutions. Jurisdiction counts exclude approximately
3,271 inmates in the county system (local jails and houses
of correction) serving a sentence of over 1 year. Jurisdiction
and custody counts may include a small but undetermined
number of inmates who were remanded to court;
transferred to the custody of another state, federal, or locally
operated system; and subsequently released.
Michigan—Operational capacity includes institution and
camp net operating capacities. Michigan’s new database
system treats Hispanic as an ethnicity rather than a race.
Since this is an optional field, the numbers for Hispanic race
are significantly under reported.
Minnesota—Minnesota only measures operational capacity.
Jurisdiction counts include inmates temporarily housed in
local jails, on work release, or on community work crew
programs. Admissions and releases due to AWOL or escape
and releases due to transfer are not included in Minnesota’s
database file.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

Mississippi—Custody counts exclude county regional
facilities, while jurisdiction counts include these facilities.
Local jails and county regional facilities are included in
the jurisdiction count of inmates housed at local facilities.
Parole and conditional release violators are not distinguised
in the Mississippi file by their sentence status.
Missouri—The Missouri Department of Corrections
does not have the design capacity of its older prisons,
nor does it update design capacity for prison extension
or improvements. Missouri does not use a rated capacity.
Missouri defines operational capacity as the number
of available beds, including those temporarily offline.
Noncitizen data are based on self-reported place of birth.
Nebraska—By statute, inmates are housed where they
are sentenced by the judge and are never housed in local
jails or by another state in order to ease prison crowding.
Nebraska defines operational capacity as its stress capacity,
which is 125% of design capacity for designated facilities.
This capacity is ordered by the governor, but set by the
Department of Corrections. The total for design and
operational capacity for female institutions includes only
the department’s single female multicustody facility.
The department operates two co-ed facilities, which are
represented in male design and operational capacity counts.
Nevada—The Nevada Department of Corrections provided
BJS with estimates for 2011 data. All data should be viewed
as preliminary.
New Hampshire—New offender database management
system reports the number of inmates under New
Hampshire’s jurisdiction but housed in other states’ facilities
in a different manner from previous NPS submissions.
New Jersey—Population counts for inmates with over 1
year maximum sentence include inmates with sentences of
1 year. The Department of Corrections has no jurisdiction
over inmates with sentences of less than 1 year or over
unsentenced inmates. Rated capacity figures are not
maintained. Operational and design capacity numbers do
not include halfway houses and county jails. The numbers
are only for the main institutions in New Jersey.
North Carolina—Rated capacity is not available. Captured
escapees are not considered a prison admission type in
North Carolina, and escape is not considered a type of
prison release. Supervised mandatory releases are postrelease offenders. Post-release supervision is defined as a
reintegrative program for serious offenders who have served
extensive prison terms. This form of supervision was created
by the Structured Sentencing Act of 1993.
North Dakota—Capacities include a new facility that
opened in 1998 and account for double bunking in the state
penitentiary.

15

Ohio—Population counts for inmates with over 1 year
maximum sentence include an undetermined number of
inmates with a sentence of 1 year or less. Counts of inmates
under Ohio’s jurisdiction but housed in federal or other
states’ facilities are estimates. Counts of admission and
release types reflect revised reporting methods. Returns and
conditional releases involving transitional control inmates
are reported only after movement from confinement to a
terminal release status occurs.
Oklahoma—Inmates from other states serving time
in Oklahoma prisons under the interstate compact are
excluded from jurisdiction questions. Most of the inmates
with sentences of less than 1 year are part of the Oklahoma
Delayed Sentencing Program for Young Adults. Counts of
prison release by escape reflect inmates escaping state-run
prisons only. Capacity counts have changed in Oklahoma,
as only Department of Corrections (DOC) facilities
have an approved capacity determined by the Board of
Corrections. Decreased capacity from last year’s report is
due to the exclusion of county jails, private prisons, and
halfway houses from 2011 data submission since they are
not assigned capacities by the Oklahoma DOC. Noncitizen
status determined by country of birth.
Oregon—Most offenders with less than 1 year maximum
sentence remain under the control of local counties, rather
than the Oregon Department of Corrections, and are not
reported in this report. Oregon does not recognize rated
capacity.
Pennsylvania—In 2011, a number of Pennsylvania inmates
housed out of state were brought back to serve time in
Pennsylvania. As of September 1, 2011, the Department
of Corrections changed operational bed capacity to bed
capacity, which is defined as the number of inmates a facility
can accommodate by filling all beds based on a number of
factors: cell size; security level; and the number of inmates
the facility can accommodate based on its staffing, support
services, facility infrastructure, and full inmate employment
or programming involvement. Bed capacity may include
existing space conversions for permanent, new construction,
and modular units if the above requirements are met. This
is a change in how the department assesses capacity with
respect to quality of life and safety for both staff and inmates
as opposed to an operational change.
Rhode Island—Prisons and jails form one integrated
system, and NPS data include both jail and prison
populations. Rhode Island has opened two new women’s
facilities over the past 2 years and closed one male medium
security facility over the past 2 years, significantly changing
the reported capacities. Counts for inmates under the
jurisdiction of Rhode Island but housed in federal or other
states’ facilities include inmates who have dual jurisdiction,
or those serving Rhode Island sentences out of state while
serving that state’s sentence as well. This is a change from

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

previous reporting practices. The Rhode Island data system
records Hispanic as a race rather than an ethnicity and
does not capture Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islanders
or multiple races. Prison admissions classified as escape
returns include admissions under home confinement,
serving out of state, and minimum security facilities.
South Carolina—The December 31, 2011, custody count
of unsentenced individuals includes Interstate Compact
Commission (ICC) inmates. As of July 1, 2003, the South
Carolina Department of Corrections (SCDC) began releasing
inmates due for release and housed in SCDC institutions
on the first day of each month. Since January 1, 2012, was a
holiday, inmates eligible for release on January 1 were released
on December 31, 2011. Therefore, the inmate count was at its
lowest point for the month on December 31, 2011.
Conditional release counts include inmates released under
community supervision after serving 85% of sentence under
truth in sentencing. South Carolina utilizes the operational
capacity concept in its management reports and other
requested surveys.
South Dakota—Custody and jurisdiction counts of inmates
serving a maximum sentence of 1 year or less include those
under the sentence of probation who, as a condition of
probation, must serve up to 180 days in state prison. The
custody count of unsentenced inmates includes all holds
for the U.S. Marshal Service (sentenced and unsentenced).
Commutations are not tracked separately in the South
Dakota reporting system. They are included in expiration
of sentence, supervised mandatory release, or other
conditional releases. The operational capacity reported
is planned capacity. South Dakota does not have rated or
design capacities.
Texas—Offenders in custody are all offenders currently
serving time in a facility owned and operated by the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ).Offenders
under jurisdiction includes offenders in custody as well as
offenders held in privately operated prisons, intermediate
sanction facilities, substance abuse felony punishment
facilities, pre-parole transfer facilities, and halfway houses;
offenders temporarily released to a county less than 30 days;
and offenders awaiting paperwork for transfer to statefunded custody. Capacities exclude county jail beds, because
they do not have a minimum or maximum number of
beds available for paper ready and bench warrant inmates.
Admissions and releases include offenders received into an
intermediate sanction facility, which is a sanction in lieu
of revocation. These were counted in the parole violator
category.
Vermont—Prisons and jails form one integrated system,
and NPS data include both jail and prison populations.
Ethnicity and multiracial composition are not collected/
recorded in Vermont.

16

Virginia—The reported jurisdiction counts are actual
counts for December 31, 2011. On September 1, 1998,
the law changed, making state responsible inmates have a
sentence of one year or more or a sentence of 12 months and
one day. Inmates with a sentence of 12 months or less are
not the responsibility of the state. The state is responsible for
a 1-year sentence, while local authorities are responsible for
a 12-month sentence. Virginia Department of Corrections
maintains a count of beds—called authorized capacity—that
is provided as the measure of rated capacity in this survey.
The number of beds assigned by rating officials (DOC) to
institutions takes into account the number of inmates that
can be accommodated based on staff, programs, services,
and design.
Washington—Offenders sentenced to 1 year or less and
unsentenced offenders generally reside in county jails, but
revisions to law allows certain inmates with sentences of
less than 1 year to be housed in prison. These inmates are
included in the total jurisdiction counts.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

Wisconsin—Custody and jurisdiction counts include 722
temporary probation and parole placements. Wisconsin
does not code escapes as releases and returns from the
escape as admissions. The reported design capacity
include a Department of Corrections juvenile facility,
a non-Department of Corrections facility, and 97 beds
in 20 Wisconsin county jails contracted to temporarily
house Corrections inmates. Excluded from the total are
design capacities for local jails, federal, other state and
private facilities. From the end of 2010 to the end of 2011,
the custody population increased, while the jurisdiction
remained largely unchanged. This was possibly due to a
decision to end a practice of early release to community
supervision for some inmates begun in 2010, as well
as a further reduction of inmates being held in out-ofstate facilities. During 2011, a minimum male facility
was converted to medium to handle increased custody
population.

17

Definition of terms
Average annual change—average (mean) annual change
across a specific period.
Capacity, design—the number of inmates that planners or
architects intended for a facility.
Capacity, highest—the maximum number of beds reported
across the three capacity measures: design capacity,
operational capacity, and rated capacity.
Capacity, lowest—the minimum number of beds across
three capacity measures: design capacity, operational
capacity, and rated capacity.
Capacity, operational—the number of inmates that can be
accommodated based on a facility’s staff, existing programs,
and services.
Capacity, rated—the number of beds or inmates assigned
by a rating official to institutions within a jurisdiction.
Conditional releases—includes discretionary parole,
mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other
unspecified conditional releases.
Conditional release violators—readmission to prison of
persons released to discretionary parole, mandatory parole,
post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional
releases.
Custody—prisoners held in the physical custody of state or
federal prisons or local jails, regardless of sentence length or
authority having jurisdiction.
Imprisonment rate—the number of prisoners under state
or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per
100,000 U.S. residents.
Inmate—person incarcerated in a local jail, state or federal
prison, or private facility under contract to federal, state, or
local authorities.
Jail—confinement facility usually administered by a local
law enforcement agency that is intended for adults, but
sometimes holding juveniles, for confinement before and

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

after adjudication. Such facilities include jails and city or
county correctional centers; special jail facilities, such as
medical treatment or release centers; halfway houses; work
farms; and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are
part of the jail’s combined function. Inmates sentenced
to jail facilities usually have a sentence of 1 year or less.
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Delaware, Alaska, and
Hawaii operate integrated systems, which combine prisons
and jails.
Jurisdiction—the legal authority of state or federal
correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the
prisoner is held.
New court commitments—admissions into prison of
offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a
term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and
persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by
court-ordered probation or parole.
Parole violators—all conditional release violators returned
to prison for either violating conditions of release or for
new crimes.
Prison—a long-term confinement facility run by a state
or the federal government that typically holds felons and
offenders with sentences of more than 1 year. However,
sentence length may vary by state. Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Vermont, Delaware, Alaska, and Hawaii operate
integrated systems, which combine prisons and jails.
Prisoner—a individual confined in a correctional facility
under the legal authority (jurisdiction) of state and federal
correctional officials.
Sentenced prisoner—a prisoner sentenced to more than 1 year.
Supervised mandatory releases—conditional release
with post-custody supervision generally occurring in
jurisdictions using determinate sentencing statutes.
Unconditional release—expirations of sentences,
commutations, and other unspecified unconditional
releases.

18

Methodology
Begun in 1926 under a mandate from Congress, the National
Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program collects annual statistics
on prisoners at yearend. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
sponsors the survey, and the U.S. Census Bureau serves as the
data collection agent. BJS depends entirely on the voluntary
participation of state departments of corrections and the
Federal Bureau of Prisons for NPS data.
The NPS distinguishes between prisoners in custody and
prisoners under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner,
a state or federal prison must hold that inmate in one of its
facilities. Jurisdiction over a prisoner means state or federal
officials have legal authority over that prisoner, regardless of
where the prisoner is incarcerated or supervised. Some states
are unable to provide counts that distinguish between custody
and jurisdiction. (See NPS jurisdiction notes to determine
which states did not distinguish between custody and
jurisdiction counts.)
The NPS jurisdiction counts include persons held in prisons,
penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot
camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals.
Counts also include prisoners who are—
„„

temporarily absent (less than 30 days), out to court, or on
work release

„„

housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other
state or federal facilities, or those serving concurrent
sentences for more than one correctional authority.

The NPS custody counts include all inmates held within a
state’s facilities, including inmates housed for other states. The
custody counts exclude inmates held in local jails and in other
jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, the final custody counts
reported by BJS include inmates held in privately operated
facilities.
In the fielding of a current year’s NPS survey, respondents
are permitted to update the prior counts of prisoners held in
custody and under jurisdiction. Statistics on the jurisdiction
and sentenced prison populations for the prior year are
updated in this report. All tables showing data based on
jurisdiction counts—including tables of imprisonment rates—
are based on the updated and most recently available data
provided by respondents.
The NPS has historically included counts of inmates in
the combined jail-prison systems of Alaska, Connecticut,
Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The District
of Columbia (D.C.) has not operated a prison system since
yearend 2001. Felons sentenced under the D.C. criminal code
are housed in federal facilities. Jail inmates in D.C. are included
in the Annual Survey of Jails. Some previously published
prisoner counts and the percentage change in population
include D.C. jail inmates for 2001, the last year of collection.
Admissions include new court commitments, parole violator
returns, and other conditional release violator returns; transfers
P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

from other jurisdictions; returns of prisoners absent without
leave (AWOL), with or without a new sentence; escape returns,
with or without a new sentence; returns from appeal or bond,
and other admissions. For reporting purposes, BJS admission
counts exclude transfers from other jurisdictions, AWOL
returns, and escape returns.
Releases include unconditional releases (e.g., expirations
of sentence or commutations), conditional releases (e.g.,
probations, supervised mandatory releases, or discretionary
paroles), deaths, AWOLs, escapes from confinement, transfers
to other jurisdictions, releases to appeal or bond, and other
releases. For reporting purposes, BJS release counts exclude
AWOLs, escapes, and transfers to other jurisdictions.
BJS allows respondents to update data they previously
submitted. This report includes the most recently reported
data for 2010 and 2011. Additional information about the NPS,
including the data collection instrument, is available on the BJS
website.
Estimating imprisonment rates by age, sex, and race or
Hispanic origin
Estimates of the total number of sentenced prisoners on
December 31, 2011, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
were generated by creating separate totals for federal and state
prisons. Each sex-race count was then multiplied by the ratio
of the age category count within the sex-race combination
in the Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP) to the FJSP
total count within the sex-race combination (e.g., FJSP 18 to
19 year-old white males divided by FJSP white males). The
resulting product yielded the FJSP-adjusted NPS counts for
each sex-race combination by age group (e.g., 18 to 19 year-old
white male prisoners in the federal prison system). State
prison age distributions for NPS use a similar race-sex ratio
adjustment, based on individual-level data from the National
Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP).
National-level estimates of the number of state prisoners
by race were based on adjusting NPS counts to comport
with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions
of race and ethnicity. OMB defines persons of Hispanic or
Latino origin as a separate category. Race categories are
defined exclusive of Hispanic origin. Not all NPS providers’
information systems categorize race and ethnicity in this way.
BJS’ adjusts the NPS data on race and Hispanic origin by
the ratio of the relative distribution of prisoners by race and
Hispanic origin in self-report inmate surveys that use OMB
categories for race to the relative distribution of prisoners
by race and Hispanic origin in the NPS data. This ratio is
calculated for the year(s) in which BJS has an inmate survey
and NPS data. For this report, the 2004 Survey of Inmates in
State Correctional Facilities was used to calculate this ratio.
The ratio obtained by comparing the within-year relative
distributions by race and Hispanic origin was then multiplied
by the NPS distribution in a year to generate the estimate of
persons by race and Hispanic origin.

19

Age-specific imprisonment rates for each age-sex-race group
were calculated by dividing the estimated number of sentenced
prisoners within each age group by the estimated number of
U.S. residents in each age group on January 1, 2012. The result
was multiplied by 100,000 and rounded to the nearest whole
number. Totals by sex include all prisoners and U.S. residents,
regardless of race or Hispanic origin. Detailed race and
Hispanic origin imprisonment rates exclude person.
Estimating offense distribution in the state prison
population
BJS employs a ratio adjustment method to weight the
individual-level race or sex-specific offense data from NCRP to
the control totals obtained in the NPS data collection, thereby
yielding a national offense distribution for state prisoners.
Updated NPS control totals of sentenced state prisoners and
racial distributions necessitated the reanalysis of state prison
offense data from 2008 and 2009. The updated results for 2008
and 2009 appear in appendix tables 7 through 10.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

Prison capacities
State and federal correctional authorities provide three
measures of their facilities’ capacity: design capacity,
operational capacity, and rated capacity. Estimates of the
prison populations as a percentage of capacity are based on a
state or federal custody population. In general, state capacity
and custody counts exclude inmates held in private facilities,
although six states include prisoners held in private facilities as
part of the capacity of their prison systems: Florida, Georgia,
Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Wisconsin. For these states,
prison population as a percent of capacity includes private
facilities.

20

Appendix Table 1
Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities and jurisdiction population change,
December 31, 2009, 2010, and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federala
State
Alabama
Alaskab
Arizonac
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticutb
Delawareb,c
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiib,d
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandb,d
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontb
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

2009
1,615,487
208,118
1,407,369
31,874
5,285
40,544
15,208
171,275
22,795
19,716
6,775
103,915
56,986
5,891
7,400
45,161
28,808
8,813
8,641
21,638
39,780
2,206
22,255
11,316
45,478
9,986
21,482
30,563
3,605
4,474
12,482
2,731
25,382
6,363
58,687
39,860
1,486
51,606
24,803
14,403
51,429
3,674
24,288
3,434
26,965
171,249
6,538
2,220
38,059
18,233
6,367
23,165
2,075

2010
1,613,803
209,771
1,404,032
31,764
5,391
40,209
16,204
165,062
22,815
19,321
6,615
104,306
56,432
5,912
7,431
48,418
28,028
9,455
9,051
20,544
39,445
2,154
22,645
11,313
44,165
9,796
21,067
30,623
3,716
4,587
12,653
2,761
25,007
6,763
56,656
40,382
1,487
51,712
26,252
14,876
51,264
3,357
23,578
3,434
27,451
173,649
6,807
2,079
37,638
18,235
6,681
22,729
2,112

2011
1,598,780
216,362
1,382,418
32,270
5,412
40,020
16,108
149,569
21,978
18,324
6,739
103,055
55,944
6,037
7,739
48,427
28,906
9,116
9,327
21,545
39,710
2,145
22,558
11,623
42,940
9,800
21,386
30,833
3,678
4,616
12,778
2,614
23,834
6,998
55,436
39,440
1,423
50,964
25,977
14,510
51,578
3,337
22,914
3,535
28,479
172,224
6,879
2,053
38,130
17,847
6,826
22,654
2,183

Population difference
2009–2010
2010–2011
-1,684
-15,023
1,653
6,591
-3,337
-21,614
-110
506
106
21
-335
-189
996
-96
-6,213
-15,493
20
-837
-395
-997
-160
124
391
-1,251
-554
-488
21
125
31
308
3,257
9
-780
878
642
-339
410
276
-1,094
1,001
-335
265
-52
-9
390
-87
-3
310
-1,313
-1,225
-190
4
-415
319
60
210
111
-38
113
29
171
125
30
-147
-375
-1,173
400
235
-2,031
-1,220
522
-942
1
-64
106
-748
1,449
-275
473
-366
-165
314
-317
-20
-710
-664
0
101
486
1,028
2,400
-1,425
269
72
-141
-26
-421
492
2
-388
314
145
-436
-75
37
71

Percent change
2009–2010
2010–2011
-0.1%
-0.9%
0.8%
3.1%
-0.2
-1.5
-0.3%
1.6%
2.0
0.4
-0.8
-0.5
6.5
-0.6
-3.6
-9.4
0.1
-3.7
-2.0
-5.2
-2.4
1.9
0.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.9
0.4
2.1
0.4
4.1
7.2
0.0
-2.7
3.1
7.3
-3.6
4.7
3.0
-5.1
4.9
-0.8
0.7
-2.4
-0.4
1.8
-0.4
-0.0
2.7
-2.9
-2.8
-1.9
0.0
-1.9
1.5
0.2
0.7
3.1
-1.0
2.5
0.6
1.4
1.0
1.1
-5.3
-1.5
-4.7
6.3
3.5
-3.5
-2.2
1.3
-2.3
0.1
-4.3
0.2
-1.4
5.8
-1.0
3.3
-2.5
-0.3
0.6
-8.6
-0.6
-2.9
-2.8
0.0
2.9
1.8
3.7
1.4
-0.8
4.1
1.1
-6.4
-1.3
-1.1
1.3
0.0
-2.1
4.9
2.2
-1.9
-0.3
1.8
3.4

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As of
December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
dCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2009–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

21

Appendix Table 2
Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2009, 2010, and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federala
State
Alabama
Alaskab
Arizonac
Arkansas
California
Coloradod
Connecticutb
Delawareb,c
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiib,e
Idaho
Illinoisf
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jerseyf
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohiod
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandb,e
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontb
Virginia
Washingtond
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

2000
1,334,174
125,044
1,209,130
26,034
2,128
25,412
11,851
160,412
16,833
13,155
3,937
71,318
44,141
3,553
5,535
45,281
19,811
7,955
8,344
14,919
35,207
1,635
22,490
9,479
47,718
6,238
19,239
27,519
3,105
3,816
10,063
2,257
29,784
4,666
70,199
27,043
994
45,833
23,181
10,553
36,844
1,966
21,017
2,613
22,166
158,008
5,541
1,313
29,643
14,666
3,795
20,336
1,680

2009
1,553,574
187,886
1,365,688
30,723
2,508
38,529
15,144
170,131
22,795
13,466
3,971
103,915
55,516
4,119
7,400
45,161
28,788
8,813
8,641
20,672
39,780
1,980
21,868
10,070
45,478
9,986
20,768
30,554
3,605
4,392
12,482
2,731
25,382
6,320
58,455
34,863
1,486
51,606
24,396
14,365
51,316
2,220
23,486
3,430
26,965
162,186
6,524
1,724
38,059
18,199
6,313
22,332
2,075

2010
1,552,669
190,641
1,362,028
30,739
2,775
38,423
16,147
164,213
22,815
13,308
3,961
104,306
54,685
3,939
7,431
48,418
28,012
9,388
9,051
19,937
39,444
1,942
22,275
10,027
44,113
9,796
20,366
30,614
3,716
4,498
12,556
2,761
25,007
6,614
56,461
35,436
1,487
51,712
24,514
14,831
51,075
2,086
22,822
3,431
27,451
164,652
6,795
1,649
37,410
18,212
6,642
21,973
2,112

2011
1,537,415
197,050
1,340,365
31,271
2,901
38,370
16,037
149,025
21,978
12,549
4,003
103,055
53,955
3,910
7,739
48,427
28,890
9,057
9,327
20,952
39,709
1,952
22,252
10,316
42,904
9,800
20,585
30,829
3,678
4,511
12,639
2,614
23,834
6,855
55,262
35,102
1,423
50,964
24,024
14,459
51,390
2,065
22,233
3,530
28,479
163,552
6,877
1,598
38,130
17,808
6,803
20,559
2,183

Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010
2010–2011
1.4%
-1.0%
3.8%
3.4%
1.1
-1.6
1.5%
1.7%
2.4
4.5
3.8
-0.1
2.8
-0.7
0.2
-9.2
2.8
-3.7
0.1
-5.7
0.1
1.1
3.5
-1.2
1.9
-1.3
0.9
-0.7
2.7
4.1
0.6
0.0
3.1
3.1
1.5
-3.5
0.7
3.0
2.6
5.1
1.0
0.7
1.6
0.5
-0.1
-0.1
0.5
2.9
-0.7
-2.7
4.1
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.0
0.7
1.6
-1.0
1.5
0.3
2.0
0.7
1.8
-5.3
-1.6
-4.7
3.2
3.6
-2.0
-2.1
2.5
-0.9
3.7
-4.3
1.1
-1.4
0.5
-2.0
3.1
-2.5
3.0
0.6
0.5
-1.0
0.7
-2.6
2.5
2.9
1.9
3.7
0.4
-0.7
1.9
1.2
2.1
-3.1
2.1
1.9
2.0
-2.2
5.1
2.4
0.7
-6.4
3.4
2.1

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on prisoners with
sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are
the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
dIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less.
eCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
fIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

22

Appendix Table 3
Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex and
jurisdiction, December 31, 2010 and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federalc
State
Alabama
Alaskad
Arizonae
Arkansas
California
Coloradof
Connecticutd
Delawared,e
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiid,g
Idaho
Illinoish
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusettsi
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jerseyh
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohiof
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandd,g
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontd
Virginiah
Washingtonf
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Total
500
61
441
641
386
596
551
438
449
372
438
550
560
288
471
377
431
307
316
457
865
146
383
202
447
184
685
510
374
245
463
210
284
319
291
369
219
448
649
385
401
198
490
418
430
646
243
263
464
268
358
385
373

2010
Male
948
117
835
1,219
672
1,093
1,041
828
814
725
860
1,046
1,070
514
837
721
797
570
592
835
1,659
277
760
400
872
346
1,311
957
659
450
846
394
556
587
577
711
381
846
1,180
718
780
389
947
735
815
1,206
440
503
873
496
648
733
651

Female
66
8
59
96
77
104
78
52
81
36
41
76
72
60
103
45
76
49
43
92
103
21
30
17
37
24
94
80
86
43
72
30
25
57
22
43
53
68
129
58
41
20
57
100
64
95
44
31
69
42
76
42
83

Total
492
63
430
650
400
589
544
394
427
350
440
538
547
283
486
376
442
295
324
478
865
147
380
206
434
183
690
512
367
244
463
198
270
328
283
362
206
441
631
372
402
196
473
426
443
632
242
255
469
259
366
359
383

2011
Male
932
120
815
1,235
687
1,084
1,032
748
773
679
864
1,023
1,040
509
860
720
821
547
605
862
1,662
278
752
406
845
344
1,319
958
651
452
847
375
528
602
560
699
365
833
1,150
693
781
390
916
744
832
1,178
439
484
884
479
661
685
669

Female
65
8
58
99
89
100
73
42
79
37
40
73
74
56
111
44
75
47
47
107
102
21
32
17
38
24
96
84
81
38
71
25
24
59
23
42
43
66
121
57
42
15
54
106
73
94
43
32
68
40
79
37
86

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As of December 31, 2001,
sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aCounts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials.
bImprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident population
estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year.
cJurisdiction counts include inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
dPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
ePrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
fIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less.
gCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
hIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year.
iThe 2010-2011 imprisonment rates include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See
NPS jurisdiction notes.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2010–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

23

Appendix Table 4
Sentenced male prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2010,
and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federalb
State
Alabama
Alaskac
Arizonad
Arkansas
California
Coloradoe
Connecticutc
Delawarec,d
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiic,f
Idaho
Illinoisg
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusettsh
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jerseyg
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohioe
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandc,f
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontc
Virginiag
Washingtone
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Number of male inmates
2000
2010
2011
1,249,130
1,447,766
1,433,741
116,647
178,792
184,901
1,132,483
1,268,974
1,248,840
24,244
28,358
28,823
2,031
2,509
2,590
23,623
35,050
35,098
11,084
14,988
14,938
149,815
154,450
140,972
15,500
20,763
19,957
12,365
12,638
11,865
3,692
3,769
3,815
67,213
96,956
95,913
41,390
51,073
50,211
3,175
3,528
3,527
5,042
6,621
6,854
42,432
45,496
45,562
18,364
25,507
26,391
7,363
8,627
8,336
7,840
8,428
8,647
13,858
17,901
18,575
32,988
37,036
37,325
1,573
1,801
1,810
21,429
21,365
21,301
9,250
9,525
9,822
45,587
42,244
40,995
5,870
9,158
9,156
17,709
18,935
19,115
25,531
28,156
28,254
2,799
3,291
3,274
3,560
4,101
4,159
9,217
11,592
11,672
2,137
2,560
2,444
28,134
23,871
22,762
4,322
6,021
6,230
66,919
54,269
52,973
25,654
33,302
33,030
940
1,308
1,276
43,025
47,720
47,061
20,787
22,061
21,693
9,959
13,703
13,343
35,266
48,401
48,657
1,902
1,979
1,984
19,716
21,467
20,940
2,413
3,020
3,092
20,797
25,345
26,070
146,374
152,403
151,343
5,180
6,189
6,264
1,269
1,551
1,496
27,658
34,570
35,321
13,658
16,800
16,420
3,508
5,931
6,056
18,977
20,756
19,484
1,524
1,881
1,944

Percent of 2011 sentenced
prison population
93.3%
93.8%
93.2
92.2%
89.3
91.5
93.1
94.6
90.8
94.5
95.3
93.1
93.1
90.2
88.6
94.1
91.3
92.0
92.7
88.7
94.0
92.7
95.7
95.2
95.6
93.4
92.9
91.6
89.0
92.2
92.3
93.5
95.5
90.9
95.9
94.1
89.7
92.3
90.3
92.3
94.7
96.1
94.2
87.6
91.5
92.5
91.1
93.6
92.6
92.2
89.0
94.8
89.1

Percent change
2010–2011
Average annual, 2000–2010a
1.3%
-1.0%
3.9%
3.4%
1.0
-1.6
1.4%
1.6%
1.9
3.2
3.6
0.1
2.7
-0.3
0.3
-8.7
2.7
-3.9
0.2
-6.1
0.2
1.2
3.3
-1.1
1.9
-1.7
1.0
-0.0
2.5
3.5
0.6
0.1
3.0
3.5
1.4
-3.4
0.7
2.6
2.3
3.8
1.1
0.8
1.2
0.5
-0.0
-0.3
0.3
3.1
-0.7
-3.0
4.0
-0.0
0.6
1.0
0.9
0.3
1.5
-0.5
1.3
1.4
2.1
0.7
1.6
-4.5
-1.5
-4.6
3.0
3.5
-1.9
-2.4
2.4
-0.8
3.0
-2.4
0.9
-1.4
0.5
-1.7
2.9
-2.6
2.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.8
-2.5
2.0
2.4
1.8
2.9
0.4
-0.7
1.6
1.2
1.8
-3.5
2.0
2.2
1.9
-2.3
4.8
2.1
0.8
-6.1
1.9
3.3

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on
prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the
District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aThe average annual growth rate from 2000 to 2010.
bIncludes inmates held in non-secure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison population.
dPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
eIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less.
fCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
gIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year.
hThe 2010-2011 counts include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See
NPS Jurisdiction Notes.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

24

Appendix Table 5
Sentenced female prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federalb
State
Alabama
Alaskac
Arizonad
Arkansas
California
Coloradoe
Connecticutc
Delawarec,d
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiic,f
Idaho
Illinoisg
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusettsh
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jerseyg
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohioe
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandc,f
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontc
Virginiag
Washingtone
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Number of female inmates
Percent of 2011 sentenced
2000
2010
2011
prison population
85,044
104,903
103,674
6.7%
8,397
11,849
12,149
6.2%
76,647
93,054
91,525
6.8
1,790
2,381
2,448
7.8%
97
266
311
10.7
1,789
3,373
3,272
8.5
767
1,159
1,099
6.9
10,597
9,763
8,053
5.4
1,333
2,052
2,021
9.2
790
670
684
5.5
245
192
188
4.7
4,105
7,350
7,142
6.9
2,751
3,612
3,744
6.9
378
411
383
9.8
493
810
885
11.4
2,849
2,922
2,865
5.9
1,447
2,505
2,499
8.7
592
761
721
8.0
504
623
680
7.3
1,061
2,036
2,377
11.3
2,219
2,408
2,384
6.0
62
141
142
7.3
1,061
910
951
4.3
229
502
494
4.8
2,131
1,869
1,909
4.4
368
638
644
6.6
1,530
1,431
1,470
7.1
1,988
2,458
2,575
8.4
306
425
404
11.0
256
397
352
7.8
846
964
967
7.7
120
201
170
6.5
1,650
1,136
1,072
4.5
344
593
625
9.1
3,280
2,192
2,289
4.1
1,389
2,134
2,072
5.9
54
179
147
10.3
2,808
3,992
3,903
7.7
2,394
2,453
2,331
9.7
594
1,128
1,116
7.7
1,578
2,674
2,733
5.3
64
107
81
3.9
1,301
1,355
1,293
5.8
200
411
438
12.4
1,369
2,106
2,409
8.5
11,634
12,249
12,209
7.5
361
606
613
8.9
44
98
102
6.4
1,985
2,840
2,809
7.4
1,008
1,412
1,388
7.8
287
711
747
11.0
1,359
1,217
1,075
5.2
156
231
239
10.9

Percent change
Average annual, 2000–2010a
1.9%
3.1%
1.8
2.6%
9.2
5.8
3.8
-0.7
3.9
-1.5
-2.2
5.3
2.5
0.8
4.5
0.2
5.0
2.3
1.9
5.9
0.7
7.5
-1.4
7.1
-1.2
5.0
-0.6
1.9
3.0
4.0
1.2
4.7
-3.4
5.0
-3.7
3.9
10.9
3.2
0.2
5.8
4.8
4.7
0.4
6.5
3.9
0.5
4.7
7.3
3.3
3.1
8.2
-1.0
3.6

2010–2011
-1.2%
2.5%
-1.6
2.8%
16.9
-3.0
-5.2
-17.5
-1.5
2.1
-2.1
-2.8
3.7
-6.8
9.3
-2.0
-0.2
-5.3
9.1
16.7
-1.0
0.7
4.5
-1.6
2.1
0.9
2.7
4.8
-4.9
-11.3
0.3
-15.4
-5.6
5.4
4.4
-2.9
-17.9
-2.2
-5.0
-1.1
2.2
-24.3
-4.6
6.6
14.4
-0.3
1.2
4.1
-1.1
-1.7
5.1
-11.7
3.5

Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on prisoners with
sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the
responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
aThe average annual growth rate from 2000 to 2010.
bIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities.
cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison population.
dPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts.
eIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less.
fCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities.
gIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year.
hThe 2010-2011 counts include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See NPS
Jurisdiction Notes.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

25

Appendix Table 6
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction, by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age,
December 31, 2011
Age group
Totald
18–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65 or older

Totala,b
1,537,415
22,500
190,000
252,100
254,800
212,200
193,200
170,200
118,000
63,200
32,500
26,100

All malea,b
1,433,741
21,600
178,400
234,100
236,700
197,000
178,600
158,100
110,600
59,900
31,100
25,200

Whitec
465,100
4,200
45,900
66,800
67,200
59,500
62,400
60,000
44,200
25,300
15,000
14,100

Male

Blackc
555,300
10,600
76,500
91,900
94,900
76,400
67,200
59,000
41,200
21,300
9,200
5,800

Hispanic
331,500
5,600
45,800
62,400
61,900
50,200
38,700
29,500
18,400
9,800
4,900
3,700

All femalesa,b
103,674
900
11,600
18,000
18,100
15,300
14,600
12,200
7,300
3,300
1,400
900

Whitec
51,100
300
5,300
8,800
8,900
7,600
7,200
6,200
3,700
1,700
800
500

Female

Blackc
26,000
300
3,000
4,300
4,400
3,700
3,800
3,300
2,000
800
300
200

Hispanic
18,400
200
2,400
3,600
3,500
2,700
2,400
1,700
1,000
500
200
100

aDetail may not sum to total due to rounding.

bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races.
cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin.
dIncludes persons age 17 or younger.

Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; and
Survey of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004.

Appendix Table 7
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin,
December 31, 2008
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
1,365,409
710,400
166,900
21,100
72,200
90,700
185,600
137,600
36,300
252,200
129,500
44,200
18,200
31,600
28,600
258,000
135,500
9,300

Male
1,270,629
675,900
157,200
18,500
71,200
89,100
177,300
129,300
33,300
225,700
123,000
37,100
16,900
22,700
26,000
232,600
128,100
8,400

Female
94,780
33,500
9,600
2,700
700
1,200
8,100
8,200
3,000
27,000
6,300
7,400
1,400
9,400
2,600
25,900
7,300
1,000

Whitea
469,076
232,700
46,900
8,800
34,400
45,800
41,300
42,600
12,900
111,900
54,700
19,200
7,100
16,300
14,600
69,400
51,300
3,800

Blacka
528,008
280,200
71,500
7,500
22,100
18,500
95,400
52,600
12,700
77,800
43,100
14,400
3,900
9,000
7,400
121,600
45,100
3,300

Hispanic
280,716
152,700
37,000
2,900
9,000
22,700
36,500
35,900
8,700
43,600
22,100
7,000
7,300
3,000
4,100
50,200
32,900
1,400

Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2008.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

26

Appendix Table 8
Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2009
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
1,365,688
718,700
167,000
21,400
71,300
90,800
186,000
142,400
39,900
251,200
129,900
45,200
16,600
31,300
28,200
247,900
139,200
8,600

Male
1,272,133
683,700
157,400
18,700
69,700
89,300
178,000
133,700
37,000
224,800
123,700
37,900
15,300
22,300
25,700
224,500
131,300
7,800

Female
93,555
33,700
9,500
2,700
700
1,300
8,200
8,300
3,100
26,900
6,400
7,600
1,200
9,200
2,500
24,600
7,500
900

Whitea
467,290
231,500
46,900
8,600
33,300
44,800
40,700
43,300
13,900
111,000
54,300
19,800
6,500
16,000
14,300
69,200
52,000
3,500

Blacka
525,677
284,600
71,100
7,700
22,200
17,900
96,400
55,100
14,100
77,400
43,300
14,500
3,500
8,700
7,300
114,000
46,600
3,000

Hispanic
287,568
159,800
38,300
3,100
8,900
24,600
37,600
37,500
9,800
43,100
22,600
7,000
6,600
2,900
4,100
49,400
34,000
1,300

Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2009.

Appendix Table 9
Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2008
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
100%
52.0%
12.2
1.5
5.3
6.6
13.6
10.1
2.7
18.5%
9.5
3.2
1.3
2.3
2.1
18.9%
9.9%
0.7%

Male
100%
53.2%
12.4
1.5
5.6
7.0
14.0
10.2
2.6
17.8%
9.7
2.9
1.3
1.8
2.0
18.3%
10.1%
0.7%

Female
100%
35.3%
10.1
2.8
0.7
1.3
8.5
8.7
3.2
28.5%
6.6
7.8
1.5
9.9
2.7
27.3%
7.7%
1.1%

Whitea
100%
49.6%
10.0
1.9
7.3
9.8
8.8
9.1
2.8
23.9%
11.7
4.1
1.5
3.5
3.1
14.8%
10.9%
0.8%

Blacka
100%
53.1%
13.5
1.4
4.2
3.5
18.1
10.0
2.4
14.7%
8.2
2.7
0.7
1.7
1.4
23.0%
8.5%
0.6%

Hispanic
100%
54.4%
13.2
1.0
3.2
8.1
13.0
12.8
3.1
15.5%
7.9
2.5
2.6
1.1
1.5
17.9%
11.7%
0.5%

Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may sum add to total due to rounding. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2008.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

27

Appendix Table 10
Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2009
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
100%
52.6%
12.2
1.6
5.2
6.6
13.6
10.4
2.9
18.4%
9.5
3.3
1.2
2.3
2.1
18.2%
10.2%
0.6%

Male
100%
53.7%
12.4
1.5
5.5
7.0
14.0
10.5
2.9
17.7%
9.7
3.0
1.2
1.8
2.0
17.6%
10.3%
0.6%

Female
100%
36.0%
10.2
2.9
0.7
1.4
8.8
8.9
3.3
28.8%
6.8
8.1
1.3
9.8
2.7
26.3%
8.0%
1.0%

Whitea
100%
49.5%
10.0
1.8
7.1
9.6
8.7
9.3
3.0
23.8%
11.6
4.2
1.4
3.4
3.1
14.8%
11.1%
0.7%

Blacka
100%
54.1%
13.5
1.5
4.2
3.4
18.3
10.5
2.7
14.7%
8.2
2.8
0.7
1.7
1.4
21.7%
8.9%
0.6%

Hispanic
100%
55.6%
13.3
1.1
3.1
8.6
13.1
13.0
3.4
15.0%
7.9
2.4
2.3
1.0
1.4
17.2%
11.8%
0.5%

Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2009.

Appendix Table 11
Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2010
Offense
Total
Violent
Murderb
Manslaughter
Rape
Other sexual assault
Robbery
Assault
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
Fraud
Other property
Drugc
Public-orderd
Other/unspecifiede

All inmates
100%
53.2%
12.2
1.6
5.2
6.7
13.6
10.8
3.2
18.3%
9.5
3.4
1.1
2.3
2.0
17.4%
10.5%
0.6%

Male
100%
54.3%
12.4
1.5
5.4
7.0
14.0
10.9
3.2
17.6%
9.8
3.0
1.1
1.7
2.0
17.0%
10.6%
0.6%

Female
100%
36.6%
10.1
2.9
0.8
1.4
8.9
9.1
3.4
28.9%
7.0
8.5
1.1
9.7
2.6
25.1%
8.4%
1.0%

Whitea
100%
49.5%
10.1
1.8
6.9
9.4
8.6
9.5
3.2
23.6%
11.6
4.4
1.3
3.4
3.0
14.8%
11.3%
0.7%

Blacka
100%
55.2%
13.5
1.5
4.3
3.3
18.6
11.0
3.0
14.7%
8.3
2.8
0.6
1.6
1.4
20.4%
9.2%
0.5%

Hispanic
100%
56.7%
13.4
1.1
3.0
9.1
13.1
13.3
3.7
14.5%
7.8
2.3
2.0
1.0
1.4
16.5%
11.9%
0.4%

Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for
estimation method.
aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races.
bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter.
cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories.
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

28

Appendix Table 12
Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under federal
jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011
Offense
Total
Violent
Homicidea
Robbery
Other violent
Property
Burglary
Fraud
Other property
Drugb
Public-order
Immigration
Weapons
Other
Other/unspecifiedc

2000
100%
10.4%
1.0
7.4
2.0
7.7%
0.4
5.7
1.6
56.4%
24.5%
10.4
8.2
5.9
1.0%

2010
100%
7.9%
1.5
4.4
2.0
5.4%
0.2
3.9
1.3
52.1%
34.1%
10.6
15.3
8.2
0.6%

2011
100%
7.6%
1.4
4.1
2.0
5.4%
0.2
3.9
1.3
48.0%
35.0%
11.2
15.1
8.7
:

Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may
not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method.
aIncludes murder, negligent, and nonnegligent manslaughter.
bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses.
cIncludes offenses not classified.
: Not calculated. 2011 data included individuals commiting drug and public-order
crimes that could not be separated from valid records.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and Federal
Justice Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

29

Appendix Table 13
Sentenced prisoners admitted and released from state or federal jurisdiction, by type, December 31, 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federal
State
Alabama
Alaskac,g
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticutg
Delawareg
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiig
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandg
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontg
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Total
668,800
60,634
608,166
11,387
1,038
13,030
7,059
96,669
9,455
5,881
3,031
33,399
14,877
1,366
3,531
31,167
18,389
4,709
4,954
15,479
16,161
921
9,811
2,856
13,165
7,214
8,410
17,979
2,063
2,410
5,545
1,616
10,110
3,491
23,257
11,523
950
22,150
7,456
5,313
18,175
850
7,323
2,820
14,283
73,444
3,258
2,044
11,140
16,335
3,404
6,411
857

Admissionsa
New court commitmentsc Parole violatorsc,d
455,068
205,787
55,817
4,816
399,251
200,971
9,302
1,242
/
/
10,409
2,518
5,516
1,543
36,376
60,293
5,133
4,319
4,818
908
2,714
302
32,358
101
13,254
1,623
692
674
3,531
/
20,068
10,908
9,915
8,231
3,747
849
3,831
1,123
11,079
4,400
11,378
4,492
588
333
6,214
3,597
2,504
352
7,232
3,418
4,462
2,752
6,641
1,744
9,416
8,558
1,603
460
2,092
315
4,502
968
789
808
7,515
2,595
2,297
1,194
14,167
9,020
11,011
512
643
306
19,720
2,408
5,099
2,357
3,692
1,405
10,934
6,895
695
155
5,642
1,635
1,247
779
8,906
5,364
49,636
23,422
2,035
1,223
640
1,404
11,011
129
7,368
8,960
1,700
1,207
3,848
2,562
739
118

Total
688,384
55,239
633,145
11,052
911
13,149
7,252
109,467
9,367
6,379
3,600
34,673
15,309
1,404
4,079
31,155
18,422
5,105
4,671
14,571
16,580
1,049
9,829
2,484
14,374
7,734
8,197
17,823
2,101
2,391
5,910
1,881
11,485
3,529
24,460
11,878
1,013
22,899
7,694
4,567
17,698
960
7,912
2,732
14,961
74,544
3,206
2,062
12,345
16,412
3,257
7,825
787

Releasesb
Conditional releasesc,e Unconditional releasesc,f
475,188
203,000
649
54,163
474,539
148,837
6,835
4,005
/
/
10,193
2,196
6,874
325
95,541
13,676
7,708
1,223
2,611
3,737
3,462
44
11,914
22,440
11,117
4,040
619
306
3,580
488
25,229
5,797
16,533
1,814
3,168
1,723
3,483
1,161
9,878
4,608
14,977
1,426
345
696
8,288
1,484
438
2,018
11,831
1,126
6,686
1,030
6,540
1,282
16,122
1,607
1,802
287
1,533
836
3,730
2,142
1,763
100
5,440
5,875
2,451
1,061
21,560
2,661
3,354
8,463
814
191
10,590
12,183
3,451
4,140
4,327
10
13,425
4,099
333
623
4,466
3,353
2,381
337
10,213
4,698
60,255
12,158
1,816
1,371
1,719
343
10,854
1,365
14,195
2,176
1,680
1,058
7,366
415
542
242

Note: As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
/Not reported.
aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Counts exclude transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals include other conditional
release violators, returns from appeal or bone, and other admissions. See Methodology.
bCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Counts exclude transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals include deaths, releases to
appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology.
cAlaska did not report type of admission or release. Counts of admission and release types for national and state totals include estimations for Alaska based on previous years’
data.
dIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violations of conditions of release or for new crimes.
eIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases.
fIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases.
gPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
hNot applicable. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

30

Appendix Table 14
Reported state and federal prison capacities and custody populations, December 31, 2011
Jurisdiction
Federal
Alabamab
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
Californiab
Colorado
Connecticut
Delawareb
Floridac
Georgiac
Hawaii
Idahob,c
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisianac
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michiganb
Minnesota
Mississippic
Missourib
Montana
Nebraskab
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakotab
Ohio
Oklahomab
Oregon
Pennsylvaniab
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakotab
Tennessee
Texasb
Utah
Vermont
Virginiab
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsinb,c
Wyoming

Rated
127,647
…
3,058
37,239
14,041
…
…
/
5,782
…
60,608
…
7,028
33,703
…
…
9,180
13,462
18,843
2,339
…
…
44,400
…
…
…
…
…
/
…
…
6,192
53,387
…
1,044
/
18,607
…
48,376
3,869
…
…
20,623
166,631
…
1,662
32,154
16,282
4,363
…
2,577

Type of capacity measure
Operational
…
26,339
3,206
42,433
14,041
139,397
14,835
/
5,210
112,768
55,122
3,327
6,677
33,703
30,524
…
9,033
13,462
18,840
2,133
23,981
…
43,680
9,099
24,075
31,331
1,679
3,969
/
2,423
21,640
7,108
54,289
39,066
991
/
18,607
…
48,376
3,654
24,361
3,508
20,177
160,134
6,961
1,662
…
16,979
5,185
…
2,577

Design
…
13,403
…
37,239
13,477
84,130
13,784
/
4,161
…
…
2,291
7,028
29,794
…
7,794
9,164
13,807
…
2,339
…
8,029
…
…
…
…
…
3,175
/
2,190
15,828
7,108
52,738
33,483
1,044
/
18,607
14,362
48,376
3,859
…
…
…
166,631
7,201
1,322
…
16,979
4,363
17,210
2,221

Custody population
176,228
26,268
3,708
33,492
14,090
147,578
17,559
17,022
6,546
100,861
52,844
3,687
7,470
48,427
24,450
9,115
9,256
11,951
18,844
1,978
22,923
11,467
42,904
9,309
15,390
30,969
1,707
4,657
12,159
2,423
20,755
3,834
55,196
39,662
1,385
47,957
17,724
13,728
48,515
3,032
22,343
3,551
14,684
141,353
5,294
1,531
28,962
17,109
5,149
22,381
1,917

Custody population as a percent of—
Highest capacitya
Lowest capacitya
138%
138%
100%
196%
116
121
79
90
100
105
106
175
118
127
/
/
113
157
89
89
87
96
111
161
106
112
144
163
80
80
117
117
101
102
87
89
100
100
85
93
96
96
143
143
97
98
102
102
64
64
99
99
102
102
117
147
/
/
100
111
96
131
54
62
102
105
102
118
133
140
/
/
95
95
96
96
100
100
78
83
92
92
101
101
71
73
85
88
74
76
92
116
90
90
101
105
99
118
130
130
74
86

…Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by state.
/Not reported. State does not report capacity data.
aPopulation counts are based on the number of inmates held in custody in facilities operated by the jurisdiction. Excludes inmates held in local jails, other states, or private
facilities unless otherwise stated.
bState defines capacity in a way that differs from BJS’s definition. See individual NPS jurisdiction notes for details.
cPrivate facilities included in capacity and custody counts.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

31

Appendix Table 15
State and federal prisoners held in local jails and private prisons, by jurisdiction, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011
Inmates held in local jails
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federalb
State
Alabama
Alaskac
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticutc
Delawarec
Florida
Georgia
Hawaiic
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islandc
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermontc
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

2000
69,326
2,438
66,888
3,401
/
237
728
2,758
79
/
0
0
3,888
/
450
0
1,187
0
0
3,850
15,599
24
118
457
286
149
3,700
0
548
0
147
14
3,225
0
45
0
38
0
970
7
58
/
421
16
5,204
14,689
1,050
0
2,962
0
796
400
17

2010
83,443
2,661
80,782
1,366
0
0
1,984
2,200
63
0
0
1,293
3,634
0
263
0
1,552
0
0
6,716
20,436
147
180
162
52
536
4,613
0
550
0
88
36
529
0
27
266
68
0
1,905
9
607
0
384
71
7,432
12,990
1,304
0
6,546
614
1,609
543
7

2011
82,058
1,439
80,619
2,148
0
0
883
57
116
0
0
1,267
3,100
0
588
0
1,504
0
1
7,190
20,866
110
151
163
36
562
5,996
0
523
56
100
20
200
0
14
0
55
0
2,088
0
609
0
366
73
8,660
11,906
1,529
0
7,474
386
1,677
136
9

Inmates held in private prisons
Percent of total
jurisdictional
population, 2011
5.1%
0.7%
5.8
6.7%
0.0
0.0
5.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.2
5.5
0.0
7.6
0.0
5.2
0.0
0.0
33.4
52.5
5.1
0.7
1.4
0.1
5.7
28.0
0.0
14.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.9
0.0
8.0
0.0
1.2
0.0
1.6
2.1
30.4
6.9
22.2
0.0
19.6
2.2
24.6
0.6
0.4

2000
90,815
15,524
75,291
0
1,383
1,430
1,540
4,547
2,099
/
0
3,912
3,746
1,187
1,163
/
991
0
/
1,268
3,065
11
127
/
449
0
3,230
0
986
0
508
0
2,498
2,132
0
330
96
1,918
6,931
0
0
/
13
45
3,510
17,432
208
0
1,571
0
0
4,349
275

2010
127,945
33,830
94,115
1,024
1,598
5,356
0
2,170
4,498
883
0
11,796
5,233
1,931
2,236
0
2,817
0
0
2,127
2,921
0
70
0
0
0
5,241
0
1,502
0
0
0
2,841
2,905
0
208
0
3,038
6,019
0
1,015
0
17
5
5,120
19,155
0
562
1,560
0
0
50
217

2011
130,941
38,546
92,395
545
1,679
6,457
0
697
4,303
855
0
11,827
5,615
1,767
2,332
0
2,952
0
74
2,050
2,951
0
78
0
0
0
4,669
0
1,418
0
0
0
2,887
2,853
0
30
0
3,004
6,026
0
1,195
0
20
11
5,147
18,603
0
522
1,569
0
0
14
245

Percent of total
jurisdictional
population, 2011
8.2%
17.8%
6.7
1.7%
31.0
16.1
0.0
0.5
19.6
4.7
0.0
11.5
10.0
29.3
30.1
0.0
10.2
0.0
0.8
9.5
7.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.8
0.0
38.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.1
40.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
5.9
23.2
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.1
0.3
18.1
10.8
0.0
25.4
4.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
11.2

Note: As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
/Not reported.
aIncludes prisoners held in the jurisdiction’s own private facilities, as well as private facilities in another state.
bIncludes federal prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated facilities (8,770), as well as prisoners on home confinement (2,427).
cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

32

Appendix Table 16
Reported number of inmates under age 18 and reported number of non-U.S. citizens held in custody in federal or
state prisons, by sex and jurisdiction, December 31, 2011
Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Federal*
State
Alabama
Alaskaa,b
Arizona
Arkansas
Californiac
Coloradod
Connecticuta
Delawarea
Floridae
Georgia
Hawaiia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Marylandd
Massachusettsb
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missourid
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Yorkd
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahomad
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Islanda
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennesseed
Texas
Utah
Vermonta
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Total
1,790
0
1,790
21
0
94
6
0
19
143
11
209
90
0
0
72
35
13
5
0
178
0
39
3
106
5
23
19
0
19
61
0
7
2
182
115
0
59
17
1
43
0
44
0
11
104
1
1
2
1
0
28
1

Inmates under age 18
Male
1,722
0
1,722
21
0
83
6
0
17
138
11
200
87
0
0
71
33
12
4
0
172
0
36
2
106
5
23
19
0
19
60
0
6
1
179
110
0
59
15
1
41
0
44
0
11
97
1
1
2
1
0
27
1

Female
68
0
68
0
0
11
0
0
2
5
0
9
3
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
6
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
5
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

Total
102,809
30,544
72,265
184
35
5,336
1,225
16,089
1,783
699
311
10,143
2,957
262
0
2,164
577
304
343
661
123
0
794
1,095
573
562
20
651
9
262
0
72
1,520
202
4,629
1,715
7
576
0
1,665
1,121
47
506
54
271
9,297
429
21
519
2,392
17
0
43

Noncitizen inmates
Male
98,471
28,482
69,989
182
32
5,195
1,125
15,719
1,723
675
296
9,783
2,816
243
0
2,103
567
298
338
584
121
0
769
1,042
561
551
19
605
9
256
0
68
1,483
197
4,476
1,669
7
548
0
1,615
1,091
47
486
53
257
9,068
424
18
499
2,314
16
0
41

Female
4,338
2,062
2,276
2
3
141
100
370
60
24
15
360
141
19
0
61
10
6
5
77
2
0
25
53
12
11
1
46
0
6
0
4
37
5
153
46
0
28
0
50
30
0
20
1
14
229
5
3
20
78
1
0
2

Note: The definition of non-U.S. citizen varies across jurisdictions. Please use caution when interpreting these statistics.
*The Federal Bureau of Prisons does not house inmates age 17 or younger in federal facilities; 149 such inmates were housed in contract facilities.
aPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
bNumber of U.S. citizens based only on inmates who reported their citizenship.
cNon-U.S. citizens are defined as inmates held by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
dNon-U.S. citizens are defined as foreign-born.
eIncludes both confirmed and suspected alien inmates.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011.

P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012	

33

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department
of Justice. James P. Lynch is director.
This report was written by E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., and William J. Sabol, Ph.D.
Alexia Cooper, Margaret Noonan, and Sheri Simmons verified the report.
Jill Thomas edited the report, and Barbara Quinn produced the report under
the supervision of Doris J. James.
December 2012, NCJ 239808

NCJ239808
Office of Justice Programs
Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods
www.ojp.usdoj.gov